INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR
ISOLATED PULSE STIMULATOR
MODEL 2100
Serial #
Date
A-M Systems, Inc.
PO Box 850
Carlsborg,WA 98324
U.S.A.
360-683-8300 • 800-426-1306
FAX: 360-683-3525
http://www.a-msystems.com
Version 6.0
March 2001
Contents
General Description
Instrument Features
Controls and Connectors
Operating Instructions
Theory of Operation
Calibration Procedures
Inputs
Output Calibration
Specifications
Warranty and Service
«
Each Isolated Pulse Stimulator
Is delivered complete with:
Rack Mount Hardware
Instructions & Maintenance Manual
NOTE
This instrument is not intended for clinical measurements using human
subjects. A-M Systems, Inc. does not assume responsibility for injury or
damage due to the misuse of this instrument
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General Description
,A - M SYSTEMS
HOLATID PUl.»I STIMULATOR MODEL2100
Instrument Features
The Isolated Pulse Stimulator Model 2100 is designed for a wide variety of applications.
It is highly flexible, being capable of delivering single pulses, biphasic pairs, or bursts of
pulses. Pulses may be started manually or upon receiving a trigger signal from another
instrument or computer. Two non-isolated trigger outputs are available for triggering other
instruments.
Four sets of timing controls provide comprehensive control over all aspects of pulse
generation. Three digit accuracy is available over a 7 decade range for each timing
function, using lever wheel switches. Pulse widths can be set over more than a 9 decade
range, from 0.5 fjs to 999 seconds. Timing accuracy is assured through the use of a 10
MHz base rate crystal-controlled clock, digitally divided to provide accurate timing over
the entire range. A timing overlap indicator will light if the timing controls are set
inconsistently
The output may be conveniently switched between current and voltage modes. Pulse and
baseline amplitudes are independently presettable with lockable dials. An error indicator
will light if the /Wocf©/2700cannot deliver the desired signal.
WARNING
The Model 2100 can produce potentially dangerous voltages up to 100 Vat the output
connectors. The isolated output is not connected internally to safety (earth) ground in any way.
Some part of the external circuit should be connected to safety ground. Use caution in
handling any wires, connectors, or electrodes which may be directly or indirectly attached to
the Model 2100 output. Some kinds of connectors such as BNC connectors have exposed
metal parts which may float at dangerous potentials unless externally connected to safety
ground. For greatest safety, turn the Model 2100 off before making any connections to
the instrument.
131 Business Paik Loop, P.O. Box 850 Cattsborg, Wa 98324
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1
Controls and Connectors
The controls for the Model2100 are grouped in three sections: START, controlling when a
pulse or burst of pulses begins; TIMING, controlling the on/off timing of one or more pulses;
and OUTPUT, controlling the amplitude of the output signal.
Start
TRIG SLOPE: This switch determines whether valid triggers
occur at positive or negative edges in the trigger signal.
MODE: This switch controls how waveforms are initiated.
When set to FREE RUN one timing cycle immediately follows
the last. When held in the MANUAL position, a timing cycle
starts immediately. When the switch is in the center position,
timing cycles start when valid triggering events occur.
TRIG'D: This LED lights up when a timing cycle is in process,
and continues until the burst is completed.
TRIG: This BNC connector allows a signal from an external
source to initiate timing cycles. It is set for standard TTL
levels.
GATE: This BNC connector allows a signal from an external source to restrict the final
output signal. This input must be at a logical high (or open-circuited) in order for the
Model2100X0 recognize either manual or automatic trigger events.
"L
Gate
Trigger
|~~^
^
~
^
Valid triggers are represented by the arrows in the figure. Note that the up arrow would
apply only if TRIG SLOPE is set to +; the down arrows would apply only if TRIG SLOPE is set
to-.
NOTE: Triggers have no effect if the system has not completed Its response to a
previous trigger.
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TIMII
Timing
Four sets of controls govern the timing of pulse
generation. Each set contains two values
which are multiplied together to determine the
actual timing value. The rotary knob (rate
selector) provides the approximate timing value
and the lever wheel switch bank (MULTIPLIER)
provides a time resolution of three decimal
digits. The following diagram shows most of the
important relationships.
r
Output
TRAIN
BURST WIDTH
10 ' 1 0 ' '
Duration
Delay
t
|4Period>j
Burst width'
Trigger
event
DELAY: These controls set the time between the initiating trigger event and the beginning
of the pulse burst. If this rate selector is set to NONE or the multiplier is set to o.oo there is
no delay.
BURST WIDTH: These controls set the time period in which one or more pulses may be
delivered. Once started a pulse may outlast the burst width. If this rate selector is set to
SINGLE, or to any time shorter than the pulse duration, only a single pulse will occur. If the
BURST WIDTH is longer than the period, pulses will be emitted at the PERIOD rate until the
burst time ends. Pulses are never truncated by a short BURST WIDTH.
DURATION: These controls set the length of
each pulse. If this rate selector is set to
SQUARE, the duration is set to half of the period,
regardless of the MULTIPLIER setting.
>nds)
INTER-PULSE
PERIOD
PERIOD: These controls set the period of time
between adjacent pulse events within the burst.
It also forces a minimum "dead time" between
recognized input triggers following a burst of
one or more pulses. This can be used to
prevent over stimulation of a tissue without
requiring excessive delay between the triggering event and the stimulating pulse.
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'
OVERLAP
NOTE: If any of these timing controls are changed while a timing cycle is in operation, the
results are undefined until the current cycle finishes.
TIMING OVERLAP: This LED will light to indicate an
inconsistency in the timing cycle settings. There are several
ways to introduce such errors. The most common way is to
set the inter-pulse PERIOD to be less than the pulse DURATION.
T I M I N G (seconds)DTH
TRIG OUT (UPPER): This BNC connector provides a signal
which is coincident with the internal Burst timing signal
(default). This means the signal starts at the end of the Delay
time, and persists until the Burst time expires. This output
may also be set to represent the delay time-out by setting the
internal jumper J510 to the right two pins instead of the left
two pins (Please see the Calibration section in this manual
for jumper location; Directions are given as viewed from the
front of the instrument).
TRIG OUT (LOWER): This BNC connector provides a signal which is coincident with the
Duration timing signal which controls pulse output.
NOTE: Both trigger output signals slightly lead the isolated output signal.
Output
PULSE SIGN: This Switch sets the sign for the
pulses to be generated. It also allows
generation of biphasic pulses, thereby doubling
the effective total period. Warning: the first
pulse generated after changing the PULSE SIGN
switch may have the wrong polarity.
BASELINE: This switch sets the sign for the
baseline signal.
RANGE: This rotary switch allows one of three
current or two voltage ranges to be selected for
the output signal.
BASELINE AMPLITUDE: This value IS
independently set using a ten-turn counting dial. The maximum baseline amplitude is one
tenth the value shown on the range amplitude switch.
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PULSE AMPLITUDE: This value is independently set using a ten-turn counting dial. The
maximum pulse amplitude is the value shown on the range amplitude switch.
EVENT: This LED indicates when a pulse is ongoing.
ERROR: This LED indicates when the internal output amplifier cannot output the pulse as
desired. This is usually due to a short circuit while trying to output a voltage, or an open
circuit while trying to output a current.
The Pulse S/gfn control in the OutputsecWon directly affects waveform timing. When set to
the Biphasic mode, a positive-going pulse is immediately followed by a negative-going
pulse. This effectively doubles the pulse "duration". If a burst of biphasic pulses is being
produced the period must be at least twice the single pulse duration. In the Square wave
mode, the baseline disappears as long as the burst persists.
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1 . . , ^ 131 Business Paik Loop, P.O. Box 850 Cartsborg.Wa 98324
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Operating Instructions
Examples
Simple setup (and minimal instrument test)
Connect the output of the Model 2100 to an oscilloscope. Before connecting the
instrument, it is safest to turn its power off.
Set the Output controls:
Range:
Pulse Sign:
Baseline:
Pulse Amplitude:
10V
+
Zero
2.00
Setting The Timing Controls:
Delay:
Burst Width:
Duration:
Period:
none
single
1.50M0-2
5.00*10-2
Setting The Start Controls:
Mode:
Free Run
Disconnect any cables to the TRIG or GATE inputs.
Note that the green Trig and Evenf indicators turn on as Free Run is turned on (and turn
off otherwise). You should observe a 15ms duration, 20Hz rate pulse, of 2.00V above a
OV baseline on the oscilloscope.
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Demonstration of Burst Mode
Connect the output of the Model 2100 to an oscilloscope. Before connecting the
instrument, it is safest to turn its power off.
Set the Output controls:
Range:
Pulse Sign:
Baseline:
Pulse Amplitude:
Baseline Amplitude
10V
+
2.00
1.00
Setting The Timing Controls:
Delay:
Burst Width:
Duration:
Period:
8.80*10-2
1.20*10-^
1.50*10-2
5.00*10-^
Set the START controls as follows:
Mode:
Free Run
Disconnect any cables to the TRIG or GATE inputs.
Trigger the oscilloscope from the St/rsf trigger out (upper Trig Ouf connector) for a stable
display. In each burst (occurring every lOOms), you should observe a trio of 15ms duration
starting 50ms apart. Try switching the Start/Mode \rom Free Run to the center (normal)
position. The pulses will no longer be produced, and the Trig and Even? indicators will turn
off. Pressing this switch once (to Manual) will cause a single burst to occur.
131 Business PaiV Loop, P.O. Box 850 Cai1sbora,Wa 98324
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Problem Solving
If the instrument appears to be not working properly, check all of the control settings and
connections. Be sure to wait at least 5-10 seconds after turning the instrument off before
turning it on again. The following summary of typical problems for the user (along with the
most common solutions) may help:
Problem
Cause/Solution
EVENT indicator never lights, even in
FREE RUN mode.
• Replace fuse, check power connection
•Set DELAY or PERIOD to a shorter
interval.
• Power-on too soon after power-off.
OVERLAP indicator is on.
Set DURATION >0.00.
DURATION is set to SQUARE, but
PERIOD is 0.00. Increase PERIOD
or set DURATION independantly.
BURST and WIDTH are > DURATION
increase PERIOD or decrease
DURATION.
BIPHASIC pulse output is on and
PERIOD is not longer than twice the
DURATION. Increase PERIOD or
decrease DURATION.
Free-run is on and BURST is < PERIOD
(BURST off), DELAY is 0 and PERIOD is
< DURATION. Add, delay or modify
PERIOD.
Free-run is on and BURST is >
DURATION (BURSTON), and PERIOD
is < DURATION. Increase PERIOD.
For VOLTAGE outputs: the output is
trying to drive too low a resistance or
capacitance (e.g. a short circuit). Check
by disconnecting the output. It is possible
(and normal) that for the fastest cycles
and largest amplitudes (close to 100 V
and 1/7S) that the ERROR indicator might
always come on during repetitive pulses.
Fix output load or decrease amplitude as
required.
ERROR indicator is on.
Time appears to be excessive
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Changed control in mid-cycle, (resets
current status).
131 Business Park Loop. RO. Box 850 CaitsbotftWa 98324
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8
Can't seem to get a full signal out
• Load is not properly connected, repair
wiring.
• Too low a load impedance (VOLTAGE
modes) or too high a load impedance
(CURRENT mode).
Incoming triggers not accepted
frequently enough
• PERIOD is set too long, (enforces "dead
tinrie") followd by BURST set to SIGNAL.
Reduce PERIOD time.
Table 1.0 Problem Solving
If you suspect that the Model 2100 may have completely failed, we recommend checking
the basic level of functionality. If this fails, your instrument is defective and must be
repaired. If this passes, either your experimental setup is incompatible or inconsistent; or
there is a more subtle flaw in your Modei 2100.
If the Model 2100 appears to be malfunctioning, contact A-M Systems, Inc., or your dealer.
We will first attempt to solve the problem over the telephone, so have an exact description
of your problem available when you call. You do not need to be within the warranty period
to obtain over-the-phone assistance.
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Theory of Operation
The operation of the Model 2100 is summarized in the block diagram (see the figure on
Page 11). Not shown are all of the interconnections with the microcontroller. The internal
microcontroler plays an important role in setting the signal path, but does not directly
contribute to the dynamic characteristics. It scans the front panel switches, and sets the
control values for the logic arrays. It programs the internal counters, which along with the
other hardware achieve the necessary sub-microsecond speeds.
All action starts either from an input trigger signal (from Trig In), or from an internal signal
(in free Run mode. only). A Delay timer counts the 10MHz clock until its count value is
exhausted. At this point, the Burst timer starts. Both Period and Duration timers are
started at this time; If the Burst timer has not expired by the end of the Period, the Period
and Duration timers are restarted. If the Biphasic mode has been set, the Duration timer
is restarted at the end of the initial Duration, and the sign of the output pulse is reversed,
doubling the total duration.
The system state (pulse on, pulse sip, baseline sign [+/0/-]) is transmitted to the isolated
section via optoisolator. The baseline and pulse amplitudes are selected by an analog
switch. The resulting signal is amplified by a variable-power-supply discrete operational
amplifier. The amplifier connections and gain is modified to provide two voltage and
three current ranges.
Timing overlap errors are detected by a logical decision computation rather than by
testing for counter collisions. This provides instant feedback, rather than waiting up to an
hour for such a collision to occur. Output errors are measured by sensing the output
amplifier's differential input voltage. Under normal conditions, this is a negligible voltage.
If the amplifier fails to deliver the requested signal the window comparator testing this
voltage sends this message (via optoisolator) to the logic section, turning on a warning
LED.
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Amplitude
(Pulse)
OPTO
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switch
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OUTPUT
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GATE
IN
C
TRIG
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(burst)
TRIG
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(pulse)
Amplitude
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Baseline
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Calibration Procedures
The calibration inten/al is the lesser of 1000 hours of operation or 6 months. Somewhat
greater drift can be expected in the first 100 hours of operation as the semiconductors
age. Adjustments should only be made after the instrument has been fully warmed up for
at least 15 minutes.
Full instrument calibration requires the following test equipment:
digital multimeter (± 0.1 %), able to measure resistance to at least 10OMfl
oscilloscope with at least 50MHz bandwidth
true-rms voltmeter with 4MHz bandwidth
universal counter (± 0.01%), able to measure single pulse widths and periods
resistors (all ± 0.1%): 2kn, lOkO 1 watt, 20ka, 200ka
alligator clip lead sets, banana plugs and BNC adapters
Adjustment, integrated circuit, and test point locations are shown in the following figures.
All adjustments are on the timing board unless otherwise noted.
All voltages in the non-isolated section should be measured with respect to ground at
TP510 unless othenwise stated. Some voltages are measured with respect to an internal
"isolated ground" at TP650, or across the two output terminals. Occasionally the voltage
at an IC pin must be measured; in these cases the reference designator is given, with the
pin number in parentheses: e.g. U602(16). When it states within this procedure that a
voltage is to be minimized, this means that the adjustment should be made such that the
measured voltage is as close to zero volts as possible. Refer to the Specifications
Section of this manual for acceptable tolerances.
The sequence of this procedure is important. If any adjustment is made, all adjustments
which follow must be made to ensure that the specifications will be met. These
procedures require that all controls remain as set in previous steps unless otherwise
indicated.
WARNING
The Model2100 has dangerous voltages throughout the instrument, even with the
power is off. Servicing the Mode/2700 should only be done by
qualified service personnel. Use caution in handling any wires, connectors, or
electrodes which may be directly or indirectly attached to the instrument.
Do not touch exposed connections or components. Disconnect power by
unplugging the power cord from the receptacle.
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131SusinessParkLoop,RO,Box850CaitsborB,Wa98324
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Timing
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U520
U525
U570
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U515
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U530
Timing
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U505
Timing
U500
irt
U540
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Timing
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J510 Timing
Burst Delay
J400
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U535
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RZZ3
R737
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U550
!• U545
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U620 ^
U555
J420
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J440
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P650
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Power supply and bias voltages
Power supply
Controls
POWER: ON
Inputs / Observations
Adjust/Check
Observe voltage at P703 power
supply wire, top of main board
Check for+15 ± 0.50 V
Observe voltage at P701 power
supply wire, top of main board
Check for-15 ± 0.50 V
Observe voltage at U505(24)
Check for +5 ± 0.25 V
Isolated s u p p l y voltage
Controls
RANGE: 10 V
TRIG: open circuit
MODE: center position
Adjust / Check
Inputs / Observations
Alternately observe Vhigh from
R742 to R740, and Vk}w
_ from
the U605(4) to U605(8)
Adjust R773 so that
1 1 0 V < V , . , < 120 V and
high
28V<V^^<34V
Capacitance balance
Controls
Adjust / Check
Inputs / Observations
Connect a x10 oscilloscope
probe to TP650 and ground the
Adjust R737 for minimum
high frequency signal
Inputs
Gate f u n c t i o n
Controls
Adjust/Check
Inputs / Observations
Apply a 1 kHz, 0 - 5 V triangle wave Verify that the voltage
to GATE
switches states at the
Observe voltage at U510(3)
proper input levels
with an oscilloscope
Trigger slope
Controls
Adjust / Check
Inputs / Observations
Apply a 1 kHz, 0 - 5 V triangle wave Verify that the voltage
to TRIG
switches states at the
Observe voltage at U51.0(1)
proper input levels
with an oscilloscope
TRIG SLOPE:-I-
Verify voltage is 180° out
of phase
TRIG SLOPE:-
Verify voltage is in phase
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14
Trigger and gate f u n c t i o n
Controls
Inputs / Observations
DELAY: NONE
BURSTWIDTH: SINGLE
DURATION: SQUARE
PERIOD: 1.00X10-3
Apply a 1 kHz, 0 - 5 V triangle wave
to TRIG
Observe TRiG'oand EVENT L E D S
TRIG: disconnect all
Short the GATE connector to GND
MODE: press to MANUAL
Adjust/Check
Verify LEDs extinguish
Verify LEDs flash once
Timing
System c l o c k f r e q u e n c y
Controls
Inputs / Observations
Observe the frequency of the wave
atU555(17)
Adjust / Check
Verify 1.000 MHz ± 0.01 %
Multipliers (Wheel Switches)
Controls
Inputs / Observations
Observe the pulse width with the
PULSE SIGN:+
counter at the location specified
MODE: FREE RUN
TRIG: disconnect all
below
TIMING MULTIPUERS: all
Wheels set to zero
except the one being tested
TIMING OVERLAP: ignore
Adjust/Check
Verify pulse width is correct
for each wheel as it is
tested independently
For each wheel of each MULTIPLIER, test each position to verify that the pulse
width is correct. Observe the signal at the following locations: DELAY: U520(2);
BURSTWIDTH: U530(2); PERIOD: U540(2); DURATION: U550(2)
Rates (Rotary Switches)
Adjust/Check
Inputs / Observations
Controls
Observe the pulse width with the
TIMING MULTIPUERS: 0.01
TIMING RATES: all rotary
counter at the location specified
switches set to 10-4
below
except the one being tested
Verify pulse width is correct
for each rotary switch as it
is tested independently
For each of the four rotary switches in TIMING, test each position to verify that
the pulse width is correct. Observe the signal at the following locations: DELAY:
U520(2); BURSTWIDTH: U530(2); PERIOD: U540(2); DURATION: U550(2)
131 Business Paik Loop, PO. Box 850 Caiisborg, Wa 98324
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15
Trigger outputs
Controls
Range: 10V
Pulse Amplitude: 5.00
Delay: 1.00x10-2
Burst: 1.00x10-2
Duration: 1.00 xlQ-^
Period: 4.00x10-3
Pulse sign: +
Trig Mode: Free run
Trig in: open
Inputs / Observations
Trigger the oscilloscope to
the Burst Trig Out. Observe it,
the Pulse Trig Out,
and the isolated output.
Adjust/Check
Verify that the waveform
consists of a burst of three
1 ms-on/3ms-off pulses.
The burst trigger should be
synchronous with the burst;
the pulse trigger coincident
with each pulse.
Output Calibration
Isolation Resistance (check)
Controls
Inputs / Observations
Trig Mode: center position
Trig In: open
Measure the resistance between
ground banana jack (front panel)
and black banana jack of output
with DMM
Adjust / Check
Resistance read > 10OMQ
Amplitude Switch Offset (R640)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Baseline: Zero
Trig Mode: center position
Trig In: Open
Measure the voltage at TP645 vs.
TP650 with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R640 (AmpI Sw
Offset) for minimum
voltage.
Output Offset (R332: front panel board)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Baseline: Zero
Range: 10V
Trig Mode: center position
Trig In: Open
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R332 (Output offset)
for minimum voltage.
Positive Baseline Offset (R607)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Baseline Sign: +
Baseline Amplitude:
fully CCW (0.00)
Range: 10V
Trig In: open
Trig Mode: center position
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R602 (BSLN + offset)
for minimum voltage.
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16
Negative Baseline Offset (R619)
Controls
Baseline Sign: Baseline Amplitude:
fully CCW (0.00)
Range: 10V
Trig In: open
Trig Mode: center position
Inputs/Observations
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R619 (BSLN + offset)
for minimum voltage.
Pulse A m p l i t u d e A d j u s t (R602)
Controls
Trig Mode: Free Mode
Pulse Amplitude: 10.00
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =single;
Duration =1.00*1;
Period =0.01*10-4
Pulse Sign: Trig In: open
Range: 10V
Inputs/Observations
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
The Overlap indicator
should be on. Adjust R602
(Max Level) for -10.OOV out.
Pulse Sign Gain (check)
Trig Mode: Free Mode
Pulse Amplitude: 10.00
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =single;
Duration =1.00* Is;
Period =0.01 *10-4s
Trig In: open
Range: 10V
Adjust/Check
Inputs/Observations
Controls
Measure the voltage at the
output with the DMM for the
Pulse Sign at + and - positions
The absolute values of the
voltages should differ by
less than 10OmV.
Baseline Amplitudes (check)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
flange: 100mA
Trig Mode: center position
Baseline Amplitude:
fully CW (10.00)
Trig In: open
Measure the voltage at the
output with the DMM with
Baseline Sign in +, Zero, and
- positions.
Adjust/Check
Gain the matching of current
levels at = and - positions;
and offset current in Zero
position..
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17
Output Range Amplitude and Drive (check)
Controls
Pulse Amplitude: 10.00
Pulse Sign: +
Trig Mode: Free Run
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =single;
Duration =1.00*1;
Period =100*10-4
Trig In: open
Inputs/Observations
Load the output with a 10KV 1W
0.1% resistor. Measure the
voltage at the output with
DMM.
Verify that full scale output is
within specification:
Scale:
Range:
100V
100V
10V
10V
100mA
IV
1mA
10V
10mA
100V
Pulse Sign a n d Short Circuit Protection (check)
Controls
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =single:
Duration =2.00*; 10-4
Period =0.01*10-3
Baseline: Zero
Pulse Amplitude; 2.5
Range: 10V
Trig Mode: Free Run
Trig In: open
Adjust/Check
Inputs/Observations
Measure the voltage at the output
with the oscilloscope. Check for
Pulse Sign set to each of: +, -,
biphasic. Watch for Error
indicator when shorting the
output.
Verify that pulses of approx.
2.5V amplitude (62.5V for
biphasic mode) of the
correct sign are produced
every 10ms. Short output
in biphasic mode. Output
should return when opened.
Output Transient Response (check)
Inputs/Observations
Controls
Pulse Sign: +
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst: =single;
Duration =2.00*10-4;
Period =0.01*10-3
Pulse Amplitude: 2.50
Baseline: Zero
Trig Mode: Free Mode
Trig In: open
Connect the oscilloscope to
the output with a 310
attenuator probe. Test
both 10V and 10OV ranges.
Adjust/Check
Verify that overshoot
and risetime meet
specifications.
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18
Specifications
There are three classes of specifications. Class A specifications tested in all units, and
are guaranteed. Class B specifications are inherent in the design; they are indirectly
tested, and are guaranteed. Class C specifications are typical operating values which
are occasionally tested-, these are typical values, given for your information but not guaranteed. The class for each specification is noted in the center column of the following
sections.
Inputs
Switching level
A
1.6 V (± 0.2 V)
Hysteresis
C
approx. 50 mV
Input equivalent circuit
C
lOOKfl to-1-5 in parallel
with no more than 35pF
Minimum duration
(TTL-level signal)
C
>50ns.
Open circuit condition
B
defaults to high/on level
Timing and rate accuracy
Rate selector steps
B
100//S to 100s in 7 steps
Timing multiplier steps
B
1 % of rate selector step
size. Maximum value is
9.99 X the rate selector
step size
Resolution
B
approx. 0.1% of the maximum
value
Timing error (second and later
pulses after resetting controls)
B
< 0.02% of rate selector value +
0.15//S
Timing error (first pulse after
readjusting timing controls)
an additional 0.25//s error may
occur
Timing repeatability
< 0.01% settings-20 ns
(mbnophasic)
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19
TRIG IN to OUTPUT delay
(DELAY set to 0), output set to
2V
approx. 0.5 ps for a load of no
more than 10 Kft in parallel with
50 pF
Timing jitter from TRIG IN to
OUTPUT (for TTL trigger input
with risetime <10 ns)
< 125 ns (all rates except 100s)
<1.25/ys (100s rate)
Timing jitter from TRIG OUT
(either BURST or PULSE) and
OUTPUT
Less than 20 ns (all rates)
Trigger output to pulse output
delay
approx. 350 ns
Output characteristics
Pulse level error (voltage mode:
open circuit; current mode: short
circuit
< 0.3% of setting -i- 0.5% of r
range (plus an additional 0.5/vA
in 100 ywA range)
< 0.3% of range (voltage
modes: into open circuit;
current modes :into short circuit)
Biphasic level difference
IV-H-i-V-l/2
Baseline level error (voltage mode:
open circuit; current mode: short
circuit)
A
< 0.3% of setting of setting
-I- 0.1 % of range (plus an
additional 0.5 pA in 100//A
range)
Risetime (2.5 V out)
A
= 200 ns into less than 30 pF
Risetime (25 V out)
A
= 1.5 yws into less than 30 pF
Transient response
A
< 8% overshoot into less than
30 pF for pulse voltages
different than baseline voltage
by at least 10% of range
Output impedance (voltage mode)
C
= 50 ohms
Output impedance (current mode)
C
» 1 0 G a (typically 200 GD)
Isolation resistance
A
»100Mn
Isolation capacitance
C
= 60 pF at 100 Hz
BB
A- I V l
f^
_ M.
1 . ^ . ^ 131 Business Paik Loop, RO.BOx850Cai1sOorg,WaW3Z4
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20
Noise (differential mode)
= 1 mV rms (10 V scale;
10 Hz-4 MHz)
Noise (common mode: earth to
isolated ground) with no signal
output
- 8 mV rms (10 Hz-4 MHz);
=«100mVp-p
(200 Hz -10 MHz), measured
withalOMn, 15pF
oscilloscope probe
Overload error indicator (low
frequency, short circuited voltage
mode)
Turns on for set amplitude at or
greater than approx. ±1 V (10 V
range); or ±2 V (100 V range)
Overload error indicator low
frequency, open circuited current
mode)
Turns on for set amplitude at or
above approx. 2% of range
Overload error response time
Flat to approx. 30 ps duration
Decreasing sensitivity for
shorter pulses
Miscellaneous
Power
approx. 11 watts
Fuse
1 amp 3 AG
Operating temperature range
10-30°C
Storage temperature range
0 - 50° C
Operating humidity
5 - 80% RH
Dimensions
17x4.75x11.25 (inches)
43.2x12.1x28.6 cm
Weight
20 lbs (9 kg)
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A-M Systems, Inc.
21
Warranty and Service
What does this warranty cover?
A-f^ Systems, Inc. warrants to the Purchaser that the Instrument, excluding cables, Headstage Probes
and any other accessories shipped with the Instrument, (hereafter the "hardware") is free from defects in
workmanship or material under normal use and service for the period of one (1) year. This warranty
commences on the date of delivery of the hardware to the Purchaser.
What are the obligations of A-M Systems, Inc. under this warranty?
During the warranty period, A-M Systems, Inc. agrees to repair or replace, at its sole option, without
charge to the Purchaser, any defective component part of the hardware. To obtain warranty service, the
Purchaser must return the hardware to A-l^ Systems, Inc. or an authorized A-M Systems, Inc. distributor
in an adequate shipping container. Any postage, shipping and insurance charges incurred in shipping the
hardware to A-M Systems, Inc. must be prepaid by the Purchaser and allriskfor the hardware shall remain
with purchaser until such time as A-M Systems, Inc. takes receipt of the hardware. Upon receipt, A-M
Systems, Inc. will promptly repair or replace the defective unit, and then return the hardware to the
Purchaser, postage, shipping, and insurance prepaid. A-M Systems, Inc. may use reconditioned or like
new parts or units at its sole option, when repairing any hardware. Repaired products shall carry the same
amount of outstanding warranty as from original purchase, or ninety (90) days which ever is greater. Any
claim under the warranty must include a dated proof of purchase of the hardware covered by this warranty.
In any event, A-M Systems, Inc. liability for defective hardware is limited to repairing or replacing the
hardware.
What is not covered by this warranty?
This warranty is contingent upon proper use and maintenance of the hardware by the Purchaser and does
not cover batteries. Neglect, misuse whether intentional or othen/vise, tampering with or altering the
hardware, damage caused by accident, damage caused by unusual physical, electrical, chemical, or
electromechanical stress, damage caused by failure of electrical power, or damage caused during
transportation are not covered by this warranty. Products may not be returned to A-M Systems, Inc.
for service, whether under warranty or otherwise, which are contaminated by Infectious agents,
radioactive compounds or other materials constituting a health hazard to employees of A-M
Systems, Inc.
What are the limits of liability for A-M Systems, Inc. under this warranty?
A-M Systems, Inc. shall not be liable for loss of data, profits or savings, or any special, incidental,
consequential, indirect or other similar damages arising from breach of contract, negligence, or other legal
action even if the company or its agent has been advised of the possibility of such damages, or for any
claim brought against you by another party. THIS EQUIPMENT IS NOT INTENDED FOR CLINICAL
MEASUREMENTS USING HUMAN SUBJECTS. A-M SYSTEMS, INC. DOES NOT ASSUME
RESPONSIBILITY FOR INJURY OR DAMAGE DUE TO MISUSE OF THIS EQUIPMENT. Jurisdictions
vary with regard to the enforceability of provisions excluding or limiting liability for incidental or
consequential damages. Check the provision of your local jurisdiction to find out whether the above
exclusion applies to you.
This warranty allocatesrisksof product failure between the Purchaser and A-M Systems, Inc. A-M
Systems, Inc. hardware pricing reflects this allocation of ris1< and the limitations of liability contained in this
warranty. The warranty set forth above is in lieu of all other express warranties, whether oral or written.
The agents, employees, distributors, and dealers of A-M Systems, Inc. are not authorized to make
modifications to this warranty, or additional warranties binding on the company. Accordingly, additional
statements such as dealer advertising or presentations, whether oral or written, do not constitute
warranties by A-M Systems, Inc. and should not be relied upon. This warranty gives you specific legal
rights. You may also have other rights which vary from one jurisdiction to another.
B B
A- | V |
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mwal
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR
ISOLATED PULSE STIMULATOR
MODEL 2100
Serial #
Date
A-M Systems, Inc.
PO Box 850
Carisborg, WA 98324
U.S.A.
360-683-8300 • 800-426-1306
FAX: 360-683-3525
http://www.a-m8y8tems.com
Version 5.0
May 1998
Contents
General Description
Instrument Features
Controls and Connectors
Operating Instructions
Theory of Operation
Calibration Procedures
Inputs
Output Calibration
Specifications
Warranty and Service
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Each Isolated Pulse Stimulator
Is delivered complete with:
Rack Mount Hardware
Instructions & Maintenance Manual
NOTE
This instrument is not intended for clinical measurements using human
subjects. A-M Systems, Inc. does not assume msponsibility for injury or
damage due to the misuse of this instrument.
1
1
2
6
10
12
14
16
19
22
General
•
ion
M^'
Instrument Features
The Isolated Pulse Stimulator Model 2100 Is designed for a wide variety of applications.
It is highly flexible, being capable of delivering single pulses, biphasic pairs, or bursts of
pulses. Pulses may be started manually or upon receiving a trigger signal from another
instrument or computer. Two non-isolated trigger outputs are available for triggering other
instruments.
Four sets of timing controls provide comprehensive control over all aspects of pulse
generation. Three digit accuracy is available over a 7 decade range for each timing
function, using lever wheel switches. Pulse wkiths can be set over more than a 9 decade
range, from 0.5 [is to 999 seconds. Timing accuracy is assured through the use of a 10
MHz base rate crystal-controlled clock, digitally divided to provide accurate timing over
the entire range. A timing overiap indicator will light if the timing controls are set
Inconsistently.
The output may be conveniently switched between cun-ent and voltage modes. Pulse and
baseline amplitudes are independently presettable with lockable dials. An error indicator
will light if the Model 2100 cannoi deliver the desired signal.
WARNING
The Model 2100 can produce potentially dangemus voltages up to 100 V et the output *
connectors. The isolated output is not connected internally to safety (earth) ground in ahy way.
Some part of the extemal circuit should be connected to safety gmund. Use caution in
handling any wires, connectors, or electrodes which may be directly or indirectly attached to
the Model 2100 output Some l<inds of connectors such as BNC connectors have exposed
metal parts which may float at dangemus potentials unless extemally connected to safety
gmund. For greatest safety, tum the Model 2100 off before making any connections to
the Instrument
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Controls and Connectors
The controls for the Model 2100 are grouped in three sections: START, controlling when a
pulse or burst of pulses begins; TIMING, controlling the on/off timing of one or more pulses;
and otJTPliT, controlling the amplitude of the output signal.
Start
TRIG SLOPE: This switch determines whether valid triggers
occur at positive or negative edges in the trigger signal.
MODE: This switch controls how wavefomris are initiated.
When set to FREE RUN one timing cycle immediately follows
the last. When held in the MANUAL position, a timing cycle
starts immediately. When the switch is in the center position,
timing cycles start when valid triggering events occur.
TRIG'D: This LED lights up when a timing cycle is in process,
and continues until the burst is completed.
TRIG: This BNC connector allows a signal from an extemal
source to initiate timing cycles. It is set for standard TTL
levels.
GATE: This BNC connector allows a signal from an extemal source to restrict the final
output signal. This input must be at a logical high (or open-circuited) in order for the
Model 2100 to recognize either manual or automatic trigger events.
1_
Gate
Trigger
[~^
i
I
Valid triggers are represented by the arrows in the figure. Note that the up arrow would
apply only if TRIG SLOPE is set to +; the down anrows would apply only if TRIG SLOPE is set
to-.
NOTE: Triggers have no effect if the system has not completed its response to a
previous trigger
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Timing
Four sets of controls govem the timing of pulse
generation. Each set contains two values
which are multiplied together to detennine the
actual timing value. The rotary knob (rate
selector) provides the approximate timing value
and the lever wheel switch bank (MULTIPLIER)
provkles a time resolution of three decimal
digits. The following diagram shows most of the
important relationships.
r
Output
Delay
n
t
-^
Duration
-^
\<-
Pnfe-tRAIM
IBELAV
BURST W I O t H
i6Mo«
|4Period>|
FLJI
Burst width
Trigger
event
DELAY: These controls set the time between the initiating trigger event and the beginning
of the pulse burst. If this rate selector is set to NONE or the multiplier is set to o.oo there is
no delay
BURSTWIDTH: These controls set the time period in which one or more pulses may be
delivered. Once started a pulse may outlast the burst width. If this rate selector is set to
SINGLE, or to any time shorter than the pulse duration, only a single pulse will occur. If the
BURSTWIDTH is longer than the period, pulses will be emitted at the PERIOD rate until the
burst time ends. Pulses are never truncated by a short BURST WIDTH.
DURATION: These controls set the length of
each pulse. If this rate selector is set to
SQUARE, the duration is set to half of the period,
regardless of the MULTIPLIER setting.
iNT£A-PULSiE
PBRiOb
TlMtNQ
OVERLAP
PERIOD: These controls set the period of time
mLiH\MPi
between adjacent pulse events within the burst.
It also forces a minimum "dead time" between
'V'"'V'""tJ'
recognized input triggers following a burst of
jiwaa. lasm n « i « . . u
one or more pulses. This can be used to
prevent over stimulation of a tissue without
requiring excessive delay between the triggering event and the stimulating pulse.
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NOTE: If any of these timing controls are changed while a timing cycle is in operation, the
results are undefined until the cunent cycle flnishes.
TIMING OVERLAP: This LED will light to indicate an
Inconsistency in the timing cycle settings. There are several
ways to Introduce such errors. The most common way is to
set the inter-pulse PERIOD to be less than the pulse DURATION.
TRIG OUT (UPPER): This BNC connector provides a signal
which is coinckient with the intemal Burst timing signal
(default). This means the signal starts at the end of the Delay
time, and persists until the Burst time expires. This output
may also be set to represent the delay time-out by setting the
internal jumper J510 to the left two pins Instead of the right
two pins (Please see the Calibration section in this manual
for jumper location; Directions are given as viewed from the
fix)nt of the instrument).
TRIG OUT (LOWER): This BNC connector provides a signal which is coincident with the
Duration timing signal which controls pulse output.
NOTE: Both trigger output signals slightly lead the isolated output signal.
Output
PULSE SIGN: This Switch sets the sign for the
pulses to be generated. It also allows
generation of biphasic pulses, thereby doubling
the effective total period. Warning: the first
pulse genemted after changing the PULSE SIGN
sv\ntch may have the wmng polarity.
BASELINE: This switch sets the sign for the
baseline signal.
RANGE: This rotary switch allows one of three
current or two voltage ranges to be selected for
the output signal.
BASELINE AMPLITUDE: This counting dial are
independently set using ten-minute counting dials, with the baseline having one tenth the
range of the pulse amplitude..
131 Buskiess Partt Loop, P.O. BoK 8S0 Cailsbarg, Wa 96324
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PULSE AMPLITUDE: This counting dial
EVENTS This LED indicates when a pulse is ongoing.
ERROR: This LED indicates when the intemal output amplifier cannot output the pulse as
desired. This is usually due to a short circuit while trying to output a voltage, or an open
circuit while trying to output a current.
One control from the Ot/^uf section directly affects wavefonn timing the Pulse Sign
control When set to the Biphasic mode, a positive-going pulse is Immediately followed by
a negative-going pulse. This effectively doubles the pulse "duration". If a burst of biphasic
pulses is being produced the period must be at least twice the single pulse duration. In
the Sgt/an? wave mode, the baseline disappears as long as the burst persists.
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Operating Instructions
Examples
Simple setup (and minimal Instrument tost)
Connect the output of the Model 2100 to an oscilloscope. Before connecting the
instrument, it is safest to turn its power off.
Set the Ou^uf controls:
10V
Range:
Pulse Sign:
Baseline:
Pulse Amplitude:
+
Zero
2.00
Setting The Timing Controls:
Delay:
Burst Width:
Duratbn:
Period:
none
single
1.50*10-2
5.00*102
Setting The Start Controls:
Free Run
Mode:
Disconnect any cables to the TRIG or GATE Inputs.
Note that the green Trig and Event Indicators tum on as Free Run is turned on (and tum
off othenwise). You should observe a 15ms duration, 20Hz rate pulse, of 2.00V above a
OV baseline on the oscilloscope.
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6
Demonstration of Burst Mode
Connect the output of the Model 2100 to an oscilloscope. Before connecting the
instrument, it is safest to tum Its power off.
Set the Output controls:
Range:
Pulse Sign:
Baseline:
Pulse Amplitude:
Baseline Amplitude
10V
+
2.00
1.00
Setting The Timing Controls:
Delay:
8.80
1.20
1.50
5.00
Burst Width:
Duration:
*102
*102
*102
*102
Period:
Set the START controls as follows:
Free Run
Mode:
Disconnect any cables to the TRIG or GATE inputs.
Trigger the oscilloscope from the Burst trigger out (upper Tr^ Out connector) for a stable
display. In each burst (occum'ng every lOOms), you should observe a trio of 15ms duration
starting 50ms apart. Try switching the Start/Mode from Free Run to the center (nomnal)
position. The pulses will no longer be produced, and the Trig and Event indicators will turn
off. Pressing this switch once (to Manual) will cause a single burst to occur.
fleaff
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Problem SoMng
If the Instrument appears to be not worthing properiy, check all of the control settings and
connections. Be sure to wait at least 5-10 seconds after turning the Instrument off before
tuming it on again. The following t6ef summary of typical problems for the user (along with
the most common solutions) may help:
Problem
Cause/Solution
EVENT indicator never lights, even in
FREE RUN mode.
• Replace fuse, check power connection
•Set DELAY or PERIOD to a shorter
interval.
• Power-on too soon after power-off.
OVERLAP Indicator is on.
•Set DURATION >0.00.
• DURATION is set to SQUARE, but
PERIOD is 0.00. Increase PERIOD
or set DURATION independantly
• BURST and WIDTH are > DURATION
increase PERIOD or decrease
DURATION.
• BIPHASIC pulse output is on and
PERIOD is not longer than twice the
DURATION. Increase PERIOD or
decrease DURATION.
• Free-run is on and BURST Is < PERIOD
(BURST off), DELAY is 0 and PERIOD is
< DURATION. Add, delay or modify
PERIOD.
• Free-mn is on and BURST is >
DURATION (BURST ON), and PERIOD
is < DURATION. Increase PERIOD.
• For VOLTAGE outputs: the output Is
trying to drive too low a resistance or
capacitance (e.g. a short circuit). Check
by disconnecting the output. It is possible
(and normal) that for the fastest cycles
and largest amplitudes (close to 100 V
and 1 MS) that the ERROR Indicator might
always come on during repetitive pulses.
Fix output load or decrease amplitude as
required.
ERROR indicator is on.
Time appears to be excessive
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• Changed control in mid-cycle, (resets
cunent status).
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Can't seem to get a full signal out
• Load is not properiy connected, repair
wiring.
• Too low a load impedance (VOLTAGE
modes) or too high a load impedance
(CURRENT mode).
Incoming triggers not accepted
frequently enough
• PERIOD is set too long, (enforces "dead
time") followd by BURST set to SIGNAL.
Reduce PERIOD time.
Table 1.0 Problem Solving
If you suspect that the Model 2100 may have completely failed, we recommend checking
the basic level of functionality. If this fails, your instrument is defective and must be
repaired If this passes, either your experimental setup is incompatible or inconsistent; or
there is a more subtle flaw in your Model 2100.
If the Model 2100 appears to be malfunctioning, contact A-M Systems, Inc., or your dealer.
Telephone numt>ers for A-M Systems, Inc., listed on the front cover of this manual We will
first attempt to solve the problem over the telephone, so have an exact description of your
problem available when you call You do not need to be within the warranty period to obtain
over-the-phone assistance.
A
^M
V . - — A d B ^ K M
I ^ M
131
Business Parfc Loop, P.O. Box 650 Cartsborg, VM9 0S324
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9
Theory of Operation
The operation of the Model 2100 is summarized In the block diagram (see Fig. 3). Not
shown are all of the interconnections with the microcontroller. The intemal microcontroler
plays an important role in setting the signal path, but does not directly
contribute to the dynamic characteristics. It scans the front panel switches, and sets the
control values for the logic arays. It programs the intemal counters, which along with the
other hardware achieve the necessary sub-microsecond speeds.
All action starts either from an input trigger signal (from Trig In), or from an intemal signal
(in free Run mode. only). A Delay timer counts the 10MHz clock until its count value Is
exhausted. At this point, the Burst timer starts. Both Period and Duration timers are
started at this time. If the Burst timer has not expired by the end of the Period, the Period
and Duration timers are restarted. If the Biphasic mode has been set, the Duration timer
is restarted at the end of the initial Duration, and the sign of the output pulse Is reversed,
doubling the total duration.
The system state (pulse on, pulse sip, baseline sign [+101-]) is transmitted to the isolated
section via optoisolator. The baseline and pulse amplitudes are selected by an analog
switch. The resulting signal is amplified by a variable-power-supply discrete operational
amplifier. The amplifier connections and gain is modified to provide two voltage and
three cunent ranges.
Timing overlap errors are detected by a logical decision computation rather than by
testing for counter collisions. This provides instant feedback, rather than waiting up to an
hour for such a collision to occur. Output errors are measured by sensing the output
amplifier's differential input voltage. Under normal conditions, this is a negligible voltage,
if the amplifier fails to deliver the requested signal the window comparator testing this
voltage sends this message (via optoisolator) to the logic section, turning on a warning
LED.
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Calibration Procedures
The calibration interval is the lesser of 1000 hours of operation or 6 months. Somewhat
greater drift can be expected in the first 100 hours of operation as the semiconductors
age. Adjustments should only be made after the instrument has been fully warmed up for
at least 15 minutes.
Full instrument calibration requires the following test equipment:
digital multimeter (± 0.1%), able to measure resistance to at least lOOMfl
oscilloscope with at least 50MHz bandwidth
true-rms voltmeter with 4MHz bandwidth
universal counter (± 0.01 %), able to measure single pulse widths and periods
resistors (all ± 0.1%): 2kn, lOkH 1 waft, 20kn, 200kn
alligator clip lead sets, banana plugs and BNC adapters
Adjustment, integrated circuit, and test point locations are shown in the following figures.
All adjustments are on the timing board unless otherwise noted.
All voltages in the non-isolated section should be measured withrespectto ground at
TP510 unless othenvise stated. Some voltages are measured with respect to an intemal
"isolated ground" at TP650, or across the two output tenninals. Occasionally the voltage
at an IC pin must be measured; In these cases the reference designator is given, with the
pin number in parentheses: e.g. U602(16). When it states within this procedure that a
voltage is to be minimized, this means that the adjustment should be made such that the
measured voltage is as close to zero volts as possible. Refer to the Specifications
Section of this manual for acceptable tolerances.
The sequence of this procedure is Important. If any adjustment is made, all adjustments
which follow must be made to ensure that the specifications will be met. These
procedures require that all controls remain as set in previous steps unless otherwise
indicated.
WARNING
The Model 2100 has dangerous voltages throughout the instrument, even with the
power is off. Servicing the Model 2100 should only be done by
qualified service personnel. Use caution in handling any wires, connectors, or
electrodes which may be directly or indirectly attached to the Instrument.
Do not touch exposed connections or components. Disconnect power by
unplugging the power cord from the receptacle.
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Power supply and bias voltages
Power s u p p l y
Controls
POWER: ON
Inputs / Observations
Adjust / Check
Observe voltage at P703 power
supply wire, top of main board
Check for+15 ± 0.50 V
Observe voltage at P701 power
supply wire, top of main board
Check for-15 ± 0.50 V
Observe voltage at U505(24)
Check for+5 ± 0.25 V
Isolated s u p p l y voltage
Controls
RANGE: 10 V
TRIG: open circuit
MODE: center position
Adjust / Check
Inputs / Observations
Altemately observe V,^ from
R742 to R740, and V ^ from
the U605(4) to U605(8)
Adjust R773 so that
1 1 0 V < V ^ < 120 V and
nign
28V<V^<34V
Capacitance balance
Controls
Adjust/Check
Inputs / Observations
Connect a x10 oscilloscope
probe to TP650 and ground the
Adjust R737 for minimum
high frequency signal
Inputs
Gate f u n c t i o n
Controls
Adjust/Check
Inputs / Observations
Apply a 1 kHz, 0 - 5 V triangle wave Verify that the voltage
to GATE
switches states at the
Obsen/e voltage at U51G(3)
proper input levels
with an oscilloscope
^ ^
Trigger slope
Controls
Adjust / Check
Inputs / Observations
Apply a 1 kHz, 0 - 5 V triangle wave Verify that the voltage
to TRIO
switches states at the
Observe voltage at US 10( 1)
proper input levels
with an oscilloscope
TRIG SLOPE: +
Verify voltage is 180** out
of phase
TRIG SLOPE:
Verify voltage is in phase
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14
Trigger a n d gate f u n c t i o n
Controls
Inputs / Observations
DELA\^NONE
BURS1WII3TH: SINGLE
DURATION: SQUARE
PERIOD: 1.00X10-3
Apply a 1 kHz, 0 - 5 V triangle wave
to TRIG
Obsen^e TRIO'D and EVENT L E D S
TRIG: disconnect all
Short the GATE connector to GND
MODE: press to MANUAL
Adjust / Check
Verify LEDs extinguish
Verify LEDs flash once
Timing
System c l o c k frequency
Controls
Adjust/Check
Inputs / Observations
Observe the frequency of the wave Verify 1.000 MHz ±0.01%
atU555(17)
Multipliers (Wheel Switches)
Controls
PULSE SIGN: +
MODE: FREE RUN
TRIG: disconnect all
TIMING MULTIPUERS: ail
wheels set to zero
except the one being tested
TnmiNG OVERLAP: ^nOTB
Adjust/Check
Inputs / Observations
Observe the pulse width with the
counter at the location specified
below
Verify pulse width Is correct
for each wheel as it is
tested Independently
For each wheel of each MULTIPUER, test each position to verify that the pulse
width is correct. Observe the signal at the following locations: DELAY: U520(2);
BURSTWIDTH: U530(2); PERIOD: US40(2); DURATION: U550(2)
Rates (Rotary Switches)
Controls
Adjust/Check
Inputs / Observations
Observe the pulse width with the
TIMING MULTIPUERS: 0.01
counter at the location specified
TIMING RATES: all rotary
below
switches set to 10-4
except the one being tested
Verify pulse width is conect
for each rotary switch as it
is tested independently
For each of the four rotary switches in TIMING, test each position to verify that
the pulse wkJth is correct. Observe the signal at the following locations: DELAY:
U520(2); BURSTWIDTH: U530(2); PERIOD: U540(2); DURATION: U550(2)
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15
Trigger outputs
Controls
Inputs / Observations
Range: 10V
Pulse Amplitude: 5.00
Delay: 1.00x10*
Burst: 1.00x10^2
Duration: 1.00 x 1 a '
Period: 4.00x10^
Pulse sign: +
Trig Mode: Free run
Trig in: open
Trigger the oscilloscope to
the Burst Trig Out. Observe it,
the Pulse Trig Out,
and the isolated output.
Adjust / Check
Verify that the waveform
consists of a burst of three
1ms-on/3ms-off pulses.
The burst trigger should be
synchronous with the burst;
the pulse trigger coincident
with each pulse.
Output Calibration
Isolation Resistance (check)
Controls
Inputs / Observations
Trig Mode: center position
Trig In: open
Measure the resistance between
ground banana jack (front panel)
and black banana jack of output
with DMM
Adjust/Check
Resistance read > 100MQ
Amplitude Switch Offset (R640)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Baseline: Zero
Trig Mode: center position
Trig In: Open
Measure the voltage at TP645 vs.
TP650 with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R640 (AmpI Sw
Offset) for minimum
voltage.
Output Offset (R332: front panel board)
Controls
I nputs/Observatlons
Baseline: Zero
Range: 10V
Trig Mode: center position
Trig In: Open
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R332 (Output offset)
for minimum voltage.
Positive Baseline Offset (R607)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Baseline Sign: +
Baseline Amplitude:
fully CCW (0.00)
Range: 10V
Trig In: open
Trig Mode: center position
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fl • P I
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
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Adjust/Check
Adjust R602 (BSLN + offset)
for minimum voltage.
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Negative Baseline Offset (R619)
Controls
i
\
, •
Baseline Sign: Baseline Amplitude:
fully CCW (0.00)
Range: 10V
Trig In: open
Trig Mode: center position
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R619 (BSLN 4 offset)
for minimum voltage.
Pulse Amplitude Adjust (R602)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Trig Mode: Free Mode
Pulse Amplitude: 10.00
Timing: Dialay =none;
Burst =single;
Duration =1.00*1;
Period =0.01*10-4
Pulse Sign: Trig In: open
Range: 10V
Pulse Sign Gain (check)
Controls
Trig Mode: Free Mode
Pulse Amplitude: 10.00
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =single;
Duration =1.00*1 s;
Period =0.01*10-4s
Trig In: open
Range: 10V
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
The Overiap indicator
should be on. Adjust R602
(Max Level) for -10.00V out.
Inputs/Observations
Measure the voltage at the
output with the DMM for the
Pulse Sign at -*- and - positions
Adjust/Check
The absolute values of the
voltages should differ by
less than lOOmV.
Baseline Amplitudes (check)
Inputs/Observations
Controls
Range: 100mA
Trig Mode: center position
Baseline Amplitude:
fully CW (10.00)
Trig In: open
Measure the voltage at the
output with the DMM with
Baseline Sign in +, Zero, and
- positions.
Gain the matching of current
levels at = and - positions;
and offset current in Zero
position..
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Adjust/Check
17
Output Range Amplitude and Drive (check)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Pulse Amplitude: 10.00
Pulse Sign: +
Trig Mode: Free Run
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =8ingle;
Duration =1.00*1;
Period =100*10-4
Trig In: open
Load the output with a 10KV1W
0.1% resistor. Measure the
voltage at the output with
DMM.
Adjust/Check
Verify that full scale output is
within specification:
Scale:
Range:
100V
100V
10V
10V
100mA
IV
1mA
10V
10mA
100V
Pulse Sign and Short Circuit Protection (check)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =8ingle:
Duration =2.00*; 10-4
Period =0.01*10-3
Baseline: Zero
Pulse Amplitude: 2.5
Range: 10V
Trig Mode: Free Run
Trig In: open
Measure the voltage at the output
with the oscilloscope. Check for
Pulse Sign set to each of: +, -,
biphasic. Watch for Error
indicator when shorting the
output.
Adjust/Check
Verify that pulses of approx.
2.5V amplitude (62.5V for
biphasic mode) of the
correct sign are produced
every 10ms. Short output
in biphasic mode. Output
should retum when opened.
Output Transient Response (check)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Pulse Sign: +
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst: =single;
Duration =2.00*10-4;
Period =0.01*10-3
Pulse Amplitude: 2.50
Baseline: Zero
Trig Mode: Free Mode
Trig In: open
Connect the oscilloscope to
the output with a 310
attenuator prolse. Test
boVn 10V and 100V ranges.
Adjust/Check
Verify that overshoot
andrisetimemeet
specifications.
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18
Specifications
There are three classes of specifications. Class A specifications tested in all unHs, and
are guaranteed. Class B specifications are inherent in the design; they are indirectly
tested, and are guaranteed. Class C specifications are typical operating values which
are occasionally tested-, these are typical values, given for your infomiation but not guaranteed. The class for each specification is noted in the center column of the following
sections.
Inputs
Switching level
A
1.6V(±0.2V)
Hysteresis
C
approx. 50 mV
Input equivalent circuit
C
100K ft to+5 In parallel
with no more than 35pF
Minimum duration
(1 IL-level signal)
C
> 50 ns.
Open circuit condition
B
defaults to high/on level
Timing and rate accuracy
Rate selector steps
B
lOOps to 100s In 7 steps
Timing multiplier steps
B
1 % of rate selector step
size. Maximum value is
9.99 x the rate selector
step size
Resolution
B
approx. 0.1 % of the maximum
value
Timing eror (second and later
pulses after resetting controls)
B
< 0.02% of rate selector value +
0.15 ps
Timing error (first pulse after
readjustingtimingcontrols)
an additional 0.25 ps error may
occur
Timing repeatability
< 0.01 % setting + 20 ns
(monophasic)
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TRIG IN to OUTPUT delay
(DELAY set to 0), output set to
2V
approx. 0.5 ps for a load of no
more than 10 Kft in parallel with
50 pF
Timing jitterft-omTRIG IN to
OUTPUT (for TTL trigger input
withrisetime<10 ns)
< 125 ns (all rates except 100s)
< 1.25 ps (100s rate)
Timing jitterft^omTRIG OUT
(either BURST or PULSE) and
OUTPUT
Less than 20 ns (all rates)
Trigger output to pulse output
delay
approx. 350 ns
Output charactsristics
Pulse level enror (voltage mode:
open circuit; cun-ent mode: short
circuit
< 0.3% of setting + 0.5% of r
range (plus an additional 0.5 pA
inlOOpArenge)
< 0.3% of range (voltage
modes: into open circuit;
current modes :into short circuit)
Biphasic level difference
|V + + V-|/2
Baseline level error (voltage mode:
open circuit; current mode: short
circuit)
A
< 0.3% of setting of setting
+ 0.1 % of range (plus an
additional 0.5 pA in lOOpA
range)
Risetime (2.5 V out)
A
« 200 ns into less than 30 pF
Risetime (25 V out)
A
«1.5 ps into less than 30 pF
Transient response
A
< 8% overshoot Into less than
30 pF for pulse voltages
different than baseline voltage
by at least 10% of range
Output impedance (voltage mode)
C
« 50 ohms
Output impedance (current mode)
C
» 1 0 Gft (typically 200 Gft)
Isolation
A
»100Mft
C
« 60 pF at 100 Hz
resistance
Isolation capacitance
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Noise (differential mode)
«1 mV rms (10 V scale;
10Hz-4MHz)
Noise (common mode: earth to
isolated ground) with no signal
output
« 8 mV rms (10 Hz-4 MHz);
«100mVp-p
(200 Hz -10 MHz), measured
withalOMft, 15pF
oscilloscope probe
Overioad error indicator (low
frequency, short circuited voltage
mode)
Turns on for set amplitude at or
greater than approx. ±1V (10 V
range); or ±2 V (100 V range)
Overioad error indicator low
frequency, open circuited current
mode)
Turns on for set amplitude at or
above approx. 2% of range
Overioad en'or response time
Flat to approx. 30 ps duration
Decreasing sensitivity for
shorter pulses
Miscellaneous
fl
Power
approx. 11 watts
Fuse
1 amp 3 AG
Operating temperature range
10-30''C
Storage temperature range
0 - 50° C
Operating humidity
5-80%RH
Dimensions
17x4.75x11.25 (Inches)
43.2x12.1x28.6 cm
Weight
20 lbs (9 kg)
m.m
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21
Warranty and Service
What does this warranty cover?
A-M Systems, Inc. warrants to the Purchaser that the Instrument, excluding cables, Headstage Probes
and any other accessories shipped with the Instrument, (hereafter the "hardware") is free from defects in
workmanship or material under normal use and service for the period of one (1) year. This warranty
commences on the date of delivery of the hardware to the Purchaser.
What are the obligations of A-M Systems, Inc. under this warranty?
During the warranty period, A-M Systems, Inc. agrees to repair or replace, at its sole option, without
charge to the Purchaser, any defective component part of the hardware. To obtain warranty service, the
Purchaser must return the hardware to A-M Systems, Inc. or an authorized A-M Systems, Inc. distributor
in an adequate shipping container. Any postage, shipping and insurance charges incurred in shipping the
hardware to A-M Systems, Inc. must be prepaid by the Purchaser and all risk for the hardware shall remain
with purchaser until such time as A-M Systems, Inc. takes receipt of the hardware. Upon receipt, A-M
Systems, Inc. will promptly repair or replace the defective unit, and then return the hardware to the
Purchaser, postage, shipping, and insurance prepaid. A-M Systems, Inc. may use reconditioned or like
new parts or units at its sole option, when repairing any hardware. Repaired products shall carry the same
amount of outstanding wan^nty as from original purchase, or ninety (90) days which ever is greater. Any
claim under the warranty must include a dated proof of purchase of the hardware covered by this wan-anty.
In any event, A-M Systems, Inc. liability for defective hardware is limited to repairing or replacing the
hardware.
What is not covered by this warranty?
This warranty is contingent upon proper use and maintenance of the hardware by the Purchaser and does
not cover batteries. Neglect, misuse whether intentional or otherwise, tampering with or altering the
hardware, damage caused by accident, damage caused by unusual physical, electrical, chemical, or
electromechanical stress, damage caused by failure of electrical power, or damage caused during
transportation are not covered by this warranty. Products may not be returned to A-M Systems, Inc.
for service, whether under warranty or otherwise, which are contaminated by infectious agents,
radioactive compounds or other materials constituting a health hazard to employees of A-M
Systems, Inc.
What are the limits of llabiiity for A-M Systems, inc. under this warranty?
A-M Systems, Inc. shall not be liable for loss of data, profits or savings, or any special, incidental,
consequential, indirect or other similar damages arising from breach of contract, negligence, or other legal
action even if the company or its agent has been advised of the possibility of such damages, or for any
claim brought against you by another party. THIS EQUIPMENT IS NOT INTENDED FOR CLINICAL
MEASUREMENTS USING HUMAN SUBJECTS. A-M SYSTEMS, INC. DOES NOT ASSUME
RESPONSIBILITY FOR INJURY OR DAMAGE DUE TO MISUSE OF THIS EQUIPMENT. Jurisdictions
vary with regard to the enforceability of provisions excluding or limiting liability for incidental or
consequential damages. Check the provision of your local jurisdiction to find out whether the above
exclusion applies to you.
This warranty allocatesrisksof product failure between the Purchaser and A-M Systems, Inc. A-M
Systems, Inc. hardware pricing reflects this allocation of risk and the limitations of liability contained in this
wanranty. The warranty set forth above is in lieu of all other express wan^anties, whether oral or written.
The agents, employees, distributors, and dealers of A-M Systems, Inc. are not authorized to make
modifications to this wan-anty, or additional wan-anties binding on the company Accordingly, additional
statements such as dealer advertising or presentations, whether oral or written, do not constitute
wananties by A-M Systems, Inc. and should not be relied upon. This warranty gives you specific legal
rights. You may also have otherrightswhrch vary from one jurisdiction to another.
mm
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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR
ISOLATED PULSE STIMULATOR
MODEL 2100
Serial #
Date
A-M Systems, Inc.
PO Box 850
Carlsborg, WA 98324
U.S.A.
360-683-8300 • 800-426-1306
FAX: 360-683-3525
http://www.a-msystems.com
Version 7.0
February 2002
Contents
General Description
Instrument Features
Controls and Connectors
Operating Instructions
Theory of Operation
Calibration Procedures
Inputs
Output Calibration
Specifications
Warranty and Service
1
1
2
6
10
12
14
16
19
22
Each Isolated Pulse Stimulator
is delivered complete with:
Rack Mount Hardware
Instructions & Maintenance Manual
NOTE
This instrument is not intended for clinical measurements using human
subjects. A-M Systems, Inc. does not assume responsibility for Injury or
damage due to the misuse of this instrument.
General Description
Instrument Features
The Isolated Pulse Stimulator Model 2100 is designed for a wide variety of applications.
It is highly flexible, being capable of delivering single pulses, biphasic pairs, or bursts of
pulses. Pulses may be started manually or upon receiving a trigger signal from another
Instrument or computer. Two non-isolated trigger outputs are available for triggering other
instruments.
Four sets of timing controls provide comprehensive control overall aspects of pulse
generation. Three digit accuracy is available over a 7 decade range for each timing
function, using lever wheel switches. Pulse widths can be set over more than a 9 decade
range, from 0.5 ps to 999 seconds. Timing accuracy is assured through the use of a 10
MHz base rate crystal-controlled clock, digitally divided to provide accurate timing over
the entire range. Atiming overiap indicator will light If the timing controls are set
inconsistently.
The output may be conveniently switched between current and voltage modes. Pulse and
baseline amplitudes are Independently presettable with lockable dials. An error Indicator
will light if the Mode/2700 cannot deliver the desired signal.
r
WARNING
The Model 2100 can produce potentially dangerous voltages up to 100 V at the output
connectors. The isolated output is not connected internally to safety (earth) ground in any way.
Some part of the extemal circuit should be connected to safety ground. Use caution in
handling any wires, connectors, or electrodes which may be directly or indirectly attached to
the Model 2100 output. Some kinds of connectors such as BNC connectors have exposed
metal parts which may float at dangerous potentials unless extemally connected to safety
ground. For greatest safety, tum the Model 2100 off before making any connections to
the instrument.
131 Business Parii Loop, P.O. Box 850 Cartsborg. Wa 98324
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1
Controls and Connectors
The controls for the Model 2100 are grouped in three sections: START, which controls
when a pulse or burst of pulses begins; TIMING, which controls the on/off timing of one or
more pulses; and OUTPUT, which controls the amplitude of the output signal.
Start
TRIG SLOPE: Determines the polarity of valid trigger pulses
(positive or negative edges in the trigger signal).
MODE: Controls waveform initiation. When set to FREE RUN,
one timing cycle immediately follows the last. When
momentarily placed In the MANUAL position, a timing cycle
starts Immediately. When the switch Is In the center position,
timing cycles start when valid triggering events occur.
TRIG'D: This LED lights up when a timing cycle Is in process,
and continues until the burst is completed.
TRIG: This BNC connector allows a signal from an external
source to Initiate timing cycles. It is set for standard TTL
levels.
GATE: This BNC connector allows a signal from an external source to restrict the final
output signal. This input must be at a logical high (or open-circuited) in order for the
Model 2100 to recognize either manual or automatic trigger events.
1_
Gate
Trigger
i
|~~^
I
Valid triggers (represented by the arrows in the figure) can occur only when the gate Is at
logical high. Note that the up arrow would apply only If TRIG SLOPE is set to +; the down
an-ows would apply only if TRIG SLOPE Is set to -.
NOTE: Triggers have no effect if the system has not completed its response to a
previous trigger
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Timing
Four sets of controls govern the timing of pulse
generation. Each set contains two values
which are multiplied together to detemnine the
actual timing value. The rotary knob (rate
selector) provides the approximate timing value
and the lever wheel switch bank (MULTIPLIER)
provides a time resolution of three decimal
digits. The following diagram shows most of the
Important relationships.
Output
r
Duration
Delay
t
|<Period>j
Burst width'
Trigger
event
DELAY: These controls determine the time duration between the initiating trigger event and
the beginning of the pulse burst. If this rate selector is set to NONE or the multiplier is set
to 0.00 there Is no delay.
BURST WIDTH: These controls determine the time period in which one or more pulses may
be delivered. Once started a pulse may outlast the burst width. If this rate selector is set
to SINGLE, or to any time shorter than the pulse duration, only a single pulse will occur. If
the BURST WIDTH Is longer than the period, pulses will be emitted at the PERIOD rate until
the burst time ends. Pulses are never truncated by a short BURSTWIDTH.
DURATION: These controls determine the length
of each pulse. Ifthis rate selector Is set to
SQUARE, the duration is set to half of the period,
regardless of the MULTIPLIER setting.
inds)-
PULSE
DURATION
10' 1 0 '
,10
INTEB-PULSE
PERIOD
1.
1
PERIOD: These controls set the period of time
between adjacent pulse events within the burst.
It also forces a minimum "dead time" between
recognized input triggers following a burst of
one or more pulses. This can be used to
prevent over stimulation of a tissue without
requiring excessive delay between the triggering event and the stimulating pulse.
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.10
TIMING
OVERLAP
NOTE: If any of these timing controls are changed while a timing cycle is in operation, the
results are undefined until the current cycle finishes.
TIMING OVERLAP: This LED will light to Indicate an
inconsistency in the timing cycle settings. There are several
ways to introduce such errors. The most common way is to
set the Inter-pulse PERIOD to be less than the pulse DURATION.
T I M I N G (seconds)^
TRIG OUT (UPPER): This BNC connector provides a signal
which is coincident with the Internal Burst timing signal
(default). This means the signal starts at the end of the Delay
time, and persists until the Burst time expires. This output
may also be set to represent the delay time-out by setting the
internal jumper J510 to the right two pins instead of the left
two pins (Please see the Calibration section in this manual
for jumper location; Directions are given as viewed from the
front of the Instrument).
TRIG OUT (LOWER): This BNC connector provides a signal which Is coincident with the
Duration timing signal which controls pulse output.
NOTE: Both trigger output signals slightly lead the isolated output signal.
Output
PULSE SIGN: This switch determines the
polarity of the pulses to be generated. It also
allows generation of biphasic pulses, thereby
doubling the effective total period. Warning:
the first pulse generated after changing the PULSE
SIGN switch may have the wrong polarity.
BASELINE: This Switch determines the polarity
ofthe baseline signal.
RANGE: This rotary switch determines if the
output pulses will be constant current (3 ranges)
or constant voltage (2 ranges).
BASELINE AMPLITUDE: This value is
independently set using a ten-turn counting dial. The maximum baseline amplitude is one
tenth the value shown on the range amplitude switch.
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PULSE AMPLITUDE: This value is independently
set using a ten-turn counting dial. The
maximum pulse amplitude is the value shown on the range amplitude switch.
EVENT: This LED indicates when a pulse is ongoing.
ERROR: This LED indicates when the internal output amplifier cannot output the pulse as
desired. This is usually due to a short circuit while trying to output a voltage, or an open
circuit while trying to output a current.
/VOTE;The Pulse Sign control in the Ou/puf section directly affects waveform timing. When
set to the Biphasic mode, a positive-going pulse is immediately followed by a negativegoing pulse. This effectively doubles the pulse "duration". If a burst of biphasic pulses is
being produced the period must be at least twice the single pulse duration. In the Square
wave mode, the baseline disappears as long as the burst persists.
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Operating Instructions
Examples
Simple setup (and minimal instrument test)
Connect the output ofthe Model 2100 to an oscilloscope. Before connecting the Model
2100 to any other instrument, or the experimental preparation, It is safest to turn Its power
off.
Set the Oufpuf controls:
Range:
Pulse Sign:
Baseline:
Pulse Amplitude:
10V
+
Zero
2.00
Setting The Timing Controls:
Delay
Burst Width
Duration
Period
none
single
1.50*10-2
5.00*10-2
Setting The Start Controls:
Mode:
Free Run
Disconnect any cables to the TRIG or GATE inputs.
Note that the green Trig and Event Indicators turn on as Free Run is turned on (and turn
off otherwise). You should observe a 15ms duration, 20Hz rate pulse, of 2.00V above a
OV baseline on the oscilloscope.
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Demonstration of Burst Mode
Connect the output ofthe Model 2100 to an oscilloscope. Before connecting the Model
2100 to any other instrument, or the experimental preparation. It Is safest to turn its power
off.
Set the Outpuf controls:
Range:
Pulse Sign:
Baseline:
Pulse Amplitude:
Baseline Amplitude
10V
+
2.00
1.00
Setting The Timing Controls:
Delay:
Burst Width:
Duration:
Period:
8.80*10-2
1.20*10-^
1.50*10-2
5.00*10-2
Set the START controls as follows:
Mode:
Free Run
Disconnect any cables to the TRIG or GATE inputs.
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Trigger the oscilloscope from the Bursf trigger out (upper Trig Out connector) for a stable
display. In each burst (occurring every lOOms), you should observe a trio of 15ms duration
starting 50ms apart. Try switching the Start/Mode from Free Run to the center (nonnal)
position. The pulses will no longer be produced, and the Trig and Event Indicators will tum
off. Pressing this switch once (to Manual) will cause a single burst to occur.
Problem Solving
If the instrument appears to be not working properiy, check all ofthe control settings and
connections. Be sure to wait at least 5-10 seconds after turning the instrument off before
turning it on again. The following summary of typical problems for the user (along with the
most common solutions) may help:
Problem
Cause/Solution
EVENT Indicator never lights, even in
FREE RUN mode.
• Replace fuse, check power connection
•Set DELAY or PERIOD to a shorter
interval.
• Power-on too soon after power-off.
OVERLAP Indicator is on.
• Set DURATION >0.00.
• DURATION Is set to SQUARE, but
PERIOD is 0.00. Increase PERIOD
or set DURATION independantly.
• BURST and WIDTH are > DURATION
increase PERIOD or decrease
DURATION.
• BIPHASIC pulse output Is on and
PERIOD is not longer than twice the
DURATION. Increase PERIOD or
decrease DURATION.
• Free-run Is on and BURST is < PERIOD
(BURST off), DELAY is 0 and PERIOD Is
< DURATION. Add, delay or modify
PERIOD.
• Free-run is on and BURST is >
DURATION (BURST ON), and PERIOD
is < DURATION. Increase PERIOD.
• For VOLTAGE outputs: the output is
trying to drive too low a resistance or
capacitance (e.g. a short circuit). Check
by disconnecting the output, ft is possible
(and normal) that for the fastest cycles
and largest amplitudes (close to 100 V
ERROR indicator is on.
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and 1 ps) that the ERROR indicator might
always come on during repetitive pulses.
Fix output load or decrease amplitude as
required.
Time appears to be excessive
Changed control in mid-cycle, (resets
current status).
Can't seem to get a full signal out
Load Is not properiy connected, repair
wiring.
Too low a load impedance (VOLTAGE
modes) or too high a load impedance
(CURRENT mode).
Incoming triggers not accepted
frequently enough
PERIOD is set too long, (enforces "dead
time") followd by BURST set to SIGNAL.
Reduce PERIOD time.
Table 1.0 Problem Solving
If you suspect that the Model 2100 may have completely failed, we recommend checking
the basic level of functionality. Ifthis fails, your instrument Is defective and must be
repaired. Ifthis passes, either your experimental setup is incompatible or inconsistent; or
there is a more subtle flaw in your Model 2100.
If the Model 2100 appears to be malfunctioning, contact A-M Systems, Inc., or your dealer.
We will first attempt to solve the problem over the telephone, so have an exact description
of your problem available when you call. You do not need to be within the warranty period
to obtain over-the-phone assistance.
131 Business Parti Loop, RO Box 850 Cartsborg. Wa 98324
iTetoptxme: 80O426-1306 • 360683-8300 * FAX 3606803525
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Theory of Operation
The operation ofthe Model 2100 is summarized in the block diagram (see the figure on
Page 11). Not shown are all ofthe interconnections with the microcontroller. The internal
microcontroler plays an important role in setting the signal path, but does not directly
contribute to the dynamic characteristics. It scans the front panel switches, and sets the
control values for the logic arrays. It programs the internal counters, which along with the
other hardware achieve the necessary sub-microsecond speeds.
Pulse generation starts either from an Input trigger signal (from Trig In), or an internally
signal (Free Run mode). A Delay timer counts the 10MHz clock until its count value is
exhausted. At this point, the Burst, Period, and Duration timers are started. If the Burst
timer has not expired by the end ofthe Period, the Period and Duration timers are
restarted. If the Biphasic mode has been set, the Duration timer is restarted at the end of
the initial Duration, and the sign ofthe output pulse is reversed, doubling the total duration.
The system state (pulse on, pulse sign, baseline sign [+/0f-]) is transmitted to the isolated
section via optoisolator. The baseline and pulse amplitudes are selected by an analog
switch. The resulting signal is amplified by a variable-power-supply discrete operational
amplifier. The amplifier connections and gain is modified to provide two voltage and
three current ranges.
Timing overiap errors are detected by a logical decision computation rather than by
testing for counter collisions. This provides instant feedback, rather than waiting up to an
hour for such a collision to occur. Output errors are measured by sensing the output
amplifier's differential input voltage. Under normal conditions, this is a negligible voltage.
If the amplifier fails to deliver the requested signal the window comparator testing this
voltage sends this message (via optoisolator) to the logic section, turning on a warning
LED.
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4 n
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OUTPUT i l l
til
TRIG
^
OUT
(burst)
TRIG
3-<?) OUT
(pulse)
I
«
Calibration Procedures
The calibration interval is the lesser of 1000 hours of operation or 6 months. Somewhat
greater drift can be expected in the first 100 hours of operation as the semiconductors
age. Adjustments should only be made after the instrument has been fully warmed up for
at least 15 minutes.
Full instrument calibration requires the following test equipment:
digital multimeter (± 0.1%), able to measure resistance to at least lOOMO
oscilloscope with at least 50MHz bandwidth
true-mis voltmeter with 4MHz bandwidth
universal counter (± 0.01 %), able to measure single pulse widths and periods
resistors (all ± 0.1%): 2kn, lOkH 1 watt, 20kn, 200kn
alligator clip lead sets, banana plugs and BNC adapters
Adjustment, integrated circuit, and test point locations are shown in the following figures.
All adjustments are on the timing board unless othenA/ise noted.
All voltages in the non-isolated section should be measured with respect to ground at
TP510 unless othenwise stated. Some voltages are measured with respect to an internal
"isolated ground" at TP650, or across the two output temninals. Occasionally the voltage
at an IC pin must be measured; in these cases the reference designator is given, with the
pin number in parentheses: e.g. U602(16). When it states within this procedure that a
voltage is to be minimized, this means that the adjustment should be made such that the
measured voltage is as close to zero volts as possible. Refer to the Specifications
Section of this manual for acceptable tolerances.
The sequence of this procedure is important. If any adjustment is made, all adjustments
which follow must be made to ensure that the specifications will be met. These
procedures require that all controls remain as set in previous steps unless othenA/ise
indicated.
WARNING
The Model 2100 has dangerous voltages throughout the instrument, even with the
power is off. Servicing the Model 2100 should only be done by
qualified service personnel. Use caution in handling any wires, connectors, or
electrodes which may be directly or indirectly attached to the instrument.
Do not touch exposed connections or components. Disconnect power by
unplugging the power cord from the receptacle.
HB^^ Systems,
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Power supply and bias voltages
Power supply
Controls
POWER: ON
Observe voltage at P703 power
supply wire, top of main board
Check for+15 ± 0.50 V
Observe voltage at P701 power
supply wire, top of main board
Check for-15 ± 0.50 V
Observe voltage at U505(24)
Check for +5 ± 0.25 V
Isolated supply voltage
Controls
RANGE: 10 V
TRIG: open circuit
MODE: center position
Adjust / Check
Inputs / Observations
Inputs / Observations
Alternately observe V^^^, from
R742 to R740, and V ^ from
theU605(4)toU605(8)
Capacitance balance
Controls
Adjust/Check
Adjust R773 so that
1 1 0 V < V , . < 120 V and
nigh
28V<V|^<34V
Adjust / Check
Inputs / Observations
Connect a xlO oscilloscope
probe to TP650 and ground the
Adjust R737 for minimum
high frequency signal
Inputs
Gate function
Controls
Inputs / Observations
Adjust/Check
Apply a 1 kHz, 0 - 5 V triangle wave Verify that the voltage
to GATE
switches states at the
Observe voltage at U510(3)
proper input levels
with an oscilloscope
Trigger slope
Controls
Inputs / Observations
Adjust/Check
Apply a 1 kHz, 0 - 5 V triangle wave Verify that the voltage
to TRIG
switches states at the
Observe voltage at U510( 1)
proper input levels
with an oscilloscope
TRIG SLOPE:*
Verify voltage is 180° out
of phase
TRIG SLOPE:
Verify voltage is in phase
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14
Trigger a n d g a t e f u n c t i o n
Controls
Inputs / Observations
DELAY: NONE
BURS-nMDTH: SINGLE
DURATION: SQUARE
PERIOD: 1.00X10-3
Apply a 1 kHz, 0 - 5 V triangle wave
to TRIG
Observe TRIG'D and EVENT LEDs
TRIG: disconnect all
Short the GATE connector to GND
MODE: press to MANUAL
Adjust / Check
Verify LEDs extinguish
Verify LEDs flash once
Timing
System clock frequency
Controls
Adjust/Check
Inputs / Observations
Observe the frequency of the wave
atU555(17)
Verify 1.000 MHz ± 0.01 %
M u l t i p l i e r s (Wheel S w i t c h e s )
Controls
Adjust / Check
Inputs / Observations
Observe the pulse width with the
PULSE SIGN:-«•
counter
at the location specified
MODE: FREE RUN
t)elow
TRIG: disconnect all
TIMING MULTIPUERS: all
wheels set to zero
except the one being tested
TIMING OVERLAP: ignore
Verify pulse width is correct
for each wheel as it is
tested independently
For each wheel of each MULTIPLIER, test each position to verify that the pulse
width is correct. Observe the signal at the following locations: DELAY: U520(2);
BURSTWIDTH: U530(2); PERIOD: U540(2); DURATION: U550(2)
Rates (Rotary S w i t c h e s )
Adjust / Check
Inputs / Observations
Controls
TIMING MULTIPUERS: 0.01
Observe the pulse width with the
TIMING RATES: all rotary
counter at the location specified
switches set to 10-4
below
except the one being tested
Verify pulse width is correct
for each rotary switch as it
is tested independently
For each ofthe four rotary switches in TIMING, test each position to verify that
the pulse width is correct. Observe the signal at the following locations: DELAY:
U520(2); BURSTWIDTH: U530(2); PERIOD: U540(2); DURATION: U550(2)
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15
Trigger outputs
Controls
Range: 10V
Pulse Amplitude: 5.00
Delay: 1.00 xlO'^
Burst: 1.00 x 10 ^
Duration: 1.00x10-^
Period: 4.00x10-^
Pulse sign: +
Trig Mode: Free run
Trig in: open
Inputs / Observations
Trigger the oscilloscope to
the Burst Trig Out. Observe it,
the Pulse Trig Out,
and the isolated output.
Adjust / Check
Verify that the waveform
consists of a burst of three
1ms-on/3ms-off pulses.
The burst trigger should be
synchronous with the burst;
the pulse trigger coincident
with each pulse.
Output Calibration
Isolation Resistance (check)
Controls
Inputs / Observations
Trig Mode: center position
Trig In: open
Measure the resistance between
ground banana jack (front panel)
and black banana jack of output
with DMM
Adjust/Check
Resistance read > 100MQ
Amplitude Switch Offset (R640)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Baseline: Zero
Trig Mode: center position
Trig In: Open
Measure the voltage at TP645 vs.
TP650 with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R640 (AmpI Sw
Offset) for minimum
voltage.
Output Offset (R332: front panel board)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Baseline: Zero
Range: 10V
Trig Mode: center position
Trig In: Open
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R332 (Output offset)
for minimum voltage.
Positive Baseline Offeet (R607)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Baseline Sign: +
Baseline Amplitude:
fully CCW (0.00)
Range: 10V
Trig In: open
Trig Mode: center position
Measure the voltage across the
outputwiththeDMM.
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Adjust/Check
Adjust R602 (BSLN + offset)
for minimum voltage.
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16
Negative Baseline Offset (R619)
Controls
Baseline Sign: Baseline Amplitude:
fully CCW (0.00)
Range: 10V
Trig In: open
Trig Mode: center position
Inputs/Observations
Measure the voltage across the
outputwiththeDMM.
Adjust/Check
Adjust R619 (BSLN + offset)
for minimum voltage.
Pulse Amplitude Adjust (R602)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Trig Mode: Free Mode
Pulse Amplitude: 10.00
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =single;
Duration =1.00*1;
Period =0.01*10-4
Pulse Sign: Trig In: open
Range: 10V
Measure the voltage across the
output with the DMM.
Pulse Sign Gain (check)
Controls
Trig Mode: Free Mode
Pulse Amplitude: 10.00
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =single;
Duration =1.00* 1s;
Period =0.01 *10-4s
Trig In: open
Range: 10V
Adjust/Check
The Overiap indicator
should be on. Adjust R602
(Max Level) for -10.OOV out.
Inputs/Observations
Measure the voltage at the
output with the DMM for the
Pulse Sign at + and - positions
Adjust/Check
The absolute values ofthe
voltages should differ by
less than lOOmV
Baseline Amplitudes (check)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Range: 100mA
Trig Mode: center position
Baseline Amplitude:
fully CW (10.00)
Trig In: open
Measure the voltage at the
output with the DMM with
Baseline Sign in +, Zero, and
- positions.
Adjust/Check
Gain the matching of current
levels at = and - positions;
and offset current in Zero
position..
131 Business Parti Loop. PO. Box 850 Cartsboig, Wa 98324
,Telophone 800-4201306 * 360683-8300 * F/kX: 3606803525
E-mail sales@a-msystems.com * website: http^^ww.aflisystems.ccm
fl-N Systems, Inc.
17
Output Range Amplitude and Drive (check)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Pulse Amplitude: 10.00
Pulse Sign: +
Trig Mode: Free Run
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =single;
Duration =1.00*1;
Period =100*10-4
Trig In: open
Adjust/Check
Load the output with a 10KV 1W
0.1% resistor. Measure the
voltage at the output with
DMM.
Verify that full scale output is
within specification:
Scale:
Range:
100V
100V
10V
10V
100mA
IV
1mA
10V
10mA
100V
Pulse Sign and Short Circuit Protection (check)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst =single:
Duration =2.00*; 10-4
Period =0.01*10-3
Baseline: Zero
Pulse Amplitude: 2.5
Range: 10V
Trig Mode: Free Run
Trig In: open
Measure the voltage at the output
with the oscilloscope. Check for
Pulse Sign set to each of: +, -,
biphasic. Watch for Error
indicator when shorting the
output.
Adjust/Check
Verify that pulses of approx.
2.5V amplitude (62.5V for
biphasic mode) of the
correct sign are produced
every 10ms. Short output
in biphasic mode. Output
should return when opened.
Output Transient Response (check)
Controls
Inputs/Observations
Pulse Sign: +
Timing: Delay =none;
Burst: =single;
Duration =2.00*10-4;
Period =0.01*10-3
Pulse Amplitude: 2.50
Baseline: Zero
Trig Mode: Free Mode
Trig In: open
fl-N Systems, Inc
Connect the oscilloscope to
the output with a 310
attenuator probe. Test
both 10V and 100V ranges.
Adjust/Check
Verify that overshoot
and risetime meet
specifications.
131 Business Parti Loop. R O Box 850 Cartsborg, W a 98324
, Telophone: 8 0 0 4 2 0 1 3 0 6 • 3 6 0 6 8 0 8 3 0 0 • F/«( 360«83<J525
E-mail: sales@a-msystems.ocm * V^febsite: http^/www.a-msystefns.com
18
Specifications
There are three classes of specifications. Class A specifications tested in all units, and
are guaranteed. Class B specifications are inherent in the design; they are indirectly
tested, and are guaranteed. Class C specifications are typical operating values which
are occasionally tested-, these are typical values, given for your information but not guaranteed. The class for each specification is noted in the center column ofthe following
sections.
Inputs
Switching level
A
1.6 V(± 0.2 V)
Hysteresis
C
approx. 50 mV
Input equivalent circuit
C
lOOKH to+5 in parallel
with no more than 35pF
Minimum duration
(1 IL-level signal)
C
> 50 ns.
Open circuit condition
B
defaults to high/on level
Timing and rate accuracy
Rate selector steps
B
lOOpsto 100s in 7 steps
Timing multiplier steps
B
1 % of rate selector step
size. Maximum value is
9.99 X the rate selector
step size
Resolution
B
approx. 0.1% ofthe maximum
value
Timing error (second and later
pulses after resetting controls)
B
< 0.02% of rate selector value +
0.15 ps
Timing error (first pulse after
readjusting timing controls)
an additional 0.25 ps error may
occur
Timing repeatability
< 0.01% setting + 20 ns
(monophasic)
fl-N Systems, Inc
131 Business Ram Loop, R O Box 850 Cartsborg, V\fa 98324
pTelophone: 8 0 0 4 2 0 1 3 0 6 • 360683-8300 • FAX: 360683-3525
E-mail: sales@»flisystems c o m " Wabsite: httpJAnww aflisystems com
19
TRIG IN to OUTPUT delay
(DELAY set to 0), output set to
2V
approx. 0.5 ps for a load of no
more than 10 KH in parallel with
50 pF
Timing jitter from TRIG IN to
OUTPUT (for TTL trigger input
with risetime <10 ns)
< 125 ns (all rates except 100s)
< 1.25 ps (100s rate)
Timing jitter from TRIG OUT
(either BURST or PULSE) and
OUTPUT
Less than 20 ns (all rates)
Trigger output to pulse output
delay
approx. 350 ns
Output characteristics
Pulse level error (voltage mode:
open circuit; current mode: short
circuit
< 0.3% of setting + 0.5% of r
range (plus an additional 0.5 pA
in 100 pA range)
Biphasic level difference
IV + -^ V-1 /2
< 0.3% of range (voltage
modes: into open circuit;
current modes :into short circuit)
Baseline level error (voltage mode:
open circuit; current mode: short
circuit)
< 0.3% of setting of setting
+ 0.1 % of range (plus an
additional 0.5 pA in lOOpA
range)
Risetime (2.5 V out)
A
= 200 ns into less than 30 pF
Risetime (25 V out)
A
= 1.5 ps into less than 30 pF
Transient response
A
< 8% overshoot into less than
30 pF for pulse voltages
different than baseline voltage
by at least 10% of range
Output impedance (voltage mode)
C
= 50 ohms
Output impedance (current mode)
C
» 1 0 GH (typically 200 GO)
Isolation resistance
A
»100Mn
Isolation capacitance
C
= 60 pF at 100 Hz
131 Business Peril Loop. P.O. Box 850 Cartsborg, V\6 98324
|TelCf)hone: 8 0 0 - 4 2 0 1 3 0 6 ' 3 6 0 6 8 0 8 3 0 0 • FAX: 360683-3525
E-mal; sales@aflisystefns.oom' Website; hnpyMVfW.afllsystems.oom
fl-N Systems, Inc.
20
Noise (differential mode)
= 1 mV rms (10 V scale;
10 Hz-4 MHz)
Noise (common mode: earth to
isolated ground) with no signal
output
= 8 mV rms (10 Hz-4 MHz);
== 100mVp-p
(200 Hz -10 MHz), measured
withalOMH, 15pF
oscilloscope probe
Overload error indicator (low
frequency, short circuited voltage
mode)
Turns on for set amplitude at or
greater than approx. ±1 V (10 V
range); or ±2 V (100 V range)
Overload error indicator low
frequency, open circuited current
mode)
Turns on for set amplitude at or
above approx. 2% of range
Overioad error response time
Flat to approx. 30 ps duration
Decreasing sensitivity for
shorter pulses
Miscellaneous
Power
approx. 11 watts
Fuse
1 amp 3AG
Operating temperature range
10-30°C
Storage temperature range
0 - 50° C
Operating humidity
5 - 80% RH
Dimensions
17x4.75x11.25 (inches)
43.2x12.1x28.6 cm
Weight
20 lbs (9 kg)
131 Business Parti Loop, RO. Box 850 Cartsborg, Wb 98324
|Tetcphone: 8004201306 * 3606808300 • F/Ot 360683-3525
E-mail. sates@amsystems com'V^febsite: httpy/www.aflisystems.com
fl-N Systems, Inc.
21
Warranty and Service
What does this warranty cover?
A-M Systems, Inc. warrants to the Purchaser that the Instrument, excluding cables, Headstage Probes
and any other accessories shipped with the Instrument, (hereafter the "hardware") is free from defects in
workmanship or material under normal use and service for the period of one (1) year This warranty
commences on the date of delivery ofthe hardware to the Purchaser
What are the obligations of A-M Systems, Inc. under this warranty?
During the warranty period, A-M Systems, Inc. agrees to repair or replace, at its sole option, without
charge to the Purchaser, any defective component part of the hardware. To obtain warranty service, the
Purchaser must return the hardware to A-M Systems, Inc. or an authorized A-M Systems, Inc. distributor
in an adequate shipping container Any postage, shipping and insurance charges incurred in shipping the
hardware to A-M Systems, Inc. must be prepaid by the Purchaser and all risk for the hardware shall remain
with purchaser until such time as A-M Systems, Inc. takes receipt of the hardware. Upon receipt, A-M
Systems, Inc. will promptly repair or replace the defective unit, and then return the hardware to the
Purchaser, postage, shipping, and insurance prepaid. A-M Systems, Inc. may use reconditioned or like
new parts or units at its sole option, when repairing any hardware. Repaired products shall carry the same
amount of outstanding warranty as from original purchase, or ninety (90) days which ever is greater Any
claim under the warranty must include a dated proof of purchase ofthe hardware covered by this warranty.
In any event, A-M Systems, Inc. liability for defective hardware is limited to repairing or replacing the
hardware.
What is not covered by this warranty?
This warranty is contingent upon proper use and maintenance ofthe hardware by the Purchaser and does
not cover batteries. Neglect, misuse whether intentional or othenwise, tampering with or altering the
hardware, damage caused by accident, damage caused by unusual physical, electrical, chemical, or
electromechanical stress, damage caused by failure of electrical power, or damage caused during
transportation are not covered by this wan-anty. Products may not be returned to A-M Systems, Inc. for
service, whether under warranty or otherwise, which are contaminated by infectious agents,
radioactive compounds or other materials constituting a health hazard to employees of A-M
Systems, Inc.
What are the limits of liability for A-M Systems, Inc. under this warranty?
A-M Systems, Inc. shall not be liable for loss of data, profits or savings, or any special, incidental,
consequential, indirect or other similar damages arising from breach of contract, negligence, or other legal
action even if the company or its agent has been advised of the possibility of such damages, or for any
claim brought against you by another party. THIS EQUIPMENT IS NOT INTENDED FOR CLINICAL
MEASUREMENTS USING HUMAN SUBJECTS. A-M SYSTEMS, INC. DOES NOT ASSUME
RESPONSIBILITY FOR INJURY OR DAMAGE DUE TO MISUSE OF THIS EQUIPMENT. Jurisdictions
vary with regard to the enforceability of provisions excluding or limiting liability for incidental or
consequential damages. Check the provision of your local jurisdiction to find out whether the above
exclusion applies to you.
This warranty allocates risks of product failure between the Purchaser and A-M Systems, Inc. A-M
Systems, Inc. hardware pricing reflects this allocation of risk and the limitations of liability contained in this
warranty. The warranty set forth above is in lieu of all other express warranties, whether oral or written.
The agents, employees, distributors, and dealers of A-M Systems, Inc. are not authorized to make
modifications to this warranty, or additional wan-anties binding on the company. Accordingly, additional
statements such as dealer advertising or presentations, whether oral or written, do not constitute
warranties by A-M Systems, Inc. and should not be relied upon. This warranty gives you specific legal
rights. You may also have other rights which vary from one jurisdiction to another
131BusinessPartiLoop, RO Box850CartsbOfg.Wa98324
|Telophone: 8004201306 • 360683-8300'F/OC: 3606830525
E-mail: saies@aflisystefTis.com * Wbbsite: httpV/www.a-msystems.com
fl-N Systems, Inc.
pO
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