Chapter 6
1965 - 1975
First Microprocessor Chip
The Chip &
Its Impact
1
Grosch’s Law
A
big system that
costs twice as
much as a small
system actually
gets you 4 times
computing power
2
Why Grosch’s Law?
 Memory

& Circuitry costs
cost / bit higher for small computers
 Connecting
of small computers
not efficient
 Held thru 1960’s
3
The Chip- 1959
Drove minicomputer
 IC replaced discrete
transistors, resistors,
core memory
 Next step in “modules”
 Printed Circuits
 Cheap materials & Mass
Produced

4
Integrated Circuit - 1959

Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments




Nobel Prize, Physics, 2000
Robert Noyce, Fairchild Electronics, CA
Solved “Tyranny of Numbers” problem
Driving forces
 Military - smaller, reliable missiles &
rockets (many failures)
 Civilian - cheaper, less errors, hand work
5
Molecular Electronics - USAF






Goal: New device of substances whose
individual molecules did the switching
1959 – Westinghouse – grants of $2 mil &
$2.6 mil
For rockets, ballistic missiles
2 years later, quietly dropped
USAF - “clean” rooms, early 1960’s, for
minuteman missiles, detailed records
Demanded high reliability (Hi-Rel) from all
suppliers
6
Jack Kilby

1957- Centrallab

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Printed circuit boards
Germanium to silicon
Did not have resources for development
1958 – TX Instruments, Dallas

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
Nobel Prize 2000
Microminiaturization
Make all components of silicon or germanium
More expensive than carbon, ceramics
All components same material as transistor - silicon

Would allow one set-up not many
7
Jack Kilby

Built circuit of silicon, then
germanium

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First IC
Work as oscillator
Built by hand
Resistors, capacitor
Applied for patents - 1959



Awarded 1964
Drawings Pg. 184 -185
“Solid Circuit”
8
Robert Noyce


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Fairchild Semiconductor, CA
Heard of Kilby’s design
Designed same idea on silicon
Photo-etching process (Jean Hoerni)


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Flat transistor, “planar process”
Silicon  best insulator
 Layers isolate devices
Applied patent - 1959

Shared credit, Noyce’s process most significant
9
I.C. Progress


Neither “inventor” had connection to USAF
Military & Aerospace industry provided market

“advanced” Minuteman II missile
2K IC’s + 4K DC’s vs. 15K discrete circuits

Flew 1964

Established acceptability of IC & volume
production lines
TI, Westinghouse, RCA - 4,000 / week
Noyce “military stifles research”

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Military use: 1963 – 100% IC, 1964 – 95% IC
10
Apollo (NASA)
Fairchild provided IC’s
 Apollo computer

5,000 simple chips
 Single-type



75 guidance computers built
During project: chip price dropped from
$1,000 to $20 - $30
11
Chip into Commercial Computers
360 – solid state ceramic
circuitry
 SDS and RCA announced silicon
IC computers
 IBM 370 – silicon IC’s
 Quickly used in Minicomputers
 IBM
12
nd
2


DEC dominant, not like IBM
1968-1972 - 100 companies offered minis


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Generation Mini’s
Did not need excessive capitol - see Pg. 192
Increase in performance; decrease in cost
Driving forces


Standardized, Inexpensive chips
TTL- transistor- transistor logic


Today’s “caterpillar” packaging
Printed Circuit Board (standardized)


Pioneered by Globe-Union
“stuff” chips in board; molten solder on back
13
Minicomputer Developments
 DMA
(early) - DEC
 16 bit word length; 8- bit byte
 ASCII (not IBM’s EBCDIC)
 CCC-DDP116 - 1st 16- bit mini
Redesigned after IBM 360 announced
 1966- Honeywell bought; withered

14
ARPA

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Defense Dept. – Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA)
Funded projects
1967 - meeting on how to link computers
in a network  across the U.S.
To share resources among funded
agencies
15
ARPANET


Problem! All different computers
Honeywell DPD- 516 @ each node as the
interface between mainframe and N.W.

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Dec. 1969 - 4 nodes West of Rockies
1970 - 10 nodes, spanned the U.S.
1971 - 15 nodes with 23 host computers
Oct. 1972 - Demo’d in D.C.

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IMP- Interface message processor
30 nodes
Dismantled in 1988
No longer need IMP
16
Data General

Edson DeCastro @ DEC

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1968 – DG Nova
Ken Olsen - DEC- claimed Nova was “copied”
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Design for 16 bit mini, rejected by DEC
Formed D.G. – to build 16-bit mini
PDP-X designed at DEC
Used all newer innovations
MSI - Medium Scale Integration
1971- Super Nova

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IC for memory (RAM) - no core
1970 - in Illiac-IV, U of Ill., non-von Neumann (computer was failure)
Established viability of semiconductor memory (RAM)
17
In the Meantime…
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1968 - Robert Noyce & Gordon Moore
left Fairchild; also Andrew Grove
Company to focus on memory
Intel => “integrated electronics”
1970 - announced the 1103 chip
 1024- bit dynamic RAM
This + Nova  end of magnetic core
18
PDP-11

1969 - DEC not maintaining
market (12-bit word, limited instructions)

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DEC decided to try 16 bit, again

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PDP-8 was likely being
replaced by competitors
PDP-11 44
Engineers and Carnegie - Mellon
Abandoned a years worth of work
Adopted an alternate design - McFarland
Deliveries began early 1970
19
PDP 11 (cont.)
New Innovation - BUS
 “set of wires to serve all major
sections of computers in common
and standard way”
 UNIBUS - 56 lines
 Earlier BUS (BUSS)
 Whirlwind, Mark I, NOVA, PDP-8

20
PDP 11- Success
 From
5,800 employees in 1970 to
36,000 in 1977
 Sold 170,000 in 1970’s
 1970’s Recession in computing
 DEC & Data General survived
21
Direct Access Computing
1950’s- IBM RAMAC
 But still used tape for 10 years
 Time sharing was developing
 370; GE/ Honeywell; Dartmouth
 1960’s - 70’s
 Cost dropped twenty fold
 Capacity increased 40X

22
Magnetic Disks
23
Direct Access Computing (cont.)
1980 - fixed disk packs
 IBM - Winchester- 2 x 30 mbytes
 DASD
 CICS - IBM (Generic)
 Allowed direct query from database



Transformed retail sales by phone
Customers wrote own applications
24
Computer Science Education

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Batch prevailed for many years
“load-and-go” compilers; MAD @ Michigan
Waterloo U., Canada - Dept.-1962
 WATFOR (version of FORTRAN for 360)
 6,000 student jobs per hour
 Reduced cost- $10 to 10 cents per job
 For IBM 360/75
 WATBOL
25
Dartmouth University

John Kemeney - Math professor - 1963

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Wanted system to teach interactive
programming to all students
With Thomas Kurtz - developed BASIC &
system to use it on GE 235
Slowly went to some other Universities


Schools began charging fees for time
Still used punch cards into 1980’s
26
RSTS-II on PDP-11(Resource Sharing Time Sharing)


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Time sharing; no memory protection
RSTS implemented in BASIC
Modified BASIC
 PEEK & POKE (Individual Bits)
 Took less memory
 Ready for PC’s
“The mini generated the seeds of its own
destruction by preparing the way for personal
computers” (Ceruzzi)
27
Chapter 6
1965 - 1975
The Chip &
Its Impact
28