Anatomy – Structure
Physiology – How it works
I. Anatomy
A.
Gross – collective (whole)
B.
Microscopic anatomy
1.
cytology – cellular
2.
histology – study of tissue
C.
Levels of biological organization
1.
chemical level
2.
cellular level
3.
tissue level – mass of similar functioning cells
4.
organ – two or more tissues
5.
system – several organs
6.
organismic – all systems
D.
life processes
1.
- metabolism – sum of all chemical processes
- catabolism – breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules
- anabolism – use of energy from catabolism to build vital structure, functional parts
2.
excitability – ability to respond
3.
conductivity – ability to transfer an impulse from one cell to another

4.
contractility – ability to generate a force thus shortening
5.
growth – increase in size
6.
differentiation – unspecialized cells become specialized
7.
reproduction – formation of new cells for growth, replacement or production of a new individual
E.
Systematic Anatomy
1.
Integumentary – skin
2.
Skeletal – bones, cartilage, and joints
3.
Muscular – muscles and tendons
4.
Nervous – Brain, spinal nerves, sensory nerves, and sensory organs
5.
Endocrine – glands and tissue that secrete hormones
6.
Cardiovascular – blood, heart, and vessels
7.
Respiratory – lungs and pathways
8.
Reproductive – organs that produce gametes and the organs that nourish/transfer them
9.
Digestive – G.I. Tract
10.Urinary – kidneys, bladder, urethra, - production and elimination of waste
11.Lymphatic – organs and tissue of the white blood cells - immunity
II. Anatomic terminology
A.
Anatomic position

1.
Planes and Sections a.
saggital plane – left and right parasaggital – unequal midsaggital – equal b.
medial – toward middle c.
frontal(coronal) – anterior and posterior d.
transverse (horizontal or cross)
- superior and inferior e.
oblique – diagonal
B.
Directional terms
1.
anterior
2.
posterior
3.
ventral
4.
dorsal
5.
superior
6.
inferior
7.
proximal
8.
distal
9.
medial
10.lateral
III. Body cavities
A.
dorsal – near back (posterior)
1.
cranial – skull
2.
spinal – vertebrae
B.
ventral – anterior
1.
thoracic – chest cavity

a.
pleural – 2 b.
pericardial c.
mediastinum – all structure in thoracic except the lungs
2.
abdominopelvic – lower portion – abdominal and pelvic a.
organs – digestive and reproductive b.
quadrants – four, used in medicine c.
regions – anatomy uses nine
(pg 18)
1.
umbicical
2.
epigastric
3.
hypogastric
4.
iliac - right and left
5. lumbar - right and left
6.
hypochondrial - right and left
IV. Homeostasis – condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits
- balance
- internal environment refers to fluid around the cells (interstitial fluid) extracellular fluid
A.
Composition – interstitial cells
1.
gasses
2.
nutrients
3.
electrolytes – chemical ions

B.
Stress – stimulus that creates an inbalance (most are mild)
1.
heat, cold, lack of oxygen - external
2.
high blood pressure, tumors, unpleasant thoughts – internal
extreme stress – poisons, surgery, over exposure to heat
C.
Control – nervous and endocrine systems
1.
nervous system – detects and sends messages to counteract
2.
endocrine system – sends hormones
D.
Feedback – information is monitored and feedback to the central control region.
1.
control center – determines controlled condition
2.
receptor – sends input to control center
3.
effector - sends response