LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
THE OTHER STATES OF
MATTER
LIQUIDS
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND
THE KMT
I.
A.
B.
C.
LIQUIDS ARE THE LEAST COMMON
STATE OF MATTER IN THE
UNIVERSE
DEFINITE VOLUME
TAKES THE SHAPE OF ITS
CONTAINER
D. PARTICLES IN A LIQUID IN
CONSTANT MOTION
E. PARTICLES CLOSER TOGETHER
THAN IN A GAS
F. LOWER KINETIC ENERGY
G. SINCE CLOSER TOGETHER THAN
PARTICLES IN A GAS, ATTRACTIVE
FORCES MORE EFFECTIVE
H. REMEMBER INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES: DIPOLE-DIPOLE, LONDON
DISPERSION, HYDROGEN BONDING
I.
J.
K.
L.
FLUID- SUBSTANCE THAT CAN
FLOW AND TAKE THE SHAPE OF
ITS CONTAINER.
LIQUIDS HAVE RELATIVELY HIGH
DENSITY BECAUSE OF CLOSE
PACKING
LIQUIDS ARE RELATIVELY
INCOMPRESSIBLE
LIQUIDS TRANSMIT PRESSURE
EQUALLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS
M. LIQUIDS, LIKE GASES HAVE THE ABILITY
TO DIFFUSE
N. DIFFUSION IS MUCH SLOWER IN LIQUIDS
O. THE HIGHER THE TEMPERATURE THE
FASTER THE DIFFUSION
P. SURFACE TENSION- IS A FORCE THAT
TENDS TO PULL ADJACENT PARTS OF A
LIQUID’S SURFACE TOGETHER,
THEREBY DECREASING SURFACE AREA
TO THE SMALLEST POSSIBLE SIZE
Q. DUE TO HYDROGEN BONDS,
WATER HAS A HIGHER SURFACE
TENSION THAN MOST LIQUIDS
R. CAPILLARY ACTION- THE
ATTRACTION OF THE SURFACE OF
A LIQUID TO THE SURFACE OF A
SOLID
S. EVAPORATION- PROCESS BY
WHICH PARTICLES ESCAPE FROM
THE SURFACE OF A NONBOILING
LIQUID AND ENTER THE GAS STATE
T. SURFACE PARTICLES OVERCOME
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND
CHANGE STATE
U. FORMATION OF SOLIDS CAUSED
BY A DECREASE IN KINETIC
ENERGY
SOLIDS
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND THE
KMT
I.
DEFINITE SHAPE AND VOLUME
MORE CLOSELY PACKED THAN LIQUIDS
OR GASES
TWO TYPES OF SOLIDS
A.
B.
C.
1.
2.
CRYSTALLINE- HAVE AN ORDERLY GEOMETRIC
PATTERN OF PARTICLES
AMORPHOUS- PARTICLES ARRANGED
RANDOMLY
D. DEFINITE SHAPE AND VOLUME
E. DEFINITE MELTING POINT
F. HIGH DENSITY AND
INCOMPRESSIBILITY
G. LOW RATE OF DIFFUSION
II. CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
A. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE IS THE
ARRANGEMENT OF CRYSTALS
USUALLY REFERRED TO AS A
LATTICE.
B. UNIT CELL SMALLEST PORTION
OF THE LATTICE THAT SHOWS THE
STRUCTURE OF THE ENTIRE
LATTICE.
C. BINDING FORCES IN CRYSTALS
1. IONIC CRYSTALS- STRUCTURES
CONSISTING OF POSITIVELY AND
NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES
2. COVALENT NETWORK CRYSTALSATOMS COVALENTLY BONDED
TOGETHER IN A CRYSTAL
SUPERSTRUCTURE
3. METALLIC CRYSTALS- METAL ATOMS IN
THE ELECTRON SEA MODEL OF
BONDING
4. COVALENT MOLECULAR
CRYSTALS- CRYSTALS FORMED BY
POLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS
D. AMORPHOUS SOLIDSAMORPHOUS COMES FROM THE
GREEK FOR WITHOUT SHAPE
CHANGES OF STATE
EQUILIBRIUM
I.
A.
B.
DYNAMIC CONDITION IN WHICH TWO
OPPOSING CHANGES OCCUR AT
EQUAL RATES IN A CLOSED SYSTEM
EQUILIBRIUM AND CHANGES OF
STATE
1. A PHASE IS ANY PART OF A SYSTEM THAT
HAS UNIFORM COMPOSITION AND
PROPERTIES