'SCALING LOGS I N THE PINE REGIONS OF
OREGON .AND C.ALIFORN I Ar
by
WILLIAM ALDEN VffiLDER
A THESIS
submitted to the
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
In parti a l fulfilment
of the r eQui re ments
!or the degre e of;
:BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN LOGGING ENGI:N"EERING
June 193 7
'SC ALING LOGS IN Tlill PINE REGIONS OF OREGON AND CALIFORNIA ' by WILLIAM .ALDEN WELDER TABLE OF CONTENT S pag e
Introduction
I
Sc aling
1
Rules
Scribner Decima l C
Long Log Rule
Sho r t log rule
1
1
2
3
Mechan i. cs
3
Taper
5
Defect
6
Indic a tors
l9
Tre a tment
11
Butt rot
Fire Sc ars
P i pe Rot
Li ghtening Sc ars
Shake
Blue Sta in
Condition s
Lo ad ing Sc a le
Sc a l ing on s a les
Gy:po Sc aler
Sc a ling in the Woods
On Deck
Truck Sc a ling
Check Sc a ling
12
13
14
14
15
16
18
18
21
22
25
25
26
26
Figure s a s r efere d to,
31
Manag ement and ReC'ording
46
Organi z a tion
46
Reports
47
Conclusion
69
INTRODUCTION
Scaling , or the measurement of logs in terms of cond
tent in boar~ or cubic feet , has been cons i t~ntly incre as ­
ing in accura cy and in use; principar~ within the last
fift y ye ars or so.
Keeping c onstantly
abre ~ st
the chang ­
ing me thods of logg ing and t he changing situa tions with
which t h e ar t of scaling is a ssociated .
Becaus e of the f ac t tha t costs connected with mill­
ing and logc ing a re a ll bas"'d upon the thous and boa rd
foot me a sure , Sca ling ha s be c ome one of the most respon­
sible and important funct ions c on11 ected wi th the lumber
industry a s a wh ol e .
The bo a rd fo ot is the princ i pal
unit of mea sure in this industry ; w.. . ges being pa id;
cont r a cts let; and costs cdlcula ted ; all on a ba sis of
bo ard fe e t.
The unit i n the mill and s a les off ices being bo ard
feet it was found necess a ry , in order to coordinate t he
cost s of mill a nd logging , t o ca r r y this unit of measure
out i n to the woods .
Cruising , or determina tion of the
volume of timber on a given a re a , is ca lcula t ed by means
of yield t ables l for t ha t a re a , t h e result being in bo ard
~----...,._j'
fe e t.
Var ious formul a e and rules of the thumb we r e worked
out to give the bo ,·rd foot volume of the loe:: a s it is
felled , bucked , and transpo r te d to the mill .
I
In this paper I have tried to present to the reader
an a rticle with few technical terms , written in a manner
e a sily understood ; an article which , I ho pe, will give a
comprehensive view of sc a ling in the Pine Region as a
whole.
In ende~ori ng to cover every step and situa tion met
in sc aling in this region , I h ave divided the subj ect
into three major se ct ions , as follows:
First, under the
heading 'Sc aling ', I t ake u p the ac tual scaling of the
log , from the rule
1
~nvolved
to the deductions necessary
due to the presence of defect .
In section two called
'Conditions', I have t r ie d to give the reader an idea
a s to the ac tua l condit ions me t in sca ling under differ­
ent situa tions.
Section t hree , ' Uan ag ement and Reports ',
de a ls with the reports ne cess ary , and with the management
and supervisory control practiced .
II
SCALING Rules: The rules used mostly i n the sc a ling of logs in the pine region of Ore gon and Ca lifornia are the Scribner
Decima l C, and the Spaulding log rules.
The Scribner Decimal C rule is the most popular and
is perha ps the oldest and best
kno~~
of all log rules.
This rule is rapidly s uppl anting other r ules in many
reg io ns , es:peci uly so in t h e :p i ne
elt .
This rule is the
offic i al rule of the United St a tes Forest Service, and is
us ed ex clusi vley by a ma jority of the l a r g er lumber com­
panies of this re g ion.
The Scribner Decimal C rule differs fro m other rules
in use, in tha t inste ad of being derived from a formulae ,
it is what is k:n o\A
ffi as a di ag r am rule, tha t is, this rule
wa s derived from di agrams drawn to show the number of inch
bo a rds tha t can be s avm from logs of diffe r ent sizes
a fter allowances have be en made for slab and a ! inch
s aw kerf.
See Fig. (1)
The decimal C rule is computed to the ne arest ten
feet, and the l a st dig it is t h en drop pe d.
For inst ance,
if the volume of a log is c omput ed to be 394 bo ard f eet,
it b ecomes 390 bo a rd feet, and the 0 is dropped , the
figure on t he stick then becomes 39 .
A rule of the thumb g iving ne arl y the s ame results
a s the Scribne r Decimal C rule was worked out by
page 1
*K nauf
and Landcas ter, as follows.
ns(!uare the average diameter of the
log inside the bark , subtra ct from
three times the di ameter, multipl y
by one-ha l f the length of the log ;
right h and figure.n
top end of the
this product
the rema inder
point off the
The rule used , Scribne r Decima l C, may be obta ined
i n severa l different lengths , and with different combina­
tions of log lengths, if specially
ordere d ~
The lengths
will eo enera lly rUl1 from three fe e t up to six feet, and I
sup pose t hat if a longer rule vrere desired , it coul d
e a sily be obta ined.
As to t h e types of rul es used, the
most comm on are known g enera ll;y a s short log rules, and
the long log rules.
One very rare l y finds the long log
rule in comrr:on use in the pine country , t he sho r t log
rule being much more i mp ort ant from a standpoint of use.
The s o-called Long Log Rule (Fig . 3) has four long
and four short log leng ths.
The usuul long log le ngths
used a re, 28', 30', 32 ' and 34 '.
These are c omputed,
allowi ng for a standard two inch t ape r.
The theory being
th a t it is faster, and ea sie r to use ; th a t the sc aler,
instead of hav i ng to a dd two numbers in s caling long l ogs ,
will on ly have to t ake t h e scale direct from t he stick .
The s h ort log le ngths
sho~m
on the rule will gene ral y be,
10', 12', 14 ' and 16'.
In my opinion, t h e
Clyde E . Knouf-
disadvanta~es
of t h is t yp e will
Histo ry of Log Sc aling
pag e 2
more than overb alance any a dvant ages derived from the use
of this system.
A
few of the more apparent disadvantages
a re as follows;
1. No way to scale an 18' log.
2. The limita tions of t ap er in the 28' to 34 ' logs
allow ve ry little chance to change in the ca se of excesivley
tapered logs .
3. To sc a le a log 36' or ov er , one has to divide the
log into three smaller logs, allowing t aper for each log.
For instance , a 36' log woul d h ave to be called three 12'
log s.
A 38'
lo ~
would have to be divided up into two 12'
logs and one
14~
log .
The short log rule, as s a id befo r e, is the most
popula r rule.
It usually h a s seven loe len ths on it,
including 1 2 ', 14', 16', 18', 20', 22' and 24' log sc a les,
this makeB it ea sier for the sc a lin[
Jf
both long and
short logs, and is an added factor in the comput a tion of
defec t a llowance when necess ary .
This is shown in Figure
2.·
Mechanics:
The
si ~ple
mechani cs of sc a ling as applied to logs
with little or no defect are a s follows.
First, determine the length of log.
In the pine
region, the &enera l run of log s will be from
forty feet in length.
t~elve
to
Those operations usinb l a rge
page 3
truck s or r a ilro a ds will prob ably have the ma jority of
their logs cut 32 feet or long er; while the logs of
smalle r truc k op era tions vdll run b etween 16 ' and 24 '.
A Sca ler should be sure of his lengths, for an e rr or of
two feet ih le ng th will mean a l arge err or in his sc ale.
Through experience the scaler should become ab le to j udge
lengths of logs with qui te a bit of ac cura cy .
The next step is to dete r mine the a verage di ameter
i nside the b a r k a t the small end of the log .
of log lengths
directly .
sho~m
In the ca se
on the stick t he volume is g iven
Howeve r , in a longe r log , usually 24' or ove r ,
the log must be s caled as two logs nearly' equal :- in length
wit[l·: the t aper fi gured as shown in figu.re ( 2) •
Given a 34 ' log 24" in diameter a t the small end, aftd
previously determi ni ng a 2" t ap er all owance , t hat is one
inch for eve ry 8 ', the di a mete r of t he first log 16' long
will be 24 ", and the diameter of the second log 18' long
will be 26 11 •
dding the sc a les of both short
will get t h e scale of the long log .
log~
one
The scale of t he 16'
l og 24n in di ameter is 400 bo a rd feet while the sc ale of
the 18' log 26" in di ameter is 560 boa rd feet .
The tota l
scale of the long log wj_ll t h en be 960 bo a rd feet .
See
fi gure ( 2) .
The gene ral rule is t o sca le logs ove r 20 ' a s two logs
e ven though the 22 ' and 24' rules a re generaly shown on
pag e 4
the stick.
Th e :practice js to have the longest log
toward the butt end .
Taper :
Nearly every company has a different idea a s to the
t ap er to be a llowed in sc aling a long log a s two or
more shor te r logs .
Perhaps the best method , one used by
a l arg e l umb er company on its timber s ales , is to make
a t a er study of the enti r e a rea to be logged, or included
in t e :plan of logt ing.
From this an ave rage t aper will
be determined and applie d to every stick cut .
study is
m~d e
on 1ogB felled
~nd
This
bucked ahead of t _e
yarding crews .
Note:
-!any a sc a le r , when a given taper is
t <..l.=~en
to cover all logs, will memorise the sound sc a le of logs
of t h e lengths and diameters m') St common.
-vhen sc a l ihg
he w'll merely have to obtain the diameter of the log ,
and j udg ing the length he will h a ve t h e sound sc a le
ri th t a t the tip of h i s tongue .
Then estimating the
defect he will h ave the net scale .
~'
grca t many of the ope rators in the Pine region
h ave adopted a standard of 1n t a per for every 8 feet of
lo g .
No matter wha t the ac tual t a:p -r of the log is .
This two inch t aper for every 16' log is a pplied to the
timbe
of a ll species l og. ed •
.! ill
ope :: a tor m.. . .;y specify a certain t ap er f or but t s,
and s ome diff e r ent flt-:tndard for t he rest of the tree .
pag E 5
he may spe c ify a set t ap er for t he top
~ga in ,
one .
Under other situations , the ope rator may spec ify no
g i ven t aper , le avine it entirely up to the judgement of
the sc a le r , who m.. ~y e :;_ the r me r> s ure both butt ··nd top ends
of the log ; or may , sha ll we say , gues s '--t the correct
amo unt of t ape r .
Thus one c an se e t h&t in c onsideration of the t ap er
a lone a gre.::t man;'/ vari8 les
~:· e
introduced into s caling .
The a ccura cy of the sc a le beint {Tec:'.tl y i nfl uenc ed b ; th e
method used in dete >mininL the t aper , and in app l yir.r it
to th e log .
the
~irst
the ac tu~ l
Of the cU f f' erent methods
.enti one d ab ove ,
is by far t he most ac cura te, except perhaps
determina t i on of the t ap er of e a ch log ; a fe a t
·w hich is physic a l y imposs ible to the ave rag e sc a le r in
the Pine re":ion .
Defect :
The determina tion of de f ect is the most v ar i ab le
element in lo£, sc a li £, , as we ll as the r.' ost dif'icult .
It is the scali nt:, of the de f ective log v,·hich determines
wethe r a man is a sc2.le.c· , or merely one wh o has a
st i c}- .
ic ·:tl
T
sc ~. le
e sc a l in.r of a sound lof! i s me re ly a mech·.n ­
ct ion which with pra ctice can be ma de ne a r l ;;,
perfect .
However , a man who CJ.n de te rmine the amount
t o deduct fr om a defec t i ,-e log or ne arl y s o is a sc a l er
i n every sense of the word .
A
man can study me1 sura tion
pc.. ge 6
and s caling, he can kno w eve r y rule pertaining to sc al­
ing, and yet he may not b e a comp etent sc a ler .
On the
othe r h and, most of the e ff icient sc a le r s ne ver he ard of
mens ur a tion , but t hrough experi enc e and pra ctic al know­
ledge have gained an e ducat ion in log s ca ling .
The
sc a ling of defe ctive logs is principally based upon the
judg ement and expe r ience of the sc ale r r a ther th an upon
any set r ules.
If a person we r e to become
inte~ est e d
i n sc aling
a s e.n oc cupation the best way to bre ak in would be to
work around e. mill deck, or to wa tch logs g oing thro ugh
the head s aw.
Particular a t t ention should be paid to
the defect prevalent in t ha t dis tr ict; t h e type of
defect in t he different s pe c ies; t he extent of th a t
de f ect; and all possible indic a tors;
until he has a prac tic a l
in t hat r eg ion.
kno~l e dg e
Re s hould do this
of the de f e ct found
Work wi th othe r experienced s cale rs to
see h ow t hey h andl e th a t de f ect sho ill_d a dd knowledge
to tha t a lre ady ga i ned by the embryo sc a ler on the mill
deck .
Not until he
c ~m app ~y
this informa tion should
he be c iven full s t a tus us a sc a ler.
Even then he
Rhould k e ep close cont ac t with the check sca ler and g et
a '.. line on how he is doing .
I n time , as exper ience and
judgement come onl:· in ti n e, he may become a g ood sc a le r ,
however , this per iod is variab le, some men can become
pag e 7
scalers, and fa irly good ones in much sho r ter time , others
never .
If a sc a ler is moved from one area to another , it
would be adv is able for him to visit a mill in tha t vicinity
in order to becomeacquainted with the loca l peculiarities
of the defect .
Defect will vary with the area as well
a s type and age of t he st and_ wh ich h ave a great bearing
upon the characterist ics of a defect .
of the ab ove , I will cite this as an
experience .
~·,s
ex~mple
I h a d b e en sc alin[ in the
region of California .
an illustra tion
Humbu~
from my ovm
Valley
The Butt Rot in Yellow Pine (Pinus
'
ponderosa ) prevalent in th a t are a was estima ted a ccord ­
ing to character istics of the rot and size of the log .
Upon moving north into the Modoc country I found , through
my check scaler wh o often used an incr eme nt borer to
dete rmine lenbth of the butt rot , and through checks a t
the mill , that I was sc aling pret ty h i gh .
Upon inves t­
i gat i on I arr i ve d at the conclusion that the butt rot in
the Yello w Pine of this region, with the s ame outwa rd
charac t er ist ics of the rot of the Hum ug t ype, see me d to
extend quite a bit furt h er into the log .
The ab ove ofte n app lies to other ty-p es of defec t
o
also .
i~
he is
sc ale r must knovv the cha r a cterist ics of the timber
wo rkine:~
in .
Given a Su..e·ar Pine (Pinus l amb ertiana )
p3.ge 8
log with s hake in one end, and no indic a tion i n the other,
a scaler , j f he kn ows the timt e r he is workins in wi ll
be ab le to a rrive a t afai r l y ac cura te
decis~io n
a s to the
amount to deduct from the gross scale of the log .
How,
ever, if he does not know tha t t imbe r he w': ll merely have
to guess a t the l ength and amount of the defect .
He may
f & pretty close, or he may b e f ar f r om a correct analysis
of the log .
Indic a to rs :
In scaling one must be co me f ami liar v.ri t h the v a rious
indic a to rs of defect and with their signific ance .
The
indic a tors present in the Pi ne a re few , but they are
import ant.
1gain lo cality pl ays a b ig part in determining
the me aning of these lit tle by- wor ds of defect .
must know a t r ue indica tor from a false one .
One
Of the
v a rio us indic a tors usually found, the follo wing are the
most import ant .
See fi gure ( 5 ) .
1 . Rotten Knots extending i nto the bole of the tree.
Such si gns are usual l y a ccompani ed by a s li gh t swe lli ne
a nd are eas ily re c ot_n ized .
The rot present wi l l
pr o1H.~.
ly
extend further to ward thr butt than toward the top .
2 . St a in or incipient decay on one or both ends .
This indicates the presence of ro t, but does tha t rot
extend i nto the lo r , or is it merely the end of the r ot
prese n t in ano ther ad j ace nt log?
If t here are n o other
pag e 9
indic a tors of r ot on t he log it i s prob ab l e t hat the rot
is in t h e a dj ace nt log .
If , h owever , the lO f is simili a r ­
ly st a ine d at t h e other end with other i ndi c·l tors present
the r e is lik le y t o t e r ot in t he log .
It may or may n ot
e ne c e r-s_-:.:ry t o de duc t for th i s s t a i n , de pending up on
the stag e of dec ay it has rea ched .
3 . Swell irf .
Swelling oft en ind ic a t e s a de f ect ,
and many t ime s is me r ely a d ef orMati on of th e b ole of the
t r ee .
I n con jUJlct ion with othe r indica tors it is an
a l mo st ce "t a i n sign of de f e c t .
4 . Damp c i r cul ar ring s are often a sign of shake ,
especi a lly j_ n s ugar pine .
When t h e s e dry , they may
sep,ra te along the annular r i ng s of the wood le av i ng a
se r ious shake .
5 . Li ghtnine; sca rs , be sides th e visible d"mar e , an
ent ry i s prov i ded for r ot whi ch may hav e s e t in und e r the
sc a r .
6.
Loose b a r k i s s ometime s c onsi dered an i nd icator ,
shov.'ing t ha t beetles or worm hole s may be present .
tree with ldose b ark is
[en e ra l ~
A
a de a d t 1ee , and ev en th o'
de a d , it is us ually g iven full s cale unless , or course ,
the r e is a defe ct pre sent .
7.
Ca t f ac e s , bur nt butt and othe r f ire sc ars
should be exami ned cl os ley t o determine v:hethe r a r ot
h a s settled in th e tre e a t these pl a ces .
pag e 1 0
Tre a t me nt:
The r e
a -·~ e
so many diffe r ent types of defects; b oth
me ch an ~ c:al nnd those du e to othe r reasons , th a t i t wi ll
be impossible ,
h~ -
ing neither t he time or t he s pace , to
g ive the methods of h andline, f or eve .1.:y type of defect
under all conditions .
I will, ho weve r , try to gj_ve the
reader some inf' orma tion a s to the few ma jor defects
found in t he Pine r eg ion .
I wi ll present these exa mples ,
il.: ustrate them, and
them just a s I would in the
actual scal i ng .
tre ~ t
If the handling of some of these
exampl es appe ars to be incomplete , it is to be remembe r ed
tha t t he ave 1·age sca ler in the woods and on the l anding
i s worki ng agains
c•
time and cannot spend. too long a
period on a single log .
It is for this reason t hat the
s cale r mus t be an estima tor , and n ot a ma thfmet ici an ;
know the l ogs and. the me thoes of h :ln ling the m, r a t her
th an the rules .
In the Pine Heg ion of California and South er n Oregon
there are five , possibly six merchantable s pecies .
These
include ; Sug ·-) r Pine ( Pinus l a mber ti ana ); Yello w Pine (P i nus
ponde ro s a ); Do ugl as Fir (Pseudot suga t axifoli a) ; Wht te
Fir ( Ab ies concolor) ; White Pine (P inus monticola ) and
Incense Ceda r (Liboced.rus d.ecnrrens) .
Of this timber ,
the vVh i te F j r ( Abies conc olo r ) ev en though a l arg e, virg in
tre e , i s u sua lly r ot loge::ed , exc ep t fo::::· s pe c ia l orders .
page 11
The n, be cause of butt rot , only t he second and t hird
cuts of the tree ar·e usually t aken .
The Whi te Pine
(Pinus montico l a ) , bec ause of i ts .scarci t:v· and likness to
S~ar
Pine (Pinus l ambe r ti a na ), is n ot identified as such ,
and is included in the sc ale a s Suga r Pine .
Butt Rot .
Th is defe ct is usually found in the butt
log of t he t ree , and se ems to be especially common in
the Yello·w Pine, excluding \lh i te Fir .
See figure ( 6) .
This i s usually visible on the l arge end of the log , and
m~y
v ary from just a spot to cove r int the entire end of
the
tr ~ e.
~
tre at deal of t h is is eliminut ed by the
prac tice of *
Long - butting t he tree in th e woods .
-//1, Log5 i ng Spe cificati ons .
See Pla te
In sc a lin£ out · a s pot defect
the s cale r cun us u4l l y est i ma te the length of the rot
through experi ence and si 7e and. shape of the rot visible
and then can compute the vol ume by
squ~r ing
the def ec t
and dividing by 15, multiplytng the p roduc t by the
esti ma ted l ength of th e defect.
Many sc ale rs wi ll co py
par ts of t he t ables on squared and. rec t angul ar defects
fr om t h e n§'ca le rs Biblen into hj.s sc ale book , then upon
dete r mini n£ t he dimensions of the rot and es t ima ting the
l eng th , the volume of de f ect is t aken di r ect fr om t h e
t ab le .
¥
Long Butting- The practic e of buck i ng out rot in the
woods . # "Sc al ers Biblen - Instructions for the Sc aling a nd :Je a sur emen t of Nat ional-Fo res t Timbe r
U. S .D. _ • Fol~est Se r vice. pd.ge 1 2
See
figu~e
(6 a ) .
If the defe c t is Ln-·ge , c overing ne arly t he entire
fa ce of the . cut , the usua l proceclu.ce is to cut the loe
in length .
Tha t is, if such a rot is present i n a 32 ' log ,
af te r estima tiYI...g t :n e length and. extent of rot, it may be
s cale d a s a 28 ' log, more or less.
Deducting fo r defect
by s caling as a sh orter lo t; length is v e ry p opul a r .
See
figur e ( 6).
If the de f ect is eircul ar , a llowance may be cal­
cul ated by adding 4 11 to th e diamete r of the defect and
scaling out a log o:f this di amete r and as long as the
estimated length of the defec t .
Fi re Sc ars .
See figure (7) .
Again ve ha ve a
defect , t he extent of which may be dete 1·mined in seve 1 a l
different ways .
The :principo.l means of' a l lowinc fo r this
t ·pe of defect is to deduct in l ength from the log ,
es pecial y if the sca r or de i ect is l a rg e .
I f t he defeGt is s malle r it can be ordina rilly accounte d
forb ,' a so-c alled pe rcentage me thod .
For instance , if
the s ca r is six f ee t l ong , a nd in the sc a l ers opinion
comprises about 30% of the f a ce of the sc a ling cylinde r ,
h e would fi r s t dete r mine t he tot a l sc a l e of the log .
a 32 ' log 28 n i n diamete r sc a ling 1160 b oa rd feet .
Say
He
would t hen deduct 8 1 from t he but t end of the l og ,
le aving a 24' log 28 " in diameter s cal ·; n€ 870 boa rd feet .
pa ge 1 3
The 8 ' chunl:: would
t~
en contain 290 bo ard feet .
App:rox­
i mately 30% or 8 7 board feet of t 1 is is de f ective, le av­
ing 200 board feet in the chunk , adding this to the scale
of th e 24 ' log the :re remains a net s0ale of 1090 board
feet in the log .
As st a ted under 'Indic a tors!, a fire scar will often
have other defects present .
not ~ ed ,
This should be carefull y
for in such a case th e a llowance for other defect
must als o be included .
Pipe Rot .
In Ins ence Ce car (Libocedrus decur r ens)
the r e i s a peculiar rot , which b ec aus e of its resul ts is
ca lle d pipe rot .
This r ot a ttacks t h e hear t of the
tree, oftentimes entirely destr oyinf it , and leavir.g
on ly the s ap -v!ood which forms the so-c a lle d pipe
characte r istic of t h is defect .
Pipe rot is practically
the only defect present in this
ced ~r ,
having the r ot in on '? form or another .
ne u1 l y every t re e
.~s
in ce r t a in
c a ses of butt rot , pract · ca lly the only way to tre a t
Pip e Rot
is to add 4 TT to the di ameter of the rot '. nd
sc a le out a l oF of th a t diameter .
Lightning Scar .
See fi gure (8)
A lightning sc ar is fai r ly comm on ,
and is e asy to recoenize .
The SLar is usual l y spirial i n form , oftentimes
encircling theenti r e log .
In a ca se like this it is
usually the custom to sca le the lo£ v· i thin the sc a r,
pag e 14
even thoue;h t his is in reality ve r y ina c cura te .
In other cuses , where the loe.; is onl,' parti ally
encircle d , we use the percentuL e of s culin[ cylinder
f ace affecte d to determjne t he amount to be ded.u ctecl.
See figur e (9) .
Shake .
See fi e ur e (10 ).
Circular s hake is es peci al ­
l y impor tant in the scalinf of SUf;ar Pine (Pinus lambert ­
i ana) .
For
so ~ e
reason or t he othe r , most present
stand s of sug:ir p i ne :ire gr·e a tly af ::.'ected b y ci r cul a.L'
shaJce or wind shake .
This is prob ably true , because
most of the rema i ning st&nd s of sug a r pine a e vi rg in
stands comprised of overrip e , old ag ed trees .
In deducting for shs.ke, the-e a e s everal diff er ­
ent methods i n use , s ome g ood and othe r s ve ry ina ccura te .
Perhaps the most r eli :ible method is to obta in the averag e
diamete r of the outer circular sh ake , add 4 " and obt a in
the sc a le of
~
log of tha t di amete r , pr oviding that the
shake g oes entirely t hrough the log .
the g ross sc al e to ge t the net .
Subtra ct this from
If the r e app e ars to be
a sound c o::-e in the log , a s ce r t a i n t he averag e di ameter
of tl-).is core , sc a le , and add to net SC::".t le a s ab ove to
:>
t .
.I
get the t rue net .
In ca ses of sparse shake , it is 2ometimes the custom
to enclose t r-' e sh;;;.ke · i th a rec t angular form , get the
a::· e a and multiply by the estimated le rl€th u.nd t h en
page 15
divi de by 15 .
Blue Sta in .
See figur e (11) .
Under mos t conditions
s om1d blue st ain is not conside r ed a defe ct , howeve r ,
unde r
c e ~· t a in
circumst:1nces it i s conside r ed a def ect .
In thi s ca se the pr ac ti ce is to
sc ~le
i ns i de the stain .
When sc aling out sta in , m:::tke cert a in t hat it is blue
st a i n and not just an end mold .
Bre akag e .
Us uully s cale d to nea:..:·est 2 ' under the b r eak .
School - ma rm , Fo rk .
Se e figure (1 2 ).
Obt a i n di ameter
of s calin (!' cylinder by getting t he di ameter of the butt
an d sub tra cting t he t a per .
Enclose defe ct by a r ectangle
to obta in t he proper Aeduction ,
The de f ec ts t aken i nto c ons i de rd t ion i n this ')2-per
are those mo st preval ent in this r egion .
There are , of
course , many more tha t a ·e not mentioned , nut I have
tried to g ive the ::: e a de .:· an ide a a s to t he ma j o:c defects .
Defects which wi ll compr ise 90% to 95% of a ll defect
found in this r eg ion .
In closin[ this se ction, I wi sh to st a te t hL-t if I
h <'.L ve l a i d too much stre ss on defect a llovn::nce , I woul d
like to correct an y f alse i mpressions which the r e a de r
may ht-r. e de rived .
The scalirg and deduct i on of defe ct is r e ally n ot a s
i mpor t ant
·~ s
one mj.gh t be led to be lieve .
Defe c t comprises
onl y a very sma ll portion of the tot a l sc a le i n any
page 16
opera tion.
Of course this will vary as stated before,
bu t as an average , I would s ay , (my ovm impression)
tha t
de J~ e
ct "' ould
~;.m o ·J nt
to only , round three or four
percent on the wh ole .
11os t of t h e time I j udg e it would
be ar ound two pe r cent .
Thlls , .;. f a sc a ler were to scr le
a ll l ogs as sound logs , not
reco gnizi~~;
any defect , his
sc a le should be ar ound three percent over the a ctual net
sc ~ le .
It might a t some time b ec ome the custom to make
defect studies, including poss ible mechanical defect , and
determine a set percent ag e of de fect a llowance .
Then al l
sca ling wo uld be on a gross scale b asis , obtaining the
net by subtra cting a ce r t a in perce n t ag e of the gross scal e .
Extensive s tudies will hav e to be made be f oTe t his ever
becomes possible , howeve r , and fo r the present defe c t will
h ave to b e allowed for as sc a led to maJce possib le
9..TIY
de gree of accuracy .
page 17_
CONDITIONS The condit±ons nnder which the sc aler works a re
many , and v a ried , each ha ving a gre a t influence upon the
t ype of sc aling and upon the a c curacy resulting .
The
g re a ter part of the sc a ling i n thi s reg ion is done a s
the logs are lo a ded fo r trans p or t a tion to t h e mill .
This
is done bec a use a t this point it is usua lly ea sier to
get a ll the logs , with less chance of missing many and
for purposes of record and pay .
It is usually the cust ­
om to keep sc a l e records a ccording to side , spur , etc .
This would not be possible if the logs we re sc aled a t
any othe r point than tha t of lo a ding .
In many cas es it
is also the custom to pay v a r i ou s jobs a c cording to the
loa ded sc a le , so records must be k ept at t he loa ding
point .
This is kn own a s the lo a ding sc a le .
The Loading Sc ale :
Sca li.ng on the c a r :
On ma n y opera tions i n this re g ion , c a t erpi llars a re
employe d in skidd i ng to a l anding , where the logs are
lo aded on cars by means of a j ammer ( McGiffer t Log
Lo ader) See fi gure (13 )
It is oft en s pecified in the
scalers orders tha t all logs mus t be s ca led on the ca r .
Se e figure 114)
This means tha t the sca ler must wa it
un til the logs are loaded , ond out from nnder the j ammer
boom before he c an a tt.emp t to sc a le them .
In this method
page 18
many dis a dvantages are apparent , principal y in the
dete rmin~t ion
of leng t hs .
Th i s is particul arly t r ue of
short logs in the center of th e loa d .
The only way to
get the length is by compa ring t he log with another log
on the s ame ca r of a
h a pha z a rd .
kno\~
leng th , oftentime s very
The t r ue di s.mete r s oi' logs on the ca r are
a ls o difficult to get ,
especi ~ ll y
if the sc aler is rU£h ­
ed , and a ll the sho r t logs a re in the cent er of the lo a d
a s is usua lly the c as e .
is a lso q_ui te a
In the ca se of de fe cts , the r e
dis r~ dvant ag e
:present in tha t it is very
troubles ome to h ave to look :J t both ends of e a ch log
before sc aling .
When s caling on the ca r the sc •3.ler must be sure to
sca le all the logs on t hat car , and to r eco r d them
properly , that is , by current s pec ies .
c a se to fi gure out the
sc ~ le
It is usua lly the
on the car , t h en
the ca r t ag , fi gure (16) , a s shown .
r e~ord
on
This t ag is t hen
put in a s l ot in the bunk of t he c ar for use of the
check sca le r and the men on the p ond .
Sc a ling on the l and i ng :
By sca ling on th e l anding I refer to sc alinc the loe s
a s t hey a re brough t i nto the l a.nding , or while th e loe s
are on the l and int pri or to being lo a ded on the car .
If the operati on is f a irly slow, it is pe rhaps be st to
do all the sc alinp on the landine af t er the logs a re
p a ge 19
drop ped by the ca terpilla::.' s .
The r e must be ample time
to determ j ne the leng ths , di ameters and defect.
However ,
with prac tice this becomes mu ch e a sier th an it sounds .
Lengths a re determined by compa rison with a log whose
l ength is known, the a verage di ameter is obt a ined , and
gross sc a le is determined .
All de f ect is then a ccounted
for and the result is ente r· ecl in the sc alers book .
The
entire a ct of s caling is one ope ra tion , and becomes
f a ste r with experience without the loss of a ny a ccura cy .
Usually on a l a r ge , f a st opera tion the log s will be
coming in f a ste r than the y can be lo a ded .
Consequently
the lo a d.ed. ca terpill ars will be waiting to come into
the l a ndin •
In an opera ti on where 600 to 1200 logs ,
400 to 600 M bo a rd feet , a re lo a ded a day b y one j ammer;
this is very common ; the sc a.,le r , to keep up , must also
sc ale the ca t erpillars and k eep well ahe a d of the l anding .
If the sc aler were to get behind he would find it pr a ctica lly
i mpossible to c a tch
up~w ithout
working ove r time .
In sc : .:. ling c a terp illars , one must be very cs.reful ,
al wa~ ' S
let the c a tJ dr ive r know when he is sc aling hi s
loa d .
For a little oversight
rn a~
resuly in the lo a d
being dropped on the sc aler , or h aving a wheel rUJ.1 over
him .
It is ne ce ssary fo r the sc aler to me a sure the smal l
end of eve ry log , and to exam i n e both ends.
This ma y
page 20
necessit :c1te g oinE unde :r the lo ud. , so above a ll , the
sca ler must be care f ul .
He must also be ca re f ul v:hen
sca ling on the l andine .
Keeping an eye on the log
being lo a ded , for a s wi ng ing log , or a sna pped rope may
e asily r esult in the de a th or serious injury to the
sc a ler .
If a log is missed a s it is being lo aded , either
estima te the di amete r , whi ch c an 'tre done very a ccura tley ,
or wait until the log is locJ.ded , when it can 1i e r ea ched
s afley .
All logs
sho ~ud
be ma rked a s they are sc aled to
prevent duplic a ti on , and to make sure tha t no loe is
missed .
When sc a ling a c a t loe. t , a sc a le y· should ma rk
his book before sta rting , then
cou_~t
the logs in the lo a d
to make sur e all logs were sc a led. .
Sc al ing on Sal es :
ll
g ood mahy of the timber s ales between priva te
opera tors a re on a cruise basls , when this is clone , no
sca le:r is
necess ~;.r y .
However , many times s ales t ake
pla ce on a b a si s of the l anding , or r a ther the lO t-lding ,
sc .J.le .
In this ca se an expe r i enced s caler i s found
neces Bar y .
Such a sc a ler is usua lly known a s a Joint
Sc a ler , joint , bec ause of the f a ct , tha t he is generally
pa id jointly by both pa rties included in the s a le .
To
protect their i nterests , the compa ny selling the timber
hires the sc aler .
pa ge 21
Besicles being a t_' Ood sc a ler, in a c a se lik e this ,
he must also be ·c a dti:plorna t .
between
li
He must a ct a s a buffer
t h e two or more par ties intereste d in the s a le .
sc aler on such a s a le is checked in seve ral
dif ~ erent w~ys .
First, by the supervisor of the s ale
r epresenting the comp any sell ing th e ti mb e r ; secondly
by the check sc a ler of the company buying the timber;
<3n(1 l astly a rough check on the mill deck .
The company
buy ing the timber will , i n some cases , h t> ve a scaler
of thei r own on the l c:.nding a t all times , :providing a
d a ily check on the joint sc a ler.
The Gypo Sc a ler :
The choppe r s , or ,he felling and buckine; crews as
they are commonl y knovm , a are usually on contra ct for so
much per M bo a rd feet felled, bucked and limbed .
crews a re of different sizes .
These
Under some operations , the
felli ng , buck ing a nd limb ing ar e a ll done by a two man
crew , rec eiving so much fo r every M boa rd fe e t whi ch is
re a dy fo r yard i ng .
The other type of c r ew , most comnwn
in this re g ion , is the f ive man crew consisting of two
f a llers , two 13uckers and a limber .
Ea ch get a ce r t a in
amount per M bo ard. feet , a.epe n ding upon the i~ indi v i dual
opera tion , t hat is, 1J'.rh ethe r th e indivj_dua l is a buck er ,
a f a ller, or a limber .
For instance , t he f a lle r s
m~y
g et $ . 27 / M between them , the buckers $ . 26 I M, and the
page 22
limber $ .13 / M.
This makes a tot a l of $ . 66/M for
f alling ' buckine:, ana_ limb i ng .
No ma tter which type of crew i s used , thei r pay is
on a ba sis of the bucke rs sca le .
That is , it is the
custom to sc a le the tre e a fter the operations of felli ng ,
limbing and bu ckine have t a1cen plEo ce in th a t ora_er , and
before yard i ng .
It u sed to be t he custom to pay on a
stump s cale, t ha t is, so much for eve 1y inch di ameter
on the stump , however , this ht.:.. s been done away with in
mo st ca s es , and t he stra i ght Scribner decima l C sc a le
fo r e a ch cut log substitu ted.
One of t he l a rge r lumber compa ni es of Californi&
stil l use a stump sc a le
and l imbers.
a S
t he b c:tsis for pay inf
f ~:• lle r s
See pl a te (II)
As sta te d pre viously i n this paper , it is t h e
pra ctice t o long -but t the logs where the butt of the
tree is so defective a s to make it pay to le ave s a id
butt in t he woo ds .
a s 16 ' log s , and
All long - butts a re usua lly sca led
o ne -h ~ lf
that sc a le i s CTe c ited to the
buck er making th e cut .
The usual procedure in scali ng i s to have the bucker
mark eve ry log with his number , and the t re e numb er,
t h a t is, the numbe r of the t re e within the s tl~ ip ; fran one
to the numb er of trees within the enti r e strip .
to insure the
sc~ lihg
This is
of every t re e within t ha t strip .
page 23
See fi gure (17) .
The buck er a lso ma r ks the lene; th log
on top of every cut .
He a lso shives off t h e sides of th e
cut to enable the sca ler to sc a le it wi th the ca liper sc ale
s ti ck .
See figure (4).
In sca ling t h e sc a l e r should note the numb e r of the
tree with whi ch he st s rts, and t h en checks the tree, and
He the.n sb a:les e a ch cut, sta rt ­
the number in his book .
ing a t the butt and go ing to ward the to:p , entering the
contents of e a ch log unde r tha t t r ee.
Each tree should
be sc aled consecutivley , tha t is, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and s o forth
unt11 ca tchi ng up wi th the buck er .
where he h as completeo. the day s
Thi s ma rk will t h en serve
next da y .
:::~, s
See fi gure (18 ).
He should then ma r k
sc ~:.t le
f or t ha t bucker .
a stc.x·tin{o p oint fo r the
He then continues his days
work by g oing to anothe r st r ip or an other bucker .
At
the end of the da y he tot als up the sc a l e fo r e a ch
bucker by t re e an d tot a l s caled fo r the day and ente r s it
u pon the form shown i n secti on 3 of this pciper .
Ylhile s caling , the s cal er mus t make sur e th<.t t t he
arms of the c o.li pe r s cale sti ck are :pa r allel .
a lso che ck on
t rimr~ i ng
a ll ow.::mce s , usuE•.lly gn for long
logs :,,J' d 4 rr for sho r t logs .
off , t he log is
sc ~ le d
In ca se of ·bre ::1ks not buck ed
t o t he nex t lowes t t wo feet .
Ordina rily the chopper's sc ule is
defect deduction
m ~d e
He must
~gr oss
sc ~ le ,
othe r than fo r bre akag e .
no
However ,
:page 24
in some of t h e p i ne opera t ions
in this
sc o::~ le .
~ 11
defect is deducted
In da s es llke th i s , the choppe r s usua lly
rec eive a higher r a te per li , and so the loss through
defect is offset to some extent .
Sc a ling in the woods :
Under cert a in conditions it
seemed a..dvis able to
h ci S
h uve a sc a le in the woods , other than the chopper ' s scale .
This is perha1_:: s the most a ccura te method of sc a ling in
. tha t the se ttler wil l h ave plenty of time to ex: mine the
logs closley .
This is genera lly d one when the logs
h ave been *
rolled
out , in F orest Service s a les a s well as
s a les from one
co m1~ny
t o another .
is done on the l anding or cars .
the ca lipe r sc a le
~uit e
Otherwise the sca ling
The Forest Ser;¥"ice
fre~uently
uses
a lso.
Scaling on the Deck :
Most milJs h ave sca lers on the deck to sc a le the logs
a s they g o into the he a d ri gs .
£ 11 logs in the pine
count r y a re s avm in s h ort lengths .
ve ~ y
The mill sc a le ha.s
little conne c tion •vi th the woods sc:o le , e.nd is
mere l y a ca pac ity sca le f or the mill .
This sc a le is
ent ered i n a f orm simili o.r to those shown in the sueceed ­
ing section .
*
Rolling - an t - The pro cess of turning logs ·- fter they a re
bucked , by me e:m s of a ca te r pLl l s.:::. usuElly . Th i s is clone
to prevent end ID·J ld and sta in us 1tvell as to turn limbs up .
p age 25
Truck Sc aling :
Trucks are usua lly sc:....led ..tt their destinc.t tion .
If
their destln 1ti on is a pond , they are sc ale d just before
dumpiD£ .
Information on records and forms in next section .
Check Sc aling :
The check
sc ~ le
is one of the importunt means of
keepinr the mant-f ement in def ini te conta ct with the
work of n sc aler .
SC c1
It is in re ality a comp nr ison of a
ler with rmother sc ·-· ler whose a(
C~1r::..c;;.~
s.re f:otirly v·ell knovm or dete ..,.,mined.
does not
h ~ve
The check se c le r
to be exRctly correct and a ccura te a t all
times, he m~y s CJ.le low or h i['.h , : ut
consist ~ nt ,
ard j udgement
[i S
long
~-s
he is
e-nd hiE V=<-riati on ab ove or below is we ll
dete ·mined , he may be use d
as~
check
~g~ inst
whose sc a le is not so well dete rmined .
a sc aler
In other words a
check sca le is a compar ison of an u...""lkno\•m ·with s. known- ­
an incons js t11nt s caler with ::tnother who is about the s ame
a t a ll times .
There are severa l diffe en t me th ods in use tod ay in
check sc a linf .
I will try t o t c;ke up several o:· those
that are more important.
On many opera tions it is reg_uired of the sc a le r to
m~1rk
the scnl e on the sm,lll end of
is done, it will
a ss u~ e
e 1~e ry
loe .
If this
every log of beinf sc aled.
This
will en ,ble the check sc ....ler to sc.. le a cert '""i n nur:ber
p~:.t;e
26
of logs , 100 , 200 or 300 , puttinE in a book his ovm sc ale
and the scdle given each log by the
regul~r
The
sc ~ ler .
two columns are then tota.led and the :percent de;!Ti a tion
calcu~ated .
This devi a tion should not exceed two or
three percent a t any time .
There are
disadvanta~es
present , for inst anc e , the check sc aler may be influen­
ced. by the regular sc a le r s mar}:: on the log ; the sc a le
put on the log may not be the s ame a s th :o. t put in the
sc ale book ( often the ca se ); the check sc a ler may be
predjudiced for or aga inst the sc a ler in question which
may clffe ct the che ck ers sc c1le , ': m d will not resu1 t in a
true check .
In marking the sc ale on e ach l og , the
sca l er is losing time which mit,ht be spent in r.wr e
a ccura tly sc.. 1 ling the loe; .
When the sc aler does all his s calinc; on the c a r ,
an& then figures th e sc z:., le fo r e a ch car ; the check sc aler
merely sc ales a
c a~
and t h en compares h is sc ale for the
car with tha t of t h e regular
sc :::~ ler .
He may check
sc ale t en or twenty cars and compare t h e totals .
Perhaps the most ac cura te check , i s to
h~ve
the
ch e ck sc a ler sc :.. le the entire dayr s loading on the l and­
ing , a long with the regular sca ler and t h en compare the
entire days sc a le:
In chec klng the chopp e r s sc al e, t he check sc a ler will
usua lly find where the sc aler st,lrted a days worJ[ ·1nd
will sc a le all the t rees for the
d~y
as
l~rked
by th e
page 27
s c'-'-ler .
He will chect sc le t wo or three s t Ti ps and
comp a re tot als with tha t sc a ler .
The deck s cale i s often comp9 . ::ed with the woods
sc le r.. s
und is
~'
chec k .
usu~ lly
Howeve r , this is never a ccura te ,
not a dvis :.ble, for it is very difficult
to tell j ust rhe r e the vr... r i ous log s ca me from . .md which
side or ope-·ation .
:Mos t ma r ks put on the logs in the
wo ods vill wa sh off in t he pond .
species would be f _irly
There is ordina rii
ing a
sc ~ ler .
when he will be
Perha ps a check by
~ ccur a te.
no defir ite time set fo r check­
Tha t is , the sc a l er does not knov just
c h e ck e~ .
when he is checked .
He someti mes neve r
kn ow~
The sc aler is checked f a irly often
to k eep close check on his work .
pc..ge 28­
·;tP'
:p a ge 29 p a ge 30 hy. ( / )
~/
~ S!ab ~
.......... ""'-... /
1'-,t'-­
//
[\
/
I
I
[\
I
I\
[\
y
1\
t,
v,
;-
Q
~
~
)
('.,
~
.
I/
\
I~
I/
\
\
.:-:\
~
1/
"""' _.........._ ./
:::::----__
C.Y'o.ss-
LJ,
v
v
v
a~rcun
/
~
Sec-tion o/ LojJ
To
S'La h
j'iYe one a? /dea as
+c
f'e
u.sed in df?riv/n~ ;1-/Je Scr~:tJrer sea ir_1
rt.lle.
Tlte r/~ure re~re.senrs -The cro.s-.s-sacrion o/
the sca-/Jn;r cy//nder o/ a lo.9 "1-8 ·,/7 d·'ttme-fer. For
mel-hod
·,n
fnsft7nc~ a chunk one /oerf lon_p, ?18
ditt mefl:r v cv!d havf:'
/ 08 hci-/r t;?ulrlj;7 Thls hy -the lenj1f/J olfk /9' ·to,Per ;toTu:
s ea/e. fJICtfrdred u in_sJ .f/~'·.saw Jra,..f
p8(5e 31
Ag.
(E )
0
SJz orf Lorz <
Scri.bn~ r /) e c(mal C
o"
0
I
In fh i.s dtayram t he dd­
fere n! lop le n;tfhs are r.o-f
zxacflJ in orc-f> r: 7i7i.r ·­
mer~!y To illvslra te
t/..e
sca!inp- of a.
.sou~ .:. .J/1' lop ?.JI"
u, d iomete- ctfthe .sm al!end·
[h~
enc i rcled nomi>er.s ra~ rcconr
the scale o/ fl:e .(1
n· ' 1 !wo
inch
(l
1a)'H? .,..,_
1
I 5
/pe
"'Or>
cf ;"/:P
.>Tt ·-~.
0\
&StiO/y
~
a ::.:; ' r'<./ 'e
'!.• '
, ,
-"1
.......
~
·_.;c.,. o/thc .;'llc.k, ,;sval­
~. 1-l, «17d J /oot ...... , les o,..., onr? std.
/' i
/8 ;JO a , _, .._;,? ·,.,.. /es or fne
o-+, e r.
C1 / s -file hu·h scafe 077 'l'~e /Otvf<'r
-r,
.siJe­
~
0\
~
'o
t\)
~
~
~
~
:::
'c'
page 32
(
:
10'
1
r
12' .
0
1/f'
0
16''
Z8
l
lz"
6.
CH}
30'
J2'
3-f'
L017.f' lo;:t Scale /?u!e
·::·­~ ""' ''. \ I
0
1
0
~~ ·
!-'-'---------~------ ---
'
Chop_/Jers Rule
1./..reif ;,., scah/,y c:lt>~N1 llmluzr
\
'
''
(~
/
\,./
:page 33
-
~-
--­
(crrp-e Bvff Rof­
·
S,.ool- Bvfl- RoT
bufr Aor
Fey I' 6
J
pag e 34
R re Scar
F!P.
I' 7 ) p age 35 fi' /1,Pq
Rot-
//7
/nc,n.se
Ce~r
(/,.iJoc-ea',..P.s­
clecv,..,.e,.s-)
hr dfl/l?ct allowance //7 1/rh case,
.suh traer ti7P vo/vrne o£ tl¥ /oy wAose
dlormete~ /j- ~" 'lreal'er -t"htr.l'l £/,"
a YtPr"ajTe a Lam9'm 79 o/ "f"he ct'erPct;
and a.s lonp a.s the to;­
-
Page 37 r~.
//OJ ~
;
-
-
-.d"'~~~~
I
(
I
I
( )
-
"------­
~
(
t.ShaA b
.fov/?d pr~'r!ci~aly //1 Sv_.?ar Pil'1e ',Pi.~rvs /a.~n.herna,.a'
-t"/le c:io-tt~d /ine.r s~oJV ~e vsval rTei'i7oa' o/ dedvcnny /or Thi5 a/e//'ecT,
w/J €/7 #Je S~cr/re Q'Oe S /'lOT ex/e17u/ fUI-ftr~/y a'J-OOVI'?e/ tha /J ~arl, lehf ;th­
()/ Me de/~ c r ~vsf .6e e..s-Titncr!E>cl.
Shake,
pa ge 38
Blue Srcu/z
8/l/e ..r/a//7 /5 /? oT COI?S I derti>C1' a deJCr<>c/" t!KC'fZ/I::rl" vnd €/"'
Co/?d,f/1/H.s, or .Oy or cle /"".
R/btZn ;jf /5 coh.r/dU~t2 a'
c:Y'e/ec/; iT tS .scale t:f /I7Stcle /,7e _ra~ as .shoh'.l'e.
sp
d
e cia/
Y·
111 1
pag e 39
--­
/?;·
t / ZJ p a g e 40 page 41 S"taii'T
on
onft'
o,. ,,oflt ehc/.s
o/ /~.
M/h
or ,wtThovT o-1/ler /hdtccr/b;-s
, -.6­
Swrz/hh_.P
Att:Zf or
t?N:Tf'JOT im:lt'cate de/ed
6.rl"k
e/,fi!>~/1//'I'"Seh/
- c­
-ct­
//;die arors
o/ 7};t:S
Prt71Cipal ind/caior.s o/ cle;-ecr ./'resent'/.? r-+e
rrz/io/7, e~c/vdihJ' caf-/acrz.s~ /tra. .sccu...s eit-.
/lj
7i/niu~.r
IS)
page
42
Ftj
riP.J
:page 43 Bv.:-A-e,.
A/o. LJa-re Lo_,s
/re"
I
I
2
~
o3
4­
.s- """'
Ftf-
I / <!1
Seal~ .hoo/r o/ /he
Cct li_per Seale,-.
.]
¥
s
6
7
Dati?
S_pur-#.
/octcY"r
1VtH??
/J er o/
/o_?..r
p age 44
/ift.
f/TJ Barlf .sll/J/ecl ol/ at
cv1 ID ena/Jie Cai¥Jer
.scaler 1?JfBT Q'la.me"hr
inside /Jar/f.
page 45
MANlGEMENT AND RECORDING
Organ i za t ion :
In the orgJ.nization hnd management of t h e sc aling
depa rtments of the va rious lumber compan i es of this
region , we have a compar a tively simple structure .
The sc a lers themse l ves , a re directly ID1der the
check sc a ler , who does not h<we the priveledge or
power of hiring ond firing , but may make recomenda tions
t o the Logg ing Superintendent .
Check
sc ~ le r s
~nd
regulu.r sca lers are hired_ by the Logg ing Superint endent .
In the ca se of sma ll outfits , the Boss or Super­
intendent is l i:k el7; to do his own sc a ling , so the r e is
no problem of this kind expecte d he:r'e .
a sc a ler , it is ve r y lik ely
t h~ t
If he does h ave
the r e will be ve r y
l ittle if any checking .
In t imber s a les the sc a ling is genera lly h andled by
the Sa les or Land de part ments , a nd t he sc a l e r s a re hired
by these depa rt ments .
The sc a le r beirf pa id jointly by
bo t h purchuser and o¥mer .
Sc a lers in th j s r egion ar e
supervised and che cked_ by Assistant Supe rv isors in
of the indivi du:1. l s a les .
ch :~rg e
The Assistant Supervis ors in
turn b eing che c1:: ed by a Supe r visor covering ull s a les .
The Supervisors being employees of the ovmers of the
timber .
Mill sc a lers are
effi p lo ~ ed
di r e r tly by t he mjll Super ­
page 46
intendent.
The wage sc ale of
sc ~ le r s
in th is reg ion are f a i r ly
well stand ·,rd ized and ree.ular .
The sc alers will average
ar ound $ . 62 I hour; check
sc ~ lers
recei ve a round $6 . 50
per day ; joint sc ale rs ge t $ 6 . 50 per day; Assistant
Supervisors $165 to $1 75 per month · nd the Supervisor
will get $185 and up per month .
Reports :
Fo l lowing a re included v a rious report s and forms
nec ess a ry for t he recordine of the sc a le during the
different opera tions of
sc ~ ling ,
a nd t h e dif f erent t ypes .
I h ave tried to cove r every f orm folillcl consi s t antly
throughout the re gion .
Series One :
Th ese
~1 e
the
lo ~ de d
s c-le re port forms
:Use_d ' by,mne of the l a r g er pine mun ,. f a cturi:ng co mpb nies .
The segreg,. ,_ tion of t he sca le is made :..-ts to r i gs loa ding
a s well a s the a mo unt of
foot ~t ge
by log s pur .
..:l.t the
close of the day the log sc a le r makes a footing in his
sc ule book , (figure £ ) carrying this over to the columna r
sheet , ( figure B) , by tot a l scGle only , wh ich s he et i s
submi t ted to the eenera l office a t the month end to be
used in connection with compil1.ng logg ing costs .
The c olumn2.r she ets on wh ich the sca lers incorpora te
e a ch duy 1 s sc ale are divided into two cl a sses - one for
a tot al sc a le for the camp , (figure B) , and, the other ,
page 47
(figure C) , for a sc 2.le by specie of the particular
block from ·which the timber is logged .
The va rious
blocks ca r rying different depletion r a tes , naturally
necessita tes a division of sc :,:le .
FigureD, is the
sumary sheet of the logging by months , a ccording to
rigs loc.;.ding s.nd spm·s , also number of pieces loaded and
the number of lo a ds .
page 48
)
..-.. L-t~,u.u
Scaler____________ _____ ___________________________ Brand____________ ___________________ _
Sc'aler________________________ ________ ____________; Date____________________________ _______ _
CONTENTS BY SPECIES
Sugar
Pine
W. Pine
R. Fir
W. Fir
Cedar
Defects, Kind, Amount
Deducted, Overlengths
p a ge 49
SCALES BY SPECIES_______ ______________ _____ TIMBER
FELLED
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16 17 18 19 20
21
22
23 24 25
26
27
28 29 30
31
This Month
Previous Montha
To Date
LIMBED
BUCKED
LOGGED
CAMP NO.______ _____ _____
S.P.
W.P.
Month___ ___ _________________ ___ __ _________ l92___ _
R.F.
W.F.
CEDAR
)-­
TOTAL SCALES CAMP NO. _______________________ _
FELLED
LIMBED
BUCKED
S.P.
LOGGED
Month_______________ ______________ ____ ________ ___ 192___ _
W.F.
R.F.
W.P.
CEDAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
l/ /
8
9
10
,__..
--
1-­
~- ~~-~J
11 12 13 14 15
----- h
--,.......... ~
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
31 This Month
Previous Months
To Date
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Series Two
This is an example of the t y:p e of form used in
timber s ales of this region .
The form is tri ple ,
The
or i g ina l g oing to the owne r ; the dup lic a te to the
purchaser and the t riplic a te is for the files of the
sc a ler .
This form is made out daily and sent i n .
~. ccom:p anying
this is a s umary form filled out e a ch
day by the sc s ler .
These
~r e
all self
exp l an~ tory .
page 53
F or m 81 90•9 9-10-36-3•00-22·585
DAILY SCALE REPORT ----------- -----------------·-······--------------------- ------ ----------- -- -- CONTRACT
LOGS
Date .. ............. ....... ..... ....... .. 1B3 ...... FOOTAGE
Ownership
This Date ....... .......... ........ .. ....... .......... Previous ----------------- --------------------- --- ---­
TOTAL TO DATE ................... ....... .. ---------11----------­
Ownership
This Date ................... ....................... . Previous ----------------------------- --------------·­
TOTAL TO DATE
----------------------------1 1 - - - - - - - - - l l - - - - - - - - - - ­
Ownership
This Date .. ......................................... . Previous ............................................ . TOTAL TO DATE ......................... . Recapitulation
This Date .............. ..... ................... .... .
Previous -------------------------------------- ------­
GRAND TOTAL TO DATE ............. .
Remarks:
SealeT . ......... .............................................................. SCALER'S DAll.Y LOADING REPORT
LOADER No.
I
Spur
19 DATE
Cars
Logs
Feet
Ave.
Per Car
Ave .
Per Log
SCALER.
p ag e 55 Series Three
This is a form used in t ruck loggi ng , or in ca r
lo ading .
It is a l s o used on timb er s a les .
licute forms - the or i ginal and
duplic ~ te
In g_uadrup­
g oing to the
owner of the t i mber , one to the logr i ng dep a rtment and
one to the s a l es or l and dep ar t ments .
The tri:plic s te
g oes to the buyer or to the truck driver or
contr :~ ctor;
the g_uadr uplic a te form is f or the files of the sc :.1ler .
:p age 56
--
LOG SCALE (Decimal C)
Sc:aler .......•.......................................••.......
-N? 11000
Date ...................•.............•............ 193.... Coa1i11raed To Car or Truc:k No. Truc:k Driver OwaerahiP (of timber) Coatrac:t
-------··--·----------····--------·········-·····-···-··--······---------------············-------­
....--1 ...... ······ ...........
1. . . . . . ·
· · · · · . . . . . . · · · · · · · · - - - · . . . . . . · - - · · · . . . . . . - · · · · · · · · - · · . . . . . .
······ ·····-!"····· ..... ······ ······ ---··· ...... ······ ··-··· .
..... ---··· ...... ······ ······j······ ---··r···------------­
-----· ------ ------ ------ -- --- ------ ------ -----· .......... ------ ------
------ ------ --------
.... .
-- -- · -----­ ------ ------ -- ---- -----·--·--­
-----· ------------ -- --- -- ---- ----------- - -------- --· -----· ----------- ------ ------ ---- -- -----·- ----­ ------ ------------ ------ ----------- ------ -----· -- ---- ------ -- --- - ----- - ------ ------ ----. -----­
-- ---· -- --- - -- ---· ------ -- --- - -----· -- ---- -----
p ag e 57
Serie s Four
Th is form i s t ha t use d by the gyp o s ca ler.
At the
end of the day, t he t ota l sc al e s a r e a dded by tree, and
then entered on the fo rm
~s
the logging dep a r tment, the
s h own .
The orig ina l g oes to
dup l i c -~ t e
to t h e sc a lers fil e s
and the t r i pl ic a te to the buck e r or f a ller .
page 58
LDN-12084
______DATE_ _ _ _ __
ACCT.
NO.
NAME
LARGE LOGS
SMALL LOGS
INS.
=
LENGTH
FOOTAGE
LENGTH
FOOTAGE
=
------
-------
I
- ---I
--------- - - ----
---
---
I
-----
_II
--- ---
I
-----
-
I
---
I
I
I
---- ---
-----
-----
I
---
I
---
I
------- --TOTAL
----~
RATE
AMOUNT
RATE
AMOUNT
:p ag e 59
Series Five
The
us u~tl
check sc a lers report form .
N 1092
THE McCLOUD RIVER LUMBER COMPANY
McCloud, Calif.
CAMP NO•...................... ........
DATE..................................................................19..........
CHECK SCALE ..................................................................................................TIMBER SCALER
NO. PIECES
NO.
LOG
LOGS
SCALE
REGULAR (Name)
I
I
CHECK (Name)
DIFFERENCE
REGULAR SCALER........................ o/o OVER· UNDER CHECK SCALE ............................................................................ ........ LOG SCALE RULE Check Scaler.
:p ::!ge 60
Series Six
Following are the v a rious mill deck report forms ,
and all a re self-explana tory .
:page 61
Form 3-Rev 11-35-lM
DECK SCALE REPORT
(
) Day Shift
( ) Night Shift
KIND
ci
z
z"'
..J
1
2
( ) Right Side
Sawyer_ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
( ) Left Side
Sawyer________ _________ __
OF LOGS
KIND
GROSS SCALE
I
CULLS
c
z
<
0:
m
LIENGTM
FEET
ClAM .
No . 1
FEET
- -- 1- - ­
LEN G TH
·-·
1­
3
7
8
9
- -- - - -- -- -- --
10
12
14
15
-
17
18
19
20
21
22
1-
-
-
-- --
- --
- - --
-- --
- --
- - --· 1­
·­ -
--
-- --
-- - - -
-----
-·
- --
--
-- 1­
- - --
·­
-
-
-- - -
- 1- ­
-- 1-·
-- --
~
·­
-
1­
--- - - 1-
--
~
~-
24
- - - --
25
- -- -- - -- --
-
27
- - - --
-
28
- - - --
29
- -- --
-
1­
-
·- 1-·
1 ~--
-
-
-- -·
- --
- -- --
-- --
-- --
--
- - --
-- -
·­
-
- -
- --
-- --
1-
------
-- -- --- - -- --
-
- -
·­ -- --- ·-- -­
- --
-- --
1- - 1­
-- --
- -·-­
--
-:- · - - ,­
·­
I~
-- --
--
-
--
--
·- 1- · - i-·
-- -- 1­
-
- - -- - 1­
-- --
~
-­
1-
- --
-- ---
-- --
-
, ~
1- ­
-
- - --- --
1- - ­
-- --
-- - -
1­
-- - -- - - -- - --
--
-­
i-
- - --- -- -- - --
-- --
f~
23
26
-- --
-
-- --
· -~
-- --- --
-- - -- - -
-
No. 3
FEET
FEET
FEET
DIAM .
-- --
·­
·­ -·
- -- --
16
--
LE.N G TH
--
·­
1 ~---
No.2
No . 1
FEET
FEET
OIAM .
L ENGTH
,_
-- 1-·
--
"'m
FEET
-- 1- · ­
-
- -- - --
13
- -
NET SCALE
CULLS
<
-- -
·­
--- --
11
No. 3
FEET
-- --· - ­
- -- --
5
No. 2
FEET
DIAM,
OF LOGS
GROSS SCALE
c
z
-- -- --
1 ---- ~ ~-
4
6
NET SCALE
Dat~--------- 193_
~
-
- I-
­
---
-- - - ·­
30
TOTALS
TOTALS
Remarks:
TIME RUN_ _ _Hrs._ _ _Min.
TIME LOST _ __Hrs._ _ _Min.
SCALER
-
WEE D DIV I SION
SAW_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
S H IFT_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
DAT...·'---- - - - - - - - - - - - - -• 193 _
16 FEET
16 F EET
16 FEET
16 FEET
16 FEET
12 F E ET
12 F E ET
12 FEET
14 FEET
14 FEET
20 FEET
IS FEET
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
It
12
13
14
15
16
17
-­
18
19
10 FEET
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
SAWYER
LOGS
FT.
FT.
SCALER
L OGS
FT.
FT.
LOST TIME
15M ~ ·36- L D N - 268 2
CT- 1 2 -
Form S1937
­
7-29-36-500~22408
SAW MILL STOPS
Date ------------------------ 193 ....
DAY ------------ NIGHT -----------SHIFT Hrs.. ------------ -------------------------------- SCALER
Hra.
BAND No. 1 CHANGE SAWS
Min.
TIMES
Bandmill stopped other causes
Sawmill stopped with band.mill running
BAND No. 2 CHANGE SAWS
Bandmill
!~topped
TIMES
other causes
SaWmill stopped with bandmill running
-- - ­
-
-
BAND No. 3 CHANGE SAWS
TIMES
Bandmill stopped other causes
Sawmill stopped with bandmill running
BAND No. 4 CHANGE SAWS
TIMES
Bandmill stopped other causes
-­
Sawmill stopped with bandmill running
-
RESAW
~o.
1 CHANGE SAWS
TIMES
RESAW No. 2 CHANGE SAWS
TIMES
--
-­
•
-
WHOLE MILL-Power off
TIMES
Whole Mill other cauaec
TIMES
-
I
orm M 1325
MILL LOG SCALE
--------------------~SCALER
SAWYER No.____________
I
r
F
_________SHIFT
_________________19__
Da ily Log Sc ale Report
p ag e 65 --
--
Form 404-D l 0-28-36-lM-22783
ORIGINAL
DAILY LOGGING SCALE
Camp No.
Tract
3202
N?
Spur No.
Date
Machine No.
Number
of Loa-a
Cars -------­ ------------------··
Footaa-e
I
Specie
Remark•
White Pine
•
Suwar Pine
Red Fir
White Fir
Cedar
Fuel Lolls
TOTALS
Ori•inal of thia report muat be made out daily and aent promptly
to office. All delays muat be reported in apace under remarks..
:pa g e 66
Pla te I
LOGG
1. G dPECIFIC TIONS
niL'lUm tree size - 18" outaide the bark 4 t 6" above tho ground and
containing not less than tt-10 16' logs to 10 11 top inside
the bark.
2 . Stump heights and long butts - Stumps shall be cut not to exceed
16" on side adjacent to higbest ground .
In cases where first 16' log will not cut 75"/. merchan­
t ble on pine and tir and 50~ on cedar; long butting shall
be done so tirat 16' log ta.ken will OU'& 751- merchantable
on pine and tir nd 5~ on cedar.
ces ivo stump heights
and long butts will be scaled and charged .
erohantable logs - All pine and tir logs containing 75~ merchantable
ood and cedar logs containing 50~ merchantable wood; ten
inches or larger in diameter inside bark on smaller end and
10' in length and longer.
4 . Bucking - Trees shall b bucked througilout ntire length so as to
produce maxtmum scale with minimum waste, favoring 16'
lengths her practicable; logs shall be bucked with square
nds. except butt logs .
;.
Lengths - Logs shall be bucked into 10'-12'-14'-16' and 18' lengths
or double length logs. 4" shall be allowed for trim. on ohort
logs and 8" on long logs .
ll logs w1 th extra trim llow­
enoe will be scaled as next log length and paid :ror. Ex­
ample ( 16' 8,. s caled as 18' ) •
6. Topn -
1. Treea shall be bucked throughout entire length to a top not
over 10" in diameter insid the bark at the small end.
alling - Timber shall be felled in
manner to minimize damage to tre a
being felled, or to b felled later, or to trees lett stand­
ing and to reproduction . Dcmase to timber including fir and
cedar rhll b ch rg d for .
Plate I p age 67
Pl a te I I
Mr. William A. Welder
1360 Washington Street
Corvallis, Oregon
Pl a te II
Dear Mr. Welder:
This will aclalowledge your letter of February 24, re­
garding our scaling practice.
We pay our fallers and limbers on a stump scale. The
stump scale is built up on the basis of an average for our
stand of timber and is not varied throughout the season re­
gardless of the type of timber we happen to be in. The
landing scale is on the basis of the actual log scale and
is also the basis of payment for our buckers. Our logs go­
ing into the mill are scaled after they are bucked on the
log deck.
I trust this information may be of some value to you.
Very truly yours,
FRUIT GRQIYERS SUPPLY CO!.P.ANY
~
:page 68
Conclusion
This pap e r , perhap s very elementa ry in subject
matter , h a s b een written to t he b est of my ability .
i s not intended a s
a
It
text on sc a l i ng , but merely to give
one , not well a cqua i n ted with t h e subject ma t ter , a general
:picture of sc a l jng as a.
b rc~nch
of the logg ing indus t ry;
to introduce to the l ayman a pa rt of l ogg ing tha t is
generally not well known .
I f this paper h a s fulfille d this , then i t will h ave
a ccomplished the purp ose for which it wa s intended,
AS
such I would be well s a tisfie d with the resul t.
--0 -­
page 69
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to a cknowledge the help and informa tion
received from the following sour ces .
The Red River Lbr. Co.
Westwood, Californi a
The Fruit Growers Supply Co.
Sus anville , Californi a
Long - Bell Lbr. Co .
Yleed, Cali fornia
The McCloud Lbr. Co.
McCloud , California
Brooks-Sc anlon Lbr . Co .
Bend , Ore g on
Shevlin-Hixon Lbr . Co .
Bend, Oreg on
Forest Service Public a tion; I nstructions for the Sc aling of National-Forest Timber . Clyde E . YJlouf ; Log Sc aling in the Inland Empire . page 70