ii'
COLUMBIA
R.
Ula 6
DEPARTMENT of OCEANOGRAPHY
NENALEM R.
TILLAMOOK SAY
SCHOOL of SCIENCE
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
SILETI R.
YAOU/NA R.
ALSEA R.
SIUSLAW R.
UMPOUA
R.
COOS BAY
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
1 April through 30 September
1965
Edited by
PrOV.ss R.por* 16
tek,enc. 65-23
Nov.mb.r 1965
Wayne V. Burt
Chairman
Department of Oceanography
School of Science
Oregon State University
Progress Report No. 16
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
April through 30 September 1965
Edited by
Susan Borden
Office of Naval Research
Contract Nonr 1286(10)
Project NR 083-102
Contract Nonr 1286(09)
Project NR 083-600
Atomic Energy Commission
Contract AT(45-1)1750
Contract AT(45-1)1751
Public Health Service
Grant ES 00026-02
Grant AI 05640-02
Air Force
AF-AFOSR-62-376
AF-19(628)2778
National Science Foundation
Grant GB-531
Grant GP-3582
Grant GP-2232
Grant GP-2186
Grant GB-1588
Grant GP-2566
Grant GP-2876
Grant GP-3548
Grant GP-3556
Grant GP-4247
Grant GP-4465
Grant GP-4642
Grant GP-4649
Grant GP-4472
Grant GP-5076
Grant GP-2472
Reference 65-23
November 1965
Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the
United States Government.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Variability of Frontal and Tidal Currents on the Continental
Shelf - Collins, Mooers, Pillsbury, Pattullo. . . . . . . . .
Subsurface Currents off Shore - Stevenson, Pattullo, Wyatt. .
Bottom Current Measurements - Weyl, Skov.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Tides and Water Level in Yaquina Bay - Pattullo, Lee,
Gilbe rt .
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Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Pacific - R.
Johnson, Panshin, Pattullo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Upwelling - Panshin, Pattullo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atmospheric Effects on Incoming Solar Radiation in a
Marine Environment - Quinn . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Oceanic Heat Storage - S. Kulm, Pattullo .
Evaporation over Yaquina Bay - DeRycke, Pattullo . . . . . . . .
Velocity of Sound off Oregon - Grocker, Smith, Pattullo . ... .
Hydrographic Survey - Wyatt, Pattullo, Still, Barstow. . . . . .
Bioluminescence as Environmental Noise in Underwater
Optical Systems - Neshyba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement of Radiation at Yaquina Bay - Burt, Maughan . . .
Instrumented Pressure Chamber - Mesecar . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spectral Analysis of Oregon Sea Level Data - Smith,
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Crocker, Panshin, Mooers . . . . . . . .
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GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Continental Shelf Sedimentation - Byrne, Runge............ 1 7
Astoria Canyon - Byrne, Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foraminiferal Ecology - Fowler, Boettcher . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Astoria Fan - Byrne, Kulm, Nelson, Russell . ... . . . . . . . .
Cascadia Abyssal Plain - Kulm, Fowler, Byrne, Duncan . . . .
Coastal Sediments - Kulm, Byrne .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Near shore Carbonate Sands of Bermuda - Kulm, Carlson . . . .
Estuarine Foraminiferal Ecology - Fowler, Hunger, Manske. .
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GEOPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Seismic Work at Sea - Berg, Dehlinger, French, King . ... .
Thermal Studies - Berg, Bodvarsson, Hutt, Vossler . . . . . .
Theoretical Studies - Bodvarsson, Maloof, Berg,
Papage or ge .
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Earthquake Seismology - Dehlinger, Chiburis, French,
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Marine Gravity - Dehlinger, Couch, Gemperle .
Magnetics - Berg, McKnight, Emelia, Bales . . . . . . .
Land Gravity Studies - Berg, Thiruvathukal .. . . . . . .
Seismic Wave Studies - Berg, Trembly, Sarmah, Long,
Souders
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CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Offshore Chemistry - Park, Catalfomo, George, Yamamoto
Oxygen and Phosphate in the North Pacific - Pytkowicz ,
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Kester
Estuarine Chemistry - Park, Catalfomo, Webster . . . .
Chemical Reactions in Sea Water - Pytkowicz, Kester,
Bergener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical Chemistry of Sea Water - Weyl, Connors,
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Duedall .................................... 28
Improvement of Shipboard Techniques - Park, George,
Wyatt
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The Role of the Ocean in Climatic Change - Weyl. . . . . .
Salinity Extrema of the World Ocean - Weyl, Ingham . . . . .
Absorption of Alkalinity from Sea Water by Clay Minerals .
Deffeyes .
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MARINE RADIOECOLOGY AND RADIOCHEMISTRY
Radioecology of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy, Osterberg, Eagle,
Tennant, Wyandt, Larsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radioecology of the Benthos - Carey, Osterberg, McCauley,
Hancock, Alspach, Larsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiochemistry - Osterberg, Cutshall, Cronin . . . . . . . . . .
In Situ Sediment Probe - Cutshall, Osterberg, Jennings . . . .
Alpha Emitters in the Columbia River - Jennings,
Osterberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dissolved Organics in Sea Water - Cronin, Osterberg . . . . .
Uptake of Radionuclides by Benthic Amphipods - Cross,
Osterberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemistry of Chromium-51 - Cutshall, Osterberg . . . . . . .
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BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Feeding Habits of Benthic Organisms - McCauley . . . . . . . . .
Benthic Ecology and Systematics - Carey, McCauley, Alspach,
Ha nc o ck
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Studies on Reproduction of Benthic Invertebrates - Carey,
Hufford .
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Benthic Fishes - Eagle, Pearcy
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Oceanic Trematode Studies - McCauley, Eagle . . . . . . . . .
Polychaete Distribution in Yaquina Bay - Carey, Morrison .
Polychaetous Annelids of the Offshore Waters of Oregon Carey, Hancock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deep-Sea Fouling Studies - Tipper, McCauley . . . . . . . . . .
Ecology and Distribution of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy,
Coleman, Donaldson, VanArsdale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Ecology of the Oceanic Shrimp, Sergestes similis - Forss,
Pearcy
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Euphausiids and Copepods - Hebard .
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Medusae, Siphonophores and Chaetognaths - Renshaw. . . . . .
Oceanic Amphipods - VanArsdale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Salps - Hubbard, Pearcy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marine Microbiology - Morita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy and Element Transfer in the Lower Marine Food
Web - Small, Hebard, Be rge ron, Fowler . . . . . . . . . . .
Phytoplankton Ecology I - Curl, Small, Hardy, Glooschenko .
Phytoplankton Ecology II - Small, Curl, Hardy . . . . . . . . . .
Snow Algae - Curl, Hardy, Iverson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vertical Distribution and Migration Studies - Pearcy, Forss,
Laurs, Renshaw, VanArsdale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plankton Inventories at Yaquina Bay - Frolander . . . . . . . . .
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EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM .
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MARINE SCIENCE CENTER
Dedication. . . . . . . . . .
Aquarium and Museum .
East Research Wing . . .
Research Projects at the Marine Science Laboratory .
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RESEARCH VESSEL YAQUINA
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STAFF ..............
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VISITING SCIENTISTS.
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PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS
Papers Published .
Papers Submitted .
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Papers Presented at Scientific Meetings .
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PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Variability of Frontal and Tidal Currents on the Continental Shelf Collins, Mooers, Pillsbury, Pattullo
The major portion of our effort to date has been obtaining equipment and supplies, establishing and maintaining operational capability
with the oil companies, and acquiring data. Our data have not yet been
thoroughly analyzed, and a large part of the collection is still in analog
form. Hence, the results presented are both cursory and preliminary.
Measurements made during thi period include:
M/V SEA BREEZE II, 21 May 1965: Current speed and direction'
profiles at four anchor stations located symmetrically about 44°
501N, 1240161W.
A 24-hour survey of temperature,
current speed, and direction with one five-bottle Nansen cast for
WODECO III2, 17-18 June 1965:
temperature and salinity and four measurements of surface
temperature and salinity at 44° 50'N, 124° 161 W.
Moored Current Meter System, 11 July - 2 August 1965: Current
speed and direction at 20-minute intervals at 20, 40, and 60
meters. Temperature at 5-minute intervals at 20 and 40 meters.
(Moored 1. 1 miles east of WODECO III. )
WODECO III, 11 July - 2 August 1965: Continuous tidal height measurements. Wind speed and direction, swell direction, height, and
period, sea direction and state, and barometric pressure at 4-
hour intervals at 44° 50' N, 124° 16' W.
WODECO III, 22-23 July 1965: a 24-hour survey of the temperature
and salinity structure of the water column at 44° 50' N, 124° 16'W.
One current magnitude profile with the Hydro-Products meter.
M/V BARRACUDA, 28-29 July 1965: A 24-hour survey of current
speed and direction, temperature, and salinity at 44° 27'N, 124°
21' W.
1
Current direction obtained with the Hydro-Products meter was
doubtful through 25 July 19 65.
2Western Offshore Drilling and Exploration Company Barge No. 3.
Moored Current Meter System, 28 August - 24 September 1965:
Current speed and direction at 10-minute intervals at 20 and 60
meters. Temperature at 20 and 40 meters at 5-minute intervals.
(Moored at 44° 29' N, 124° 27' W. )
WODECO III, 28 August - 16 October 1965: Continuous tidal height
recording. Wind speed and direction, swell direction, height,
and period, sea direction and state, and barometric pressure
at hourly intervals at 44° 30' N, 124° 25' W.
A 48-hour survey of the
temperature and salinity structure of the water column at 44° 30'N,
WODECO III, 24 - 26 September 1965.:
1.24° 25' W.
R/V YAQUINA, 24 - 25 September 1965: Drogue measurements of
currents about 5 miles southwest of the WODECO III.
Moored Current Meter System, 24 September - 14 October 1965:
Current speed and direction at 10-minute intervals at 20 meters.
(Moored at 44° 29' N, 124° 27' W. )
Figure 1 shows the temperature field as a function of time based
upon hourly BT observations 17-18 June 1965. The significant
feature noted here is a slight temperature inversion between 40 and
80 meters. The feature was also seen in BT traces acquired on 7 and
11 July 1965. The variability observed is indicative of either incoherent
motion or the superposition of several coherent motions. Longer
records are required to resolve the spectral properties of this kind of
data. Vertical motions with amplitudes of several meters and periods
of several hours are not inconsistent with these fluctuations in temperature. It was demonstrated that a sampling rate of at least once per
hour was necessary to track the temperature variations at a 0. 1 °C
level (at least during this period of time). In order to seek out evidence for the vertical amplitude of an internal tidal wave, we must
consider the effects of nontidal motions. The statistical techniques
of correlation and spectral analyses are appropriate for this "sorting"
of the phenomena.
Figure 2 displays the depth profiles of current speed and temperature, constructed from a time series of values observed hourly during
a 24-hour survey on 17-18 June 1965 at WODECO III. Current speed
was sampled at five selected depths from the time series; additionally,
a full profile was made and is termed."representative" based on other
40 CM/SEC. 7
20
00
8
9
10
II
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13
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N1N.-7
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AVERAGE
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!---RE PR ESENTATIV E
0
100
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CURRENT SPEED
TEMPERATURE
180
Figure 1. Temperature field as a function of time.
WODECO III, 17-18 June 1965.
Figure 2. Depth profiles of current speed and
temperature. WODECO III, 17-18 June 1965.
w
0.1
0.01
20 METER RECOR D
40 METER RECOR 0
-
0.001
160
80
40
(PERIOD IN MINUTES)
Figure 3. Autopower spectra of two-day records of temperature, 11-13 July 1965.
-M_
20
5
such profiles observed at and near this site. This plot demonstrates
the general depth dependence of current speed and temperature and
indicates the order of magnitude of their variability. A zone of shear,
present from the surface to 75 meters, is most intense between 55
and 65 meters. (A halocline and pycnocline were indicated to at least
70 meters, from the one set of water samples available. ) The BT's
depth registration, in error by about 10%, was not corrected for this
plot. The temperature inversion of about 0. 1 °C is quite apparent from
about 46-65 meters. The temperature generally becomes less variable
with depth except in a band of depths between about 60 and 80 meters.
It is of interest to know whether this anomalous variability is associated
with the zone of increased vertical shear in horizontal speed.
Figure 3 is the autopower spectra of two-day records of temperature
data, averaged over 5-minute intervals, at depths of 20 and 40 meters
on 11-13 July 1965. The analyses indicate that at low frequency (near tidal)
the energy at 20 m is 20 times that at 40 m. At the high frequency end of
the spectra, the two records virtually coincide, which probably establishes
the background noise level for the combined environment-sensed system,
The upper trace indicates a possible spectral peak which exceeds the 90%
confidence level. Its period is bounded between 80-160 minutes, which is
in the frequency band to be expected of edge waves due to shelf resonances.
These are the first spectra computed from a 21. 5 day set. It is
apparent that in order to study the possible peak properly, it will be
necessary to use a longer record and a high-pass numerical filter to
increase the frequency resolution, while maintaining statistical stability.
The thermal regime at the two sensors was fundamentally different
during this period of time; the sensor at 20 meters was at the lower
edge of a temperature inversion. Both sensors were in the halocline.
Subsurface Currents Off Shore - Stevenson, Pattullo, Wyatt
Drogue cruises were made in July and September. In July, currents
were measured at 0, 10, 20, 100 and 500 meters depth for 56 hours.
Three time series were made in September.
One of the series was a 48-hour nearshore study, which was
coordinated with simultaneous current velocity measurements at 10,
35 and 55 meters depth from an oil drilling platform. These two sets
of measurements will be compared in the near future. An offshore
F
DISTRIBUTION OF DOMINANT PERIODS
30%.
,20%
J
tO%
0
27
12
33
36
39
PERIOD (HR.)
Figure 4. Distribution of dominant periods in drogue data.
l
\
PEAK CONCENTRATION
t
VS TIME
JULY,1965
TEST NO. 4
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8
C
0
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A
T
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T2
.10 9
(COS.)
2
J10
1
Figure 5.
TIME (MIN.)
1100
Peak dye concentration vs. time.
7
drogue series lasting 57 hours was made at 10, 50, 90, and 200 meters
depth. The third time series was planned to show the importance of
buoy motion on our estimates of currents. Two taut-line anchor buoys
were used in water of 630 meters depth. Observations were taken at
5-minute intervals for 10 hours. The Alpine ranging section of the
scientific radar was used to provide the high resolution needed during
the series.
Some results from the cruises of March 1964, through July 1965,
indicate the presence of definite periodicities not only at the sea surface
but. also as deep as 500 meters. Figure 4 illustrates the distribution
of 64 periodic components of the data. The periods shown are the most
significant (largest amplitude) for each of the drogues. The actual
displacements varied from 0. 8 nautical mile down to 0. 07 nautical mile.
Fluoresecent dye work was continued on both of, the cruises. A
submersible pump was used after the dispersal for sampling the water
at depths from 95 meters up to the sea surface. On the July cruise
water samples were drawn into sample bottles at a rate of three per
minute during the ship's transect of the dye patch. Figure 5 shows
the relationship between time and dye-decay observed from one of the
July dye dumps. The solid lines represent theoretical decay; the dots
indicate observations. The relationship of dye concentration and time
compares favorably with surface dye work done by others.
On the September cruise we used a new continuous flow cell for
the fluorometer. A flushing rate of better than once per second was
achieved. Because of time limitations, we used the instrument for
continuous sampling on only one short dye dump.
Bottom Current Measurements - Weyl, Skov
In cooperation with Dr. J. N. Carruthers, visiting scientist at
OSU in May, we performed a number of bottom current measurements
with his "Pisa" current meter. Subsequently, an improved bottom
release mechanism was constructed and tested at sea. The measurements suggest that the bottom currents are variable in speed and direction.
To permit making continuous bottom current measurements, a
design for a new type of bottom current meter has been developed.
It consists of a boomerang type "Pisa"with internal photographic recording of speed and direction. In order to keep the cost low, we plan to
use a fluid-filled camera, operating at ambient pressure. Actual
development of this instrument is awaiting funding.
Tides and Water Level in Yaquina Say - Pattullo, Lee, Gilbert
Records of water level at the Marine Science Center dock have
been collected since May 1964. Not all of the record is of scientific
quality but most of it can be used. Daily calibration checks are now
made, since the Laboratory has been staffed. Mr. Kuo Heng Lee,
graduate student from Taiwan has been reducing all records to hourly
heights referred to a known datum. The data will then be used in
studies of sea level and possible edge waves along the shelf. Many of
the records show evidence of wave action in the bay with apparent periods of the order of tens of minutes, Mr. William Gilbert has started
to examine possible seiching characteristics of the bay.
Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Pacific - R. Johnson, Panshin,
Pattullo
Core analysis has been intensively applied to the study of the
distribution of the Pacific Antarctic Intermediate Water. Source
characteristics, core intensity, and equivalent thickness have been
examined. Total volume of this water type present is computed to
be 5. 27 x 107 km3. Figure 6 shows the distribution of the maximum
percentage of the core. Contours below 40% have not been drawn.
MAXIMUM PERCENTAGE AT THE CORE
ANTARCTIC INTERMEDIATE WATER
FORMAtION ZONE=::e=
However the percentage of this water decreases rapidly north of 10° N,
and the water essentially disappears within a few degrees north of the
equator.
Upwelling - Panshin, Smith, Pattullo
Studies of upwelling along the Oregon coast are being continued.
Lowering of sea level is concurrent with upwelling, at least in part
due to the increased density of the upwelled water column near shore,
and to the slope of the sea surface with distance offshore. Tidal
data, obtained from observations taken by the Coast and Geodetic
Survey in 1933-34, have been processed to remove astronomic tidal
constituents and inverted barometer effect. Regression analysis will
be used to determine the relationship between departures of this
adjusted sea level from the average level over the period of observation
and the N and E components of wind stress.
Atmospheric Effects on Incoming Solar Radiation in a Marine Environment Quinn
A search of available literature concerning the effects of various
atmospheric parameters and phenomena on the incoming solar radiation
is currently being conducted. Also, all locally available weather and
solar radiation data applicable to Wake Island have been studied with
regard to their usefulness in this project. Most of the published data
is in summarized form and does not allow evaluation with the desired
degree of detail. This study requires simultaneous short period
evaluations of solar radiation and atmospheric data. The required
observational data will be requested from the U. S. Weather Bureau.
Oceanic Heat Storage - S. Kulm, Pattullo
Heat stored in the upper 100 m of the ocean has been determined
from data collected during 1962 and 1963.. The three areas of study
are off Newport, Coos Bay, and Brookings, Oregon. Distribution of
heat with distance from shore and seasonal variations in heat storage
have been determined. The results are being compared with the in
situ heat budget as discussed by Lane (Ph. D. dissertation, OSU, 1965).
A paper on the results is in preparation.
Evaporation over Yaquina Bay - DeRycke, Pattullo
The dock at the Marine Science Center at Yaquina Bay is located
in a highly marine environment. The water that flows underneath it
has oceanic characteristics most of the year. During summer, winds
10
are usually light and variable at dawn; a strong sea breeze blows up
almost every afternoon. During the summer season Lt. Richard DeRycke
(USCGS) set up and monitored a set of evaporation measuring devices
on the dock. The basic device was a standard evaporation pan; supplemental devices were atmometers. Wind, air and water temperature, and
wet bulb temperatures were also measured. Additional data were
collected from several heights above water level on board the YAQUINA
and on one occasion from a moored oil company barge, the WODECO III.
Results are being analyzed.
Velocity of Sound Off Oregon - Crocker, Smith, Pattullo
Hydrographic data collected by the department have been used to
compute the velocity of sound in waters off the coast. Normal vertical
structure and seasonal anomalous conditions have been described. Mr.
Kimball Crocker is preparing a thesis on the results of this work.
Hydrographic Survey - Wyatt, Pattullo, Still, Barstow
Standard hydrographic casts to 1000 and 1200 m were made on
cruises in June, July, and September. In June casts were made to
165 miles west of Newport and Astoria, Oregon. We occupied stations
along a line extending 265 miles west of Newport in July and 65 miles
west of Newport in September. Stations were made at 10-mile intervals
from 5 to 45 miles west of the Oregon coast. Beyond 45 miles, stations
were made at 20-mile intervals. Hydrographic and BT casts were also
made on benthos, nekton, and phytoplankton cruises.
Table I. Summary of Hydrographic Samples
Hydrographic casts
Bathythermograph casts
Drift bottles released
Surface temperature and
salinity samples
Midwater trawl hauls
Vertical meter net tows
C-14 phytoplankton
productivity samples
Chlorophyll pigment samples
92
113
214
98
14
7
320
260
Ii
Bioluminescence as Environmental Noise in Underwater Optical
Systems - Neshyba
The receiver section of an optical transmitter-receiver system
operating in ocean waters will respond to bioluminescent radiation of
wavelength within the receiver bandwidth. Naturally occurring bioluminescence has been found at various intensities and at various depths
in the ocean. This investigation has been concerned with the enhance-
ment,inhibition, or alteration to the natural luminescent field by the
presence of pulsed, optical frequency radiations from the system transmitter. A number of 700 meter depth stations have been made off
the Oregon coast, using an instrument consisting of a photomultiplier
receiver and a flashing xenon light. The light emits a 1 millisecond
pulse at repetition rates of 6 to 24 pulses per minute. When the instrument is on station, the flashcube is energized and emits a train of light
pulses. The detected bioluminescent signal is transmitted via cable to
a surface recorder.
Figure 7 contains traces of the recorded luminescent field in the
presence of pulse stimuli in several train lengths. These stimuli are
shown on the traces as sharp spikes with dots. Figure 7a is a trace of
luminescent field recording when stimuli are spaced 50 seconds apart.
The trace is essentially identical to the trace of the natural bioluminescent
field at that station. Radiation level is about 10-8 microwatts`cm2.
Figure 7b is a subsequent trace during which the xenon light was
pulsed twice, with pulses spaced 2. 5 seconds apart. An immediate
rise in the luminescent level occurred following the second pulse.
After the level had returned to its natural level, the stimuli were
repeated with identical results.
Figures 7 c and d are traces of records from similar tests,
except that the pulse train of stimuli was lengthened to 3 and 5 pulses,
respectively. In each case, the rise in luminescent increased directly
with length of the train of stimuli.
The luminescent reaction to a continuous train of stimuli is shown
in Figure 7e. Here only the first ten stimuli are shown in spikes and
dots. The luminescent level reaches a maximum level of 10-4
microwatts/cm2, an increase of 104 above the level of the non-stimulated
luminescence. The response of bioluminescent organisms to light stimuli
is positive and measurable. However, attempts to obtain samples of the
responsible organisms have not been successful.
12
(e)
070
0 SECONDS
I
(C)
a
Y
(b)
IG e
10 O
0 SECONDS
Kf4
64
(4)
10 e
Figure 7
Recorded luminiscent field in the presence of pulse stimuli in
several train lengths. Stimuli are shown as sharp spikes with
dots.
The precise spectral ranges of the stimulated and natural luminescence
have not been measured. However, the bandwidth of the receiver used
here was from 300 to 650 millii-nicrons. Thus, the tests covered those
bandwidths most likely to be selected as operating frequencies for active
optical devices. It is concluded, therefore, that an optical system using
pulsed light will enhance the noise environment in which it operates.
A full report on these tests and other tests made in the Gulf of Mexico,
together with qualitative and quantitative analyses of the results, will be
submitted for publication shortly.
Measurement of Radiation at Yaquina Bay - Burt, Maughan
The flux of solar and long-wave radiation has been measured over
The radiation measuring system recently developed by
Maughan and Mesecar (1965) and described in Progress Report No. 15
was used for these measurements. The completed total hemispherical
radiometer is shown in Figure 8.
Yaquina Bay.
U
Figure 8. Total hemispherical radiometer.
14
Preliminary examination of the meteorological and oceanographic
data taken in conjunction with the radiation measurements at Yaquina
Bay show the meteorological and oceanographic "climate" of the Bay
is very nearly identical to the climate in the oceanic area immediately
off the Oregon coast. Thus, measurements of radiant energy over
Yaquina Bay may be considered representative of the radiant energy flux
flux in an oceanic environment.
Figure 9 shows the variation with time of incoming and upcoming
total hemispherical radiation. These are the first such measurements
made in this area of the Pacific Ocean. Detailed analysis of this and
the other radiation parameters have been made by Maughan for inclusion
in his dissertation.
A meteorological instrument shelter is presently under construction
for permanent installation on the dock at the Marine Science Center
near Newport. The roof of the shelter is designed especially for the
mounting of meteorological instruments. The instruments will be
connected to automatic recording and integrating equipment for continuous monitoring of the various parameters.
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
a---0 UPCOMING RADIATION
---+ INCOMING RADIATION
0.2
0
12M I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12N 1
2
34
5
6
7
8 .9
10
TIME OF DAY, PDT
Figure 9. Incoming and upcoming total hemispherical radiation with
time. Yaquina Bay, Oregon. June 1965.
II 12M
6o
ti
Instrumented Pressure Chamber - Mesecar
A portable high pressure chamber has
been assembled for use in the department's
research projects. For example, it will be
used to test instrument cases and to aid in
the study of biological specimens, geological
core samples, and in situ transducers under
pressure.
The chamber is made from a modified
16-inch projectile (Figure 10). It is initially
charged with tap water, and an electrifiedhydraulic pump is then used to reach final pressures as high as 12, 000 psig.
Valves have
been included in the system to enable the in-
vestigator to use the pump to pressurize
pressure chambers other than the main
chamber. Ten high pressure electrical leads
feed through the cap for instrumen-
L
tation purposes.
I
I
Figure 10.
Back view.
Spectral Analysis of Oregon Sea Level Data - Smith, Crocker
We have begun a project to search for the presence of waves with
periods greater than one day on the Continental Shelf off Oregon. This
study has been motivated by several factors: (1) our continuing interest
in upwelling and related coastal phenomena; (2) B. V. Hamon' s results
from his analyses of Australian sea level data; and (3) promising results
from i n i t i a l correlation and spectral analyses made during the summer.
We are employing standard techniques of auto- and cross-correlation and
auto- and cross-power spectral analyses. To date, sea level data taken
during 1933-34 from four stations along the coast, and atmospheric pressure
data from one site have been used.
6
IASNINOT
2
0
-A
PLIAIN
0
I
CAfl'PMe lvi
Geologic Provinces West of Oregon
CALIFORNIA
17
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Continental Margin
Continental Shelf Sedimentation - Byrne, Runge
We have completed laboratory investigations of the 650 samples
collected from the shelf and upper slope between the mouth of the Columbia
River and Cape Blanco.
During the period from April to October we studied the heavy minerals from the shelf sediments. A report is in final stages of preparation and will be submitted for publication during 1966. Forty-four
samples, from latitudinal lines about 20 miles apart, exhibited approximately 40 mineral species and varieties. Amphibole, pyroxene, and the
opaque-garnet are the dominant mineral groups present. The amphiboles
are most abundant in the fine-grained sediments and on the southern
portion of the continental shelf; the pyroxene, opaque, and garnet groups
are most abundant in the coarser-grained sediments inshore and on the
central and southern continental shelf. Relative abundance of heavy
minerals varies from 21% north of the mouth of the Columbia River to
zero south of Heceta Bank in an area of high glauconite concentration.
The average for the 44 samples is 4. 18%.
Astoria Canyon - Byrne, Carlson
As a part of the Astoria Submarine Canyon investigation, an
additional 12 piston cores and 10 pipe dredge samples were obtained in
August 1965. This brings the total number of samples to 115 (18 piston
cores, 80 gravity cores and 17 pipe dredge samples). The piston cores are
currently being photographed and described. Subsamples taken from
each of the cores will be analyzed for texture and composition.
The sediments of the canyon area as observed in the piston cores
range from olive-green muds to gray clays. The cores taken in the axis
of Astoria Canyon consist primarily of olive-green silts with variable
numbers of fine sand layers, most of which are only a few millimeters
thick. Cores from the canyon walls, however, very frequently contain
gray clay. The clay layers often are interbedded with fine sand layers.
18
Foraminiferal Ecology - Fowler, Boettcher
The systematic sampling of the shelf and slope off Oregon for modern
foraminifera was continued during cruises in May and August. Two hundred
sixty-two stations, were occupied bringing the total to 384. Most of the
stations are located along 16 east-west traverses evenly spaced from
46° 10'N to 42° 11'N. Eighty-nine shelf stations were occupied on a grid
pattern between 42° 53'N and 42° 11'N. Laboratory preparation of the
samples is continuing.
An additional study is underway to examine the areal distribution of
foraminifera on a portion of the Oregon shelf between 43° 50'N and 43°
16' N. Facies of dead foraminifera will be based on portions of 74 samples
originally collected for sediment analysis. The distribution of live
foraminifera in the area will be determined from 116 samples collected
at 46 stations along four east-west traverses located at 43° 50'N, 43°
40'N, 43° 30'N, and 43° 16'N. Replicate samples at many of the stations
will be used for statistical evaluation of foraminiferal trends. One
hundred fifty-four samples are ready for microscopical examination.
Identifications and frequency counts have been made for 120 species in
17 samples.
.
Deep Sea Sedimentation
Astoria Fan - Byrne, Kulm, Nelson, Russell
Fourteen piston cores up to twenty feet in length and as many Phleger
cores were collected from Astoria Fan during the past four months. This
completes the sampling program with a total of forty piston cores and
forty gravity cores. Eighteen piston cores have been opened, sectioned,
photographed in both color and black and white, described in detail,
sampled, and analyzed for texture. Generally the cores consist of olive
drab silty-clay for about the upper 100 cm; lower portions are gray
silty-clay with interbedded sand-silt layers. Most of sediments of the
coarse interbeds (less than 2 cm thick) have silt-size median diameters,
whereas deposits of the thicker coarse layers have median diameters in
the fine sand range. Coarse layers over 40 cm thick have been encountered.
Two cores located in channels leading from the mouth of Astoria Canyon
consist mainly of layers of coarse sand and pebble gravels. An ash
layer up to 10 cm thick was noted near the top of several cores. Preliminary analyses of one core reveal distinct differences in composition
and texture in the pelagic sediment above and below coarse-grained
layers. In many cases the fine sediment above the "turbidite" layer is
coarser and has more organic material than the fine sediment beneath the
coarse layer.
19
Several cores collected on the southwestern portion of Astoria Fan,
between Astoria Channel and Cascadia Channel, invariably contain about
1 m of grayish mud overlying a like thickness of very fine to fine sand.
In all cores taken in this area, penetration was halted after 1. 5 m of
sand was cored. The inability of the piston corer to penetrate through
the sand and the similarity of lithology over a large area indicate that
this sand body may have wide areal distribution and considerable thickness. One core taken on the southernmost portion of Nitinat Fan, in
the vicinity of the junction of Vancouver Valley and Cascadia Channel,
is composed of very angular, medium to coarse sand, and appears to
be quite different from that collected on Astoria Fan.
Preliminary studies of the clay mineral composition of 35 sediment
samples from Astoria Fan, Astoria Canyon, and the Columbia River
indicate that the clay mineral suite is uniform both horizontally and
vertically over the fan. The clay minerals present are montmorillonite,
chlorite, and illite. Kaolinite has not been detected.
Cascadia Abyssal Plain - Kulm, Fowler, Byrne, Duncan
The southern portion of Cascadia Abyssal Plain off Oregon was
investigated during a cruise in September (Figure 1). Several large
features associated with the plain were surveyed. These include Astoria
Fan and Channel, Cascadia Channel and Abyssal Gap, and a small portion
of the seamount province adjoining the abyssal plain. Sounding lines were
run between coring stations and over selected cross-channel profiles of
Cascadia Channel and Astoria Channel. Precision depth records were
made for more than 1200 nautical miles. Thirty-nine piston cores were
collected from 32 different stations with duplicate cores being taken at
seven of these stations. Eleven of these cores were taken along a profile
(approximately 44° 40'N latitude) extending from the base of the continental
slope 150 nautical miles westward into the seamount province. The piston
cores range in length up to 11.4 meters. Single gravity cores were
obtained at five piston coring stations; a five barrel multiple gravity
corer was used as a trigger weight on the piston corer at the remaining
stations. Two of the multiple gravity cores will be processed for
foraminifera, two for sediment analyses, and one for organic carbon
analysis.
The echo soundings made over Astoria Channel from 44° 40' to
45° 15. 4'N latitude show that this channel is a broad shallow depression
with many smaller channels incised within the larger one. Cores taken
in the axis of the channel are composed primarily of olive green mud.
Sand layers were noted in only one core.
47
SEA MOUNT
COLUMBIA- RIVER
460
17. AS TO R.
/A
I
12
45°
9®
16
s o, b
s
YAQUINA SAY
I
10-
30
44°
as
PISTON CORE STATION
DREDGE STATION
urcccn iwuu
131
130
CAPE BLANCO
SENTS
S FEET OF CORE
1.290
128°
127°
1260
125°
124°
I230
122
Figure 1. Sample locations and echo sounding track (solid line). Sediment descriptions were made
in the field and are ap proximate only.
Gi
Cascadia Channel was surveyed from 45° 29. 6'N, southward to about
43° 30'N latitude and then westward into the abyssal gap in the seamount
province. The channel was also sounded for a short distance along each
of the two branches that emerge from the gap onto Tufts Abyssal Plain.
Cross-channel soundings were made at more or less regular intervals,
usually not more than 10 nautical miles apart. The floor of the channel
is quite variable in width over the area covered in the survey. A core
barrel was badly damaged when coring was attempted near the abyssal
gap. This experience suggests the presence of hard rock. Few
Precision Depth Records show any evidence of submarine levees along
Cascadia Channel. Where levee development does occur, the relief is
not more than 4 fathoms. Cores taken in the axis of the channel contain
sediments ranging from green and grayish-green mud to gravel. Sand
is present in most of these cores. One core, 2. 5 m in length, is
composed of medium to coarse sand underlain by about 0. 8 m of gravel,
probably of continental origin.
The longest cores were taken in the seamount province adjoining
Cascadia Abyssal Plain. These cores, composed chiefly of foraminiferal
lutite, will be used for stratigraphic correlations and paleoclimatic
studies.
One dredge haul was made on one of several seamounts bordering
Cascadia Channel. Several nodular fragments of manganese, exhibiting
concentric lamellar structure were collected, as was one
piece of manganese- encrusted palagonite-glass breccia.
Coastal and Estuarine Sedimentation
Coastal Sediments - Kulm, Byrne
Heavy mineral separations have been completed for all of the
coastal sediments collected from southern Washington, Oregon, and
northern California. Thirty-three grain mounts of the coastal dune
sands in these areas and 100 grain mounts of the "Elk River" terrace
deposits from southern and central Oregon have been prepared. Magnetic separations, X-ray analysis, and petrographic techniques are
being used to identify the heavy minerals from all of the coastal deposits.
22
Nearshore Carbonate Sands of Bermuda - Kulm, Carlson
Analyses of the beach and nearshore carbonate sediments of
Bermuda have been completed. A manuscript for publication is in
preparation.
Estuarine Foraminiferal Ecology - Fowler, Hunger, Manske
Netarts Bay. The analyses of 119 samples have been completed,
and a final report is being prepared on the foraminiferal ecology of
Netarts Bay, Oregon. The 52 species encountered have been grouped
into four faunas whose areal distributions coincide with the major environments of the bay. The Elphidiella fauna occupies the main tidal channel
and open ocean beach. This fauna consists only of calcareous species
which are more characteristic of innermost shelf environments than
those of the bay. The sand flats are populated by an Elphidium fauna
also dominated by calcareous foraminifera. Mud flats bordering the
east side and head of the bay support an abundance of agglutinated
species characterizing the Ammonia fauna. Ammonia becarii tepida is
the only calcareous species in this group. Marsh areas are dominated
by the Trochammina fauna composed solely of agglutinated foraminifera.
The greatest faunal diversity occurs on the sand and mud flats
bordering the bay. Samples from these areas often contain six to nine
living species. Standing crop values are highest on the bordering flats
and in the marshes where more than 30 living specimens per cm2 are
common. Seasonal collections from 11 stations indicate that maximum
populations occur during the spring and fall seasons for some species
and during the summer for, others.
Yaquina Bay. During the six months covered in this report, we
collected 121 samples of the foraminifera of Yaquina Bay. Of these,
92 samples, from eight stations in the main channel, are part of a
collection made seasonally at these stations. Sixteen more represent the
marsh and tidal flat environments. Complete areal coverage of the
estuary was achieved with the sampling of 13 new stations. A total of 82
separate stations have now been sampled.
To gain additional information on the physical environment, we are
making carbon analyses on 26 samples taken from the tidal flats and
marshes.
23
GEOPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Seismic Work at Sea - Berg, Dehlinger, French, King
In May, Oregon State University and Scripps Institution of
Oceanography jointly shot 11 seismic refraction lines, using the
YAQUINA and HORIZON, off the coasts of northern California, Oregon,
and Washington, and in deep water west of Oregon. From these results
crustal thicknesses, layering, and upper mantle velocities of the
continental shelf and in deep water will be determined to study variations
in crustal structures. Good recordings were obtained along the lines;
the data are being analyzed.
The new power supply for the sparker, capable of supplying 12, 500
joules per second, has been tested at sea. Sub-bottom reflections from
about 1000 feet have been recorded in water that was 500 feet deep. Sea
conditions were not optimum for these recordings, and better results
may be obtained in the future.
Thermal Studies - Berg, Bodvarsson, Hutt, Vossler
A new thermal probe has been designed and built, and several
successful measurements have been made. Initial studies are being
made over magnetic anomalies off the Oregon coast.
Laboratory studies to relate thermal conductivity and electrical
conductivity are in progress.
A new thermal probe for measuring long time variations in temperature at the sea-bottom interface of the ocean floor is being constructed.
Thermal measurements will be made to a depth of several meters in the
bottom and to a height of 1 or 2 meters above the floor of the ocean. The
initial design of this instrument is nearly complete. Recovery techniques
are now being investigated.
Theoretical Studies - Bodvarsson, Maloof, Berg, Papageorge
The studies on direct interpretation methods in applied geophysics
The methods that have been developed are being
applied to the interpretation of thermal and hydrological data, in
particular to the problem of reservoir testing in applied hydrology.
Theoretical studies are also being carried out on the use of stable and
radioactive isotopes in reservoir testing.
have been continued.
24
Theoretical aspects of the prospecting for geothermal anomalies
are being studied with particular emphasis on the vertical EM-field
gradient method. A theoretical study of two phase flow problems in
geothermal areas is in progress.
Work is also being conducted on analytical continuation or potential
fields and the filtering of potential field data. Modern methods of network
analysis and synthesis have been used to develop a direct method for
interpreting DC resistivity and magnetotelluric field data.
Marine Gravity - Dehlinger, Couch, Gemperle
Approximately 5000 miles of sea gravity lines were run off the
coasts of Washington and British Columbia in May (aboard the USCGC
YOCONA) and in June (aboard the YAQUINA), and 2500 miles along the
Inside Passage of British Columbia, between Juneau and Seattle (aboard
the University of Alaska R/V ACONA). These measurements provide
data for a strip about 300 miles westward from the coastline, plus a
landward extension along fjords in British Columbia. Gravity anomalies
for these data are being determined.
Magnetics - Berg, McKnight, Emilia, Bales
Magnetic measurements have been completed off the west coast
of the United States between San Francisco and Vancouver, British
Columbia. The measurements extend from shoreline seaward for about
70 miles. The data are currently being analyzed.
A spinner magnetometer has been constructed and checked. Studies
to measure the homogeneity of the paleomagnetic field in chosen formations are currently underway.
Land Gravity Studies - Berg, Thiruvathukal
Free-air and Bouguer anomaly maps of the offshore and onshore
Oregon area are being constructed for publication. The data are being
analyzed.
25
Seismic Wave Studies - Berg, Trembly, Sarmah, Long, Souders
Records from nuclear explosions are being used to investigate
the continuity of amplitudes and energy at all distances from the source.
Emergence angles, wave type, propagation path, and amplitudes are
being investigated.
A line of seismograph stations between Corvallis, Oregon, and
Seattle, Washington, recorded a quarry blast (110, 000 lbs) near Newport,
Oregon. This work was done in cooperation with the Geological Survey,
Oregon State Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, and the
Oregon Highway Department. The data are currently being analyzed.
Earthquake Seismology - Dehlinger, Chiburis, French, Gallagher
The World-Wide Seismic Station at Corvallis and satellite station
at Klamath Falls, Oregon, have been operated continuously during this
report period. Seismological Bulletins No. 5 and No. 6 have been
completed and No. 7 and No. 8 are being prepared.
A study on crustal and subcrustal structures in the Pacific Northwest
states, based on dispersion of seismic waves recorded at the Long Range
Seismic Measurement and World-Wide Standard Stations in the Northwest
has been completed'. A dissertation on this study was written by Mr.
Chiburis.
The investigation of earthquake focal depths has been continued,
with emphasis on the possibility of using waves arriving just after Pn
as a measure of focal depth.
27
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Offshore Chemistry - Park, Catalfomo, George, Yamamoto
Processes contributing to the distribution of alkalinity and pH in
the Pacific Ocean off Oregon during 1963 and 1964 have been examined.
We are now preparing a report describing the basic seasonal and spatial
distribution of these two properties.
Our data on seasonal changes in alkalinity are taken from both the
Columbia River and the sea off Oregon. These data show that we can
forecast the alkalinity of the Columbia River plume, if we know its
salinity. The general relationship is as follows:
Alk (plume)
=
Alk(offshore) - Alk(river)
Sal
(offshore) - Sal (river)
Sal
(plume) + Alk (river)
On the basis of our data, we can simplify the equation:
Alk
(plume)
=
1.20 Sal
+ 1.10.
(plume)
33.9
The alkalinity of sea water diluted by rain and coastal river runoff
is different from that of sea water diluted by Columbia River effluent.
This difference makes possible the identification of the Columbia River
plume by its specific alkalinity. A note on this method of plume identification has been submitted for publication.
Oxygen and Phosphate in the North Pacific - Pytkowicz, Kester
Apparent oxygen utilization and preformed phosphate were used
for a qualitative study of the waters` in the 1000-2000 m depth range in
the Northeast Pacific. A paper on the results is in preparation.
Estuarine Chemistry - Park, Catalfomo, Webster (Public Health Service)
A study on the alkalinity budget of the Columbia River is underway.
We find that the alkalinity of the river is about 1 meq/liter near the river
mouth, in spite of the great fluctuations in daily flow rate. The alkalinity
is stable, partly because the numerous dams along the main stream
stabilize the alkalinity of overflow water. The dams store about 25% of
the annual runoff of the Columbia River.
28
In June 1965, we made gas chromatographic determinations of
total carbon dioxide and methane in the sea water of anoxic Nitinat Lake.
We found approximately 1 ml/liter CH4 dissolved in the sea water. This
work was a cooperative effort between the chemical oceanographers of
the University of Washington and Oregon State University.
Chemical Reactions in Sea Water - Pytkowicz, Kester, Bergener
Because the changes in asymmetry, liquid junction, and reference
potentials in going from buffers to sea water are not known, pH measurements in sea water do not yield thermodynamic hydrogen ion activities.
This does not detract from the value of pH measurements used in selfconsistent schemes, but it does show that reproducibility rather than
accuracy is of concern when different electrodes are used on the same
problem. Measurements of a standard sea water sample with several
glass electrodes showed that the reproducibility of a given glass electrodecalomel electrode pair is within + 0. 003 pH units. The reproducibility
is + 0. 007 pH units when several glass electrodes are used. Fortunately
this scattering is small compared to other uncertainties in the determination of dissociation constants and solubility products. Our high
precision potentiometric equipment is currently being used in the determination of the apparent dissociation constants of phosphoric acid in
sea water. These constants are needed for the study of the solubility
of apatites and phosphorites.
Physical Chemistry of Sea Water - Weyl, Connors, Duedall
The measurement of the partial'molar volume of salts in sea
water has been completed, and a report is being prepared. The measurement of the partial equivalent conductances of salts in sea water is
nearing completion.
The temperature change resulting from the mixture of equal volumes
of sea water having the same temperature but different salinities has been
measured in a specially constructed calorimeter. The salinities were
held constant at 10. 24 and 60. 50%o; temperatures varied from 0 to 30° C.
The temperature change is given by the equation:
T = -0. 0533 + 0. 002388T - 0. 0000392 T2
Using these data and the heat capacity data of Cox and Smith (Proc. Royal
Acad. London 252: 51-62, 1958), the following empirical expression for
the heat capacity of sea water was derived.
29
Cp = 4. 2079 - 0. 0015 T - C(6.992 - 0. 0780 T) + C2(15 - 0. 5T) + 0. 002
where C is the mass fraction of salt and T is in degrees Centigrade.
Reports on this work are in preparation.
Improvement of Shipboard Techniques - Park, George, Wyatt
Conductometric alkalinity determination. A continuous titration
cell is being evaluated in the laboratory. A precision of + 0. 51o is readily
1.
obtainable.
We hope to improve the precision to + 0. 1 ojo.
2. Gas chromatographic determination of dissolved gases. Methane
and hydrogen sulfide determinations in sea water were attempted.
Methane was analyzed by a molecular sieve column and hydrogen sulfide
by a silicon grease column. We find that the gas chromatographic determination of methane is fruitful, but that this method of determining
hydrogen sulfide is inferior to colorimetric means.
The Role of the Oceans in Climatic Change - Weyl
Changes in the surface salinity of the ocean, particularly in the
North Atlantic, can produce climatic change. A change in the North
Atlantic from its present salinity distribution to one like the North
Pacific would lead to a glacial climate. This change could be brought
about by a slight shift in the winds that now carry water vapor across
the Isthmus of Panama, provided that shift lasted about a thousand years.
The glacial period could be terminated either by the resumption of vapor
transport from the Atlantic to the Pacific, or by geothermal heating of
stagnant bottom water. A uniform vertical salinity structure throughout
the world ocean would lead to an ice free Arctic and a climate like that
of the Tertiary.
Salinity Extrema of the World Ocean - Weyl, Ingham
A study of the salinity extrema of the world ocean has been completed and accepted as a Ph. D. thesis. Excerpts from this study are
being prepared for publication.
30
Absorption of Alkalinity from Sea Water
Clay Minerals - Deffeyes
A study of the formation of Mg(OH)2 interlayers in marine clays
was initiated at the beginning of the summer. Titrations at several
different slow constant rates were used to study the alkalinity takeup of
a variety of clays as a function of pH and as a function of the solution
composition. We have reached the following conclusions:
1.
2.
The base absorbed by the clays in magnesium-free sea water
is very small. Thus, magnesium is the dominant cation in the
alkalinity absorbing reaction.
Montmorillonite clays absorb base more readily than kaolinite
clays, but the capacities of different montmorillonites vary
widely.
3.
The addition of interlayers to the clays does not run reversibly
on a time scale of a few hours. The clay-Mg(OH)2 system
resembles the better known clay-water systems in displaying
a distinct hysteresis between addition and removal conditions.
We were fortunate to have Miss Joanne Groves from the faculty of the
Chemistry Department at Portland State College associated with the clay
chemistry study during the summer.
31
MARINE RADIOECOLOGY AND RADIOCHEMISTRY
Radioecology of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy, Osterberg, Eagle, Tennant,
Wyandt, Larsen
During the past six months 268 samples of pelagic animals and 58
samples of benthic fishes have been radioanalyzed. These include
individual species from various depths within the upper 1000 m and benthic
fishes from as deep as 2800 m. Albacore tuna have been examined to
establish trends in their gamma spectral composition over the past three
years.
Stable zinc analyses are being made on individual species. After
study of sources of variation in zinc concentration and modification of
analytical techniques, stable zinc analyses will be performed routinely.
Zn
65
The data on seasonal, bathymetric, and day-night variations of
in unsorted midwater trawl samples are being prepared for publication.
Radioecology of the Benthos - Carey, Osterberg, McCauley, Hancock,
Alspach, Larsen
During this report period 174 samples, representing 53 animal
species and 15 sediment types, have been radioanalyzed for gamma
emitters. Because of the low levels of radionuclides present, samples
are now being analyzed by multi-parameter coincidence counting (with
anti-coincidence shielding) by R. W. Perkins, of Battelle-Northwest.
Zinc-65 from the Hanford reactors is present in greater amounts
in benthic communities from shallow water, but vari, 5s inversely with
depth. Sediment-feeding organisms contain less Zn than carnivorous
forms. Seasonal differences in Zn65 content are also being investigated.
We plan to evaluate trophic level and depth variations of radioactivity through further joint efforts with the Hanford group.
Radiochemistry - Osterberg, Cutshall, Cronin
A 1 60-gallon coprecipitation apparatus (Figure 1) has been designed
by Cronin and Osterberg. This apparatus enables us to detect the very
low levels of chromium-51 introduced into Columbia River water by the
Hanford nuclear reactors. As a result, we have been able to follow the
Figure 1. Tex's Towers - 160-gallon epoxy-lined tanks used for
copre cipitation.
SS
Columbia River plume at sea as far south as off Coos Bay, Oregon,
(Science, in press). We have also used Cr51 as a timing device, as
well as an indicator of plume waters.
In Situ Sediment Probe - Cutshall, Osterberg, Jennings
A new electrically-driven winch capable of holding 3000 m of
conducting cable has been ordered. This winch will facilitate use of
the probe for measuring radioactivity in marine sediment. Recent
core samples have contained sufficient,artificial radionuclides to make
such efforts desirable.
Alpha Emitters in the Columbia River - Jennings, Osterberg
While at Battelle-Northwest on an AEC summer fellowship, Mr.
Jennings analyzed a number of marine and estuarine samples for alpha
emitters. The highest levels of uranium-234-238 (865 dpm/kg) were
found in sea cucumbers from the ocean bottom. The greatest amount of
polonium-210 (13. 89 x 103 kpm/kg dry weight) was found in the stomach
of a salmon caught off Newport, Oregon. Salmon eggs contained 395
dpm/kg dry weight
The levels of alpha radioactivity in animals
were very much greater than those in the river water or the reactor
effluent. Radioactivity varied from 0. 033 dpm/liter Po210 in river
water to 0. 051 dpm/liter Po210 in reactor effluent.
The conclusion to be drawn from this work is that most of the alpha
radioactivity in the samples measured was due to natural radionuclides.
Animals appear to concentrate Po210 and U234-238 to higher levels
than are found in the Columbia River.
This work was carried out with instrumentation and facilities
provided by Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Washington, under joint
fellowship with the AEC. The guidance of Mr. Thomas Beasley is
particularly appreciated.
Dissolved Organics in Sea Water - Cronin, Osterberg
Dissolved organics were removed from large volumes (up to 1100
gallons) of natural waters by solvent extraction. Samples collected
at Astoria, Oregon, (river water) and at the Columbia Lightship (mostly
sea water) are being analyzed at Battelle-Northwest Laboratories,
Richland, Washington.
Components of the dissolved organics are being identified using
gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance,
mass spectroscopy, and other specialized techniques, Radioactive
elements are being identified' using multiparameter coincidence spectros copy.
This work, carried out in part on a Battelle-Northwest-AEC
fellowship, is under the direction of Earl Martin and Dr. Lee Burger.
Uptake of Radionuclides
Benthic Am hi ods - Cross, Osterberg
Benthic amphipods, collected at sea in traps from depths greater
than 100 m, are being used in uptake and retention experiments currently
carried out at Battelle-Northwest. These animals, which may prove to
be a significant food source of bottom fishes, have been found to be
durable laboratory organisms. Losses in collection and transportation
some 300 miles inland to Hanford Labs have been less than 5%.
This work, in progress, is financed in part by a Battelle-Northwest
AEC fellowship under the direction of Drs. Dean and Nakatani.
Chemistry of Chromium-51 - Cutshall, Osterberg
Field and laboratory studies show that Cr51 introduced into the
ocean by the Hanford reactors tends to remain in hexavalent form.
Before Cr51 can be efficiently scavenged from sea water by coprecipi-
tation with Fe(OH)3, it must be reduced to Cr III. The need for this step,
prior to efficient recovery, demonstrates that much of the Cr51 in sea
water must be Cr VI.
BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Feeding Habits of Benthic Organisms - McCauley
Stomach and intestinal contents of several species of invertebrates
and one species of fish are being examined to determine feeding habits.
Allocentrotus fragilis and Brisaster townsendi, both shallow water
echinoids, appear to be unselective deposit feeders and are probably
restricted in their diet only by the size of the particles in the sediment.
The fish Coryphaenoides sp. , a deep-sea grenadier, appears to be a
selective carnivorous feeder. This fish may swim up into areas well
above the bottom since a number of pelagic animals have been found in
its stomach. There is also evidence that at least part of its diet consists
of benthic epifauna and, perhaps, infauna.
Analyses of the stomach and intestinal contents of benthic fish
are difficult. When such a fish is brought to the surface, its swim
bladder expands, forcing the stomach to empty its contents and squeezing
contents from the guts. At best, diet can only be inferred from hard
parts of a few animals. A quantitative study of feeding habits is unlikely.
Benthic Ecology and Systematics - Carey, McCauley, Alspach, Hancock
The benthos cruises, undertaken during this period, yielded 10
quantitative Anchor-Box Dredge samples, 13 otter trawl samples, and
30 Aberdeen (Smith-McIntyre) bottom grab samples from the shelf,
slope, and abyssal plain. Two radioecology cruises, joint with nekton
and radiochemistry, yielded an additional 11 otter trawl and 19 Aberdeen
grab samples
Laboratory analyses of the collections continue. In addition to
routine identifications and counts, studies on food sources of the fauna
are underway.
A quantitative 3-meter beam trawl has been built and will be tested
soon.
Studies on Reproduction of Benthic Invertebrates - Carey, Hufford
Studies on the reproductive activity of the benthic fauna collected
seasonally off Oregon are underway. The gonadal index of the sea
urchin, Allocentrotus fragilis, is being measured to determine the
36
extent of its reproductive cycles. We plan to extend this research to
deeper organisms to determine whether lower limits of cyclical reproductive phenomona exist.
Benthic Fishes - Eagle, Pearcy
Deep hauls have recovered two additional brotulids (Parabassogigas
andis). Another species of snail-fish (Liparidae) Careproctus was
.captured and has been sent to the U. S. National Museum for further
identification. Coryphaenoides and Antimora continue to make up the
bulk of'the fish collections from i ater deeper than 1000 m.
Oceanic Trematode Studies - MCCauley, Eagle
Support for oceanic trematode studies was terminated on 30 August
1965 with a good deal of the systematic work remaining to be completed.
During this study 2080 trematodes were collected from marine fishes,
1378 of them foundin fishes from depths in excess of 1000 meters. All
the specimens are now on microscope slides and have been assigned to
tentative systematic positions. Further study will undoubtedly reveal
that many of these are new species. Study will resume when support is
available.
Polychaete Distribution in Yaquina Bay - Carey, Morrison
A study of the polychaete worm distribution in the lower part of
Yaquina Bay, with special reference to Nephtys caecoides, was undertaken in July 1964. The samples were taken with a Smith-McIntyre grab
s ampler.
This study has now been completed. A total of 71 samples were
collected at six stations. The animals were separated into their major
taxonomic groups. The numbers, constant dry weights, and ash-free
dry weights per square meter were determined for each group.
The marine polychaete Nephtys caecoides exhibited a continuous
distribution from offshore to a point approximately five miles into the
estuary. An effort has been made to correlate this distribution with the
known habits of this organism and the ecological conditions found in
the estuary.
sr
Polychaetous Annelids of the Offshore Waters of Oregon - Carey, Hancock
The study of the offshore polychaetous annelids from the Oregon
coast is nearing completion. Anchor dredge samples from depths of
50, 100, 200, 600, 800, and 2800 m have been sorted and identified.
Organic content of the sediments has been determined (Carey, 1965),
and numerical counts by species have been made. The number of
species found in a sample ranged from 5 to 55; total number of individuals
per sample ranged from 20 to 1500. Approximately 140 species of 47
genera have been found to date. Non-quantitative otter trawl samples
from these stations will also be identified to give the complete picture
of the polychaetes present at each station. Biomass data will be collected to produce a more complete distributional picture of these organisms
Dr. Donald Reish's collection of nearshore polychaetes has been
loaned to us by Dr. Ivan Pratt for comparison purposes. After very
close examination of this collection we found that only a small percentage
of the species collected on or near shore occur in the offshore benthos.
A small selection (25) of the unidentified specimens from our
collection were taken to Dr. Olga Hartman of the Allan Hancock Foundation.
This selection was found to include eight undescribed species and at least
one undescribed genus. We plan to continue identifying the majority of
specimens in our laboratory and return to Dr. Hartman's laboratory for
assistance in the description of the undescribed specimens and the
identification of more difficult specimens.
Deep-Sea Fouling Studies - Tipper, McCauley
Mr. Tipper has designed a rack for holding test panels to be placed
on the ocean floor. Similar research is being conducted by the Navy at
Port Hueneme, California. Mr. Tipper visited their laboratory and
discussed mutual problems with them. His first testing rack was submerged from a fixed catamaran buoy on 28 September, but was lost.
Two additional racks are under construction.
Ecology and Distribution of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy, Coleman;
Donaldson, Van Arsdale
Studies of the seasonal and geographic distribution of oceanic
animals in relation to their environment have been extended by 85 more
midwater trawl collections and 44 meter net collections during the last
quarter. Theses and papers summarizing the distributional data for the
past three years are being completed. Dry weights of the major components of midwater trawl and meter net collections are being determined.
The cruise of the YAQUINA to the southeast into central Pacific
waters has permitted comparison of the fauna from two water masses.
Of the 79 species of mesopelagic fishes collected on this special cruise,
for example, 35 were not found in collections off Oregon.
Ecology of the Ocean Shrimp, Sergeste.s similis
- Forss, Pearcy
The seasonal and geographic variations in abundance, growth rate,
and catchability of S. similis is being examined from both meter net
and midwater trawl collections.
Euphausiids and Copepods - Hebard
Identification of copepods and euphausiids has been completed.
Data on species abundance is presently being subjected to statistical
analysis for determination of species groups. Preliminary results
show that the highest correlations occur between species groups from
the Newport stations. Environmental relationships which affect species
distribution are being examined. The features of greatest influence
appear to be upwelling, fresh water runoff, the Davidson Current, and
the California Current.
Medusae, Siphonophores and Chaetognaths - Renshaw
The medusae, siphonophores, and chaetognaths from the 200 m
meter net tows have been analyzed. The abundance and size-frequency
distribution of the chaetognaths have been tabulated, and further analysis
to determine seasonal dominance of species within chaetognath populations
is now in progress. Medusae and siphonophores have been identified,
and their abundance and seasonal occurrence recorded. Further analyses
of these groups will indicate their importance as predators in the seasonal
plankton cycle.
Oceanic Amphipods - Van Arsdale
Five families of the hyperiid amphipods from meter net collections
along the Newport hydrographic line have been examined. Opening-
39
closing meter net collections to 1500 m at NH-50 are now being examined.
From these data the seasonal, vertical, and horizontal distributions will
be determined.
Salps - Hubbard, Pearcy
The species composition, seasonal occurrence and geographic
variations in distribution of salps has been examined from collections
made during the past three years. Attempts to correlate occurrence
of species with wind stress is in progress.
Marine Microbiology - Morita
Identification of the various types of bacteria isolated from core
material has been initiated. This sediment material was taken from the
Philippine Trench and the Challenger Deep last December. The sediment,
obtained by coring, was from depths up to 10, 808 meters.
We have begun studies in four areas: (1) isolation, characterization,
and the enzyme kinetics of glucose-6-phosphate, (2) the mechanism of
alpha ketoglutarate formation, (3) the identification of phospholipids, and
(4) the characterization of the low temperature of growth. The first two
studies deal with the possibility of the existence of an abnormally heat
labile enzyme(s) in an obligate psychrophile. The third involves the
permeability control of an obligate psychrophile when exposed to
temperature above its maximum temperature of growth. The fourth
study is aimed at determining why cells can grow at low temperatures.
Energy and Element Transfer in the Lower Marine Food Web - Small,
Hebard, Bergeron, FowlerRespiratory metabalism of euphausiids (Euphausia pacifica Hansen
and Thysanoessa spinifera Holmes) collected off Oregon in winter has
These respiratory rates, together with estimates of
been
anabolism (such as growth rates), are used to assess gross production
(assimilation) rates, which themselves are necessary to understanding
energy transfer in food webs. The study has so far been limited to
winter months because of known seasonal differences in respiratory
metabolism in other pelagic marine crustaceans. The study will be
expanded eventually to include data from the spring and summer months
and the effects of pressure, temperature, and reproduction on respiration.
40
A Gilson differential respirometer was used to assess respiration
rates. Checks and certain special experiments employed Winkler
titration techniques and a Fisher gas partitioner.
Our experiments lead us to the conclusion that, in general, water
temperature and body size are the two factors most significantly
affecting euphausiid respiration during winter off Oregon. Furthermore,
over the weight range of animals used, Q10 does not change with size,
and no short term temperature acclimation takes place (Figure 1).
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
3
V
rn
E
010
=
2.1
1.2
1.0
N.
0 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 1. Average weight-specific respiration of euphausiids at three
temperatures, and calculated Qi n,
15
41
Respiration (R) can be expressed as a function of body weight (W):
log R = a + b log W
where R is in µl 02/hr, W in mg dry weight, and a and b are constants.
The coefficient b is not significantly different at 5°_C, 10°C, or 15°C,
indicating no alteration of respiration with increasing size (Figure 2).
Thus, weight-specific respiration (R/W) does not vary with size. It
does vary with temperature, however, to yield a Q10 of 2.11.
24
2.2
EUPHAUS/ID RESPIRATION
2.0
1.8
/
1.6
2
/
/
/
/
//
,
I
x
I
5°C °---o log R0.962 logW-0.102
r=0.943
10°C - IogR=0.152+0.935 IogW
r-0.960
.6
0
15°C x---x IogR=0.083+1.141 IogW
.4
r=0.921
0
4
.6
.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
18
log dry wt (W)
Figure 2. Scatter diagram and linear regression of log respiration
on log dry weight for euphausiids at three temperatures.
We are doing other experiments to investigate the transfer of
zinc-65 in "pollution" concentrations through food webs, and to test the
effectiveness of Zn65 as a measure of metabolic activity. Experiments
on direct uptake, retention, and loss of Zn65 from the water by euphausiids
suggest that a large amount of this isotope is physically adsorbed.
However, a measurable amount of metabolic uptake also occurs.
Molting by the animals increases the "effective uptake" of Zn65 by
presenting "new" surface area for absorption and adsorption after each
molt. Furthermore,the radioactive molts themselves may speed up
the delivery time of radio contaminants to the sea floor by sinking, or
may introduce radioactive contamination into other food webs if they
are eaten.
Experiments using a phytoplankton population labeled with Zn65
as food for euphausiids indicates that concentration of radionuclides
is more efficient through the food chain than through direct uptake from
water. Quantitative assessment of these ideas is being made.
Phytoplankton Ecology I - Curl, Small, Hardy, Glooschenko
In situ measurements of primary production and chlorophyll concentration were made 25 miles west of Newport, Oregon, between April 1962
and June 1964. Assimilation ratios (mg C/hr/mg Chl a) were plotted
against depth in meters (Figure 3) to illustrate the variability of these
values with depth and time of day. Assimilation ratios grouped by
season and plotted against percent incident radiation (a function of
depth) showed that in winter, and in the morning and evening hours
during other seasons, production per unit of chlorophyll was approximately
linear with decreasing %Io down to about 25% I-, (Figure 4). At midday, the relationship was curvilinear, and the absolute values were
higher. Very high assimilation ratios were obtained for two dates
(19 August 1962 and 3 June 1964). The relationship of these ratios and
I. is somewhat different from the usual situation. The high
assimilation ratios are thought to be associated with recently upwelled
water.
When we plotted assimilation ratios at light saturation against
daily incident radiation (except values for 19 August 1962 and 3 June 1964)
we found that the ratios are not a function of Io, though they varied from
about 6-12 mg C/hr/mg Chl a over the range of intensities
The mean value plus or minus the 95% confidence interval was 8. 6 + 1. 3.
We feel that this value is a valid assimilation ratio to use in equations
for predicting production rates from chlorophyll and light data in waters
off Oregon. Our experiments and a review of the literature suggest that
assimilation ratios of 0 - 3 are indicative of nutrient depletion; ratios
between 3 and 5 are indicative of borderline nutrient deficiency, and
ratios between 5 and 10 are indicative of nutrient-rich waters. We
conclude that empirically determined assimilation ratios, derived from
as near-natural experiments as possible, should be used in production
equations.
43
mg C / hr / mg Chl
0
1
2
3
4
0
mg C /hr/mg Chls
mg ChI2 /m'
5
6
7
B
9
10
I
I
I
I
I
I
1.0
2.0 3.0
0
3
4
6
5
mg Chls /m3
8
7
9
. L_1_
10
I
I0
20
30
24 MARCH 1963
7I LANGLEYS /DAY
40
I AUGUST 1963
215 LANGLEYS /DAY
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 34m
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 40m
.,0700-0900
50
8. 1330-1400
A.0530-0730
8.0800-1000
C-1030-1230
0
0
I0
20
30
8 APRIL 1964
300 LANGLEYS /DAY
40
50
16 NOVEMBER 1962
SI LANGLEYS /DAY
EUPHOTIC DEPTH(I%) 50m
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 35m
A-0700-0900
0.0850-1050
0.1115-1330
D-1400-1600
9-0700-0900
0.1300-1500
o---.
to20
30
H
40
w
50
18 APRIL 1962
318 LANGLEYS /DAY
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 37m
A-0600-0800
8.1200-1415
C1700-1930
9 DECEMBER 1962
42 LANGLEYS /DAY
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 60m
4.750-980
8-1410-1610
W
20
30
10 MAY 1962
14 JANUARY 1963
40
308 LANGLEYS /DAY
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 37m
28 LANGLEYS/DAY
8.1430-1700
50
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 48m
AOe30-1030
8.1400-1600
0
10
20
30 -
/
24 MAY 1963
126 LANGLEYS/DAY
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 55m
40
8-1145-1345
50
II FEBRUARY 1963
140 LANGLEYS /DAY
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 50M
4.0745-0945
8-1355-1555
0
10
20
30
3 JULY 1963
364 LANGLEYS / DAY
EUPHOTIC DEPTH (1%) 52 m
40
50
Aoezo-oezo
enro-a13 cleoo-two
Figure 3. Assimilation ratios and chlorophyll a versus depth.
2.0 3.C
LI
1.0
mg C/mg ChIq
6
In-
N-
O
100
S
7
12
13
90
80
0
70
Ob
60
0
MARCH-APRIL-
3 JULY 1963
0
0
0
MAY
1 AUGUST 1963
50
40
30
.\
20
I0
0
N
OD -
100
40
It
10
22
24
26
28
90
80
70
AUGUST 1962
UNE 1964
60
50
2
oo
40
30
20
I0
0
Figure 4. Assimilation ratios vs percent incident radiation.
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER-
JANUARY-FEBRUARY
Phytoplankton Ecology II - Small, Curl, Hardy
Examination of the coefficient of white light extinction (k) of sea
water provides a rough assessment of the distances from shore to which
coastal runoff and river discharge exert an effect on "true" sea water.
Some effects of upwelling can also be ascertained by examining k. The
effects of chlorophyll concentration on k, as differentiated from effects
of non-chlorophyllous detritus and silt, can be examined by plotting k
against average chlorophyll a concentration per cubic meter. Closeness
of fit of the points to a line fitted by the least squares method provides
one estimate of the effect of chlorophyll. Comparison of measured points
to the line described by the equation
k=
0. 4 + 0. 88C + 0. 054
00.67
can also be made. This is the equation suggested by Riley that describes
k as a function of mg Chl a/m3(C). The constant 0. 04 is the k of "true"
sea water with no chlorophyll. Interesting considerations arise in the
differences and similarities of precition of the same k by the least
squares method andRiley's equation. Analysis of these data is currently
being made.
Snow
Algae - Curl, Hardy, Iverson
Snow samples from many alpine and arctic areas in Oregon,
Washington, and Montana have been examined and found to contain
cryobionts. Twenty-three genera of algae, including three possibly new
species have been found. Eight genera are now growing in mixed culture
and four species in unialgal culture in a controlled environment growth
chamber. This device can simulate diel variation-in light and temperature.
Currently we are attempting to duplicate mid-summer conditions on a
snow field at 9000 ft. altitude, using crushed, frozen Britol's medium
as the "snow. " The next series of experiments is designed to measure
the effect of light and temperature variations on the growth of cultured
algae.
Vertical Distribution and Migration Studies - Pearcy, Forss, Laurs,
Renshaw, Van Arsdale
A report on our study on the vertical distribution, migration, and
avoidance of mesopelagic fishes collected with an Isaacs-Kiddmidwater
trawl with an opening-closing cod-end device has been accepted for
publication. A similar paper on oceanic shrimps is in preparation.
Opening-and-closing meter net samples are also providing data on the
depth distribution of chaetognaths, amphipods, euphausiids, and other
z ooplankton.
Plankton Inventories at Yaquina Bay - Frolander
We continued to collect samples weekly from four locations in
Yaquina Bay. In addition to Clarke-Bumpus tows, we also collected
surface and bottom water samples for determining temperature, salinity
and dissolved oxygen. A summary of the data collected during this
period appears in Table I. All samples have been accessioned into
ledgers, catalogued in card files, and deposited in chronological
accessioning cases.
Seventy samples collected between October 1964 and February
1965 have been analyzed by the vacuum displacement method. The data
obtained from 45 of these analyses have been processed by computer.
Table I. Summary of Data Collected at Yaquina Bay
Sampling Days
Clarke-Bumpus Tow - #6 mesh
Clarke-Bumpus Tow - #12 mesh
Water samples (for measurement of
temperature, salinity, and
dissolved oxygen)
19
65
64
148
47
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM
Five students completed the requirements for the Ph. D. in
oceanography. Five more completed work on an M. S. in oceanography.
These students, their thesis titles, and their major professors are
listed below.
Chiburis, Edward F. - Ph. D., Geophysical Oceanography
Thesis Title: Crustal Structures in the Pacific Northwest
States from Phase-Velocity Dispersion of
Seismic Surface Waves.
Major Professor: Peter Dehlinger
Ingham, Merton C. - Ph. D., Physical Oceanography
Thesis Title: The Salinity Extrema of the World Ocean
Major Professor: Peter K. Weyl
Lane, Robert K. - Ph. D. , Physical Oceanography
Thesis Title: Climate and Heat Exchange in the Oceanic Region
Adjacent to Oregon
Major Professor: Wayne V. Burt
Maloney, Neil J. - Ph. D. , Geological Oceanography
Thesis Title: Geology of the Continental Terrace off the
Central Coast of Oregon
Major Professor: John V. Byrne
Neal, Victor T. - Ph. D. , Physical Oceanography
Thesis Title: A Calculation of Flushing Times and Pollution
Distribution for the Columbia River Estuary
Major Professor: June G. Pattullo
Haight, Janet J. - M. S. , Oceanography (Microbiology)
Thesis Title: Some Physiological Studies on Cells of Vibrio
marinus Grown at 4°C and 15°C.
Major Professor: Richard Y. Morita
Karinen, John F. - M. S. , Biological Oceanography
Thesis Title: Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity in Mesopelagic
Oceanic Fishes
Major Professor: Herbert C. Curl, Jr.
Odegard, Mark E. - M. S. , Geophysics (Physics Department)
Thesis Title: Gravity Interpretation Using the Fourier Integral
Major Professor: Joseph W. Berg, Jr.
Schatz, Clifford E. - M. S. , Physical Oceanography
Thesis Title: Source and Characteristics of the Tsunami
Observed Along the Coast of the Pacific Northwest on March 2, 1964.
Major Professor: June G. Pattullo
Thornton, Edward - M. S. , Physical Oceanography
Thesis Title: Internal Density Currents in a Density Stratified
Reservoir During Withdrawl.
Major Professor: Robert L. Smith
Summer Program for Science Teachers - Kulm
Two courses in oceanography were offered during the summer:
Dc 432S, Physical Oceanography, and Oc 561S, Geological Oceanography.
The courses were established primarily as an introduction to
oceanography for high school science teachers. Credit received in
these courses cannot be applied to a major in oceanography. Ten
students were enrolled in each of the courses.
MARINE SCIENCE CENTER
Dedication
The O. S. U. Marine Science Center, consisting of the laboratory,
the service building, and the causeway and dock for the research vessel,
was dedicated on 19 June 1965. Mrs. Cecelia P. Galey, Chief of the
Northwest Division of the Area Revelopment Administration, presented
the building at the dedication ceremony. President J. H. Jensen spoke
on behalf of the University, Mr. J. I. Hunderup on behalf of the Oregon
State System of Higher Education, and Mr. Warne Nunn on behalf of the
Office of the Governor. As part of the dedication observance, the
laboratory building and the R/V YAQUINA were opened to the public.
More than 6500 visitors examined these facilities on 19 and 20 June.
Aquarium and Museum
The central section of the laboratory building, housing a 200-seat
auditorium, a meeting room, a marine aquarium, and marine science
exhibits, is devoted to public activities. Since its opening,this area has
been in continual use by the general public and scientific, educational,
civic,and school groups. The aquarium and museum have been visited
by 25, 000 people since the building has been open.
The Marine Science Laboratory, Newport, Oregon.
50
The marine aquarium is now stocked with common Oregon coastal
fishes and invertebrates. The first set of exhibits for the museum has
been completed. These exhibits, planned by members of the Department
of Oceanography staff and executed under the direction of Professor
Mark Sponenberg of the Department of Art, illustrate major features of
the oceans and their scientific study by means of text, models, and
illustrations. Each exhibit is designed with simplicity and forcefully
communicates one major idea. The exhibits now in place are the
following.
1. Marine exploration. Representative marine stations and historic
voyages of major oceanographic expeditions are shown on a large map of
the world. Photographs of famous research vessels complete this display.
2. Structure of the earth. The structure of the earth, especially
the earth's crust and continental shelf, is the subject of another panel.
The display utilizes the Oregon coast as an example.
Coastal geology. Coastal geology and the factors influencing
the formation of coast lines are demonstrated by this exhibit. Changes
in Oregon's coastline with time are featured.
3.
4.
Tides.
The
tides, their causative forces, prediction, and
measurement are illustrated with models. An operating tide gauge
which continuously records the tidal changes in Yaquina Bay is part of
this exhibit.
Oceanic circulation. Oceanic circulation patterns and their
causes is the subject of this exhibit. Both basic principles and circulation patterns in the sea are'illustrated-.
5.
6. Estuaries. The nature of estuaries is demonstrated by an
exhibit which takes for its example Yaquina Bay's physical and biological
features.
7. The food chain. The basic ecological concept of food chains is
the theme of an exhibit on energy and life in the sea. The relation of
upwelling to coastal productivity and the food relations of common
coastal animals are illustrated.
Traveling exhibits on oceanographic subjects are regularly housed
in the Museum along with permanent exhibits. Displays on noises of
biological origin in the sea and the oceanographic features of Antarctic
waters were loaned by the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office.
51
East Research Wing
The east wing of the laboratory is devoted to teaching and research
in oceanography and marine zoology. This area is under the direction of
Dr. Joel W. Hedgpeth, who joined the OSU staff as Professor of Biological
Oceanography in June 1965.
Offices and both conventional and sea water laboratories are
provided in the east wing. An NSF grant provided funds for completion
of the service building interior, laboratory furniture , and certain
specific equipment for the east wing. This equipment includes major
pieces of apparatus such as an autoclave, recording spectrometer and
refrigerated centrifuge for the common use of the research groups
working in the wing.
Since its opening, several programs of the Department of Zoology
have become active in the Marine Science Laboratory. Drs. Ivan Pratt
and Ingemar Larsen and several graduate students use one of the sea
water laboratories for studies on the 'trematode parasites of marine
fishes. Dr. Austin Pritchard and his graduate students also utilize
these facilities for their studies on the physiology of marine animals.
Studies on the early development of sea urchins and mussels by Dr.
Patricia Harris and her students are also being carried on using the sea
water laboratories.
The East Wing of the Marine Science Laboratory has small dormitories for men and women, These accomodations have made it feasible
for groups of workers from the Zoology, Oceanography and other
departments of the University to stay at the laboratory for periods of
several days while collecting materials and data on the coast, 'using
the facilities of the laboratory, or in connection with work being done on
the R/V YAQUINA.
Projects at the Marine Science Laboratory
Pycnogonids - Hedgpeth. Studies on the systematics and zoogeographic distribution of Pycnogonids collected during oceanographic
explorations of the Antarctic have been transferred to the Marine Science
Laboratory from Dr. Hedgpeth's former laboratory at Pacific Marine
Station. These studies are monographic in scope. Two sections are
now ready for publication in the Antarctic Research Series on the biology
of the Antarctic.
52
Ecology of E. mucronata - Hedgpeth and Eikenberry. Studies on
the ecology o Euzonus mucronata, a common worm of sand beaches,
were begun in California and have now been transferred to the Newport
area. The factors controlling the placement of the band of these worms
on the beach, and the horizontal and vertical movements of the band
are being studied. This work is part of a program on Marine Ecology
supported by an Office of Naval Research contract (Nonr 3002(02),
Project 104-626).
Opisthobranch gastropods - Gonor. Studies on Opisthobranch
gastropods, begun elsewhere, have been continued at the Marine Science
Laboratory. Studies on the systematics and zoogeographical distribution
of tropical opisthobranchs are based on collections made in the past
year in Costa Rica and on Cruise 6 of Stanford University's TE VEGA
expeditions to the tropical west and central Pacific. The collections
have been rebottled, sorted, and arranged for use. A study of the
functional anatomy and evolution of the opisthobranch gill and pallial
cavity, largely completed elsewhere, is being finished using material
from the collections mentioned above. The manuscript and the large
number of illustrations required are in preparation.
Another paper on predator-prey relations in prosobranch gastropods,
based on field observations and experiments done while on the TE VEGA
expeditions, is also in preparation.
Chemistry analysis group - Erdmann, Haag. A sea water chemistry
analysis group, organized by the Department of Oceanography, is housed
in the east wing of the Marine Science Laboratory. Two chemists,
D. Erdmann and C. Haag, perform all routine sea water analyses for
the Department of Oceanography research programs. This centralizes
salinity, oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate analyses and
eliminates the transportation of cases of sea water samples to Corvallis.
Physical Oceanography - Young. Our major effort has been in
obtaining and testing equipment for the automatic measurement of
temperature, current speed, and current direction. Satisfactory
equipment was installed on or near oil drilling barges anchored off the
Oregon coast on the continental shelf. Many useful measurements were
made. More detailed descriptions of the data appear in the Physical
Oceanography section of this report.
RESEARCH VESSEL YAQUINA
The YAQUINA has now completed one full year of operation. She
has traveled nearly 25, 000 miles and spent 247 days at sea in the full
year since she was first put in operation on 10 October 1965.
Figures 1 through 4 show the time spent at sea and the track of
each cruise taken through September 1965.
AT SEA
TIME
1964
1965
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
Geology
JULY
Geophysics
4
Geophysics
4
SEPT
AUG.
Beeteoe
1
Netton
2
EGe00111e46
i
2
Benthos
Geology
4
Phys-e/
C^em stry
B'ology
Gtology
Geology
6
12
4
Benthos
Mydro
6
Benthos
Hydro
5
NOW.
I
12
Senm'C
4
Benthos
13
4
13
Geophysics
6
16
incnTesi
1
Drogue
4
2
Drogue
Hydro
16
Pnyto
19
20
21
Drogue
Neeton
6
Gosh
House
Nest."
Geophysics
Geophysics
23 wmcn test
S
I
Phy s'os
24
8ology
26
6
27
26
Nekton
fi
Geology
Oro que
7
6
Geology
3
G
14
IS
Figure 1
14
2
19
20
24
20
22
26
27
26
29
Geophysics
30
i
eopnysletI
25
B
Benthos
Nekton
29
25
8
10
Nes on
31
4
Benthos
Chemistry
25
TOTAL
Geophysics
y
3
22
30
Gemo9r
5
Geology
15
17
Drogue
17
;
5
14
0
Phyro
26
Time at sea, October 1964 - September 1965.
31
25
54
OCTOSER,1984
NOVEMBER, 1964
L.
p
pAUTIGL MlE6l[
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ISOONINIS
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JANUARY, 1965
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FEBRUARY, 1965
AaTORIA
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NAUTICAL MILES
NAUTICAL MILES
ONE
CAL
PHYSICAL
BIOLOGY
a
.
GEOLOGY
- - - GEOPHYSICS
CHEMICAL
Figure 2.
Cruise tracks of R/V YAQUINA, October 1964 - February 1965.
I
MARCH, 1965
APRIL, 1965
WASH.
45-
6=-
C
HEY.
/
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C
CALIF.
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® GEOPHYSICAL GRAVITY RANG!
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NAUIICAL MILE'
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ISO
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C
MAY 1-20, 1965
+e°
MAY 21-30, 1965
C
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"I
I
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NAUTICAL
MILES
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PHYSICAL
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a
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I
- - - GEOPHYSICS
CHEMICAL
Figure 3.
ONf.
_----f, Al_ll
MI
Cruise tracks of R/V YAQUINA, March 1965 - May 1965.
111
56
C
JULY, 1965
4e
G
t-------- 7-7"
LONGITUDE ISO-40' 4100 4M.)
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OREGON
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NAUTICAL MILES
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SNDONINOG
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SEPTEMBER, 1965
AUGUST, 1963
..........,..
BIOLOGY
Figure 4.
I..
it ..........11.
PHYSICAL
B
CHEMICAL
GEOLOGY
...
- - - GEOPHYSICS
Cruise tracks of R/V YAQUINA, June 1965 - September 1965.
ONE
7
57
STAFF
Dr. Joel W. Hedgpeth, who joined our staff in June as Professor
of Oceanography and Resident Director of the Marine Science Laboratory,
received his Ph. D. from the University of California at Berkeley. He
served as a Marine Biologist with the Texas Game Fish and Oyster
Commission from 1945 to 1947, as an Assistant Research Oceanographer
at the Institute of Marine Science at the University of Texas from 1947
to 1949, and as Associate Marine Biologist at Scripps Institution of
Oceanography from 1951 to 1957. Before coming to Oregon State, he
was the Director of the Pacific Marine Station at Dillon Beach, California.
Dr. Hedgpeth has served on numerous panels and committees. He
is currently a member of the Panel for Systematic Zoology of the National
Science Foundation, and the Advisory Panel of A. I. B. S. for the Office of
Naval Research. He is a member of numerous societies and was president of the Western Section of the American Society of Limnology and
Oceanography.
He has published more than 75 papers on ecology, hydrobiology,
and pycnogonids. He is now preparing a monographic treatment of the
distribution of deep sea pycnogonids.
Mr. Norman Cutshall has been appointed Instructor in Oceanography.
He received his B. S. in Geology and his M. S. in General Science from
Oregon State University. His dissertation on the chemistry of chromium
in sea water should be completed within the next several months.
Mr. Cutshall's research interests are in the chemistry of radionuclides in an aquatic environment. He directly supervises laboratory
and field studies of students pursuing research problems in geochemistry
and the chemistry of radionuclides.
Mr. J. Frank Hebard, Instructor in Oceanography, joined the staff
in September. Mr. Hebard received his B. A. in Biology from San Jose
State College and his M. S. in Biological Oceanography from the University
of Washington. He expects to complete the requirements for a Ph. D. in
oceanography at Oregon State University in the near future.
Before caning to Oregon State, Mr. Hebard was employed as a
fisheries research biologist with the U. S. Fish and" Wildlife Service.
His research interest is in the geographic and seasonal distribution of
oceanic zooplankton.
Dr. Wayne V. Burt spent eleven weeks in Europe during March,
April and May. During this time he visited most of the oceanographic
laboratories and many of the marine biological laboratories in Western
Europe with special emphasis on the laboratories in Germany, England,
and France.
The primary purpose of the trip was to learn first hand about all
of the on-going research programs on air-sea interaction. The only
concentrated large-scale program on air-sea interaction is the one
directed by Professor K. Brocks at the University of Hamburg. Dr.
P. Sheppard at Imperial College, London, has an excellent program on
a smaller scale. The rest of the programs are just getting started, have
lapsed, or are relatively small programs.
Dr. Robert L. Smith began a year's leave of absence in August.
The recipient of a NATO fellowship for postdoctoral study, he is working
with Dr. John Swallow at the National Institute of Oceanography in England.
They are particularly interested in the use of neutrally buoyant floats
(Swallow floats) for measuring ocean currents.
59
VISITING SCIENTISTS
April
Dr. Masashi Yasui, Maizuru Marine Observatory, Japan.
Dr. J. N. Carruthers, National Institute of Oceanography,
England. Visiting Lecturer in Oceanography
May
Dr. F. A. J. Armstrong, Plymouth Laboratories, England.
"Automated Analyses of Sea Water"
Dr. John Kanwisher, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Massachusetts. "Thermal and Respiratory Physiology
of Whales and Porpoises", "Ecology of Salt Marshes"
Professor Victor Vacquier, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
"Magnetic Field and Geothermal Flow Measurement
over the Oceans"
June
Dr. Theodore Smayda, Naragansett Marine Laboratory,
University of Rhode Island
July
Mr. Harold Hess, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Marine Mineral
Technology Center, Tiburon, California
August
Dr. Halvor H. Cristianson, University of Michigan Medical
School
Mr. Earl S. Herald and Mr. Robert P. Dempster, Steinhart
Aquarium, San Francisco, California
September
Dr. Donn S. Gorsline, Department of Geology, University
of Southern California
Dr. Paul Bowman, National Institutes of Health
Dr. Frances Allen, Systematic Biology, National Science
Foundation
Dr. Denis Crisp, Director, Marine Sciences Laboratory,
University of North Wales, Menai Bridge, Anglesey,
Wales. "Settlement Behavior of Marine Invertebrate
Larvae"
Dr. Naoichi Inoue, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University,
Japan.
"Physical Oceanography at Hokkaido"
Dr. Richard S. Bader, Program Director for Oceanography,
National Science Foundation
Dr. I. E. Wallen, Assistant Director for Oceanography,
Smithsonian Institute
Soviet Oceanographic Delegation:
Boris V. Shekhvatov, Head, Institute of Oceanology,
USSR, Academy of Sciences
Anatoley I. Simonov, Director, State Oceanographic
Laboratory, Maine Directorate, Hydrometeorological
Services.
Aleksander I. Sorokin, Hydrographer, USSR Hydrographic Service, Leningrad
Arkody G. Kolesnifov, Head, Marine Physics Institute,
Sevastopol
Sergey I. Potaychuk, All Union Institute of Fisheries
and Oceanography, Moscow.
Viktor G. Neyman, Junior Science Officer, Academy
of Sciences, Oceanology Institute (Interpreter)
Robert S. Dietz, Science Escort, U. S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey
Edward D. Wolski, Official U. S. Interpreter
Mr. George Reik, Battelle-Northwest, Hanford, Washington
Mr. Dave Robertson, Battelle- Northwest, Hanford,
Washington
Biology Colloquium
Dr. McCauley was the general chairman of the 26th Annual
Biology Colloquium held at Oregon State University on 23 and 24 April
1965. This meeting dealt with the general topic of Host-Parasite
Relationships and was led by Dr. Justus F. Mueller of the Upstate Medical Center of the State University of New York at Syracuse. Six
distinguished parasitologists from throughout the United States participated in the program which was attended by more than 150 persons, 49
of them from out of state. A talk by Dr. Harold W. Manter of the
University of Nebraska dealt with parasites of fishes as biological
indicators of recent and ancient conditions in the seas. Proceedings
from these meetings are now in galley proof and should be published
shortly.
61
PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS
Publications
Albright, L. J. , and R. Y. Morita. Temperature-hydrostatic pressure
effects on deamination of L-serine by Vibrio marinus, an obligate
psychrophile. Bacteriol. Proc. p. 20.
Berg, J. W. , Jr. , and J. V. Thiruvathukal. Gravity base station network,
Oregon. J. Geophys. Res. 70(14): 3325-3330.
Berg, J. W. , Jr. , and G. E. Papageorge. Elastic displacement of
primary waves from explosive sources. Erratum, Bull. Seis.
Soc. Am.
54(3): 653-654.
Bodvarsson, Gunnar. Some considerations on the optimum production
and use of Geothermal energy.
of water resources.
NATO Symposium on optical use
Burton, S. D. , and R. Y. Morita. Kinetics of enzyme reactions and
synthesis in obligate psychrophilic bacteria. Bacteriol. Proc.
p. 20.
Morphometry of Crater Lake.
Byrne, John V.
Limnol. Oceanogr.
3(10): 462-465.
Byrne, John V. , N. Maloney and G. Fowler. A sedimentary model of
the continental margin off Oregon. (Abstract) Bull. Amer. Assn.
Petrol. Geol. 49: 336-337.
Carey, Andrew G. Preliminary studies on animal-sediment interrelationships off the central Oregon coast. Oc. Sci. and Oc. Engr.
1: 100-110.
Chiburis, E. F.
P. Dehlinger, and W. S. French. The Tacoma
earthquake of April 29, 19 65. The Ore Bin, 27: 99 -100.
,
Dehlinger, Peter, E. F. Chiburis, and M. M. Collver. Local traveltime curves and their geologic implications for the Pacific
northwest states.
Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. ,
55: 507-607.
Eagle, Rodney J. , and James E. McCauley. Collecting and preparing
deep-sea trematodes. Turtox News, 43: 220-221.
Gonor, Jefferson J. Predator-prey reactions between two marine
prosobranch gastropods. Veliger, 7(4): 228-232.
62
Haight, J. J. , and R. Y. Morita. Physiological differences between
cells of Vibrio marinus grown at 4° and 15° C. Bacteriol. Proc.
p. 20.
Haight, R. D. , P. Langridge, R. Y. Morita and R. R. Becker. Leakage
of cellular materials from Vibrio marinus induced by moderate
temperatures. Bacteriol. Proc. p. 30. (1965).
Morita, R. Y. , and L. J. Albright. Cell yields of Vibrio marinus,
an obligate psychrophile, at low temperature.
Can. J. Microbiol.,
1 1 : 221 -227.
Morita,- R. Y. , and S. D: Burton. Filamentous appendages of Thiothrix.
Ziet. fur Allegemeine Mikrobiologie. 5: 177-179.
Morita, R. Y. Effect of hydrostatic pressure. Chapter 22. pp. 551-559.
In: Ainsworth and Sussman (ed.). The Fungi. Vol. 1 (1965)
Academic Press.
Neshyba, Stephen and D. E. Amstutz. Graphic aid for geostrophic
computations from vertical sections. Deep-Sea Res. , 12: 369-371.
Odegard, Mark E. , and Joseph W. Berg, Jr. Gravity interpretation
using the fourier integral. Geophys. 30(3): 424-438.
Radioactivity from the Columbia River.
Osterberg, C.
Oc. Engr. Symposium. , 2: 968-979.
Oc. Sci. and
Park, Kilho. Gas chromatographic determination of dissolved oxygen,
nitrogen and total carbon dioxide- in sea water. J. Oc. Soc. of
Japan,
21(l): 28-29.
Park, Kilho. Total carbon dioxide in sea water. J. Oc. Soc. Japan,
21(2): 54-59.
Park, Kilho, Yasuo Miyake and Yoshio Sugiwa. Effect des matieres
carbonatees sur la conductivitie' electrique de l'eau en mer
2(2): 136-138.
profonde. La Mer,
Park, Kilho and Wayne V. Burt. Electrolytic conductance of sea water
and the salinometer. J. Oc. Soc. Japan, 21(2):.69-80.
Addendum: 21(3): 124-132.
Pearcy, William G. Species composition and distribution of pelagic
cephalopods from the Pacific Ocean off Oregon. Pacific Science.
19: 261-266.
63
Pearcy, William G. Distribution of oceanic cephalopods off Oregon, U. S. A.
Proc. XVI Int. Congress Zool., 1: 69.
Pearcy, William G. , S. L. Meyer, and Ole Munk. A 'four-eyed' fish
from the deep-sea: Bathylychnops exilis Cohen, 1958.
Nature,
207: 1260-1262.
Pytkowicz, R. M.
Oceanogr. ,
Calcium carbonate saturation in the ocean. Limnol.
10(2): 220-225.
Mesecar, R. M. A solar and long-wave radiation measuring system for
shipboard use. Conf. Oc. Sci. and Oc. Eng., 1:14-17.
Pattullo, June G. and Warren Denner. Processes affecting sea water
characteristics along the Oregon coast. Limnol. Oceanogr. ,
10(3): 443.
Pattullo, June G. , R. Smith and R. Lane. An investigation of an early
stage of upwelling along the Oregon coast. Journal Geop. Res.
Weyl, Peter K. On the oxygen supply of the deep Pacific Ocean.
Oceanogr. ,
Limnol.
10(2): 215-219.
DATA REPORTS
Schatz, C. E. , and Peter Dehlinger. Oregon State University Seismological
Bulletin No. 5 (July 1 to September 30, 1964), Data Report No. 19,
Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
August 1965.
7 pp.
Gallagher, J. N. , and Peter Dehlinger. Oregon State University
Seismological Bulletin No. 6 (October 1 to December 31, 1964),
Data Report No. 20, Department of Oceanography, Oregon State
University, Corvallis. August 1965, 7 pp.
64
Papers Submitted
Berg, J. W. , Jr. , K. L. Cook and D. Lum. Seismic and gravity profile
across the Northern Wasatch Trench, Utah. Geophys.
Berg, J. W. , Jr. , and L. Timothy
Character of refracted arrivals.
Long.
J. Geophys. Res.
Carey, Andrew G. Energetics of Long Island Sound benthos- I:
utilization of sediment. Bingham Bull. (accepted)
oxygen
Carey, Andrew G. , Jr. , W. G. Pearcy, and C. L. Osterberg. Artificial
radionuclides in marine organisms in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
off Oregon, U. S. A. , (Abstract) International Atomic Energy
Agency Symposium.
Carey, A. G. , Jr. , and D. R. Hancock. An Anchor-Box Dredge for
deep sea sampling.
Deep Sea Res. (In press)
Cronin, John T. and Charles Osterberg. Shipboard chemistry of large
sea water samples. Anal. Chem.
Cross, Ford A. and L. F. Small. Copepod indicators of surface water
movements off the Oregon coast.
Limnol. Oceanogr.
Variations in photosynthetic assimilation
numbers in natural marine phytoplankton communities. Limnol.
Curl, Herbert and L. F. Small.
Oceanogr.
Kulm, L. D. , and J. V. Byrne. Sedimentary response to hydrography in
an Oregon estuary. Bull. Am. Assn. Petrol. Geol.
McCormick, J. Michael. Some aspects of the ecology of hydroids off
Oregon. Northwest Science. (in press)
Morita, R. Y. Psychrophilic marine bacteria. Marine Biol. and Oceanogr.
An Annual Review.
G. Pearcy. Temperature
studies on lactic and malic dehydrogenases from a mesopelagic
fish (Poromitra crassiceps) A note. Limnol. Oceanogr.
Morita, R. Y., P. F. Mathemeier,
and W.
North, William B. , and J. V. Byrne. Coastal landslides of northern
Oregon. The Ore Bin.
65
Osterberg, C. , N. Cutshall, and J. Cronin. Chromium-51 as a
radioactive tracer of Columbia River water. Science. (in press)
Park, Kilho. Columbia River plume identification by specific alkalinity.
Limnol. Oceanogr. (accepted)
Park, Kilho, M. J. George, Y. Miyake, K. Saruhashi, Y. Katsuragi,
Strongium-90 and cesium-137 in the Columbia
River plume, July 1964. Nature.
and T. Kanazawa.
Pearcy, W. G., and R. M. Laurs. Vertical migration and distribution
of mesopelagic fishes off Oregon. Deep Sea Res. (in press)
Pytkowicz, R. M.
and D. Kester.
,
Oxygen and phosphate as indicators
for the deep intermediate waters in the Northeast Pacific Ocean.
Deep Sea Res.
Carbonate cycle and the buffer mechanism of Recent
Pytkowicz, R. M.
oceans.
Science.
Trembly, Lynn D.
,
and Joseph W. Berg, Jr. Amplitudes and energies
of primary seismic waves near the Hardhat, Haymaker, and Shoal
nuclear explosions. Bull. Seis. Soc. Am.
Weyl, Peter K. The stability of environmental variables on the earth's
surface.
Science.
Papers Presented at Scientific Meetings
Berg, Joseph W. , Jr. , and L. Timothy Long. The character of refracted
arrivals. Presented at Seismological Society of America, April
1965, St. Louis, Missouri.
Berg, Joseph W. , Jr. , and J. V. Thiruvathukal. Gravity measurements
in Oregon. Presented at American Congress on Surveying and
Mapping, August 1965, Portland, Oregon.
The explosive seismic source. Presented at
15th Annual GSI Orientation Session (invitational paper), June
Berg, Joseph W. , Jr.
1965,
Dallas, Texas
Byrne, J. V., N. J. Maloney, and G. A. Fowler. A sedimentary model
of the continental margin off Oregon. Presented at Annual Meeting
American Association of Petroleum Geologists - Soc. Econ. Paleon.
and Mineral. , April 1965. New Orleans, Louisiana.
Chiburis, E. F. Crustal and subcrustal investigations in the Pacific
Northwest States from surface wave dispersion. Presented at
the 46th Annual Meeting, American Geophysical Union, April
1965, Washington, D. C.
Dehlinger, Peter, and R. W. Couch. Gravity survey over the Eastern
end of the Mendocino Escarpment. Presented at the 46th Annual
Meeting, American Geophysical Union. April 1965, Washington,
D. C.
Dehlinger, Peter, Hyman Orlin, and G. N. Gallagher. Gravity survey
North of Hawaii. Presented at the 46th Annual Meeting,
American Geophysical Union, April 1965, Washington, D. C.
Dehlinger, Peter and W. S. French. Investigations on the nature of
"Post-Pn" waves. Presented at the 46th Annual Meeting,
American Geophysical Union, April 1965, Washington, D. C.
Karinen, J. F. , H. Curl, Jr. , and W. G. Pearcy. Succinic oxidase
activity in mesopelagic fishes. Presented at Pacific Division,
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 1965,
Riverside, California.
Kulm, L. D., and J. V. Byrne. Realms of deposition in an Oregon
estuary. Presented at Geological Society of America, Cordilleran
Section, April 1965, Fresno, California.
Morita, R. Y. Invited speaker, International Marine Microbiology
Symposium, Society for General Microbiology. Aberdeen,
Scotland. "Effect of moderate temperature on Vibrio marinus,
an obligate psychrophilic marine bacterium. " September 16-18,
1965.
Morita, R. Y. Invited participant, International Conference on High
Pressure. August 2 to 6, 1965, LeCreusot, France.
Morita, R. Y. Invited speaker, Symposium on "Characterization of
Marine Bacteria, Structure, Function, Interaction and Significance".
Annual Meeting, American Society for Microbiology, April 26,
Topic: Hydrostatic pressure effects on
1965, Atlantic City,
.
growth and metabolism.
Osterberg, C. Radioactivity from the Columbia River. Symposium on
the distribution of Columbia River water in the Pacific. C.
Barnes Chairman, ASLO- MTS Conference on Ocean Science
and Ocean Engineering, 14-17 June 1965, Washington, D. C.
67
Pattullo, June G. Member, I. U. G. G. Mean Sea Level Committee,
Symposia on Tide Gauge Instrumentation and Analysis of Tide
Gauge Data, May 1965,
Paris, France.
Pearcy, W. G. Vertical distribution of and migration of micronekton
off Oregon. Presented at Pacific Division, American Society
of Limnology and Oceanography, June 1965, Riverside, California.
Pytkowicz, R. M.
The high pressure solubility of calcium carbonate.
Presented at the Gordon Conference on Low Temperature
Geochemistry, August 1965, Tilton, New Hampshire.
Small, L. F. Winter respiratory metabolism in euphausiids off Oregon.
Presented at Pacific Division, American Society of Limnology
and Oceanography, June 1965, Riverside, California.
Small,
L. F. Variations in photosynthetic assimilation numbers in
natural marine phytoplankton communities. Presented at Pacific
Division, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
June 1965, Riverside, California.
Trembly, Lynn D. , and Joseph W. Berg, Jr. Primary seismic waves
near Hardhat, Shoal, and Haymaker explosions. Presented at
Seismological. Society of American, April 1965, St. Louis,
Missouri.
Whitcomb, James H. , Joseph W. Berg, Jr. , and Barrett H. Erickson.
Marine geophysical studies offshore - Newport, Oregon. Presented
at Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section, April 1965,
Fresno, California.
Weyl, Peter. Invited speaker. The role of the oceans in climatic change.
Presented at INQUA Congress, August 1965, Boulder, Colorado.
Weyl, Peter. Environmental stability of the earth's surface. Presented
at Department of Geology, Princeton University, and Lamont
Geological Observatory, April 1965.
Weyl, Peter. Dolomitization. Presented at Department of Geology,
Columbia University, April 1965.
Weyl, Peter. The heat of mixing of sea water. Presented at American
Geophysical Union, April 1965, Washington, D. C.