Assessment of the Ability of Existing Airport Gate Infrastructure to
Accommodate Transport Category Aircraft with Increased Wingspan for
Improved Fuel Efficiency
By
ARCHIVES
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITE
Kristina Bishop
B.S. Mechanical Engineering
OF TECHNOLOGY
JU 10 201
University of California Irvine, 2010
-LL
1 4k-~
.,
Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on May 24, 2012,
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics
At the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
June 2012
0 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved.
Signature of Author........
..................
'.............
....
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
May 24, 2012
.............
R. John Hansman
T. Wilson Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Thesis Supervisor
C ertified by .............................................................
. ...........................
H. Modiano
/Eytan
and
Astronautics
f
Aeronautics
Associate Professor
Chair, Graduate Program Committee
A ccepted by ....................................................
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2
Assessment of the Ability of Existing Airport Gate Infrastructure to
Accommodate Transport Category Aircraft when Increasing Wingspan for
Improving Fuel Efficiency
By
Kristina Bishop
Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
On May 24 t, 2012 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Abstract
The continuous trend of rising fuel prices increases interest in improving the fuel
efficiency of aircraft operations. Additionally, since fuel burn is directly linked to aircraft
CO 2 emissions, reducing fuel consumption has environmental benefits. One approach to
reducing airline cost and mitigating environmental impacts of aviation is to achieve
higher fuel efficiency by increasing aircraft wingspan. One concern is that airports may
not be able to accommodate increased-wingspan aircraft since existing gate infrastructure
may have been sized for the past and current aircraft. This results in a potential tradeoff
for airlines; increasing wingspan increases fuel efficiency, but it also limits the number of
gates available to maintain current aircraft operations. The objective of this thesis is to
evaluate this tradeoff.
In this thesis, a study on the existing gate infrastructure and gate utilization was
performed using recorded aircraft operations from 2010 at seven U.S. airports. Initial
analysis of existing gate infrastructures was conducted at these airports for the number of
gates available at an airport for a given wingspan. As wingspan increases, the number of
gates at an airport that can accommodate the aircraft decreases. In current operations, it is
common for aircraft to be scheduled at gates capable of accommodating larger aircraft.
By analyzing this gate usage, the potential to increase wingspan without modifying gate
infrastructure was quantified. It is also possible to utilize an open adjacent gate in order to
accommodate an aircraft with increased wingspan. By analyzing scheduled aircraft
operations, it was possible to determine the ability of existing gate infrastructure at each
analyzed airport to accommodate aircraft by use of available adjacent gate.
There appears to be opportunity to accommodate a significant number of Group
III aircraft with wingspan increased to 124 ft with minimal gate infrastructure change
required at most of the airports analyzed. The airports that limit additional increase past
124 ft are the perimeter-restricted airports, LGA and DCA. When LGA and DCA were
removed as limiting airports, there was opportunity for a number of aircraft to increase
wingspan to as high as 200 ft when taking full advantage of the entire width of utilized
gates, and as high as 225 ft with the use of available adjacent gates.
Thesis Supervisor: Dr. R. John Hansman
Title: T. Wilson Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics
3
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4
Acknowledgements
I would first like to thank my advisor Dr. R. John Hansman for his continual motivation
and suggestions for improvement regarding my thesis and my future career.
Alex Mozdzanowska for her patience and encouragement throughout this thesis. Without
her amazing last minute edits, it would never have been completed.
Brian Yutko for his support and insight to my thesis as well as his incredible time
management with telecons.
Next, I would like to especially thank Shailesh Gongal and Flavio Leo at Massport, for
their willingness to provide detailed gate data for BOS and always being available to
answer my questions.
I would also like to thank my new MIT 'family,' most especially, Austin DiOrio, Raquel
Galvan, Alex Nakahara, Christopher Gilmore and Andrea Gilkey. I appreciate their
multiple thesis revisions and endless support over the past two years. They have all made
my MIT experience one I will never forget. I hope our adventures do not end here.
Most importantly, I owe my deepest gratitude to my mom and sister. They have
supported me through every twist and turn of my long but exciting education and are
always available for a word of advice or encouragement. Thank you for always believing
in me.
Finally, I would like to give a special thanks to my two nephews, Eric and Aden, whose
laughter makes everyday so much brighter.
5
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6
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................
13
1.1
Motivation......................................................................................................................................
13
1.2
1.3
1.4
O bjective ........................................................................................................................................
Approach........................................................................................................................................
Thesis Overview ............................................................................................................................
14
14
16
Chapter 2: Background.............................................................................................
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Airport Terminal Configuration ..............................................................................................
Gate Apron Layout .......................................................................................................................
Wingtip Clearances.......................................................................................................................
Definition of Aircraft Group Size and Gate Group Size ......................................................
Chapter 3: Boston Logan International Airport - Estimation of Existing Gate
Infrastructure..................................................................................................................
3.1
Scope...............................................................................................................................................
17
17
18
20
21
22
22
3.2 Data Collection of Reported Aircraft Operations in 2010 at BOS from Flightstats.com ...... 23
3.3 Analysis of BOS Available Gate Infrastructure......................................................................
24
3.4 Identifying Limitations of Gate Infrastructure Analysis ......................................................
26
3.4.1
Comparison of BOS Gate Infrastructure Analysis .............................................................
26
3.4.2
Comparison of BOS Gate Infrastructure by Terminal ........................................................
29
Chapter 4: Boston Logan International Airport - Strategy 1: Accommodation of
Aircraft with Increased Wingspan by Taking Advantage of the Entire Width of
Utilized Gates..................................................................................................................
33
4.1
Strategy 1A: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group III Aircraft by Taking Advantage of
the Entire Width of Gates. .....................................................................................................................
33
4.1.1
Strategy IB: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group III Aircraft that Utilize a Larger
Available Gate within the Existing Infrastructure. .........................................................................
33
4.2 BOS Reported Aircraft Operations in 2010 ..........................................................................
34
4.3 BOS Group III Aircraft Demand in 2010...............................................................................
38
4.4 Analysis on the Ability of BOS to Accommodate Group III Aircraft with Increased
Wingspan in Existing Gate Infrastructure using Strategy 1 ..........................................................
39
4.4.1
Strategy 1A: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group III Aircraft by Taking Advantage of
E ntire W idth of U tilized G ates.............................................................................................................
39
4.4.2
Comparison of Strategy IA Results ...................................................................................
40
4.4.3
Strategy 1B: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group III Aircraft that Utilize a Larger
Available Gate within the Existing Infrastructure. .........................................................................
41
Chapter 5: Boston Logan International Airport - Strategy 2: Accommodation of
Aircraft with Increased Wingspan when Utilizing Available Adjacent Gates ......... 43
5.1 Approach of Strategy 2: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group III Aircraft when
Utilizing Available Adjacent Gates. ..................................................................................................
5.1.1
Limitations of Strategy 2 Analysis......................................................................................
5.2 Gate Utilization Results................................................................................................................
5.3 Analysis on the Ability of BOS to Accommodate Group III Aircraft with Increased
Wingspan in Existing Gate Infrastructure using Strategy 2 ..........................................................
5.3.1
Comparison of Strategy 2 Analysis......................................................................................
5.4 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................
43
45
46
49
51
52
Chapter 6: Comparison of Available Gate Infrastructure for Analyzed Airports.. 53
6.1
6.2
6.3
Scope...............................................................................................................................................
Available Gate Infrastructure at Analyzed Airports.............................................................
In Depth Gate Infrastructure Analysis for Perimeter Restricted Airports.........................
7
53
54
55
6.3.1
6.3.2
LGA Estimated Gate Infrastructure Comparison to Google Map Images ..........................
DCA Estimated Gate Infrastructure Comparison to Google Map Images..........................
55
56
Chapter 7: Summary of Gate Utilization for Analyzed Airports...........................
58
Gate Utilization for All Aircraft Operations Recorded in 2010 ..........................................
Gate Utilization for Group III Aircraft Operations Recorded in 2010.................................
58
61
7.1.1
7.1.2
Chapter 8: Summary Analysis of Study Airports for the Accommodation of Group
Strategy 1 - Taking Advantage of the Entire Gate Width,
III Aircraft using
64
and Strategy 2 - UtilizingAvailable Adjacent Gates .................................................
Wingspan
Wingspan
Wingspan
Wingspan
Wingspan
Wingspan
at JFK. 65
at LAX 66
at ATL 67
at DFW68
at LGA 69
at DCA 70
Chapter 9: Conclusion...............................................................................................
71
Chapter 10: Bibliography...........................................................................................
72
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
of Ability
of Ability
of Ability
of Ability
of Ability
of Ability
to Accommodate
to Accommodate
to Accommodate
to Accommodate
to Accommodate
to Accommodate
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
8
III Aircraft
III Aircraft
III Aircraft
III Aircraft
III Aircraft
III Aircraft
with
with
with
with
with
with
Increased
Increased
Increased
Increased
Increased
Increased
List of Figures
Figure 1: The effect of increasing wingspan on fuel bum for the B737-800 aircraft [Alonso 2012] ........... 14
Figure 2: Percent of usable gates as a function of wingspan for a notional airport's existing gate
infrastru ctu re. .......................................................................................................................................
15
Figure 3: Summary of strategies used to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan in existing airport
in frastru ctu re. .......................................................................................................................................
16
Figure 4: Passenger Terminal Design Layout [en.wikepedia.com]..........................................................
17
18
Figure 5: Diagram explaining gate apron layout and ground equipment necessary [ACRP 2010] .......
Figure 6: Illustration of stop lines and lead-in lines for a gate apron [Data Source: googlemap.com]......... 19
20
Figure 7: FAA Recommended Aircraft Clearances....................................................................................
Figure 8: BOS terminal configuration and gate distribution for airlines (2008) [Data Source: Massport] ... 22
Figure 9: BOS gate utilization by aircraft type for a typical gate in 2010 [Data Source: Flightstats.com]... 24
Figure 10: BOS percentage of usable gates for a given wingspan [Data Source: Flightstats.com]....... 25
Figure 11: AutoCAD model of BOS gates to analyze existing gate infrastructure [Data Source: Massport]
27
..............................................................................................................................................................
Figure 12: BOS percentage of usable gates for a given wingspan - Comparison of gate infrastructure
inferred from reported aircraft operations to the existing infrastructure determined from the
27
AutoCAD model [Data Source: Flightstats.com] ............................................................................
Figure 13: B O S Term inal A [ifly.com ] .....................................................................................................
29
Figure 14: BOS Percentage of usable Gate as a function of Wingspan for Terminal A: Comparison of
inferred gate width to the physical gate width [Data Source: Flightstats.com]...............................
30
Figure 15: BOS Terminal B and Terminal C [ifly.com] ..........................................................................
30
Figure 16: BOS Percentage of usable Gate as a function of Wingspan for Terminal B: Comparison of
31
inferred gate width to the physical gate width [Data Source: Flightstats.com]...............................
Figure 17: BOS Percentage of usable Gate as a function of Wingspan for Terminal C: Comparison of
31
inferred gate width to the physical gate width [Data Source: Flightstats.com] ...............................
Figure 18: B O S Term inal E [ifly.com ]......................................................................................................
32
Figure 19: BOS Percentage of usable Gate as a function of Wingspan for Terminal E: Comparison of
32
inferred gate width to the physical gate width [Data Source: Flightstats.com]...............................
Figure 20: Strategy 1A - Increase wingspan by taking advantage of the entire gate width ......................
33
Figure 21: Strategy 1 B - Increase wingspan by taking advantage of the entire gate width a larger available
34
gate at the airport..................................................................................................................................
Figure 22: BOS percentage of aircraft arrivals by aircraft group size in 2010 [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
35
..............................................................................................................................................................
Figure 23: Worldwide Fuel Burn, Payload, and Departures (Operations) by Aircraft Type [Data Source:
Y u tk o 2 0 10] .........................................................................................................................................
36
Figure 24: BOS gate use by aircraft group size in 2010 (Left) and BOS gate use by Group III aircraft in
2010 [D ata Source: Flightstats.com ]...............................................................................................
37
Figure 25: BOS gate use by aircraft type for a typical gate in 2010 [Data Source: Flightstats.com] ........... 37
Figure 26: Realized BOS demand for gates by Group III aircraft as a function of wingspan (2010)
[F lightstats.com ] ..................................................................................................................................
38
Figure 27: BOS Possible accommodation of Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for Strategy 1A 40
Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate [Data Source: Flightstats.com]..................................
Figure 28: BOS Comparison of the possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan
between inferred (Flightstats) and existing (AutoCAD) gate infrastructure for Strategy 1A - Aircraft
41
use the entire width of utilized gate [Data Source: Flightstats.com] ..............................................
Figure 29: BOS Possible accommodation of Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for Strategy 1 Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy IB- Use of a larger available gate at the
42
airport [D ata Source: Flightstats.com ]............................................................................................
44
Figure 30: Strategy 2A - Two aircraft using a single available adjacent gate ...........................................
44
Figure 31: Strategy 2B - Aircraft use of entire width of available adjacent gate ......................................
45
Figure 32: Strategy 2C - Aircraft use of entire width of two available adjacent gates.............................
Figure 33: MARS accommodation of either 4 narrow body aircraft or 3 wide body aircraft [ACRP 2010] 46
Figure 34: BOS gate utilization at a given time by aircraft size in 15-minute intervals for 7/15/2010 [Data
47
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
9
Figure 35: BOS gate utilization by aircraft size and gate size in 15-minute intervals for 7/15/2010 [Data
48
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
Figure 36: BOS gate utilization for Terminal A by aircraft group size and aircraft type on 7/15/2010 [Data
48
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
49
Figure 37: BOS Terminal C gates 25-36 [ifly.com] - Determination of gate order .................................
Figure 38: BOS Possible accommodation of Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for Strategy 1 Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available adjacent gates [Data
50
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
Figure 39: BOS Comparison of the possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan
between inferred and existing gate infrastructure for Strategy 2 - Use of available adjacent gates.
51
[D ata Source: F lightstats.com ].............................................................................................................
Figure 40: Percentage of usable gates as a function of wingspan for all airports normalized by the
maximum number of usable gates at each airport, based on reported aircraft operations [Data Source:
54
F lig htstats.com ]....................................................................................................................................
Figure 41: LGA - Google Map Images of Central Terminal B evaluating potential gate width expansion 56
Evidence of current utilization of adjacent gates [googlemap.com].................................................
Figure 42: DCA Google Map Images of Terminal A (Left) and Terminal B (right)................................. 57
Figure 43: Gate utilization by aircraft group size for analyzed airports in 2010 [Data Source:
58
F lig htstats.com ]....................................................................................................................................
Figure 44: Gate utilization by aircraft group size for analyzed airports in 2010 [Data Source:
F lightstats.com ]....................................................................................................................................
60
Figure 45: Gate utilization of Group III aircraft for analyzed airports in 2010 [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
..........................................................
61
Figure 46: Gate utilization by aircraft group size for all airports in 2010 for busiest day recorded by ASPM
63
at each airport [Data Source: Flightstats.com ].................................................................................
Figure 47: JFK Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for Strategy 1 Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available adjacent gates [Data
65
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
Figure 48: LAX Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for Strategy 1 Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available adjacent gates [Data
66
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
Figure 49: ATL Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for Strategy 1 Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available adjacent gates [Data
67
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
Figure 50: DFW Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for Strategy 1 Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available adjacent gates [Data
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
68
Figure 51: LGA Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for Strategy 1 Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available adjacent gates [Data
69
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
Figure 52: DCA Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for Strategy 1 Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available adjacent gates [Data
70
Source: F lightstats.com ].......................................................................................................................
Figure 53: BOS Terminal E Gate Plans for a Summer Thursday in 2010 [Massport]............................... 81
81
Figure 54: BOS Terminal E Gate Plans for a Winter Thursday in 2010 [Massport] .................................
82
Figure 55: BOS Gate Utilization for Terminal A on 7/15/2010 .................................................................
82
Figure 56: BOS Gate Utilization for Terminal B on 7/15/2010 .................................................................
83
Figure 57: BOS Gate Utilization for Terminal C on 7/15/2010 .................................................................
83
Figure 58: BOS Gate Utilization for Terminal E on 7/15/2010 .................................................................
84
Figure 59: JFK Airport Gate Map [Data Source: Visitingdc.com ] ..........................................................
85
Figure 60: LAX Airport Gate Map [Data Source: ifly.com]......................................................................
85
Figure 61: ATL Airport Gate Map [Data Source: uscaau.wordpress.comLGA] .....................................
86
Figure 62: DFW Airport Gate Map [Data Source: exploringmonkey.com]..................................................
87
Figure 63: LGA Airport Gate Map [Data Source: allairports.net] ............................................................
88
Figure 64: DCA Airport Gate Map [Data Source: travela.priceline.com] ................................................
10
Table of Contents
21
Table 1: FAA Aircraft Design Group (ADG) Definitions [ACRP 2010] ................................................
23
Table 2: Gate Data Collection Chart [Data Source: Flightstats.com] .......................................................
Table 3: BOS Gates for which the wingspan of the largest scheduled aircraft exceeded the gate width
28
determ ined by the A utoCA D m odel. ................................................................................................
53
Table 4: Specific Details for Analyzed Airports [Data Source: ASPM]...................................................
Table 5: DCA gate infrastructure comparison between wingspan of largest scheduled aircraft and physical
57
gate w idth determ ined by Google M aps ..........................................................................................
Table 6: Additional airport specifics and calculated average number of aircraft turns per gate per day for
59
analyzed airports [Data Source: FAA/ASPM].................................................................................
Table 7: Average gate occupancy time throughout the day in minutes by aircraft group size for analyzed
59
airports [D ata Source: Flightstats.com ] ............................................................................................
11
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AC
Advisory Circular
ADG
Aircraft Design Group
ARFF
ASPM
ATL
BJ
Rescue and Firefighting
Aviation System Performance Metrics
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Georgia
Business Jet
BOS
CAEP
C02
Gen. Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport, Massachusetts
Committee on Aviations Environmental Protection
DCA
Carbon Dioxide
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, District of Columbia
DFW
EMB
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Texas
Embraer
FAA
GHG
Federal Aviation Administration
Green House Gas
IATA
ICAO
JFK
LAX
International Air Transport Association
International Civil Aviation Organization
John F. Kennedy New York International Airport, New York
Los Angeles International Airport, California
LGA
MARS
MD
MIT
La Guardia New York Airport (and Marine Air Terminal), New York
Multi-Aircraft Ramp System
McDonnell Douglas
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
NAS
NextGen
National Airspace System
Next Generation Air Transportation System
NM
PARTNER
Nautical Mile
Partnership for AiR Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction
RJ
US
Regional Jet
United States
12
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1
Motivation
There is interest in improving the fuel efficiency of aircraft operations due to the
continuous trend of rising fuel prices. According to the International Air Transport
Association (IATA), fuel is the "largest single cost item for the global airline industry."
Therefore there is a strong economic incentive to reduce aircraft fuel burn. Additionally,
since fuel burn is directly linked to aircraft CO 2 emissions, reducing fuel consumption
has environmental benefits.
Rising fuel prices indicate that it may be worthwhile to add technologies or incorporate
design changes to aircraft to increase fuel efficiency. Such actions may not have been
justified in past aircraft designs, as fuel costs were not as significant. Thus, reducing
airline cost and mitigating environmental impacts of aviation are motivations for
considering higher fuel efficiency when designing future generation aircraft.
One approach to achieving higher fuel efficiency is to increase aircraft wingspan [AFSB
2007]. A recent study at Stanford University evaluated the effects of increasing
wingspan on fuel burn. The resulting impacts on a representative aircraft are shown in
Figure 1. As wingspan increases, there is a decrease in induced drag, which in turn
reduces fuel burn. However, as wingspan continues to increase, the additional weight
from the added wingspan counters the benefit of reduced drag. This results in an optimal
wingspan for a given aircraft design. For the example provided, the optimal wingspan
requires a 25% increase to the baseline wingspan. Additional studies indicated that many
aircraft in current operation have wingspans not optimized to minimize fuel burn.
[Alonso 2012]. The potential for a significant increase in wingspan on future generation
aircraft motivates this analysis on the impact of aircraft with increased wingspan to the
existing gate infrastructure.
Although there are expected benefits from optimizing wingspan, one concern is that
airports may not be able to accommodate increased-wingspan aircraft since gates may
have been sized for current or historical aircraft. This results in a potential tradeoff for
airlines; increasing wingspan increases fuel efficiency, but it also may limit the number
of gates available to maintain current aircraft operations.
13
B737-800
1.07
1.06
1.051.041.03
0.98''
1
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
Fraction of Baseline Span
Figure 1: The effect of increasing wingspan on fuel burn for the B737-800 aircraft [Alonso
2012]
1.2 Objective
The objective of this thesis was to identify tradeoffs between increasing aircraft wingspan
(which increases fuel efficiency) against the ability to accommodate aircraft operations
by aircraft with larger wingspan given existing gate infrastructure. The scope of this
thesis was limited to two minimal cost options: using existing gate infrastructure or
combining adjacent gates.
Use of these minimal cost options was motivated by the high uncertainty in the costs
associated with major infrastructure changes, such as complete reconstruction of
terminals to allow larger gate separation or the addition of new gates. Wh~ile it is possible
that the benefits of fuel burn reduction are great enough to motivate further investigation
of more aggressive gate infrastructure changes, they were not investigated in this thesis.
1.3 Approach
Initial analysis of existing gate infrastructures was conducted at various US airports for
the purpose of understanding the percentage of gates available at an airport for a given
wingspan. Due to the inability of some gates to accommodate larger aircraft, an increase
in wingspan can reduce the percent of usable gates at an airport. This effect can be seen
in Figure 2, which plots the percent of usable gates as a function of wingspan. Initially,
for an aircraft with a small wingspan, 100 percent of the gates are able to accommodate
that aircraft. However, as an aircrafts wingspan increases, the number of gates that can
accommodate that aircraft decreases, as shown by the vertical drops.
14
100
75
25
0
Wingspan
Figure 2: Percent of usable gates as a function of wingspan for a notional airport's existing
gate infrastructure.
Several strategies were investigated at selected airports using the recorded aircraft
operations for 2010 and used to determine the ability of existing gate infrastructure to
accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan. In current operations, it is common for
aircraft to be scheduled at gates capable of accommodating larger aircraft. By analyzing
this gate usage in Strategy 1A, the potential to increase wingspan without modifying gate
infrastructure was quantified. Strategy lB removes the restriction that an aircraft must
remain in the utilized gate, and allow allows an aircraft to utilize any larger available gate
regardless of airline, gate agreements or terminal locations. Figure 3 illustrates both of
these sub strategies.
It is also possible to utilize open adjacent gates in order to accommodate an aircraft with
increased wingspan, as was analyzed by each of the sub strategies shown in Figure 3 for
Strategy 2. The initial analysis was to determine whether or not an aircraft had an
available adjacent gate. If an adjacent gate is available, Strategy 2A determines if it is
possible to simultaneously split the available adjacent gate with another scheduled
aircraft allowing both aircraft to increase their wingspan. If scheduling does not allow for
Strategy 2A to be possible, then Strategy 2B allows for an aircraft to utilize the full width
of an available adjacent gate. If an additional adjacent gate is still available after Strategy
2B has been examined, then Strategy 2C allows for the wingspan to be further extended
spanning the width of all three gates. From analyzing these three sub strategies, the
potential of an airport to accommodate an aircraft with increased wingspan with the use
of available adjacent gates could be determined.
15
Figure 3: Summary of strategies used to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan in
existing airport infrastructure.
1.4
Thesis Overview
This thesis evaluates seven significant US airports in the OEP 351 list of airports: BOS,
JFK, LAX, ATL, DFW, LGA, and DCA. Three airports were chosen as examples of
international airports, BOS, JFK and LAX. Two airports were chosen as examples of hub
airports, ATL and DFW. Furthermore, two airports were chosen as critical airports that
operate under the Wright Amendment2 , LGA and DCA.
Chapter 2 provides background for this thesis, explaining gate infrastructure and wingtip
clearances in addition to offering definitions for aircraft and gate sizes. Chapter 3
includes an initial analysis on the existing gate infrastructure in terms of available gate
size at BOS. Chapters 4 and 5 an analysis of the BOS gate infrastructure and its ability to
accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan by implementing the two minimal cost
strategies shown in Figure 3. Chapter 6 expands the analysis of existing gate
infrastructure in terms of available gate size to six other airports. In chapters 7 and 8, the
two strategies are then implemented at each of the analyzed airports to examine the
ability of existing gate infrastructures to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan.
Chapter 9 discusses the results and presents a conclusion to this thesis.
1 "The OEP 35 (Operational Evolution Partnership) airports are commercial U.S. airports with significant
activity. These airports serve major metropolitan areas and also serve as hubs for airline operations. More
than 70 percent of passengers move through these airports." [FAA ASPM]
2 The Wright Amendment of 1979 is a federal law governing aircraft traffic limiting the range of aircraft
flights at various US airports.
16
Chapter 2: Background
2.1 Airport Terminal Configuration
The size of gates, proximity of aircraft, and the ability for gate expansion can be related
to airport terminal configurations. The most typical terminal design configurations are
illustrated in Figure 4. Combinations of these configurations are possible as well.
UNEAR
PIER
D
AMS
MUC
CTS
LAX
CONCOURSES
SATELLITE
ATL
DWC
ICN
ORD
GVA
CDG
MCO
Figure 4: Passenger Terminal Design Layout [en.wikepedia.com]
The initial terminal concept selection is influenced by the physical characteristics of the
terminal site such as the available area for expansion, existing facilities, terrain, airport
layout, as well as the predominant type of aircraft and passenger activity [Advisory
Circular 88]. The increase of aircraft traffic and changes to the aircraft size and types
serving the airport often necessitate modifications or expansions to the terminals.
The linear and curvilinear terminal configurations are simplistic designs that align aircraft
along one side of the terminal building. For airports with high annual enplanement traffic
and a fleet mix including wide-body aircraft, the required overall apron area for these
configurations becomes very large due to large required gate widths. Configurations,
such as the pier, concourse, and satellite become more appropriate for efficient utilization
of available airport terminal space.
A pier-finger design has aircraft parked on both sides of the building and offers the
higher aircraft capacity often seen at large international airports. A satellite terminal is a
stand-alone building so that aircraft can park around its entire circumference.
17
2.2 Gate Apron Layout
A gate is associated with an individual aircraft parking position situated at a terminal
building with the purpose of loading and unloading passengers and cargo. The paved area
of the gate adjacent to the terminal building where the aircraft is parked for fueling and
maintenance is referred to as the gate apron. The design of the gate apron depends on the
configuration of the terminal (linear, pier, satellite, etc.), clearances required for the
aircraft, physical characteristics of the aircraft, and the types and sizes of the ground
service equipment required to service the aircraft [Ashford 2011].
Aircraft servicing is typically provided by a combination of movable vehicles and
equipment as well as fixed servicing installations mainly for fueling and power systems
as shown in Figure 5. Fixed servicing installations are commonly located on or under the
apron, or in the terminal building adjacent to the aircraft gate. Aircraft gates that contain
fixed utility installations benefit from less congestion on the apron and shorter aircraft
servicing times [ACRP 2010].
Figure 5: Diagram explaining gate apron layout and ground equipment necessary [ACRP
2010]
18
Most airports with high levels of activity and servicing of larger aircraft, use a form of
underground aircraft fueling called a fuel pit instead of a mobile fuel truck. A fuel pit
system is equipped with its own hose, reel, filter, and air eliminator at each pit location.
This limits congestion on the apron by reducing ground equipment and shortening aircraft
turnaround times [Advisory Circular 1988]. However, a typical planning convention is to
design the aircraft parking positions so that each aircraft's fueling service point falls
within a 50-foot radius of the apron hydrant valve [Advisory Circular 1988]. This reduces
the flexibility of aircraft-parking configurations. Since hydrant systems are permanently
constructed under the apron, any future reconfiguration of the airport terminal building or
gate apron arrangement could be affected by the location of the hydrant valves. A
consequence to fixed installations, such as fuel pits, is a reduction in flexibility to handle
different types of aircraft parking configurations.
Aircraft lead-in lines guide pilots into a specific aircraft parking position from the
taxilane. The lead-in lines can vary within a gate due to necessary clearances and the
flexibility of loading bridges. Therefore, many gates have multiple lead-in lines that
depend on the aircraft type utilizing the gate. Stop lines are positioned on the lead-in line
to signify where each aircraft type should position the front landing gear to ensure the
recommended clearance between the nose of the aircraft and the terminal building. This
clearance ranges between 15-30 feet depending on aircraft size and push back operations.
The purpose of lead-in lines and stop lines are to correctly position each aircraft. This
allows sufficient room for ground equipment, proper placement in relation to fixed
installations, and required clearances from adjacent gates and structures to be met.
Figure 6: Illustration of stop lines and lead-in lines for a gate apron [Data Source:
googlemap.com]
19
2.3 Wingtip Clearances
Required aircraft clearances while parked at the gate vary considerably, where variations
are dependent on airline policy, service equipment used, aircraft type, and terminal
configuration. The minimum wingtip clearance recommended by FAA is between 20 and
25 feet, depending on the size of the aircraft [Advisory Circular 1989]. Many airlines
have their own wingtip separation requirements based on their aircraft fleet mix, gate
apron area, and various safety factors. The FAA also recommends a 20-45 foot clearance
between aircraft and building extremities depending on the terminal type [Advisory
Circular 1989]. The recommended nose-to-building, wingtip-to-wingtip, and wingtip-tobuilding clearances are shown in Figure 7.
20'-45'
20'-25
Figure 7: FAA Recommended Aircraft Clearances
These clearance requirements are enforced for the safety of passengers and
crewmembers, as well as the protection of buildings, aircraft, and equipment. As aircraft
maneuverability and guidance techniques become more precise, the necessary clearances
will decrease. However, the wingtip clearance is also limited by the size of the safety
vehicles necessary for emergency situations. Rescue and firefighting (ARFF) trucks are
specialized for hazard mitigation, evacuation, and the rescue of passengers for an aircraft
involved in an airport ground emergency [Aviation Fire Journal]. These fire trucks must
be able to gain access to all parts of an aircraft while parked in its gate. Therefore,
wingtip clearances must allow for sufficient room for these emergency vehicles, which
can be as wide as 12 ft., to maneuver around the aircraft.
A 20-ft wingtip-to-wingtip clearance is observed at most airports; however one option to
accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan is to decrease the recommended wingtipto-wingtip clearance to 15 feet. This would allow a wingspan increase of at least 5 feet to
each aircraft without any impact on the existing gate infrastructure. A 15-ft wingtip
clearance is currently used at some airports under specific airline agreements for special
circumstances. Such situations usually require the use of visual docking aids and/or wing
walkers for precise positioning. The addition of 5 feet to the wingspan of current aircraft
can have significant reduction in fuel use if applied to a large number of aircraft, resulting
in as much as a 2% fuel bum reduction for every modified B737-800 aircraft [Alonso
2012]. Other methods to accommodate increased wingspan with minimal infrastructure
changes will be analyzed throughout this thesis.
20
2.4 Definition of Aircraft Group Size and Gate Group Size
The aircraft group size used throughout this thesis was determined using the FAA
Aircraft Design Group (ADG) definitions. These define aircraft wingspan limits for each
aircraft group size. These wingspan limits are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: FAA Aircraft Design Group (ADG) Definitions [ACRP 2010]
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Small Regional
Medium Regional
Narrow body/
Large Regional
Wide body
Jumbo
Super Jumbo
0
50
49
79
Metro
CRJ
80
119
172
215
118
171
214
262
A320/B737
B767
B747/B777/A330/A340
B747-800/A380
For the purpose of this thesis, gate width is defined as the usable width of a gate that can
be used to accommodate aircraft wingspan. Therefore, the gate width does not include the
clearances required between aircraft. The gate width is used to determine the gate group
size. Gate group sizes are also based off the wingspan ranges for ADG definitions. For
example, any gate width between 80 ft to 118 ft, such as a gate that fits an A320 at 112
feet, would be defined as a Group III sized gate.
21
Chapter 3: Boston Logan International Airport - Estimation
of Existing Gate Infrastructure
A detailed study of the available gate infrastructure was performed at Boston Logan
International Airport (BOS) in order to understand the airport's ability to accommodate
aircraft with increased wingspan.
3.1 Scope
Boston Logan International Airport (BOS) is Boston's primary airport and is the 1 9 1h
busiest US airport with an annual traffic of 355,873 aircraft movements and 12,820,000
passengers for the year 2010 [ASPM]. It consists of four terminal buildings, three for
domestic flights (Terminals A, B, C) and one for international flights (Terminal E).
Terminal configuration and gate distribution for airlines operating at BOS in 2008 are
shown in Figure 8. Although most of the gates are leased or owned by individual airlines,
some are used by more than one airline under special agreements.
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Terminal Layout
Figure 8: BOS terminal configuration and gate distribution for airlines (2008) [Data
Source: Massport]
22
3.2
Data Collection of Reported Aircraft Operations in 2010 at BOS
from Flightstats.com
In order to analyze current gate infrastructure and utilization at BOS, available operation
records and gate usage data for all aircraft movements in 2010 were collected from
Flightstats.com 3 . Flightstats.com is an easily accessible resource that provides both
aircraft arrival/departure times as well as specific gate usage location.
Aircraft operation data were collected for each day of 2010, consisting of all flights
arriving at or departing from BOS. Every recorded aircraft movement provides the gate
arrival/departure times, airline, aircraft type, and in most cases, the gate used. Gate
numbers and locations were gathered from various resources including ifly.com, Google
Maps, as well as the BOS airport website massport.com. This allowed the terminal and
gate numbering to be matched with the information provided by Flightstats.
All code-sharing instances were removed to prevent aircraft movements from being
counted multiple times. One problem that arose was a lack of gate information for Group
I sized aircraft. However, since the majority of these aircraft use remote stands
specifically sized for Group I aircraft, these aircraft do not utilize larger sized gates and
therefore were removed from this analysis. Finally, cancelled flights were removed due to
the lack of reported arrival and departure times.
By matching. arriving and departing flights of identical aircraft type, airline, and gate, a
list of aircraft gate occupancy times (actual gate-in and gate-out times) was compiled for
2010 (Table 2). In addition, the aircraft wingspan and aircraft group size were derived
from the aircraft type. Aircraft wingspans were determined from Jane's Aircraft
Recognition Guide 2010, Piano-X aircraft database, and the Boeing website (Appendix
8.1).
Table 2: Gate Data Collection Chart [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
Flightstats
ht Data
Gate Utization
Gate
Aircraft
Typ
DateL...
Ailn
ArrixuaRll~j
Number
0100715
DL
deparur
A16
320
0100715
DL
arrival
A16
757
0100715
DL
0100715
DL
0100715
DL
0100715
DL
ArivaV/Dep.
TimI
IWio
I
16:4 M
3
12:09
M
4
124.84
6:00
m
3
111.88
10:14 AM
A16
757
arrival
A16
738
3:33 PM
arrival
A16
320
6:00 9M1
Ai6
320
Iepture
_______________________
According to Flightstats.com, the data presented online provides definitive information for
approximately 99.5% of US flights by querying multiple sources to create a broad range of
information for each flight.
3
23
The average gate occupancy times by ADG were determined using data for aircraft
operations with recorded arrival and departure times at the same gate, not including
overnight utilization. The results for BOS in 2010, rounded to the nearest 5 minutes, were
as follows: Group II: 60 minutes, Group III: 70 minutes, Group IV: 110 minutes, Group
V: 125 minutes.
For instances where the gate-in time or gate-out time was not reported (an arrival
followed by another arrival, or departure followed by another departure at a gate), it was
assumed that the aircraft occupied the gate for the average gate occupancy time based on
the aircraft group size. These instances could either be caused by gaps in the recorded
data or aircraft gate change. An example of this occurrence is shown in Table 2. The
fourth and fifth entries in the table are reported departures. The second aircraft departure
did not have a reported matching arrival time and was therefore assigned an arrival time
110 minutes before departure because it was a Group IV sized aircraft.
3.3 Analysis of BOS Available Gate Infrastructure
In order to estimate the existing gate infrastructure at BOS, an evaluation was performed
on the reported aircraft operations in 2010. It was assumed that the width of the gate was
the wingspan of the largest aircraft to have used that gate over the duration of the year.
This assumption resulted in conservative gate width estimates. Gate analysis for a typical
gate is shown in Figure 9. The largest aircraft accommodated in that gate in 2010 was an
A3 19, therefore the gate was assumed to have a width of 112 ft.
0
1000
0
N~
C
Q
15
0
4-
E.
-c
0
80
85
90
95
I -
100
1
105
110
115
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 9: BOS gate utilization by aircraft type for a typical gate in 2010 [Data Source:
Flightstats.com]
24
The resulting estimated gate infrastructure consists of a total of 100 gates for commercial
use available at BOS when combining data from all four terminals. The percentage of
usable gates as a function of aircraft wingspan is shown in Figure 9. The maximum
wingspan of each ADG is illustrated by a dotted line. Usable gates are gates that can be
used by an aircraft of a specific wingspan. It was assumed a gate could accommodate
both the type of aircraft it was designed for as well as any smaller aircraft. This may be
an overestimation due to the possibility that not all loading bridges have the flexibility to
accommodate aircraft of various sizes.
As an aircraft's wingspan increases, the number of gates that it can use decreases.
Assuming the largest aircraft in each ADG had the maximum wingspan allowable, the
largest Group I aircraft can be accommodated at 100 gates at BOS, the largest Group II
aircraft can be accommodated at 91 gates, the largest Group III aircraft can be
accommodated at 38 gates, the largest Group IV aircraft can be accommodated at 9 gates,
the largest Group V and Group VI aircraft can be accommodated at 1 gate.
100
E
EMB-145
90-
...
I
1(
0
-
0'
.....
A320
-
2
0'
2'
1I
.
I-
60 ( D
.1I....
O
>
-..
20 ..
. . . .
Io
50 ...........
I
.. I..
.
. . . . I. . . . . ..
I.. . . . . .
....
757-300
1.
20..
...........
.
767-300-
V
1.--.
....
..................
...... .. 767300.
A330-300
-.-.
10 -.- .- . ..-.-
50
A380
I
0
0
>
1
70 -r1
o
1
>1
EMB-170
CRJ-700
EMB-190
80 -
1
1
IM
100
150
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 10: BOS percentage of usable gates for a given wingspan [Data Source:
Flightstats.com]
The majority of the aircraft that define the gate widths at BOS are shown in Figure 10.
This chart provides an initial estimate of the possible impact that increasing wingspan
could have on the existing gate infrastructure at BOS. An Airbus 320 aircraft, with a
wingspan of 111 ft. 10 in., currently has the ability to use 86 out of 100 gates available. If
this aircraft increased its wingspan by 5.5% to 118ft, it would only have 38 gates
available to use. The significance of this drop in gate availability and various strategies to
reduce this decline in usable gates are further examined in Chapters 4 and 5.
25
3.4 Identifying Limitations of Gate Infrastructure Analysis
It is possible that the schedule based gate analysis approach may lead to an
underestimation of gate infrastructure since gate width is estimated based on aircraft
wingspan of reported aircraft operations and not the physical gate width available.
Further analysis was conducted to determine potential expansion within the estimated
gate infrastructure.
It is also possible that this schedule based gate analysis approach can lead to
overestimation in the gate width. Within current operations, there are instances where an
adjacent gate is used to accommodate a larger aircraft. In such a situation, the aircraft is
reported as using only one gate. This leads to an overestimation of those gate widths. A
detailed analysis was done at BOS in order to determine if this overestimation was an
issue.
3.4.1
Comparison of BOS Gate InfrastructureAnalysis
Two sources of detailed gate information were obtained from the Boston Logan
International Airport operator, Massport, in order to compare the estimated gate widths
based on reported operations to the actual gate geometry. The first data set included the
airline, largest authorized aircraft, and gate constraints for each gate at the airport. The
second gate data set was an AutoCAD model of the airport. This model provided more
detailed gate information including the geometry of current BOS gates. Geometries
obtained from the AutoCAD model were then compared to the previously estimated gate
infrastructure.
In order to determine the maximum physical gate width for each gate at BOS, the
AutoCAD model of the airport was examined. The AutoCAD model provided a detailed
image of terminal locations as well as the positions of the lead-in lines such that the
physical dimensions of the gate widths could be determined. After placing the largest
authorized aircraft by BOS (Appendix 8.2) into each gate, the maximum gate widths
were determined such that each aircraft had the FAA suggested wingtip clearance of 20
feet with adjacent aircraft. Additionally, taxiway, fire lanes, and building interferences
were avoided. It was assumed there were no airport operations or other restrictions that
would affect this adjustment.
An example of the existing gate infrastructure analysis is shown in Figure 11. By
adjusting the gate widths so that these aircraft have a minimum 20 ft wingtip clearance on
either side, it was possible to symmetrically increase the gate width while the aircraft
remained on the same lead-in lines. These adjustments were performed across the entire
airport, maximizing the possible gate widths within the existing gate infrastructure.
26
Figure 11: AutoCAD model of BOS gates to analyze existing gate infrastructure [Data
Source: Massport]
The comparison of the estimated gate infrastructure based off reported aircraft operations
(blue) to the actual existing gate infrastructure found using the AutoCAD model (red) is
shown in Figure 12.
100
>1
..
90
.
..
21
1
>1-
80
-
C)
0
(DICD
I
0-
70
I
I
60
0
Gate WidthI Determined by Flightstats
Gate Width IDetermined by AutoCAD
.. . .
-
I
1.
50
-D
40
30
*,
.
....
.. . . .
.. .. .. .
20
10
O'-
0
-1
-50
.
-
... ...
01II
01
100
150
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 12: BOS percentage of usable gates for a given wingspan - Comparison of gate
infrastructure inferred from reported aircraft operations to the existing infrastructure
determined from the AutoCAD model [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
In most cases the AutoCAD data demonstrated that gates could accommodate larger
aircraft than what was found by reported flight operations. Not all gates sized for Group
IV or V aircraft actually accommodated aircraft of that size. This was possibly due to an
airline's fleet mix, scheduling, or simple inefficiency in gate use. However in some cases,
27
there were Group III aircraft that have been recorded using gates that, according to the
AutoCAD model, could not accommodate that wingspan, presumably by aircraft using
unoccupied adjacent gates. Out of the 100 gates available at BOS, 14 gate widths were
overestimated and 54 gates widths were underestimated when aircraft operations were
considered, only. A list of the 14 instances where the wingspan of the largest scheduled
aircraft was larger than the determined maximum gate width from the AutoCAD model is
provided in Table 3. The full list is provided by terminal in Appendix 8.3.
Table 3: BOS Gates for which the wingspan of the largest scheduled aircraft exceeded the
gate width determined by the AutoCAD model.
Largest
AutoCAD
Scheduled
FAA A/C
Wingspan
Gate
Aircraft
Group
(ft)
(ft)
Delta (ft)
A9A
DH4
III
93.24
69.58
-23.66
A10A
All
A12A
B737-800
CRJ - 700
MID -80
III
II
III
112.57
76.25
107.84
76.25
65.75
65.75
-36.32
-10.5
-42.09
A14
A15
A19
A330 - 300
A330 - 300
A330 - 300
V
V
V
197.83
197.83
197.83
124.84
124.84
124.84
-72.99
-72.99
-72.99
Gate Width
B1
A320
III
111.88
94.23
-17.65
B28
B767-300
IV
166.93
124.84
-42.09
B29
B757
IV
124.84
107.84
-17
B35
B767-300
IV
166.93
124.84
-42.09
C11
C12
C14
B757
A320
A320
IV
III
III
124.84
111.88
111.88
94.75
94.75
94.75
-30.09
-17.13
-17.13
E5
A330 - 300
V
197.83
156.07
-41.76
When examining the 14 instances where gate width was overestimated (Table 3), the
additional gate data provided by BOS proved insight as to why this overestimation
occurred. A list of all gates at BOS with associated information concerning the largest
authorized aircraft, aircraft wingspan, and possible gate constraints can be found in
Appendix 8.2. In the gate data, there are many instances where a larger aircraft can be
accommodated in the existing infrastructure using adjacent gates. These are not
accounted for in the AutoCAD gate infrastructure analysis for BOS since they require
gate closures. However, inferred gate widths based on recorded flight data made the
assumption that the utilized gate was actually sized for the larger aircraft.
Overall, using reported aircraft operations to infer gate widths provided an accurate
estimate of the existing gate infrastructure at BOS. In the BOS analysis it was found that
14% of the gates were mistakenly oversized and care should be taken when analyzing the
results. However, it was also found that 54% of the gates were undersized, which may
result in more conservative results. The impact of using the gate infrastructure based on
28
reported aircraft operations compared to the use of existing gate infrastructure will be
further analyzed in the following chapters.
As can be seen, one way to achieve more gate width than the physical gate allows is to
use adjacent gates. This is a common practice both at BOS as well as other airports and it
is possible to implement this at additional gates. The ability to accommodate aircraft with
increased wingspan when using available adjacent gates is further analyzed in the next
chapter.
3.4.2
Comparison of BOS Gate Infrastructure by Terminal
The initial gate infrastructure analysis does not take into account airline ownership of
gates or terminal assignment. Figure 14 - Figure 19 demonstrate the differences by
terminal between the estimated gate infrastructures based on reported aircraft operations
to the existing gate infrastructure based on the AutoCAD model. These demonstrate how
increasing wingspan may affect individual airlines differently.
Terminal A was completely restructured in 2005 to most efficiently accommodate the
specific fleet mix of Delta and the former Continental Airlines most with the gate apron
area available. The gate layout configuration is linear as shown in Figure 13 and thus
further physical expansion of gate widths may be limited due to area constraints. When
comparing gate widths, shown in Figure 14, Terminal A had many instances where the
scheduled aircraft was larger then the determined physical gate width. This was due to
the flexibility of many of the gates to use adjacent gates in order to accommodate larger
aircraft.
Figure 13: BOS Terminal A [ifly.com]
29
100
<
1
90 -..-..
-..-..
80
-
-
E
70
0
Gate Width Determined by Flightstats
~~--.Gate Width Determined by AutoCAD -
21
I
.. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .
I.
I
I
II
> .............
I.........
-OJ
1
21
-
..
60.....................
U)
50 ........
40
0
1
. ..
I. . .
3 0 .. . . ..
<
20 ........
-...
.
.....
.
..
...
. .
. .. .
.. .. ..
.. . .
-
.
.
...-
1
-1
21
0
0
50
21
o
100
21
C
150
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 14: BOS Percentage of usable Gate as a function of Wingspan for Terminal A:
Comparison of inferred gate width to the physical gate width [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
Terminal B and C are much older terminals and each have over 6 different airlines which
utilize these gates. Due to changes in airline gate assignments and aircraft fleet mix over
the past few decades, the majority of the gates were probably not designed for the current
aircraft which use these gates. From data provided by BOS in Appendix B, out of the 61
gates at these two terminals, shown in Figure 15, only 8 gates have the current ability to
use adjacent gates in order to accommodate a larger aircraft. When comparing the
estimated gate infrastructure based on reported aircraft operations from Flightstats.com to
the existing gate infrastructure based on the AutoCAD model, shown in Figure 16, it is
shown for both terminals that many of the gates accommodate scheduled aircraft much
smaller than what they are capable of accommodating.
Figure 15: BOS Terminal B and Terminal C [ifly.com]
30
100
--- --
90
E
CU a)
21
- ...-..-..-..
I
70
- . ...
60
a )
1
- .
80
Ca
-
1
.
-
..
-..
-
-.........
50
-
40
-F
-I
- ..... .
30
*.CD
. . ..........
1 I
20 -...
1-1
Gate Width Determined by Flightstats
Gate Widt h Determined by AutoCAD
-..... -..
....
-,
10
-.
100
50
....
-.
21
CD
1
0C
*. . . ..
........ .---
200
150
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 16: BOS Percentage of usable Gate as a function of Wingspan for Terminal B:
Comparison of inferred gate width to the physical gate width [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
100
-2
90
E
0
S21
80
21
. . . . .. . . .
-D.
70
60
I. . . .
Ir
50
cn\
Gate W idth Determined by Flightstats
Gate W idth Determined by AutoCAD
.
40
.....
.
.....
...
Ct-
r
1................. .........
30
.....
..................
......
20
-
10
U'
0
"
50
I
S-
1
= 1I
.. .. .
21
0D
.
I
21
-
-
.9
. .1...............
I
0D
i
100
150
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 17: BOS Percentage of usable Gate as a function of Wingspan for Terminal C:
Comparison of inferred gate width to the physical gate width [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
Terminal E is the international terminal and therefore most of the aircraft movements at
this terminal are by larger Group IV and V aircraft for long-range flights. All gates
(excluding gates leased to Southwest) are common use gates and therefore are shared
among the international carriers [massport.com]. The gates are mostly assigned based on
operational needs and can be better matched for the aircraft size utilizing each gate. Since
the introduction of the B747-800 and the A380, Terminal E has been completely
redesigned to accommodate these larger aircraft. Therefore, these gates have been sized
to fit these aircraft with the minimum amount of wingtip seperation possible according to
the AutoCAD model.
31
Many of the scheduled flight information collected from Flightstats.com for Terminal E
did not contain the gate location. Therefore the gate widths inferred by reported aircraft
operations at these gates underrepresent the actual physical gate infrastructure possible.
In order to get a better understanding of the typical size and type of aircraft movements at
Terminal E, the gate utilization charts for the summer and winter of 2010 were obtained
from BOS (Appendix 8.4). Since the majority of the gates at Terminal E are actually
designed for Group IV and V aircraft (excluding Southwest gates), Group III aircraft
could increase their wingspan and still utilize these gates.
Figure 18: BOS Terminal E [ifly.com]
1
C
~U)
CQ)O
-0
(D
LO
O'
0
-
50
-I
I
100
I
*I
150
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 19: BOS Percentage of usable Gate as a function of Wingspan for Terminal E:
Comparison of inferred gate width to the physical gate width [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
32
Chapter 4: Boston Logan International Airport - Strategy 1:
Accommodation of Aircraft with Increased Wingspan by
Taking Advantage of the Entire Width of Utilized Gates.
The first step in determining the impact of increased wingspan on gate infrastructure
was to examine the reported aircraft demand and gate utilization at BOS in 2010 to
identify opportunities for wingspan expansion within utilized gates.
4.1
Strategy 1A: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group III Aircraft
by Taking Advantage of the Entire Width of Gates.
In current operations it is common for aircraft to be scheduled at gates capable of
accommodating larger aircraft. By analyzing this, the potential to increase wingspan
without modifying gate infrastructure was quantified.
The first strategy used to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan was to use the
entire physical width of the gate an aircraft utilized. Therefore, if a Group III sized
aircraft was parked in a Group IV, V, or VI sized gate, this strategy allowed that aircraft
to increase its wingspan to the maximum utilized gate width. Strategy 1A, illustrated in
Figure 20, was implemented within the recorded aircraft operations of 2010 at BOS to
determine the ability of existing gate infrastructure to accommodate aircraft with
increased wingspan.
Figure 20: Strategy 1A - Increase wingspan by taking advantage of the entire gate width
4.1.1
Strategy 1B: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group III Aircraft that
Utilize a Larger Available Gate within the Existing Infrastructure.
To determine the maximum ability to accommodate larger aircraft at BOS airport, the
previous restriction that an aircraft must remain at the utilized gate was removed. This
33
Strategy allows an aircraft to utilize any available gate regardless of airline, gate
agreements or terminal locations. Therefore, if a Group III aircraft was currently using a
Group III sized gate and there was a Group IV sized gate available somewhere in the
airport, the aircraft could shift gates to allow for an increase in wingspan.
For each aircraft operation at BOS in 2010, a list of gates was compiled that were
available for the entire scheduled length of gate stay. The gate width of each of the
available gates was analyzed, and the aircraft was then shifted such that it accommodated
the available gate with the largest width, as shown in Figure 21. After the aircraft was
shifted, the wingspan of the aircraft was compared to the width of the new utilized gate to
determine the potential increase in wingspan.
00
Figure 21: Strategy 1B - Increase wingspan by taking advantage of the entire gate width a
larger available gate at the airport
4.2 BOS Reported Aircraft Operations in 2010
In order to determine the ability to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan within
the existing gate infrastructure, aircraft operations at BOS in 2010 were analyzed. With
aircraft operations data, the gate utilization was examined.
Analysis of all aircraft operations in the year 2010 is presented in Figure 14 categorized
by aircraft group size. Out of a total of 168,775 reported operations at BOS in 2010,
111,603 (66%) of the operations were of Group III size. The remainder of the aircraft
operations were comprised of 20% Group II sized aircraft, 10% Group IV sized aircraft,
and 4% Group V sized aircraft.
34
100
16s,775
90
80
135,020
70>
60
101.265
40
67.510
~30
33.755
20
10
0
iI
IV
V
Aircraft Group Size
VI
Figure 22: BOS percentage of aircraft arrivals by aircraft group size in 2010 [Data Source:
Flightstats.com]
For the remainder of this thesis, analysis on the possible impacts to gate infrastructure
was focused on increasing wingspan for Group III aircraft (aircraft with a wingspan
between 79 ft and 118 ft). According to analysis by Yutko, 50% of worldwide flights
were by categorized single aisle (SA) aircraft, not including the smaller business jets (BJ)
or regional jets (RJ). The fuel burn, payload, and operation statistics for 2006 worldwide
aircraft operations are shown in Figure 9. The Group III ADG category is comparable to
the defined SA category, excluding the single aisle B757 and DC-8 aircraft that are not
included in the Group III ADG.
35% of the fleet-wide fuel burn comes from the SA aircraft category, which was the
largest percentage by category. Increasing wingspan on these aircraft will have a
significant impact on reducing fuel use due to the high number of flights that will be
affected. Although wide bodied aircraft account for higher fuel burn per flight, due to
limited airport infrastructure area available, other design changes such as reduced flight
Mach number and reduced payload/range may be better methods to reduce fuel burn.
35
100%
BJ
F0%
RJ
70%
STP
60a
orz
Yutko2010
SmatTwin Aile goTuI
gLTA
10%
0% th
Frm
Fue Buon
tlzainaayion
00,gt
eoddaicatoeatoso
tizaonf
Oeai~
Payload
Figure 23: Worldwide Fuel Burn, Payload, and Departures (Operations) by Aircraft Type
[Data Source: Yutko 2010]
From the recorded aircraft operations of 2010, gate utilization analysis on utilization of
gate group size was conducted. The gate utilization by aircraft group size and gate size is
shown in Figure 24 (Left). This reveals the number of instances where aircraft utilize
oversized gates. At BOS, over half of the Group 11 aircraft movements utilize group III
sized gates and the majority of aircraft operations in Group IV sized gates were by Group
III sized aircraft. This indicates a possibility to increase aircraft wingspan within the
existing gates. There were also a few instances where a Group III sized aircraft utilizes a
Group V sized gate. These aircraft have the potential to increase their wingspan to a
Group V sized wingspan with very minimal impact to the gate infrastructure.
The gate utilization by Group III aircraft at BOS is also shown in Figure 24 (Right). 65%
of Group III sized aircraft actually used Group III sized gates in 2010, over 30% used
Group IV sized gates and 5% used a Group V sized gate. This means that over 35% of
aircraft used oversized gates and could increase their wingspan to the maximum width of
those gates with minor infrastructure changes.
36
100
Group
Group
Group
-.......
- -G
.......
roup
MGroup
90
CU 80
.................-I .....
70
.0
I
IIIIV
V VI
90
CL 80
.
0-
60
.0
50
-
100
70
60
50
30
2 40
CO
30
20
20
-o 40
10
0
0
Il
III
IV
V
Gate Group Size
10
0
VI
11I
III
IV
V
Gate Group Size
VI
Figure 24: BOS gate use by aircraft group size in 2010 (Left) and BOS gate use by Group
III aircraft in 2010 [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
A typical example of the underuse of gate width is shown in Figure 25. This gate has an
estimated width of 167 feet to accommodate a Group IV sized Boeing 767-300 aircraft.
Although this gate occasionally accommodates the B767 aircraft, the majority of aircraft
that used this gate in 2010 were Group III sized aircraft, such as the A320 and B737-800.
These Group III aircraft have the ability to increase their wingspan to 167 ft without
requiring changes to operations or infrastructure. Further strategies in accommodating
aircraft of increased wingspan are analyzed in the following chapter.
.-.
........
500
=4
M90
M88'
450
21
21
- .-.-.
. . .. . . .
400
CO350
753
757
300-250-0
-0
200150-100--
E
Z
-II-
319
320
D94
D95
50 0'
-
-
CR9E75
D9S
1---80
90
.1.
100
110
738
73H
120
130
767
......
703'
140
150
160
170
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 25: BOS gate use by aircraft type for a typical gate in 2010 [Data Source:
Flightstats.com]
37
4.3 BOS Group III Aircraft Demand in 2010
To get a better understanding of the demand of Group III aircraft at BOS, the collected
data split up by aircraft type was analyzed. Of the 111,603 flights by Group III aircraft at
BOS in 2010, 35% were by the A319/320, which has a wingspan of 111 ft. 10 in., and
21% by the Embraer 190, which has a wingspan of 94 ft. 4 in. Combined, these two
aircraft types comprise 56% of the total Group III aircraft operations. The demand of
B737 aircraft at BOS in 2010 was 20% of the total Group III aircraft operations,
however, this was split between various wingspans for the B737 family. The B737300/400/500 (2.5% demand), known as the B737 Classics series, has a wingspan of 94 ft
9 in. The B737 -600/700/800/900, known as the B737 Next Generation series, has a
wingspan of 112 ft 7 inches without winglets (9.5% demand), and a wingspan of 117 ft
5in with winglets (8.2% demand). The remainder of the Group III aircraft demand in
2010 is shown in Figure 26. This figure better illustrates the percent of 2010 gate arrivals
by Group III aircraft as a function of wingspan
Group HI Aircraft
EMS 17A
0-
5717
EMS 190
60
A319=50
40i
E
8737-700
E
10
0,&
0
8737-00
25
Winaspan
Demand
A319/320
111 ft 11 in
35.1%
EMB 190
94 ft 3 In
21.0%
B737 NG
112 ft 7 in
9.5%
(winglets)
117 ft 5 in
8.2%
EMS 1701175
85 ft 4 in
6.4%
MD-80
107 ft 10 in
6.2%
B717
93 ft 3 in
5.2%
DHC-8
93 ft 3 in
2.7%
B737 Classic
94 ft 9 in
2.4%
CRJ-900
81 ft 6in
1.8%
Other
-
1.5%
B737 NG
MDOW
50i
Aircraft
0
79 100 118
50
Wingspan (ft)
150
Figure 26: Realized BOS demand for gates by Group III aircraft as a function of wingspan
(2010) [Flightstats.com]
Aircraft are scheduled into gates based on gate availability, airline gate ownership,
aircraft scheduling, and many other reasons; therefore, as was previously demonstrated in
Figure 24, many Group III aircraft utilize oversized gates. Determining the amount by
which an aircraft can increase wingspan and remain in its current gate is discussed in the
next section.
38
4.4 Analysis on the Ability of BOS to Accommodate Group III Aircraft
with Increased Wingspan in Existing Gate Infrastructure using
Strategy 1
Using the existing gate infrastructure, the possible increase to Group III aircraft wingspan
due to utilization of oversized gates was determined. For each aircraft operation at BOS
in 2010, the wingspan of the aircraft was compared to the width of the utilized gate. It
was then assumed the aircraft could increase its wingspan by that difference.
4.4.1
Strategy 1A: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group III Aircraft by Taking
Advantage of Entire Width of Utilized Gates
For a given wingspan, the percent of 2010 reported arrivals by Group III aircraft that can
be accommodated within existing infrastructure when using Strategy 1A is shown in
Figure 27. These results are based of the estimated gate infrastructure based from
reported aircraft operations by Flightstats.com. As previously mentioned, since the
aircraft continue utilizing the same gate as scheduled, this strategy does not require
significant gate infrastructure changes.
Within the Group III sized wingspan, 98% of Group III aircraft utilize gates that can
accommodate a 112-ft wingspan. According to the Group III aircraft demand for 2010, in
Figure 26, this allows 45% of Group III aircraft arrivals (of the total 111,603 reported
arrivals by Group III aircraft in 2010) to increase wingspan by 4-12 ft. This would impact
all aircraft operations by aircraft such as the EMB 190 and MD-80.
In addition, 35% of the scheduled Group III aircraft arrivals reported in 2010 can increase
wingspan to 124 ft (the wingspan of a B757-300 aircraft). This means that 39,253
recorded aircraft arrivals by Group III aircraft in 2010, out of the total 111,603 reported
(therefore 35%), could increase their wingspan to 124 ft without necessitating changes to
the existing gate infrastructure.
Once the wingspan increases past 124 ft, the percent of recorded aircraft arrivals of
Group III aircraft in 2010 that can continue being accommodated in their utilized gates
drops to 10%. At 167 ft, it drops once again to only 3% accommodation until the
maximum increase of wingspan of 197 ft is reached. A Group III aircraft with a wingspan
increased above 197 ft at BOS would require some type of gate infrastructure or schedule
change.
39
100
-
~=90 -
-------
-Demand of Group II1Aircraft
Strategy 1A: Entire Width of Utilized Gate
0U 70-
o Ulm
.
N'~ 60.....
E
--
<~
80
000-
mE 2 0
0
Cmaio/fSraey1)eut
0
4.4.0
10
0
CC
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 27: BOS Possible accommodation of Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for
Strategy 1A - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
4.4.2
Comparison of Strategy 1A Results
Comparing the results for Strategy 1A using the estimated gate infrastructure inferred by
reported aircraft operations by Flightstats.com to the existing gate infrastructure
determined by the BOS AutoCAD model are shown in Figure 28. The estimated gate
infrastructure based on reported operations provides conservative results once above a
wingspan of 112 ft. The reason for the differences prior to 112 feet are due to the
instances where a gate width was overestimated due to undocumented use of adjacent
gates. This overestimation of gate infrastructure does not impact the results once past 112
ft. Since the focus of this thesis was to find the impact of increasing wingspan above the
current Group III maximum wingspan of 118 ft, this overestimation due to the limitations
of inferring gate infrastructure from reported aircraft operations does not have a negative
impact on the results. However, care should be taken when analyzing the results for the
remaining airports.
40
100
90-
-
--
- -
-_ Demand of Group III Aircraft
Strategy I A: Figntstats Gate infrastructure
--Strategy 1A: AutoCAD Gate Infrustructure
-..
80-
0
2
50-
- -
----
-
---
70 - -
O
-
-
2 -. -
-
- -
. -
C -
40
1(0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 28: BOS Comparison of the possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with
increased wingspan between inferred (Flightstats) and existing (AutoCAD) gate
infrastructure for Strategy 1A - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate [Data Source:
Flightstats.com]
4.4.3
Strategy 1B: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group III Aircraft that
Utilize a Larger Available Gate within the Existing Infrastructure.
To determine the maximum ability to accommodate larger aircraft at BOS airport, the
previous restriction that an aircraft must remain at the utilized gate was removed.
Strategy 2B allows an aircraft to utilize any available gate regardless of airline, gate
agreements or terminal locations in order to increase the aircraft wingspan.
There were substantial gains in the number of aircraft that can be accommodated from
this strategy as compared to using the scheduled gates as shown in Figure 29. A total of
85% of Group III aircraft could be accommodated with an increased wingspan of 124 ft
and 42% at 167 ft. There was a maximum wingspan at 197 ft with 14% accommodation.
41
100
90 k
Cu
cc M
Clu
Cu C)
o om
t-
o o
Demand of Group III Aircraft
Strategy 1A: Entire Width of Utilized Gate
Strategy 1B: Utilize Larger Available Gate -
80 F ........
. .. -.
.-..
70 -.-.-.
. .. .
-.
N=
.....
-..
....-..
..
50--
-
.7
COo%-.N
E S
40--
30 0o0
....-........... -... . .. . -..
. .....
CL
2O
..
-.
......-.. . . .. . . .
20 -
0
. .-..
. ...
10
0
50
150
100
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 29: BOS Possible accommodation of Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for
Strategy 1 - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 1B- Use of a larger
available gate at the airport [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
42
Chapter 5: Boston Logan International Airport - Strategy 2:
Accommodation of Aircraft with Increased Wingspan when
Utilizing Available Adjacent Gates
The second step in determining the impact of increased wingspan on gate infrastructure
was to examine the reported gate utilization and aircraft scheduling at BOS to find
instances where aircraft with larger wingspan might be accommodated with the use of
available adjacent gates.
5.1
Approach of Strategy 2: Potential Increase to Wingspan of Group
III Aircraft when Utilizing Available Adjacent Gates.
The use of available adjacent gates was another strategy evaluated in the objective of
accommodating aircraft with increased wingspans. Unlike the first strategy, which used
the existing gate infrastructure, Strategy 2, which utilizes available adjacent gates,
requires minimal potential changes to the gate infrastructure. Some possible required gate
infrastructure changes are installment of flexible boarding bridges, new lead-in lines,
repositioned fuel pits, and restructuring of fixed apron equipment.
Within this strategy, there are various possible methods for using an available adjacent
gate to accommodate an aircraft with increased wingspan. If a vacant gate is available
during the entire gate occupation time for aircraft in both of the adjacent gates, both
aircraft could utilize the vacant gate by splitting the gate width between the two aircraft
by Strategy 2A, as shown in Figure 32. The resulting aircraft will have a typical
wingspan between 120 ft to 178 ft. The example shows gates sized for an A320 aircraft at
112 ft. By splitting the open gate evenly between the two aircraft, a new possible
maximum wingspan of 168ft is possible.
43
Figure 30: Strategy 2A - Two aircraft using a single available adjacent gate
Additional wingspan can be obtained by examining instances where an aircraft had a
single available adjacent gate creating the possibility for that wingspan of the aircraft
extend the entire width of both gates by Strategy 2B, as shown in Figure 30. The new
allowable aircraft wingspan for a combination of two Group III gates would be between
160 ft to 236 ft. This strategy would result in a longer possible wingspan than Strategy
2A, however not as many aircraft could be able to increase their wingspan.
Figure 31: Strategy 2B - Aircraft use of entire width of available adjacent gate
Lastly, if an additional adjacent gate is still available after examining Strategy 2B, an
aircraft can extend its wingspan even further to occupy all 3 available gates by Strategy
2C, as is shown in Figure 32. An example of an A320 aircraft with two adjacent gates
sized for the A320 aircraft at 112 ft each has an available wingspan of 336 ft, as shown in
Figure 31. This results in the largest possible wingspan, but is not as likely to occur due
to scheduling.
44
Figure 32: Strategy 2C - Aircraft use of entire width of two available adjacent gates
In order to determine the number of reported 2010 Group III aircraft arrivals that could
be accommodated with increased wingspan when utilizing an available adjacent gate,
Strategy 2 was analyzed. Initial analysis on the gate utilization data from the reported
aircraft operations at BOS in 2010 was conducted. For each reported aircraft arrival, it
was determined if an adjacent gate was available for the entire gate occupancy time of
that aircraft. If there was an adjacent gate available, Strategy 2A was examined to
determine whether it was possible to increase the wingspan to two reported aircraft.
After examining Strategy 2A, if the adjacent gate was not available for both adjoining
aircraft, Strategy 2B was examined. For this case, a single aircraft could increase its
wingspan the entire width of both gates. After examining Strategy 2B, if it was found that
an additional adjacent gate was still available to an aircraft operation, Strategy 2C allows
the aircraft to extend its wingspan the entire width of the three adjoining gates. Once
examining all three sub-strategies of Strategy 2, if no available adjacent gate was found,
the same method as Strategy 1 was implemented such that the aircraft could extend its
wingspan the entire width of the utilized gate.
In order to determine when adjacent gates were available using Strategy 2, the gate
utilization was analyzed using reported aircraft operations at BOS in 2010.
5.1.1
Limitations of Strategy 2 Analysis
There are other methods to accommodate larger aircraft in available adjacent gates that
were not analyzed in this thesis, such as the example shown in Figure 33. This MultiAircraft Ramp System (MARS) has the flexibility to accommodate either 4 narrow body
aircraft, or 3 wide body aircraft using repositioned lead-in lines dependent on aircraft
type. In order to achieve the flexibility to accommodate different aircraft types in this
approach, an additional loading bridge is necessary.
45
Source:Lamnrr & Brwn
Figure 33: MARS accommodation of either 4 narrow body aircraft or 3 wide body aircraft
[ACRP 2010]
This method was not examined because the coordination of airline aircraft scheduling
required in order for this method to be possible is greater compared to other analyzed
methods. In addition, the potential additional wingspan benefits from this method are
lower because the available adjacent gate is split between three aircraft wingspans.
When considering using adjacent gates, there are also limitations posed by airline gate
agreements and terminal configurations. These limit the flexibility of the airport in
restructuring gates to accommodate increased wingspan. However, airline gate
agreements and gate ownership were not taken into account in this thesis. If they were
taken into account, the potential increase in wing span would be limited somewhat
because some determined available adjacent gates in Strategy 2 would not be viable
options due to ownership by different airlines.
Another limitation is the geometric impacts of terminal configuration on estimated
physical gate width. It was assumed that the combined width of two adjacent gates in a
linear terminal configuration was calculated in the same manner as two adjacent gates in
a curvilinear terminal configuration. The differences in the actual possible gate width due
to geometry were not included. Instead, the possible gate width was assumed to be the
sum of the two estimated gate widths.
5.2 Gate Utilization Results
An analysis of individual gate utilization allows the identification of instances when
adjacent gates are available, allowing accommodation of larger aircraft. In order to better
illustrate BOS gate utilization, the busiest day in 2010 was found using the FAA's ASPM
(Aviation System Performance Metrics) data system. July 1 5 th had the most aircraft
movements in a single day and was chosen for further gate utilization analysis.
For this analysis, it was assumed that for the 2010-recorded aircraft operations from
Flightstats.com that had no gate number, the aircraft utilized a gate exactly the size of the
46
aircraft wingspan. Less than 3%of reported Group III aircraft had no reported gate, thus
this assumption does not have a significant effect on the following results.
The gate utilization over the course of the busiest day in 2010 is shown in Figure 34. The
chart shows that the period with highest gate utilization at BOS was due to overnight use
between 9:00PM and 6:00AM of on average 62/100 gates utilized. This suggests that one
of the challenges to increasing wingspan at BOS may come in accommodating aircraft
that are parked overnight, since there is little to no turnover or aircraft movement during
this time. A possible solution is to arrange for some aircraft to be parked in designated
locations on the tarmac, off-gate.
roup
roup
roup
roup
roup
I
0
11
III
IV
V
VI
so
Z
25
0
3:00
3:00
6:00
6:00
9:00
9:00
1200
12:00Da
'Tkm of Day
15:00
1800
15*00
18-:00
21:00
24:00
Figure 34: B OS gate utilization at a given time by aircraft size in 15-minute intervals for
7/15/2010 [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
The gate utilization statistics were further segregated by utilized gate size, based on
actual physical gate sizes determined from the AutoCAD analysis in Figure 35. The
majority of Group IV sized gate occupancies were by Group III sized aircraft. There also
appears to have been low gate utilization within Group III and IV sized gates throughout
the day. These two factors demonstrate that there may be an substantial opportunity to
use available adjacent gates to accommodate aircraft with larger wingspan.
47
Group 1
M
Group III
Group V
Group IV
Group VI
CO)
II
I
U
S
I
21:00
24:00
15.00
18:00
12:00
Time of Day
Figure 35: BOS gate utilization by aircraft size and gate size in 15-minute intervals for
7/15/2010 [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
3:00
6:00
9:00
Another way to look at the gate utilization, is shown in Figure 36, which shows a
detailed schedule of the aircraft type and occupancy times for all gates in Terminal A at
BOS. For every recorded aircraft operation, the gate, aircraft type, and aircraft group size
were specified. Gate utilization charts for the remaining terminals at BOS can be found in
Appendix 8.4.
-
Group I1
SGroup III
(W
z~
Group V
Group W
V
wB
enWAo 7/15MUIO
.......
.......
.
-.......
.
-.....
Deft
-- - _......-9
M
M
......
z...
.. . .........
contnenfta
Dab
Conlinent
--
-.......
- .....
.....
-.......
L-..............
E..
....
-..
..
........
Deft
Figure 36: BOS gate utilization for Terminal A by aircraft group size and aircraft type on
7/15/2010 [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
48
In order to determine the potential of using available adjacent gates, a rearranged list of
gates was produced such that the order matched the actual physical gate positions relative
to other gates at BOS. A gate adjacent to a building or taxiway was positioned next to
gate 0 with no corresponding wingspan. An example is shown in Figure 37 for a
selection of gates in Terminal C. Combined with the gate utilization analysis performed
in Figure 36 it was possible to determine when adjacent gates were available for each
aircraft movement for the duration of their gate occupancy.
Gate Width
Gate Order
Gate Number
(t)
82
0
-
83
84
C25
C27
94.23
111.88
85
0
-
86
87
C26
C28
111.88
111.88
88
0
-
89
90
91
C36
C34
C32
111.88
111.88
111.88
92
C30
111.88
93
C29
111.88
94
C31
111.88
95
C33
111.88
96
0
-
Figure 37: BOS Terminal C gates 25-36 [ifly.com] - Determination of gate order
One possible approach to accommodating aircraft with larger wingspan within the current
gate infrastructure is to look at optimizing aircraft scheduling. This was not analyzed in
this thesis due to high complexity and uncertainty in scheduling. Instead, gate utilization
at BOS, for the busiest day in 2010 (as reported by ASPM) was analyzed.
In order to determine the percent of reported 2010 Group III aircraft arrivals as a function
of wingspan, Strategy 2 was analyzed as described in the previous section.
5.3 Analysis on the Ability of BOS to Accommodate Group III Aircraft
with Increased Wingspan in Existing Gate Infrastructure using
Strategy 2
The percentage of allowable gate occupancies for Group III aircraft when implementing
Strategy 2 as a function of wingspan using estimated gate infrastructure inferred from
reported aircraft operations is shown in Figure 38. Due to the low traffic at BOS in
recent years, the use of adjacent gates yields favorable results because there were many
instances when adjacent gates were available.
49
As shown in Figure 38, of the total 111,603 reported 2010 Group III arrivals at BOS,
35% of the arrivals could be accommodated in the existing gate infrastructure at a
wingspan of 124 ft using Strategy 1. Using Strategy 2, 65% of the 2010 arrivals could be
accommodated at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III arrivals,
10% of the arrivals could be accommodated by Strategy 1 at a wingspan of 167 ft, and
Strategy 2 could accommodate 51%.
Strategy 1 has a limited wingspan of 197 ft, meaning 3% of reported arrivals could be
accommodated at a wingspan of 197 ft when taking advantage of the entire width of the
utilized gate. However, Strategy 1 cannot accommodate a wingspan increase above 197 ft
at BOS. When utilizing available adjacent gates in Strategy 2, 46% of reported 2010
arrivals could be accommodated with a wingspan of 197 ft, 42% could be accommodated
with a wingspan of 225 ft, and 19% could be accommodated with a wingspan of 250 ft.
An increase of wingspan above 250 ft results in only 12% of reported 2010 Group III
arrivals the ability of accommodation at BOS.
Although a cost-benefit analysis is not examined in this thesis, if future investigations do
occur, the cost required to change the existing gate infrastructure to allow use of available
gates could be compared to the benefit of fuel bum reduction from the increased
wingspan achieved.
r-O
C/)
CLS 0
08Co
()
2.
>~N
o
0 C
00
Cfi
C:
C0
2U)
CD
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 38: BOS Possible accommodation of Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for
Strategy 1 - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available
adjacent gates [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
50
5.3.1
Comparison of Strategy 2 Analysis
The results using the gate infrastructure inferred by reported aircraft operations from
Flightstats.com were compared to existing gate infrastructure determined by the
AutoCAD model, shown in Figure 39. The two results have very similar characteristics
and sensitivity to increasing wingspan. The results based on reported aircraft operations
were almost always more conservative than those based on the actual gate infrastructure.
The exceptions were between 200 ft and 224 ft. This was due to the overestimation of a
number of Group III sized gates due to current utilization of adjacent gates, as was
discussed earlier in this chapter.
Ifill
I
CO
CU
M
0-
Demand of Group Ill Aircraft
---- Strategy 1A: Entire Width of Utilized Gate
Strategy 2: Flightstats Gate Infrastructure
- - - Strategy 2: AutoCAD Gate Infrustructure
-
90- -.
807060-
0)
---iL
Qu-
500
40CT
0) o(
3020-
0
10t
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 39: BOS Comparison of the possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with
increased wingspan between inferred and existing gate infrastructure for Strategy 2 - Use of
available adjacent gates. [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
Since the comparison results from implementing Strategy 1, shown in Figure 28, and
Strategy 2 shown in Figure 39, demonstrate mostly conservative values when using the
gate infrastructure inferred from reported aircraft operations collected form
Flightstats.com, compared to the gate infrastructure based from the AutoCAD model, it is
concluded that analysis can be conducted on multiple US airports using the online
resource to collect gate-scheduling data without having to get detailed gate information
from each of the analyzed airports. However, care should still be taken when interpreting
the results for these other airports.
51
5.4 Conclusion
The key findings of this initial case study at BOS from 2010 data was that there was
opportunity to increase wingspan to 124 ft for 35% of reported Group III aircraft arrivals
with very minimal impact on existing gate infrastructure by using the entire width of the
utilized gate using Strategy 1. Wingspan could further be increased at some cost to both
airlines and airports through rearrangement of gate locations and lead-in line positions. It
was possible to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan by creating larger gates
using open adjacent gates. Using Strategy 2, 65% of reported Group III aircraft arrivals
could be accommodated with a wingspan of 124 ft and 42% could be accommodated with
a wingspan of 225 ft. In order to better understand the impact of increasing wingspan of
Group III aircraft in the US, multiple airports were similarly analyzed and are discussed
in the following chapters.
52
Chapter 6: Comparison of Available Gate Infrastructure for
Analyzed Airports
In order to analyze the potential impact of increasing aircraft wingspan at other airports in
the OEP 35 list, a similar analysis to BOS was conducted for the following six airports:
JFK, LAX, ATL, DFW, LGA, and DCA. Two airports were chosen as examples of
international airports, BOS, JFK and LAX. Two airports were chosen as examples of hub
airports, ATL and DFW. Furthermore, two airports were chosen as critical airports that
operate under the Wright Amendment, LGA and DCA. First, the reported aircraft
operations at each airport were examined to infer gate widths.
6.1
Scope
The airports chosen in this analysis are among the 25 busiest airports in the US as
measured by the number of aircraft movements and recorded by ASPM in 2010. The gate
maps demonstrating terminal configuration and number of available gates for all of the
analyzed airports are shown in full detail in Appendix E. In this analysis, the gate
configuration was only considered when determining the location of gates relative to one
another. It was assumed that adjacent gates were available if an aircraft is not present,
independent of actual gate geometry (linear, curvilinear, pier, etc.), with the exception of
gates adjacent to terminal buildings or taxi lanes.
In order to provide a better understanding of the analyzed airports, specific details,
including the number of gates, number of aircraft movements, and a brief description of
airport type, are shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Specific Details for Analyzed Airports [Data Source: ASPM]
Cd
-
BOS
JFK
LAX
ATL
DFW
LGA
DCA
Aipr
Gen. Edward Lawrence
Logan International Airport
John F. Kennedy
International Airport
Los Angeles International
Airport
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta
International Airport
Dallas-Fort Worth
International Airport
LaGuardia Airport (and
Marine Air Terminal)
Ronald Reagan Washington
National Airport
of
Gae
Moeet
Description
100
355.873
International
141
401,497
International
118
568,872
193
951,193
International
Hub for Delta /
Southwest
151
651,536
72
363,690
44
53
|
270,416
Hub for AA
1,500 statute miles
Perimeter Rule
1,250 statute miles
Perimeter Rule
6.2 Available Gate Infrastructure at Analyzed Airports
In order to estimate the gate infrastructure at each of the analyzed airports, reported
aircraft operations and gate usage information was collected from the available online
resource and used to estimate gate widths. It was assumed that the width of the gate was
the wingspan of the largest aircraft to have occupied that gate over the span of the year.
The percent of usable gates as a function of aircraft wingspan for assumed gate
infrastructure, normalized by the maximum number of usable gates at each airport, is
shown for each analyzed airport in Figure 40.
100
>1
90 -
21
70
0 . .4 .0 . . . .
M
-~7
.I..
-
20
-
-
60.................................
... .. . . I.. . .
94
0
...
-
.............
4.
.............
50
-
C
....................
...........
-
21
I
-
80
->1 BOS
JFK
LAX
ATL
DFW
LGA
-- DCA
.......
I
:34 ........
150
100
200
250
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 40: Percentage of usable gates as a function of wingspan for all airports normalized
by the maximum number of usable gates at each airport, based on reported aircraft
operations [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
All international and hub airports analyzed, JFK, LAX, ATL, and DFW, have several
gates that appear to be designed to accommodate Group IV and V aircraft. This indicated
that there should be some ability to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan using
Strategy 1. Therefore, further analysis on gate utilization and gate configuration at these
airports was conducted in Chapters 7 and 8.
Notably, LGA and DCA have significantly different gate infrastructure characteristics.
Figure 40 shows that the majority of gates at these airports are sized for Group III
aircraft. There are 19 Group IV sized gates out of a total 72 gates available at LGA, and
13 Group IV sized gates out of a total 44 gates available at DCA. Additionally, neither
airport has a gate sized to accommodate a Group V sized aircraft. According to recorded
aircraft operations in 2010 by Flightstats.com, there were no reported aircraft with a
wingspan greater than 124 ft at LGA or DCA. Therefore, the assumption estimating gate
infrastructure from reported aircraft operation results in the inability of these airports to
accommodate an aircraft with a wingspan above 124 ft within the existing infrastructure.
54
The reason for the significantly different gate infrastructure characteristics at these
airports is that the Wright Amendment of 1979 restricts flights at both LGA and DCA.
This has direct impact on the type and size of aircraft that fly into the airports. LGA has a
flight perimeter regulation prohibiting non-stop flights to cities outside a 1500-statute
mile radius with exceptions for flights on Saturday and flights to Denver [Sparks 2009].
DCA has a perimeter regulation with a 1250-statute mile radius with limited exceptions
for beyond-perimeter slot exceptions allowing specified carriers to operate 20 daily round
trip flights outside the perimeter [Sparks 2009]. As a result of the perimeter regulations,
air traffic at these airports consists of smaller sized aircraft.
These perimeter-restricted airports are very important to this study because they are
significant airports for narrow body aircraft. A lack of infrastructure resources available
at these airports to accommodate larger aircraft could potentially be a limiting factor in
the practicality of increasing aircraft wingspan. Both LGA and DCA could potentially
have no gates able to accommodate aircraft larger than 124ft and therefore it is unlikely
that wingspan could be increased (from Group III to Group IV) without substantial
impact.
6.3 In Depth Gate Infrastructure Analysis for Perimeter Restricted
Airports
Due to the different gate infrastructure characteristics of LGA and DCA, the ability of the
perimeter-restricted airports to accommodate larger aircraft was unclear from the reported
operations data used in the gate infrastructure analysis. It is possible that even though
these airports do not record any aircraft operations for aircraft with a wingspan greater
than 124 ft, their gate infrastructure may be capable of accommodating larger aircraft but
do not because of their perimeter restrictions. A more careful analysis was conducted for
these airports to clarify this issue.
In order to get a better understanding of the actual gate dimensions for LGA and DCA,
further analysis was conducted by crosschecking the gate width dimensions inferred by
reported aircraft operations with Google Map images of the airports. The aircraft of
largest wingspan in each gate was placed in the representative gate in the Google Map
image to determine if the previously estimated gate widths were correct.
6.3.1
LGA Estimated Gate Infrastructure Comparison to Google Map Images
The estimated gate infrastructure was found to be comparable to the actual gate
infrastructure found using Google Map images. In most instances there was little gate
width expansion possible when keeping a wingspan clearance of 20 ft. There were no
instances where a gate was deemed capable of accommodating a wingspan greater than
124 ft.
This analysis also shows some instances where the largest aircraft reported to have used a
55
gate does not actually fit into the Google Map gate position when adjacent aircraft are
also present. This is shown for Terminal B in Figure 41. These gates were initially
overestimated, and it was assumed that this overestimation demonstrated the ability of
utilizing two adjacent gates to accommodate a larger aircraft.
The results of the examination of LGA gate infrastructure shows that there are very few
Group IV sized gates. This may limit the amount of increase in wingspan without
requiring infrastructure change at LGA. However, the overestimation of gates
demonstrates the ability of LGA to currently accommodate aircraft with 124ft wingspan
by using two available adjacent gates, and it could be possible that with low-cost
infrastructure changes, these two gates could accommodate aircraft spanning the entire
width of both gates, up to 224 ft. When adjacent gates are used to accommodate a larger
aircraft, the total number of gates available at the airport decreases. During times of high
gate utilization, this may have an impact on aircraft operation scheduling.
Figure 41: LGA - Google Map Images of Central Terminal B evaluating potential gate
width expansion - Evidence of current utilization of adjacent gates [googlemap.com]
6.3.2
DCA Estimated Gate Infrastructure Comparison to Google Map Images
Similar analysis was conducted to determine the existing gate infrastructure at DCA. The
results of DCA were similar to LGA in that the gates were sized around the current
aircraft demand such that the maximum gate width found was 124 ft. Only 4 gates of the
42 gates at DCA had a reported aircraft larger than what the Google Map image appeared
to allow. These are listed in Table 5.
These gates were assumed to have the flexibility of accommodating a larger aircraft when
utilizing an adjacent gate. Since the largest aircraft to fly into DCA was the B757-300 at
124 ft, it was impossible to determine if these adjacent gates could in fact accommodate
56
an aircraft spanning the entire width of both gates, up to 224 ft. It is possible that some
low-cost gate infrastructure change would be required to accommodate those larger
aircraft.
Table 5: DCA gate infrastructure comparison between wingspan of largest scheduled
aircraft and physical gate width determined by Google Maps
Gate
B17
C23
C25
C28
Largest
Scheduled
Aircraft
B757
B757
B757-200
B737-800
FAA A/C
Group
IV
III
III
III
Wingspan
(ft)
124.84
124.84
124.84
117.17
Google
Maps Gate
Width (ft)
94.75
112.57
112.57
112.57
Delta
-30.09
-12.27
-12.27
-4.6
As can be seen in Figure 42, Terminal A has a satellite layout. If the bridges were
extended farther form the terminal building, each aircraft could increase wingspan while
maintaining a 20ft clearance to adjacent aircraft. There is sufficient room behind the
aircraft that this would not interfere with taxilanes. At other terminals, such as Terminal
B, due to the linear terminal layout there may not be availability for gate width
expansion. At a linear configuration, accommodation of larger aircraft may be achieved
by utilization of open adjacent gates.
Figure 42: DCA Google Map Images of Terminal A (Left) and 'I
57
Chapter 7: Summary of Gate Utilization for Analyzed
Airports
In order to determine the maximum potential increase in wingspan, which can be
achieved with minimal impact on current gate infrastructure, the gate utilization at each
airport was analyzed to determine inefficiencies in the current gate utilization. Figure 43
presents the number of aircraft movements by aircraft group size for all analyzed airports
in 2010. At the international airports, JFK and LAX, many aircraft movements were by
Group VI and V aircraft. DFW and ATL also had a number of Group IV aircraft but very
few Group V aircraft. Both LGA and DCA had very few Group IV and no Group V
aircraft operations. The majority of all aircraft movements at each of these airports were
by Group III aircraft. For that reason, increasing the wingspan of Group III aircraft was
the focus of this thesis.
E75
50
o..
.
25.
25
0
50
11 Ill IV V
0
:
.. ..
.... 50:
-
11 11 IV V
50
.
5
11 I
IV V
0-
.
....
11 Il IV V
0
75,
5:50
25
25
25
25
25
0
. . . 500
100
75:
75::
75
75........75::
....
Il
1il IV V
DCA
LGA
100
100
100
100
100
DFW
ATL
LAX
JFK
BOS
100
0
If III IV V
0
|| 1Il IV V
Aircraft Group Size
group size for analyzed airports in 2010 [Data
aircraft
by
utilization
Figure 43: Gate
Source: Flightstats.com]
7.1.1
Gate Utilization for All Aircraft Operations Recorded in 2010
Further investigation of gate utilization was conducted using available data on airport
passenger and aircraft arrivals, shown in Table 6. This includes the number of aircraft
arrivals for 2010 recorded by ASPM and the number of enplanements (passengers
boarding an aircraft) recorded by the FAA extracted from the Air Carrier Activity
Information System (ACAIS). Using this information a rough estimate of the average
aircraft turns per gate per day for each airport was calculated to assist in the examination
of gate utilization. Many airports had between 5-7 aircraft turns per gate per day. JFK had
the lowest average at only 3.9 daily aircraft turns per gate, while DCA had the highest
average gate capacity at 8.4 daily aircraft turns per gate.
58
Table 6: Additional airport specifics and calculated average number of aircraft turns per
gate per day for analyzed airports [Data Source: FAA/ASPMJ
BOS
JFK
LAX
ATL
DFW
LGA
DCA
100
141
118
193
151
72
44
173,792
200,595
284,318
473,833
325,087
181,837
135,194
12,820,489
23,620,948
28,861,477
43,761,280
27,100,656
11,567,586
8,704,466
5.0
3.9
6.6
6.8
5.9
6.9
8.4
=
The turn rate of aircraft is one factor that influences the availability of adjacent gates at
an airport. Other factors include aircraft occupancy times, aircraft scheduling, and
terminal configuration. The average gate occupancy time throughout the day (not
including overnight gate utilization) for each ADG was calculated for each airport and
recorded to the nearest 5 minutes in Table 7. These were calculated based on reported
gate arrival and departure times.
Table 7: Average gate occupancy time throughout the day in minutes by aircraft group size
for analyzed airports [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
Average Gate Occupancy Time Throughout the Day (minutes)
ADG
BOS
JFK
LAX
ATL
DFW
LGA
DCA
Group Il
60
65
50
65
60
45
50
60
90
60
65
-
-
-
-
Group III
Group IV
70
110
85
170
70
115
70
100
65
120
Group V
125
215
230
250
180
200
120
-
200
-
Group VI
One influence on gate occupancy time is aircraft size. Larger aircraft require longer gate
occupancy times due to an increased number of passengers and longer maintenance and
refueling times. Scheduling and demand of the aircraft also influence gate occupancy
times at each gate. JFK had the longest gate occupancy times for each ADG while LGA
and DCA had the shortest as can be seen in Table 7.
From the recorded aircraft operations in 2010, the gate utilization by aircraft group size
and gate group size is shown in Figure 44. At each airport, there was a significant use of
larger gates to accommodate Group III aircraft. The percent of Group III aircraft that
utilize these larger gates differ by airport and were analyzed in more detail in Chapter 8
when looking at Strategy 1.
59
BOS
=100
Group 11
Group III
75
Group IV
a)50
Group V
Group VI
D
(D 25
0
-0
OR
0
111
IV
V
VI
Gate Group Size
LAX
JFK
100
100
a)
U)
75
75
50
50
a) 25
25
U)
0
-
0
III
IV
V
0
VI
11
III
IV
V
VI
Gate Group Size
Gate Group Size
DFW
ATL
100
100
75
75
50
50
25
25
- .......
- -. .-.-----
0
-0
a
I-
0
V
IV
11 111
Gate Group Size
111
V
VI
DCA
100
-I-
so0
75
E. ......
50
.0
25
25
0
IV
Gate Group Size
100
75
Ca
I
LGA
.0
0
0
VI
m
11
0
III
IV
V
||
VI
111
IV
V
VI
Gate Group Size
Gate Group Size
Figure 44: Gate utilization by aircraft group size for analyzed airports in 2010 [Data
Source: Flightstats.com]
60
7.1.2
Gate Utilization for Group III Aircraft Operations Recorded in 2010
Due to the fact that the majority of all aircraft movements in the US are by Group III
aircraft, which account for a significant percentage of aviation fuel burn (as was
discussed in Section 4.2), increasing the wingspan of Group III aircraft was the focus of
this thesis. The Group III aircraft gate utilization data was analyzed separately to
determine the possibility of increasing wingspan on Group III aircraft with minimal gate
infrastructure changes. At BOS in 2010, 35% of Group III aircraft used larger gates than
needed. Also, at LAX, ATL, and DFW there were a significant number of Group III
aircraft (-50%) that used oversized gates. Therefore, those aircraft could increase
wingspan to the maximum width of currently utilized gates, per Strategy 1.
At JFK over 70% of Group III aircraft were correctly accommodated in Group III gates.
This does not allow as much opportunity to increase wingspan through Strategy 1 at JFK
without impacting gate infrastructure. LGA and DCA have even less availability to
accommodate aircraft with increased-wingspan through Strategy 1 as only 28% and 18%
respectively of Group III aircraft utilized larger group sized gates. The amount of
potential wingspan increase to these aircraft per Strategy 1, will be analyzed in more
detail in the next Chapter.
BOS
JFK
100
C)u
-
75
100
75
75
~%50
50
50
D 25
25
25
CL
0
LAX
100
CQ)
0,
11 111 I V V vI
Gate Group Size
0
II III
IV
V
VI
0
11
Gate Group Size
ATL
111 IV
V
VI
Gate Group Size
DFW
LGA
DCA
S100
100
75
75
75
75
>,
50
50
50
50
Z)
2
25
25
25
-
100
100
0
*0
a)
I
0,
il
111
IV
V vI
Gate Group Size
0
11
111
IV
0
V
Gate Group Size
11
111 IV
V
Gate Group Size
VI
0
11
111
IV
V
Gate Group Size
Figure 45: Gate utilization of Group III aircraft for analyzed airports in 2010 [Data Source:
Flightstats.com]
61
v
Analysis on gate utilization for the busiest day of 2010 (as reported by ASPM) at each
analyzed airport was conducted to give a better understanding of the maximum utilization
throughout a given day analyzed for an initial understanding of the availability of
adjacent gates. Instances of high utilization will result in a lower ability of
accommodating aircraft with increased wingspan. The gate utilization at each analyzed
airport is shown in Figure 46, broken down into 15-minute intervals.
As discussed earlier, BOS had high gate utilization overnight between 9:00 PM and 6:00
AM of an average 62 gates out of the 100 gates available. From Figure 46, JFK had peak
gate utilization at 4:00 PM with 108 gates occupied out of the total 141 gates available at
JFK (76% gate utilization). LAX had a significant peak of gate utilization at 10:00 PM
with 94 of the total 118 (80%) gates occupied. Overnight gate utilization was much
higher at LAX than at JFK. From the figure, it is evident that both JFK and LAX have
substantially more recorded Group IV and Group V aircraft operations than the other
analyzed airports.
ATL is the busiest airport by aircraft movements in the US and also has the most gates
available for commercial use (193 gates available). As a hub airport, there was
significantly higher gate utilization during the day than at night with three separate gate
utilization peaks at 9:00 AM, 3:00 PM, and 9:00 PM. At these peak times, a maximum of
150 gates out of the 193 available (78%) were occupied and use of adjacent gates may
become difficult. Although DFW is also a hub airport, it had significantly lower gate
utilization than ATL. DFW only had 65 of total 151 (43%) gates occupied during
overnight gate utilization. In addition, the peak gate utilization occurred at 12:00 PM with
88 gates occupied (58% gate utilization).
LGA experienced low gate utilization throughout the day, whereas overnight gate
utilization reaches as high as 70% with 48 of the total 72 gates occupied at LGA. From
Figure 46, DCA reached maximum gate utilization overnight with 36 of the total 44
(82%) gates being occupied. The differences in gate utilization throughout each of these
airports will impact the ability to accommodate larger aircraft within available adjacent
gates per Strategy 2, which is discussed in more detail in the following chapter.
62
BOS: 7/1512010
00
=Group 11
=Group III
Group IV
=Group V
3:00
&00
12:00 180
*0
100
21
24:00
Tme of Day
LAX: 6117/2010
JFK: 6125/2010
141
I
750
8
so
* 100*0
100
1e
,*
4
0
w
w
w.
..
.. w
2100
,40
2410
Time of Day
ATL: 6130/2010
DFW: 7/22/2010
8
,0
15
3:00
$4O
:00
12:00 100
1 0
2100
0
24: 0
Time of Day
150
2400
I00
Time of Day
WA: 612/2010
II
9'M01
DCA: 6/11/2010
0A
I
4-W
wwA
OW
irw
low
FW
Clw
'COW
07W
Tme of Day
VAN
Iww
liOr
low
16
l~w
em
Tnme of Day
Figure 46: Gate utilization by aircraft group size for all airports in 2010 for busiest day
recorded by ASPM at each airport [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
63
Chapter 8: Summary Analysis of Study Airports for the
Accommodation of Group III Aircraft using
Strategy 1 - Taking Advantage of the Entire Gate Width, and
Strategy 2 - Utilizing Available Adjacent Gates
The ability to accommodate Group III aircraft with increased wingspan using the
different strategies proposed was determined for each analyzed airport. These
strategies increase aircraft wingspan by taking advantage of the entire utilized gate
width (Strategy 1) as well as utilizing available adjacent gates (Strategy 2).
Differences occur between the airports due to the physical width of gates available,
the amount of traffic at each airport, and the current gate scheduling of aircraft.
It must be noted that the gate infrastructure at four of the seven airports (JFK, LAX,
ATL, and DFW) was estimated based on reported aircraft operations data. As was
seen in all three cases that had a more in depth examination of the existing gate
infrastructure (BOS, LGA, and DCA), it is possible that the inferred gate
infrastructure has instances where gate widths are overestimated. This would occur
due to the current utilization of adjacent gates, which is not defined in reported
operations data. It is therefore possible that the results for the analysis of the
accommodation of Group III aircraft with increased wingspan implementing both
strategies could provide an overestimate on the number of Group III aircraft that can
be accommodated in the existing infrastructure. The following results are only an
estimate to the tradeoff between increasing wingspan and the ability to accommodate
those aircraft. Care should be taken when evaluating these results.
64
8.1 Analysis of Ability to Accommodate Group III Aircraft with
Increased Wingspan at JFK
The results for the ability to accommodate 2010 reported Group III aircraft arrivals as a
function of wingspan using the two strategies described in Chapters 4 and 5 are shown in
Figure 47. These results are based of the estimated gate infrastructure based on reported
aircraft operations from Flightstats for 2010 at JFK.
At JFK, using Strategy 1, 30% of the reported Group III aircraft arrivals reported in 2010
(29,215 of the reported 98,091) could be accommodated in the existing gate infrastructure
at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III arrivals, 21% of the aircraft
arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, and only 7% could be
accommodated at 197 ft. Once wingspan is increased above 197 ft, there is very limited
ability to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan using Strategy 1.
Using Strategy 2, 50% of the 2010 reported arrivals (48,924 of the reported 98,091) could
be accommodated at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III arrivals,
43% of the arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, 32% of reported
2010 arrivals could be accommodated with a wingspan of 197 ft, 26% could be
accommodated with a wingspan of 225 ft. An increase of wingspan above 225 ft up to
300 ft results in a fairly constant 12% of reported 2010 Group III arrivals the ability of
accommodation at JFK.
100
90
...-
80
- - -
-
Demand of Group III Aircraft
Strategy 1: Entire Width of Utilized Gate
Strategy 2: Utilize Available Adjacent Gates
-
CL
-
-
-4~
L
o
-
70-
0)
2050
100
150
20.5..
0
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 47: JFK Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan for
Strategy 1 - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available
adjacent gates [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
65
8.2 Analysis of Ability to Accommodate Group III Aircraft with
Increased Wingspan at LAX
The results for the ability to accommodate 2010 reported Group III aircraft arrivals as a
function of wingspan using the two strategies described in Chapters 4 and 5 are shown in
Figure 48. These results are based of the estimated gate infrastructure based on reported
aircraft operations from Flightstats for 2010 at LAX.
At LAX, using Strategy 1, 48% of the reported Group III aircraft arrivals reported in
2010 (75,320 of the reported 156,951) could be accommodated in the existing gate
infrastructure at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III arrivals, 37%
of the aircraft arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, and 12% could be
accommodated at 197 ft. Once wingspan is increased above 197 ft, there is very limited
ability to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan using Strategy 1.
Using Strategy 2, 66% of the 2010 reported arrivals (103,542 of the reported 156,951)
could be accommodated at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III
arrivals, 59% of the arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, 41% of
reported 2010 arrivals could be accommodated with a wingspan of 197 ft, 34% could be
accommodated with a wingspan of 225 ft, and 21% could be accommodated with a
wingspan of 250 ft. An increase of wingspan above 250 ft results in only 18% of reported
2010 Group III arrivals the ability of accommodation at LAX.
100
---
90 - - MC
o
--
-
-
Demand of Group Il Aircraft
Strategy 1: Entire Width of Utilized Gate
Strategy 2: Utilize Available Adjacent Gates
80-
<
-
7
0 -J
DDQ
60
5
<"
a) c -
4
o 0 E.I
E
2
30-
00
03<0 5
C14
)
L0
ci)
-Q
0.
20 ....
..... . ....
. .....
.....
..
...
....
.....
... ......
1
0
50
100
150
Wingspan (ft)
200
250
300
Figure 48: LAX Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan
for Strategy 1 - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available
adjacent gates [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
66
8.3 Analysis of Ability to Accommodate Group III Aircraft with
Increased Wingspan at ATL
The results for the ability to accommodate 2010 reported Group III aircraft arrivals as a
function of wingspan using the two strategies described in Chapters 4 and 5 are shown in
Figure 49. These results are based of the estimated gate infrastructure based on reported
aircraft operations from Flightstats for 2010 at ATL.
At ATL, using Strategy 1, 56% of the reported Group III aircraft arrivals reported in 2010
(145,309 of the reported 259,570) could be accommodated in the existing gate
infrastructure at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III arrivals, 28%
of the aircraft arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, and only 10%
could be accommodated at 197 ft. Once wingspan is increased above 197 ft, there is very
limited ability to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan using Strategy 1.
Using Strategy 2, 66% of the 2010 reported arrivals (171,298 of the reported 259,570)
could be accommodated at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III
arrivals, 43% of the arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, 26% of
reported 2010 arrivals could be accommodated with a wingspan of 197 ft, 17% could be
accommodated with a wingspan of 225 ft, and 9% could be accommodated with a
wingspan of 250 ft. An increase of wingspan above 250 ft results in only 7% of reported
2010 Group III arrivals the ability of accommodation at ATL.
100
90 -
-
-Demand
of Group III Aircraft
*_-- Strategy 1: Entire Width of Utilized Gate
- Strategy 2: Utilize Available Adjacent Gates
-
cc 0
0
(D <
30-
-
0
10
oDC
E 0
o
30(
Ws
(J LO
05
1
0~
0
50
100
150
Wingspan (ft)
200
250
300
Figure 49: ATL Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan
for Strategy 1 - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available
adjacent gates [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
67
8.4 Analysis of Ability to Accommodate Group III Aircraft with
Increased Wingspan at DFW
The results for the ability to accommodate 2010 reported Group III aircraft arrivals as a
function of wingspan using the two strategies described in Chapters 4 and 5 are shown in
Figure 50. These results are based of the estimated gate infrastructure based on reported
aircraft operations from Flightstats for 2010 at DFW.
At DFW, using Strategy 1, 83% of the reported Group III aircraft arrivals reported in
2010 (215, 864 of the reported 260,007) could be accommodated in the existing gate
infrastructure at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III arrivals, 49%
of the aircraft arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, and 21% could be
accommodated at 197 ft. Once wingspan is increased above 197 ft, there is very limited
ability to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan using Strategy 1.
Using Strategy 2, 90% of the 2010 reported arrivals (234,157 of the reported 260,007)
could be accommodated at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III
arrivals, 70% of the arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, 52% of
reported 2010 arrivals could be accommodated with a wingspan of 197 ft, 37% could be
accommodated with a wingspan of 225 ft, and 29% could be accommodated with a
wingspan of 250 ft. An increase of wingspan above 250 ft to 275 ft still results in 26% of
reported 2010 Group III arrivals the ability of accommodation at DFW.
100
S
Demand of Group IlIlAircraft
- Strategy 1: Entire Width of Utilized Gate
Strategy 2: Utilize Available Adjacent Gates
90 --
CM S 80 --
-
-
-
--
-
70
50
--
--
20
-0
-......
.....
-...
.
..-..
<2
30C)
10
10
0.
0
50
100
150
Wingspan (ft)
200
250
300
Figure 50: DFW Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan
for Strategy 1 - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available
adjacent gates [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
68
8.5 Analysis of Ability to Accommodate Group III Aircraft with
Increased Wingspan at LGA
The results for the ability to accommodate 2010 reported Group III aircraft arrivals as a
function of wingspan using the two strategies described in Chapters 4 and 5 are shown in
Figure 51. These results are based of the estimated gate infrastructure based on reported
aircraft operations from Flightstats for 2010 at LGA.
At LGA, using Strategy 1, 30% of the reported Group III aircraft arrivals reported in
2010 (32,461 of the reported 108,138) could be accommodated in the existing gate
infrastructure at a wingspan of 124 ft. Due to the perimeter restrictions at LGA, once
wingspan is increased above 124 ft, there is no ability to accommodate aircraft with
increased wingspan using Strategy 1.
Using Strategy 2, 50% of the 2010 reported arrivals (54,173 of the reported 108,138)
could be accommodated at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III
arrivals, 41% of the arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, 34% of
reported 2010 arrivals could be accommodated with a wingspan of 197 ft, 31% could be
accommodated with a wingspan of 225 ft, and 8% could be accommodated with a
wingspan of 250 ft. An increase of wingspan above 250 ft results in only 3% of reported
2010 Group III arrivals the ability of accommodation at LGA.
100
Demand of Group III Aircraft
*_-- Strategy 1: Entire Width of Utilized Gate
90-
Strategy 2: Utilize Available Adjacent Gates
---
- -
80 -
-
-.
70--
S
-
.
-
S60-
2
30-0
oD
E
0B.6r
0
2030
20
)
000
10 .
0
..
. . ........
...
50
100
... . . . .q.. . .-.
150
Wingspan (ft)
200
......
250
300
Figure 51: LGA Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan
for Strategy 1 - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available
adjacent gates [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
69
8.6 Analysis of Ability to Accommodate Group III Aircraft with
Increased Wingspan at DCA
The results for the ability to accommodate 2010 reported Group III aircraft arrivals as a
function of wingspan using the two strategies described in Chapters 4 and 5 are shown in
Figure 52. These results are based of the estimated gate infrastructure based on reported
aircraft operations from Flightstats for 2010 at DCA.
At DCA, using Strategy 1, 30% of the reported Group III aircraft arrivals reported in
2010 (26,351 of the reported 87,893) could be accommodated in the existing gate
infrastructure at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III arrivals, 21%
of the aircraft arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft, and only 7%
could be accommodated at 197 ft. Once wingspan is increased above 197 ft, there is very
limited ability to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan using Strategy 1.
Using Strategy 2, only 36% of the 2010 reported arrivals (31,615 of the reported 87,893)
could be accommodated at a wingspan of 124 ft. Of the total reported 2010 Group III
arrivals, 22% of the arrivals could be accommodated at a wingspan of 167 ft and 17% of
reported 2010 arrivals could be accommodated with a wingspan of 225 ft. An increase of
wingspan above 250 ft results in only 7% of reported 2010 Group III arrivals the ability
of accommodation at DCA.
100
90
-COC
CuJ
o
0
Demand of Group Ill Aircraft
Strategy 1: Entire Width of Utilized Gate
Strategy 2: Utilize Available Adjacent Gates
80-
C)~
-
70
O
0.0-
50
0
..
-..-.-
0 - . -.
40"
00
.
3.0 -.
Cf
2~0-.
-000
00
.. .. .... ... ... .
.. .. .....
... ...
...
0L
1
0
. . . . .
0
. .
50
. . . . . . . .
.
100
150
.
200
. .
. .
.
250
. .
300
Wingspan (ft)
Figure 52: DCA Possible accommodation for Group III aircraft with increased wingspan
for Strategy 1 - Aircraft use the entire width of utilized gate and Strategy 2-Use of available
adjacent gates [Data Source: Flightstats.com]
70
Chapter 9: Conclusion
Increasing aircraft wingspan is one possible approach to increasing aircraft fuel
efficiency and reducing aviation C02 emissions. A study of the existing gate
infrastructure and gate utilization was performed for seven U.S. airports to provide a
detailed analysis of the ability to accommodate Group III aircraft with increased
wingspan with minimal changes to the existing gate infrastructure. A potential tradeoff
for airlines was analyzed; increasing wingspan increases fuel efficiency, but it also limits
the number of gates available to maintain current aircraft operations, which resulted in
the following conclusions. The following conclusions were drawn from the analysis
within this thesis:
1. There is opportunity by both Strategy 1 and Strategy 2 to accommodate aircraft
with increased wingspan at all of the analyzed airports. A key finding of the study
was that there appears to be a significant opportunity to accommodate Group III aircraft
with increased wingspan. The amount of aircraft that can be accommodated depends on
the airport, however, in general there is opportunity to accommodate aircraft with a
wingspan of 124 ft by Strategy 1, taking advantage of the entire width of a utilized gate.
Strategy 2, utilizing available adjacent gates, can allow wingspan increases up to 225 ft
for Group II aircraft.
2. The ability to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan in Strategy 1 is
limited by perimeter-restricted airports (LGA and DCA) due to their inadequate
infrastructure. Due to restrictions that limit the size of aircraft that use these airports,
there are no existing gates capable of accommodating an aircraft with a wingspan above
124 ft. When removing LGA and DCA from the analysis, it was possible for a number of
aircraft to increase wingspan to as high as 200 ft by taking advantage of the full width of
the utilized gates by Strategy 1. Fleet segregation within airlines could aid in resolving
the aircraft size constraint issue that exists at perimeter-restricted airports by only
allowing flights using smaller-wingspan aircraft to fly to and from those airports.
However, one consequence of fleet segregation is increased complexity in airline
scheduling.
3. The ability to accommodate aircraft with increased wingspan in Strategy 2 is
limited by DCA due to the low number of available adjacent gates. Due to the limited
infrastructure and high gate utilization at DCA, the ability to accommodate aircraft with
increased wingspan by Strategy 2 is much less than for other airports. Only 25% of 2010
reported Group III arrivals at DCA could be accommodate with the use of adjacent gates
with a wingspan increased to 124 ft. At all other analyzed airports there is an ability to
accommodate at least 50% of all reported Group III aircraft arrivals at 124 ft. DCA
continues to be the limiting airport when increasing wingspan up to 225 ft by Strategy 2.
71
Chapter 10: Bibliography
Airports Council International - 2010 Data Collected for Aircraft Movements
ACRP Report 25. "Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design" Volume 1:
Guidebook. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington
D.C. 2010
Ashford, N., Saleh Mumayiz. "Airport Engineering: planning, Design and Development
of 21't Century Airports." Apr 26, 2011
Aviation Fire Journal. International Aviation Fire and Rescue information.
www.aviationfirejournal.com/aviation.
Boeing. "737 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning." Boeing Commercial
Airplanes. D6-58325-6, October 2005.
Cross, J.W. "Airport Perimeter Rules: An Exception to Federal Preemption,"
Transportation Law Journal, Vol. 17, Issue 1 (1988), pp. 101-116.
Endres, G., Michael J. Gething, "Jane's Aircraft Recognition Guide 2010." 1942London; New York: Collins, 20010.
Flightstats Gate Data: http://www.Flightstats.com.
Federal Aviation Administration, Aviation System Performance Metrics (ASPM)
database, http://aspm.faa.gov/, 2011.
Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular, "Airport Design," AC No.150/530013, 9/29/89.
Federal Aviation Administration Advisor Circular, "Planning and Design Guidelines for
Airport Terminal Facilities," AC No. 150/5360-13, 4/22/88.
Federal Aviation Administration, Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) and All-Cargo Data
for U.S. Airports - 2010 data collected online:
www.faa.gov/airports/planningcapacity/passenger allcargostats/passenger
Federal Aviation Administration, "The Operational and Economic Effects of New Large
Airplanes on United States Airports," Airports Council International, 1997.
IATA Economic Briefing. "Airline Fuel and Labour Cost Share." February 2010
Kazda, A., Robert Caves. "Airport Design and Operation." Emerald Group Publishing,
Jul 18, 2007.
National Research Council (U.S.). "Assessment of Wingtip Modifications to Increase the
Fuel Efficiency of Air Force Aircraft." National Academies Press, Sept. 2007.
L. L. (2008). Piano-X. information available at www.piano.aero . used under MIT
License.
Massport Airport Statistics http://www.massport.com/logan-airport/aboutlogan/Pages/LoganStatistics.aspx.
Poirier, Florian, "Analysis of Trends in Aircraft Sizing and Fleet Implications for Airport
Design," Air Transport Research Society World Conference, Berkeley, June 2007.
Sparks, Mark. "US Airways on perimeter restrictions at DCA, LGA" March 25, 2009.
Yutko, B., John Hansman, "Approaches to Representing Aircraft Fuel Efficiency
Performance For the Purpose of a Commercial Aircraft Certification Standard."
Report No. ICAT-2011-05, May 2011.
72
Appendix A: Aircraft Wingspan Data provided by Jane's Aircraft Recognition
Guide matched with the corresponding FAA group size definition.
bomDardier Canadair CRJ200ER
Bombardier Canadair CRJ700ER
Embraer ERJ145ER
Fairchild Dornier 328 Jet
A318
A319
A320
A321
B717
B727-200
B737-100/200
B 737-400
B 737-600
B 737-800
Boeing MD-90-30-ER
Embraer 170
Embraer 190
Fokker F28 Mk 4000
Fokker 70/100
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-50
A300-600R
A310-300
B707/720
B 757-200
B767-300ER
Boeing MD-11ER
Ilyushin II-62M
Ilyushin Il-76TD
Ilyushin 11-86
Lockheed L1011-500
McDonnel Douglas DC-8-50
McDonnell Douglas DC-8-63
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
A330-300
A340-300
B 747-100/200/SP
B 747-400
B 777-300
A380-800
50
78
50
34
129
145
180
220
117
189
130
170
149
149
172
70
98
85
109
139
361
280
219
289
350
410
186
140
350
330
179
259
380
440
440
516
568
550
555
73
69.58
76.25
65.75
68.83
111.83
111.83
111.83
111.83
93.33
108.00
93.00
94.75
112.58
117.42
107.67
85.33
94.25
82.25
92.17
93.42
147.08
144.00
145.75
124.83
156.08
169.42
141.75
165.67
157.75
155.33
142.42
148.42
165.42
197.83
197.83
195.67
211.42
199.92
261.33
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
Appendix B: Detailed Gate Information provided by BOS (Massport) Matched
with Aircraft Sizing Data from Jane's Aircraft Recognition Guide
Terminal A
Gate
Airline
FAA A/C
Max
Aircraft
Group
Wingspan(ft)
737-800
737-800
757-200
757-200
737
737
737
Ill
Ill
IV
IV
Ill
11|
Ill
117.42
117.42
124.84
124.84
94.75
94.75
94.75
Largest
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Delta
Delta
Delta
Delta
Continental
Continental
Continental
8
Continental
737
Ill
94.75
9A
9B
10A
10B
11A
12A
12B
13
14
14A
Delta
Delta
Delta
Delta
Continental
Continental
Continental
Delta
Delta
Delta
CRJ -200
CRJ-700
CRJ-700
CRJ-700
EMB-135
EMB-145
EMB-135
767-300
757-200
767-400
||
II
II
II
IV
IV
IV
69.58
76.25
76.25
76.25
65.75
65.75
65.75
166.93
124.84
15
15A
Delta
Delta
757-200
767-400
IV
IV
||
||
||
757-200
757-200
767-300
IV
IV
IV
18
19
19A
Delta
Delta
Delta
767-200
757-200
767-300
IV
IV
IV
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
aircraft size limitations
Gate closures required/adj.
aircraft size limitations
124.84
124.84
166.93
156.07
124.84
20
Delta
757-200
IV
166.93
124.84
21
22
Delta
Delta
757-200
757-200
IV
IV
124.84
124.84
74
RJ
RJ
RJ
RJ
RJ
RJ
RJ
124.84
170.34
Delta
Delta
Delta
Gate 6A capable of 767-300
Gate closures required/adj.
170.34
16
17
17A
Notes
Gate closures required/adj.
aircraft size limitations
Gate closures required/adj.
aircraft size limitations
Terminal B
Airline
Gate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Air Canada
Air Canada
Air Canada
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Largest
Aircraft
EMB-190
A320
A320
FAA A/C
Group
III
III
III
Max
Wingspan (ft)
94.23
111.88
111.88
757-200
A319
A320
737-400
757-200
737-400
757-200
A320
A320
A320
A320
A321
A321
A321
A321
A321
767-200
IV
III
124.84
111.88
111.88
94.75
124.84
94.75
124.84
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.84
156.07
III
III
IV
III
IV
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
IV
Notes
Gate Closures
Required/adj. aircraft size
21A
22
23
US Air
Am. Eagle
Am. Eagle
A330-200
EMB-145
EMB-145
24
Am. Eagle
EMB-145
25
Am. Eagle
EMB-145
26
27
28
29
30
31
Am. Eagle
Am. Eagle
American
American
American
American
EMB-145
EMB-145
757-200
MD-80
757-200
V
II
II
II
II
II
II
IV
III
II
IV
197.83
65.75
65.75
limitations
65.75
65.75
65.75
65.75
124.84
107.84
Gate capable of 757
Gate capable of 757
Ground Load Gate
124.84
Gate Closures
Required/adj. aircraft size
31B
American
777-200
V
199.90
32
American
767-300
IV
166.93
33
American
777-200
V
199.90
34
35
36
37
American
American
American
Massport
767-300
757-200
767-300
757-200
IV
IV
IV
IV
166.93
124.84
166.93
124.84
38
America
757-200
IV
124.84
Virgin
75
limitations
Dedicated Group V
Terminal C
Gate
Airline
Largest
Aircraft
FAA A/C
Group
Max
Wingspan (ft)
1c
Massport
737-800
III
117.42
1d
le
11
Massport
Massport
United
737-800
717-200
737-400
III
III
III
117.42
93.31
94.75
12
14
Unites
JetBlue
737-400
737-400
III
III
94.75
94.75
15
16
United
United
757-200
757-200
IV
IV
124.84
124.84
16A
17
18
United
United
United
777-200
777-200
757-200
V
V
IV
199.90
199.90
124.84
19
United
767-300
IV
166.93
20
21
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
40
41
42
United
United
Massport
Midwest
Cape Air
JetBlue
JetBlue
JetBlue
JetBlue
JetBlue
JetBlue
JetBlue
JetBlue
Airtran
Airtran
Airtran
777-200
777-200
757-200
717-200
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
CAN 402
A320
A320
737-800
757-200
737-800
V
V
IV
III
199.90
199.90
124.84
93.31
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
III
III
III
III
III
III
Notes
Gate Closures Required
Dedicated Group V Gate
Dedicated Group V Gate
Dedicated Group V Gate
Gate capable of 757-200
Gate capable of 757-200
Gate capable of 757-200
I
III
III
III
III
111.88
111.88
117.42
124.84
117.42
IV
Terminal E
Gate
Airline
Largest
Aircraft
FAA A/C
Group
Max
Wingspan (ft)
1A
1B
2A
2B
3A
3B
4
5
6
7A
7B
8A
8B
Southwest
Southwest
Massport
Massport
Massport
Massport
Massport
Massport
Massport
Massport
Massport
Massport
Massport
A320
A320
757-200W
757-300
A340-300
A340-600
A340-300
767-200
747-400
747-800
747-800
A380
MD-11
III
III
111.88
111.88
134.58
124.84
197.83
208.17
197.83
156.07
212.99
224.41
224.41
261.65
170.51
IV
IV
V
V
V
IV
V
V
V
V
IV
76
Notes
Dedicated Group V Gate
Dedicated Group V Gate
Dedicated
Dedicated
Dedicated
Dedicated
Group
Group
Group
Group
V Gate
V Gate
V Gate
V Gate
Appendix C: Comparison of Gate-Sizing Determined by Largest Scheduled
Aircraft and Provided AutoCAD of BOS.
Terminal A
Gate
Al
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9A
A9B
A10A
A1OB
All
A12A
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19
A20
A21
A22
Largest Aircraft
EMB - 175
A320
B757
B757
B737-800
B737-800
B737-800
B737-800
DH4
CRJ - 700
B737-800
CRJ - 700
CRJ - 700
MD -80
B767-300
A330 - 300
A330 - 300
B757
B757
B757
A330 - 300
B757
B757
B757
FAA A/C
Group
III
III
IV
IV
III
III
III
III
III
II
III
II
II
III
IV
V
V
IV
IV
IV
V
IV
IV
IV
77
Wingspan
(ft)
AutoCAD Gate
Width (ft)
Delta
85.3
117.42
32.12
111.88
124.84
124.84
112.57
112.57
112.57
112.57
93.24
76.25
112.57
76.25
76.25
107.84
166.93
197.83
197.83
124.84
124.84
124.84
197.83
124.84
124.84
124.84
117.42
124.84
124.84
112.57
112.57
112.57
112.57
69.58
76.25
76.25
76.25
65.75
65.75
166.93
124.84
124.84
175
124.84
156.07
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
5.54
0
0
0
0
0
0
-23.66
0
-36.32
0
-10.5
-42.09
0
-72.99
-72.99
50.16
0
31.23
-72.99
0
0
0
Terminal B
Gate
Largest Aircraft
FAA A/C
Group
Wingspan
(ft)
AutoCAD Gate
Width (ft)
Delta
BI
B2
A320
EMB - 190
III
III
111.88
94.75
94.23
115
-17.65
20.25
B3
A320
III
111.88
115
3.12
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9A
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22
B23
B24
B25
B26
B27
B28
B29
A320
A320
B757
A320
B757
DH4
B757
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
EMB RJ 140
EMB RJ 140
EMB RJ 140
EMB RJ 140
EMB RJ 140
EMB RJ 140
B767-300
B757
III
III
IV
III
IV
III
IV
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
II
II
II
II
II
II
IV
IV
111.88
111.88
124.84
111.88
124.84
93.24
124.84
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
65.75
65.75
65.75
65.75
65.75
65.75
166.93
124.84
145
120
130
125
124.84
94.75
124.84
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
115
113
113
115
115
111.88
156.07
65.75
65.75
65.75
80
130
65.75
124.84
107.84
33.12
8.12
5.16
13.12
0
1.51
0
0
0
0
0
3.12
1.12
1.12
3.12
3.12
0
44.19
0
0
0
14.25
64.25
0
-42.09
-17
B31
B32
B33
B34
B35
B36
B37
B38
B767-300
B767-300
B767-300
B767-300
B767-300
B767-300
A320
A320
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
III
III
166.93
166.93
166.93
166.93
166.93
166.93
111.88
111.88
225
195
210
170
124.84
166.93
195
124.84
58.07
28.07
43.07
3.07
-42.09
0
83.12
12.96
78
Terminal
C
Gate
C1l
C12
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C25
C26
C27
C28
C29
C30
C31
C32
C33
C34
C36
C40
C41
C42
FAA A/C
Wingspan
AutoCAD Gate
Largest Aircraft
B757
A320
A320
B757
B757
B757
B757
B757
B757
B757
B757
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
A320
B737-800
B737-800
B737-800
Group
IV
III
III
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
(ft)
124.84
111.88
111.88
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
94.23
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
111.88
112.57
112.57
112.57
Width (ft)
94.75
94.75
94.75
124.84
135
213
155
177
210
210
124.84
175
135
175
135
120
130
120
111.88
115
120
120
130
124
Delta
-30.09
-17.13
-17.13
0
10.16
88.16
30.16
52.16
85.16
85.16
30.61
63.12
23.12
63.12
23.12
8.12
18.12
8.12
0
3.12
8.12
7.43
17.43
11.43
Largest Aircraft
B737-800
B737-800
A320
A320
A330 - 300
A330 - 300
A330 - 300
A330 - 300
A330 - 300
A320
A330 - 300
A380
B757
B737-800
B737-800
FAA A/C
Group
III
III
III
III
V
V
V
V
V
III
V
III
IV
III
III
Wingspan
(ft)
112.57
112.57
111.88
111.88
197.83
197.83
197.83
197.83
197.83
111.88
197.83
261.65
124.84
112.57
112.57
AutoCAD Gate
Width (ft)
112.57
112.57
134.58
124.84
197.83
208.17
197.83
156.07
212.99
224.41
224.41
261.65
170.51
112.88
113.88
Delta
0
0
22.7
12.96
0
10.34
0
-41.76
15.16
112.53
26.58
0
45.67
0.31
1.31
Terminal E
Gate
ElA
E1B
E2A
E2B
E3A
E3B
E4
E5
E6
E7A
E7B
E8A
E8B
E1C
ElD
79
Appendix D: Comparison of Gate-Sizing Determined by Largest Scheduled
Aircraft and Google Map Images of DCA.
Largest
Scheduled
FAA A/C
Wingspan
Google Maps
Gate Width
Gate
Al
A2
A3
Aircraft
B737-700
B737-700
EMB - 175
Group
III
III
III
(ft)
112.57
112.57
85.3
(ft)
112.57
112.57
117.17
A4
B737-700
III
112.57
112.57
0
A5
A6
B737-700
B737-700
III
III
112.57
112.57
112.57
112.57
0
0
A7
A8
A319
A320
III
III
111.88
111.88
112.57
112.57
0.69
0.69
A9
B10
B11
B12
B14
B15
B16
B737-700
B737-800
B737-800
B757-300
B757
B757
B757
III
III
III
III
IV
IV
IV
112.57
117.17
117.17
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
117.17
117.17
117.17
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
4.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
B17
B757
IV
124.84
94.75
-30.09
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22
C23
C24
C25
C26
C27
C28
C29
B757
B757
B757
B757
B737-800
B757
B737-400
B757-200
B737-800
B757-200
B737-800
B757-200
IV
IV
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
IV
III
IV
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
117.17
124.84
94.75
124.84
117.17
124.84
117.17
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
117.17
112.57
94.75
112.57
117.17
124.84
112.57
124.84
0
0
0
0
0
-12.27
0
-12.27
0
0
-4.6
0
C30
C31
B737-800
B757-200
III
IV
117.17
124.84
117.17
124.84
0
0
C32
B737-800
III
117.17
117.17
0
C33
C34
B737-800
CRJ - 700
III
II
117.17
76.25
117.17
76.25
0
0
C35
C36
C37
C38
C39
C40
C41
C42
C43
C44
C45
A319
A319
A319
B757-200
A319
B757-200
B757-200
B757-200
A319
A319
B757-200
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
IV
III
III
IV
111.88
111.88
111.88
124.84
111.88
124.84
124.84
124.84
111.88
111.88
124.84
117.17
111.88
111.88
124.84
111.88
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
124.84
5.29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.96
12.96
0
80
Delta
0
0
31.87
Appendix E: Detailed Summer and Winter Gate Plans for BOS Terminal E
Vot.o=
Em
K
=m
Am
AZ :
M
op i
PROLEM=N
31000-104V31AMAVA0A0..01
.00M116rN0W"02001172W-3W?3C3933UJV3W
10
1100
0700 0000 0000osa
1000 1100 1200 Iac
a.plo amb~
01oc00100 0000 0000 040ao
POWIIz
ISA
s
C
0
PC=
0
-
1400 1000 1000
-1100
to
1100 1on0
am00
a00o
21oo
2a00 0000
0000
01P
VA
LU
E38
E4
E4
ES
TME
Es
~WIF
ES
E6
E7A
E7A
E79
EB
E&A
imam
Earn
RPARK
RPARK
RPRK2
RPRK2
HOLD
HOLD
HOLD2
HOLD2
AO1
ACI
COMM1
COO1
0000
0100000
0000 0400 0400
o00
07000000 0000
1000
1100
1200
1300
400
1000
o
0
700
1000
80
100
0o
I
2100
a0
2200
0000
0100
BOS
Figure 53: BOS Terminal E Gate Plans for a Summer Thursday in 2010 [Massport]
31 00
==4.0-=4.ww
4,=.= .pm .m=
n=
OWN.
w *Ae"..y so sPo. ft nw 1ft aI o., Dop
ca31Vo1 AO2IAO4AO o e800o so1o tion 0aco sanot 140
007.00J007S/701?WMOO1
I.-767617f10011
.. o=, ,LM=
t41
31V00
n3ianoi
no.33VJ30033Gan0a
8Mll4&140EU0W6CA1E~-
E1I
E10
E1El
E1E
SA
E38
AMU
E4
~H
E4
ES
ES
E6
ES
E7A
EBA
En
E-mMEr
ENm
am
RPAR
MR"
RPR0JQ
RPRK~2
HOLC
HOLD
HOLDS
HOLD2
oo 0100 o0w 0800 0400 0000 0
700
o
0o
000
1000
8O8
1100
o 0
1000
1400
100
100
1700
1000 o
1 B00
0
100
80s
Figure 54: BOS Terminal E Gate Plans for a Winter Thursday in 2010 [Massport]
81
0o
2200
ow0
0100
Appendix F: Detailed Gate Utilization Charts for BOS Terminal A, B, C, and E
Group
I
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Delta
............
CosninwtW
--
Defta
-I........
Continenta
Deft
Figure 55: BOS Gate Utilization for Terminal A on 7/15/2010
a.w.de tf&Owor Bos Tenninason 7/1oo
-.
........
. m
... .-..
-.
-..
-...
___.....4
is
20
Figure 56: BOS Gate Utilization for Terminal B on 7/15/2010
82
25
.... .....
......-..
..
.....
- .....
.........
m......
........
-..........
m...
.. ... ........
-. ... ......
.
-..............
-.....
m....
-
-...
..........
-.
-....
...P.
-.
-
...
..
....... ..
....
......
......
..........
.....
-....
........-..
. ....
-...
--
m.....
..
... ........-..
.. ..
.
..
...-...
.........
-.
-.. -..-
m...m....
..
.....
-... -......
-.
-......
m.....
...
..
......
..
.......
.........
....
-...............
.........
-... ...
- .......
-......
..........
-...
-.
...... -......
...
...........
......
m....
. .......
........
-......
......
-
mS
-....
-...-..
-..... ::
.
......... -.
-m m
-
-
...
...........
Figure. 57:.
Gat Utilizatio for....
Te m i a C..
on........
7/15/2010......
.........................
Figure
58: .....
S..
...
Gate.....
........
Utilization for Terminal
....
on.....
.......
......
7/15/2010.
.......
........................
........
83....
.............
...........
.....
...
Appendix G: Airport Gate Maps for JFK, LAX, ATL, DFW, LGA, and DCA
JFK Airport Gate Map
Terminal 6
Cised
Terminal 7
S6
11
--
Terminal 1
-7
26W.z
25 23
Terminal 2
Figure 59: JFK Airport Gate Map [Data Source: Visitingdc.com ]
84
Figure 60: LAX Airport Gate Map [Data Source: ifly.com]
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta (ATL) International Airport Terminal Map
Ins
5
Gates
A34
Gates
836
Gates
C36
GVAteW
D36
Gates
E36
A19
819
C21
D21
A18
818
C20
D16
E12
Al
81
C1
D1
El
E18
Figure 61: ATL Airport Gate Map [Data Source: uscaau.wordpress.comLGA]
85
Dallas Fort Worth Intemational Airport Terminal Map
Figure 62: DFW Airport Gate Map [Data Source: exploringmonkey.com]
86
LGA Airport Terminal Map
Central Terminal Building
C1-C14
131-18
AI-A7
US Airways
Gates 1-11
US Arlways
Shuttle
Gates 12-22
DI-DIO
Delt
Shuttle
Gates 1-6
E1
FP1
IM
Long Term Parking
Figure 63: LGA Airport Gate Map [Data Source: allairports.net]
87
Ronald Reagan International Airport
3s2
37 29 31
34
5
T~m
15
Mats LOWI
22
,4
IY 17 102N
22
14
12
11
10
Tnnina A
4
9
F
Figure 64: DCA Airport Gate Map [Data Source: travela.priceline.com]
88