81
32
Technical Report Series
32
Number 78-6
DATA REPORT #1
OCEANOGRAPHIC AND
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
15 km OFF THE COAST OF GEORGIA
by
J. 0. Blanton
L. L. Bailey
D. W. Hayes
and
A. S. Dicks
31
31
Georgia Marine Science Center
University System of Georgia
Skidaway Island, Georgia
81
DATA REPORT #1
OCEANOGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA 15 km OFF
THE COAST OF GEORGIA
J. 0. Blanton*
L. L. Bailey*
D. W. Hayes**
A. S. Dicks**
*Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, Georgia
**Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina
October 1978
The Technical Report Series of the Georgia Marine Science Center is
issued by the Georgia Sea Grant Program and the Marine Extension Service
of the University of Georgia on Skidaway Island (P. 0. Box 13687, Savannah
Georgia 31406). It was established to provide dissemination of technical
information and progress reports resulting from marine studies and investigations mainly by staff and faculty of the University System of Georgia.
In addition, it is intended for the presentation of techniques and methods,
reduced data and general information of interest to industry, local,
regional, and state governments and the public. Information contained in
these reports is in the public domain. If this prepublication copy is
cited, it should be cited as an unpublished manuscript.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables .
iii
List of Figures
iv
Acknowledgments
vi
Introduction . .
Study Location
3
Instrumentation
3
Sensors . .
3
Data return
5
Data Processing
8
Error checks on 10-min values
8
Smoothing of 10-min irregularities
8
Removal of tidal and daily fluctuations
9
Plotting of hourly and 6-hour data
9
The Data . . . .
. .....
14
Weekly plots of hourly data
14
Monthly plots of 40-hour low-pass data
41
ii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.
2.
Page
Time over which usable data were obtained from each
sensor for the period 17 February through 17 May 1977
6
Data files that resulted from smoothing the 10-min
data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . l0
i;;
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
1.
Location of SNLT
2.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 17-23
February 1977
.
.
15
3.
Air and ocean temperature from 17-23 February 1977
16
4.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from
24 February - 2 March 1977
17
5.
Air and ocean temperature from 24 February- 2 March 1977
18
6.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 3-9
March 1977
.
19
7.
Air and ocean temperature from 3-9 March 1977
20
8.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 10-16
March 1977 .
21
9.
Air and ocean temperature from 10-16 March 1977
22
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 17-23
March 1977
.
. .
23
11.
Air and ocean temperature from 17-23 March 1977
24
12.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 24-30
March 1977
.
25
13.
Air and ocean temperature from 24-30 March 1977
26
14.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 31 March. .
6 April 1977
27
15.
Air and ocean temperature from 31 March- 4 April 1977
28
16.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 7-13
Apri 1 1977 . . .
. . .
.
29
17.
Air and ocean temperature from 7-13 Apr i l 1977
30
18.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 14-20
Apri 1 1977
31
Air and ocean temperature from 14-20 April 1977
32
10.
19.
4
iv
.
LIST OF FIGURES (Cont'd)
Page
· Figure
20.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 21-27
April 1977 . . . . . . . . .
33
21.
Air and ocean temperature from 21-27 April 1977
34
22.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from
28 April - 4 May 1977
. . . . . . .
35
23.
Air and ocean temperature from 28 April - 4 May 1977
36
24.
Wind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 5-11
May 1977 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
37
25.
Air and ocean temperature from 5-11 May 1977 . . .
38
26.
Barometric pressure and ocean currents from 12-18 May 1977
39
27.
Air and ocean temperature from 12-18 May 1977
40
28.
Wind and ocean currents for February 1977
42
29.
Wind, air temperature, barometric pressure, and ocean
temperature for February 1977
43
30.
Wind and ocean currents for March 1977
44
31.
Wind, air temperature, barometric pressure, and ocean
temperature for March 1977 .
45
32.
Ocean currents for April 1977
46
33.
Air temperature, barometric pressure, and ocean temperature
for April 1977 .
47
34.
Ocean currents for May 1977
48
35.
Air temperature, barometric pressure, and ocean temperature
for May 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank Jerry Miller, Dan Mcintosh, and Cindy Miller for
their assistance in preparing and typing the text and data plots and
drafting the location map.
This work is a result from research sponsored by the U. S. Pepartment
of Energy under contracts EY-77-S-09-1025 and AT(07-2)-1.
This report is published as a part of the Georgia Marine Science
Center's Technical Report Series issued by the Georgia Sea Grant Program
under NOAA Office of Sea Grant #04-7-158-44126.
vi
INTRODUCTION
The emphasis of many oceanographic studies has shifted to areas
closer to the shore because these areas are increasingly being used for
recreation and resource development.
Many expect that the coastal nuclear
and fossil power plants and other energy-related activities in the
coastal zone take place together with man•s use of this zone as a
recreational and food resource.
Thus, the data described in this report
have been collected in order to attain an understanding of the characteristics of coastal currents.
This understanding is essential before one
cah evaluate the effect of the currents on
biologica~,
chemical, and
geological processes occurring in the nearshore reg ion or even determine
the transport, dispersion, and fate of energy-related pollutants.
The
causes of the natural variations in these processes must be determined
before man•s impact on them can be assessed.
Much of the oceanographic research conducted by Savannah River
Laboratory and Skidaway Institute of Oceanography under U. S. Department
of Energy (DOE) sponsorship has this objective:
to characterize, in a
climatological sense, coastal water movements that are of particular
relevance to the dispersive characteristics of nearshore waters on the
continental shelf.
The flow field in this environment is extremely
complex due to the interaction of a number of hydrodynamic and meterological variables, such as wind stress, tidal action, bottom friction and
density, and sea-surface pressure gradients.
Deterministic predictions
are not feasible at present, a situation which is confounded by Georgia•s
lack of a Solid
11
11
shore boundary.
Its boundary is perforated by tidal
inlets whose average spacing is only 10 to 20 km.
For the immediate
future, a statistical or climatological approach appears to be realistic.
This requires several years of data in a region.
2
The objective of this series of data reports is to provide documentation and visual display of experimental data from the nearshore continental
shelf off the Georgia and South Carolina coast.
This is of use not only
to those programs within the sponsoring agency but is of value in other
research programs in this area of the coast along the southeastern Un ited
States.
3
STUDY LOCATION
The Savannah Navigational Light Tower (SNLT) is located about
17 km (9 nautical miles) offshore (Figure 1).
at mean low water.
The water is 16m deep
The dredged cha·nnel for the Savannah River entrance
is found on a bearing west northwest from SNLT, and the major axes of
the near-surface and near-bottom tidal current ellipses at SNLT lie
approximately along this bearing.
The tidal range at the mouth of the
Savannah River varies between 2 and 3 m, the largest range on the
Atlantic coast of the U. S. south of
C~pe
Cod.
The flood and ebb tidal
flow into and out of the Savannah River appears to influence measurements
of ocean currents at SNLT.
The SNLT is located in a region of the southeast U. S. Atlantic
coast that is typical of the nearshore region from Cape
Carolina to Fernandina Beach, Florida.
R~main,
South
The coastline is interrupted
every 10 to 20 km by tidal inlets (of which the Savannah River is one)
that feed an extensive network of interconnected sounds and waterways.
Many inlets are mouths of major rivers, such as the Savannah, Altamiha,
and Pee Dee.
Discharges of these rivers can range from 100 to 1000 m3;s.
Other inlets are no more than pocket estuaries where freshwater input
is essentially zero.
Nevertheless, the large tidal range and the
extensive network of shallow sounds and salt marshes act together to
form a 10-20 km wide band of turbid, relatively low-salinity water along
this coast.
The SNLT is located within this regime.
INSTRUMENTATION
Sensors
The SNLT is instrumented with a set of meteorological and
oceanographic sensors whose output is sent to a
4
j
"
.- ... . . ,-:-· . .
...
.......
:
·,
.........
·..
:
_
. ......,
.........
'\!
'
'
.....
_
_.·······
-
·-...........
'
.....·
.....
____
·..
_
-..
' h,,, •• •.•
···..
_
.. ;sm ···
.··
/ .......
--
·· ·······
···-···-··
'-.
Figure 1.
Location of SNLT.
Depth contours are in
~eters.
5
programmable Esterline Angus multi-channel data logger.
~lind
velocity
is measured with an MRI Model 1074-20 cup and vane anemometer.
Currents
are measured with Marsh-McBirney Model 511 electromagnetic current meters.
Air and water temperatures are measured with thermocouples made from
Constantan wire with cold junction compensation performed by the data
acquisition system.
Also mounted on the tower are a bubbler tide gauge
with a Robinson-Halpern pressure transducer and an aneroid cell barometer,
~1odel
#B-242, by Weathermeasure Corporation.
from specifications from manufacturers are
±
Sensor accuracies as derived
0.5 m/s and
±
4° at speeds
of up to 20 m/s for wind velocity, ± 2 cm/s at speeds of up to 100 cm/s
for each component of ocean current, ± 0.6°C for air and ocean temperature,
±
5 em for sea level up to 3m above mean low water (MLW),and
barometric pressure.
1
± 1 min/month.
\~ind
~1mb
for
A quartz crystal in the data logger measures time to
velocity is measured at a height of 27m above MUL
Three
thermocouples are located 18 m above MLW and we average their data to
report air temperature: Sea level is measured relative to MLvJ.
North
and east components of ocean currents are measured with electromagnetic
current meters at 4.3 m and 13.4 m below MLW.
Six thermocouples measure
ocean temperature at 1.5 m, 3.0 m, 6.7 m, 10.4 m, 14.0 m,and 15.8 m,
respectively, below MLW.
Data Return
Usable data excludes those 10-min values that were designated with
99999.99 or asterisks as well as those values that we judge were unrealistic.
Table 1 indicates a 100% data return from all but five sensors.
1The types of sensors and the data acquisition system are covered
in a separate document entitled "Oceanographic and Meteorological Data
Acquisition System for the Savannah Navigational Light Tower", by
D. W. Hayes (in preparation).
6
Table 1.
Time over which usable data were obtained from each sensor for the
period 17 February through 17 May 1977.
FEB
Wind direction, 27 m
Wind speed,_ 27 m
Barometric pressure
Sea level
Temperature, 1 m
Temperature, 3 m
Temperature, 7 m
Temperature, 10 m
Temperature, 14 m
Temperature, 16 m
North current, 4 m
East current, 4 m
North current, 13 m
East current, 13 m
MAR
tr1AY
APR
xxxxxx, xxxxxxx XX kX X X XXXX
XXXXXX) xxxxxxxxxxx Kxxxxxxxxxxx
XX XX XX xxxxxxxxxxx r-.XXXXXXXXXXX
XX
Percent of
Usable data
65
XXX XX
100
XXX XX
100
(no ~ata)
xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx Kxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx
xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx kxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx
xxxxxxxx XX XXX
XXX XXX xxxxxxxxxxx ,_xxxxxxxxxxx ~xxxxx
XXX XXX xxxxxxxxxxx KXXXXXXXXX XX XX XXX
XXX XXX xxxxxxxxxxx KXXXX XXXXXXX XXX XX
XXX XXX xxxxxxxxxxx KXXXXXXXXXXX xxxx
XX XXX X xxxxxxxxxxx KXXXXXXXXXXX xxxx
xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx KXXXXXXXXXXX xxxxx
xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx KXXXXXXXXXXX xxxxx
0
100
100
38
100
100
100
96
96
100
100
7
The wind direction sensor operated continuously for the first
four and one-half weeks (35% of the total record) after which the data
became only sporadically usable.
We were able to extract a total of
almost eight weeks of hourly direction data (see next section) after an
arduous effort of programming.
The 65% return (Table 1) reflects the
total usable hourly data we were able to extract.
Sea level data were so sporatic in quality that no usable data resulted.
The temperature sensor at 6.7 m functioned during the later portion of
our record.
The other temperature sensorsfunctioned 100% of the time.
The sensor for the two components of velocity at 4.3 m operated
about 96% of the time (Table 1).
reservation.
We are including these data with
The north component is consistently positive and large
enough to result in a residual flow (tides removed) that never reverses
even when the wind direction reverses.
This is so unusual that we
must interpret the data with considerable caution.
The velocity sensors had operated for almost three months before
the beginning of the data reported here.
A shift in the "zero" voltage
position of the sensor cannot be ruled out.
On 13 May 1977, the velocity
values of the north component at 4.3 m suddenlyjumpedto more than
+100 cm/s, and we rejected the final portion of the record.
east component did not experience a similar increase.
The corresponding
8
DATA PROCESSING
Error checks on 10-min values
The primary data were acquired for each sensor by the data 1ogger on
magnetic tape at selected time intervals.
For this report the time interval
was 10 min except for the first two weeks when the interval was 3 min.
These data were converted to engineering units and bad data fields
filled with 99999.99 for unrealistic or erroneous values.
The 10-min
data form the basic data set for this report.
If less than five values were found to be bad in any particular field,
the values were inserted by linear interpolation and the field reported
to be 100% good.
Wind direction data contained many blocks of missing
data and linear interpolation schemes could not be used exclusively.
We tried to salvage as much wind velocity data as possible by using ·
two smoothing schemes.
If we had at least 5 hours of continuously good
10-min data, we utilized a smoothing filter as described below.
cases, this scheme was not possible.
In many
If we had 1 or more hours of
continuous data, but less than 5 hours, we block-averaged the good data
to produce hourly values.
Smoothing of 10-min irregularities
The irregularities in the 10-min data were smoothed with a symmetric
Lanczos-squared filter containing 13 weights. 2 This filter removes one-half
of the amplitude of fluctuations having 2-hour periods and removes 90%
2The weight (wj) were computed according to the formula
w.
J
J/Mlj a
= ~in[~(j-1
n(j-1)/M
where j =
M =
a =
a =
1 ,2, ... M
(no. of weights + 1 )/2
2 for Lanczos-squared filters
1 for Lanczos filters
9
of the amplitude of fluctuations with periods of 1 hour.
attenuation occurs at periods below 1 hour.
Higher
We have sacrificed a sharp
cutoff (i.e., an abrupt attenuation of higher frequencies) by keeping our
data loss to a minimum.
These filtered data are selected at 1-hour
intervals and placed on a file for plotting.
Irregularities occurring
at frequencies less than 0.5 cycles per hour (cph) are retained and
tidal fluctuations are easily resolved.
Table 2 summarizes the character-
istics of the file of hourly data that results from the basic 10-min
data.
This file is hereafter referred to by the term
11
hourly data file."
Removal of tidal and daily fluctuations
During the 13 weeks covered by this report, the tidal and daily
fluctuations often obscure the slow changes in water currents and temperature
induced by changes in weather.
Thus, a second file · of data was created
that removed all fluctuations that occurred more frequently than once
about every 30 hours.
A large symmetric Lanczos f i lter containing
193 weights was applied to the hourly data file.
A new file of data was
created that contained values every 6 hours (Table 2).
was large, the filter had a sharp cutoff.
While data loss
This filter is identical to
that used by the University of Miami and North Carolina State University
in smoothing their ocean current data.
This facilitates comparison of
the many data currently being obtained in the U. S. South Atlantic
Bight under the sponsorship of DOE and the U. S. Department of Interior.
This file is hereafter called the "40-hour low-pass data file.''
Plotting of hourly and 6-hour data
The two basic data files (Table 2) form the basis of this report.
Each file is maintained internally formatted on a CDC-CYBER-74.
These
files were translated into statements that were plotted on a digital
plotter controlled by a Hewlett-Packard 9825A.
10
Table 2.
Data files that resulted from smoothing the 10-min data.
File Characteristics
2-hr low-pass
40-hr low-pass
6 hr
Data interval
1 hr
0.5 amplitude period (frequency)
2 hr (0.5 cph)
40 hr (0.6 cpd)
0.1 amplitude period (frequency)
1 hr ( 0. 1 cph)
34 hr (0.7 cpd)
Filter type
Lanczos-squared
Lanczos
13
193
Number of weights
Data
loss~
Beginning
End
date~
each end
date~
hr (EST)
hr (EST)
1 hr
17 Feb.
4 days
1977~1800
17 May 1977,0300
21 Feb.
12 May
1977~1800
1977~
2400
11
The hourly data file is conveniently broken into 7-day increments.
The oceanographic and meteorological data are placed on two plots for
each week.
The first plot contains all available wind and ocean current
data in the form of hourly vector plots.
included.
Barometer pressure is also
The vectors point along the direction toward which air and
water are going.
vJe
caution the reader that these plots appear to
give vectors perpendicular to the time axis more emphasis than those
that plot more nearly parallel to the axis (in this case, east or west
winds or currents).
The second plot for each week contains all available air and ocean
temperature data.
Sea level would have been included here had data been
available for the 17 February to 17 May time period.
Ocean temperature
at 6.7 m was unavailable for much of this period (Table 1).
The 40-hour low-pass data file is broken into monthly segments.
Each segment covers an entire calendar month even though data may not be
available for the entire month.
plots each month.
The available data are contained in two
The first plot contains the vec t or plot of 40-hour
low-pass wind followed by the respective alongshore and offshore
component of ocean velocity.
The shoreline near SNLT trends NE-SW, so
the original north and east ocean current components were transformed
to an alongshore axis bearing northeast and an offshore axis bearing
southeast.
The second monthly plot contains the 40-hour low-pass temperature
and barometric pressure along with the same vector winds plotted on the
first monthly chart.
The same caution concerning vector plots is
particularly applicable in interpreting the vector plots of winds during
March.
These plots emphasize two episodes of northwestward to northeastward
12
winds, but they partially obscure the strong westward winds that preceded
these events.
The wind sensor periodically malfunctioned (Table 1)
after 16 March and no 40-hour low-pass wind data are displayed after that
data.
14
THE DATA
Weekly Plots of Hourly Data
15
DATE
FEBRUARY
17
I
19
18
21
20
k
..
10 m/s
0
WINO
N
23
22
0
E
mb
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
107o
1030
1020
~
1010
~
1000
-
/
~
-
~
~
990
I
I I
These data are suspect
0
CURRENTS
10
20 em"''
13m
17
Figure 2.
18
19
20
21
22
23
Wind, barometric pressure,and ocean currents from 17 -23 February 1977 .
Hourly values are plotted.
16
DATE
FEBRUARY
35
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
I
30
25
-
~
20
air
15
l
'
}J~'
air
0
t J:'DVYs\
f
1.5-
~
.-
/'\
,.,_,
,,
D_
V~.s
\
0/
5
air
tl "-"\.
I
~
L7V
~
~ '
1.5
3.0
10.4
14.0
15.8
I
I
I
y
a1r
I
I
I
0
17
Figure 3.
18
19
20
21
22
Air and ocean temperature from 17-23 February 1977.
depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
I
23
Numbers identify
17
°
DATE
FEBRUARY
I
24
26
25
I
27
I
28
I
0
I
WIND
N
I
2
1
10 m/s
I
0
~~~
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
mb
1040
1030
1020
1010
/
-
\.
10QO
v----- _,............_
~
!"'--
./
-L
~
~
-
990
0
CURRENTS
1
24
Figure 4 .
1
25
1
26
1
27
I
1
28
I
1
1
10
I
20
I
cm.;'S
2
Wind, barometric pressure,and ocean currents from 24 February2 March 1977. Hourly values are plotted.
18
DATE
FEBRUARY
35
.
27
26
25
24
28
2
1
1
I
I
I
30
.I
I
I
l
!
25
I
-
u
•
I
20
I
w
a:
::;:)
~
air
..:
a:
w
a.
::E
w
5
A
~
~
0
(\
/v ~N'l
~
\ .1\J VVM
~
~
h7A-
15
~-~
i
V'
v
1k_M·
r
\
~ ~~±.-..
1
c..
I
j
·~
I\ I
.......--
~}
I
10.4
14.0
15.8
::... ! -
I
......... . -~
. ..•
I V~,J I
v
I
I
I
I
atr
air
5
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0
24
Figure 5.
25
26
27
28
1
Air and ocean temperature f rom 24 February- 2 March 1977.
identify depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
2
Numbers
I
19
DATE
~·1ARCH
I
4
3
N
I
s
·
I
I
1
6
0
WINO
1';;~ 0
10 m;'s
1
1
it:
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
·
1030
1020
....
--......
"""-....!'-...
- .___,_~~I
~
1010
I
9
8
~
_../'
1000
I
990
!
3
Figure 6.
I
4
Is
I
6
I
7
I
8
0
10
20 cm;os
I
I
I
I
9
I
Wind, barometric pressure,and ocean currents from 3-9 March 1977.
Hourly values are plotted.
20
DATE
~lARCH
35
5
4
3
6
7
8
9
'
l
I
I
!
I
'
I
I
I
30
!
I
I
25
-~
I
I
20
!
I
I
air
V'v\ lJMl
~
s II
J
0
I
-
"-- ,...,_,
b....
I
air
I
!\
~~~
I\
-~- ~~ 1-'\_ ~
.
3.0
10.4
~r J
'
.
~1 I
a1r
\l-=7'-1.5
~
air
j
I~
'
I
~ ~~1.5
! a1r
!
I
I
I
I
14.0
15.8
I
i
I
I
!I
I
I
i
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
5
'
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
'
I
I
0
3
Figure 7.
4
5
6
7
Air and ocean temperature from 3-9 March 1977.
depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
8
I
I
9
Numb ers identify
21
DATE
t-1ARCH
10
I
I
11
I
12
k:
13
I
14
15
0
WIND
N
16
10 m/s
1
I
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
mb
iOTa
·
1030
1020
k.
-
~
1010
.......,.
-
I
1000
990
-
-
-
~
~
I
1
10
Figure 8.
1
11
1
12
1
13
1
14
1
15
0
10
20 cm..-s
'
'
l
1
16
1
Wind; barometric pressure,and ocean currents from 10-16 March 1977.
Hourly values are plotted.
22
DATE
~1ARCH
10
35
12.
11
13
16
15
14
30
!
~I
25
(J
•
20
w
a:
I
~
~
4(
a:
w
Q.
:E
w
15
L:!_'
~
~
~
~. I\J~"" J'vC
'
-
10.4
14.0
15.8
0
I
I
\/ I
I
I
1
,
I
I
s
I
!
I
0
10
Figure 9.
11
12
13
14
Air and ocean temperature f rom 10-16 March 19 77.
depth in meters.
Hourly values are plotted.
15
16
Numbers identify
I
23
DATE
MARCH
17
19
18
I
20
23
22
21
~;~
mb
10
I
0
I
WIND
v
m/1
;ff/ /
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
1o.iO
1030
1020
~
1010
1000
990
~/ v
~
_../'" ~
-
/
~
['-/
I
4m
..
These data are suspect
CURRENTS
Figure 10.
0
10
20 em"'
Wind, barometric pressure,and ocean currents from 17-23 March 1977.
Hourly values are plotted.
24
DATE
MARCH
17
35
19
18
22
21
20
I
I
I
i
I
I;
I
I
'
I
I
'
!
I!
i
iI
I
•
1\
"-~,)~
air
w
a:
....c
)
a:
w
D..
2
I
5
...
w
1\\
~\./
I
IJ
I
1\
\~
1 (,~ \ . "\ /\
\'
v
>d'lJJYU 1 ~
1
~
t\
1.5
j-:.....
:/
.......
-----:3:o
i
~
i
II
I
'
';
i
! (~air
I ~
fL\ ·. .
l
''I
i
'
!
!
i
'
;
1.5
1•
"'
\
:
:
I
-.)':·:{~
' "~~-- ..•
1
-~
\i,,
i.
I
·-.;
I
j'
/
I'
I
:
\
\
I
i
-v'
I
i
air
I
I
I
,
i
;
I
I
'
!
I
'
l
i
I
;
I
I
I
I
:
l
I
l'
I
Figure 11.
;
i
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
j
I
20
';
I
i
18
'
I
I
17
!
!
I
0
l
i
i \
' i
!I
I
I
II
\
'
5
!
1\
:I
I
.
I
i
II
!
'
I
'\
l
I
I
;
i
;
0
I
I
II
10.4
14.0
15.8
':
I
I
I
I
air
20
i
'
i
i
(.)
j
i
!
I
I
I
I
-
i
'
II
25
·-·
'
i
30
23
'
21
Air and ocean temperature from 17-23 March 1977.
depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
22
23
Numbers identify
25
DATE
~lARCH
24
I
26
2s
I
l
27
29
28
0
I
WINO
.!!1!...
30 .
10
I
rri/1
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
10AO
1030
1020
-
r--.....
.,..........
-
I
~
1010
-
I
-:
I
1000
990
0
I
CURRENTS
1
24
Figure 12.
1
25
1
26
I
27
I
28
1
29
I
10
I
20
I
30
cm/1
l
Wind, barometric pressure,and ocean currents from 24 -30 March 1977.
Hourly values are plotted.
26
DATE
~1ARCH
24
35
26
25
27
29
28
30
~~~--~--=-~r-----~------.-------.-----~------1
I
I
30
I
:
~------+-----~~-----+------~------~----~------~
25
-
-~
~
air
20
~
~--------~------~--------~--------r--------+-----,~~~~--~
l /"-V~ r
[)~~J:~\.1
air
. rA5
••
-
--.,.,tl'"-'~ 1•::--..,..J::::.r~!
. £.--:'
~i~
\j
!~:g
-
1
1
I
i
14.0
15.8
a1r
0
5
0
25
Figure 13.
26
27
28
Air and ocean temperature from 24-30 March 1977.
depth in meters. Hourly values are plo~ted.
29
30
Numbers identify
27
DATE
APRIL
I
31
2
1
I
3
4
6
5
0
WIND
N
~
10 '""''
I
I
,jjj f/JJ. ~~If/;
mb
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
1oTo
1030
1020
1010
..__,-.
~
-
-
-
1000
~ ~~
/
........
..-.....
/
990
0
10
I
31
Figure 14.
1
2
3
4
5
20
I
6
Wind, barometric pressure,and ocean currents from 31 March6 April 1977. Hourly values are plotted.
em,.,
28
DATE
APRIL
35
31
4
3
2
1
6
5
I
l
I
I
i
l
30
!
I
I
I
I
air
-p
-
20
A
vv
w
=
.....
=
w
~
I
I
I
I
air
~
(\
f- ~ ./\. VI
0~
(\
I
I
~~ ~~~: ~'-\~ jj I.
~~
~
, h_~L;;~~J
I Tj\
I I I
. , \i
i
~otJ
,...,
~
a.
2
w
f\A
I
I
25
A
,.
1!5
M-
I f
.:~
~U
!
air
10.4
14.0
15.8
.....
'\ I
·v~
f II
I
10
I
i
I
I
l
: 1.5
I
I
I
I
Ii
i
a
2
3
4
I
I
I
!
II
Figure 15.
II 01r'
I !J
i.
5
1
1.5
I
.
31
1
5
Air and ocean temperature from 31 March- 4 April 1977.
· identify depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
I
6
Numbers
29
DATE
APRIL
9
8
7
l
10
11
13
12
10 m/s
I
0
I
WIND
;j$)
.mk..
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
1040
1030
1020
~ "-
-:--
../
"-
/
--
'
1010
1000
990
These data are suspect
0
CURRENTS
10
20 em,.,
13m
7
Figure 16.
8
9
10
11
12
13
Wind, barometric pressure,and ocean currents from 7-13 April 1977.
Hourly values are plotted.
30
DATE
APRIL
9
8
7
35
12
11
10
13
30
25
I
!
· air
-~
~r
tl.~:
20
/\
. Al.5"4l -
~
-
~
""
ffi
~ / ,.f
-
ce
~
15
~
. . ;:
'L~~~
1
Vl.5
~I rJ I
~
,
f1
~
~.J_,~
- ' /'\ ~-. . / ~
10.4 \'--""'
_ ......_....,
~~~~
t;;;..,..:;.---
j
I
1.5
I'
,' .,
,,/i\..\ I
f\,CA\
~~.5-\IJl\1'
\~~~'i
-:zo II ~JV'6.7
""\/
,-/.
!.t.V
-
1~:6
:
15.8
~I . ,-
.;J.
I
r-"'i' ·
\~6
I
I
I
15:8
~ir
1
Voir
air
,
I
i
I
i
II
l
j
!j
10
1
1
iI
I
i
!
5
.I
I
l
I
I
I
I
0
i
7
Figure 17.
8
9
10
11
Air and ocean temperature from 7-13 April 1977.
depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
12
13
Numbers identify
31
DATE
APRIL
14
l
16
15
I
l
18
11
l
19
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
.
--,
. 1030
----
--
1020
1010
10 m/s
I
0
I
WIND
1~~ 0
20
-
_.
II
I
I
1000
990
I
4m
CURRENTS
1
14
Figure 18.
1
15
1
16
1
11
·
l
18
1
19
0
10
20
I
I
I
1
2o
Ctn/S
1
Wind, barometric pressure,and ocean currents from 14-20 April 1977.
Hourly values are plotted.
32
DATE
APRIL
14
35
15
16
17
18
19
20
16
17
18
19
20
30
25 .
1.5
air
3.0
( .)
•
20
w
a:
...
~
•a:w
Q.
~
15
...
w
15.8
10
sl
I
0
14
Figure 19.
15
Air and ocean temperature from 14-20 April 1977.
depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
Numbers identify
33
DATE
APRIL
21
23
22
l
24
25
27
26
10 m/s
0
mb
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
~
1030
1020
......---
1010
I
-----
I
I
I
I
-'--.
k
I"' ""--- -~---r-- -I
I
1000
990
· Figure 20.
22
23
24
.....
-. __.--
.
I
I
I
I
l
l
i
0
CURRENTS
21
__
10
20 cm.;"s
1
25
26
27
Wind, barometric pressure,and ocean currents f rom 21- 27 April 1977 .
Hourly values are plotted.
34
DATE
APRIL
21
35
22
23
24
25
26
27
30
25
air
( .)
•
20
w
a:
=»
...
Ill(
a:
w
c.
~
air
10:4
14.0
15.8
1.5
3.0
6.7
10.4
14.0
15
w
15.8
~
10
5
0
21
Figure 21.
22
23
24
25
Air and ocean temperature from 21-27 April 1977.
depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
26
27
Numbers identify
35
DATE
APRIL-MAY
29
28
30
I
2
1
0
WIND
mb
1020
1010
10 m/s
I
I
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
10~0
1030
4
3
-
.,..---.
'-..
I -
.........._
-
.
1000
I
990
28
Figure 22.
29
30
I
1
2
3
0
10
20 cm;s
I
J
I
4
Wind, barometric pressur~ and ocean currents f rom 28 April 4 May 1977. Hourly values are plotted.
36
DATE
APRIL - MAY
29
28
35
4
3
2
1
30
30
25
air
air
-
(J
•
20
w
a:
::»
3.0
air
c(
a:
w
:E
15
-~"'
.
1.5
1-
~
~I
vi
....,_,_
6.7
10.4
14.0
!5.8
\
.
I 1\.5
~ 3.0
6.7
10.4
14.0
!5.8
;
'I....J
1.5 air
3 ·0
6.7
ij•
........ ~.I
r
v
I
1
I
.
1.5
3.0
6.7
a1r
10.4
14.0
10.4
14.0
15.8
w
1-
10
5
0
28
Figure 23.
29
30
1
2
3
Air and ocean temperature from 28 April- 4 May 1977.
identify depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
4
Numbers
37
DATE
MAY
5
6
7
I
s
9
11
10
0
I
mb
10 m;s
I
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
1m
1030
1020
1010
"
-
""--- ~ v
1000
-
-
_/
990
CURRENTS
5
Figure 24.
6
7
8
9
1
10
0
10
20 cm;s
I
I
I
11
Hind, barometric pressure, and ocean currents from 5-11 :1ay 1977.
Hourly values are plotted .
38
DATE
~·1AY
35
5
11
10
9
8
7
6
I
30
!
I
1.5
3.0
6.7
10.4
14.0
15.8
~
25
,.,. 1.5
Oil'
~
20
~
Lc:tir
.L7
.I
.
15:8
!
~
!
6.7
10.4
14.0
15.8
I
j
,(;:;~
-e.-' -·
~
I
1
.__..
~
~
1.5
w
a:
3.0
15.8
6.7
10.4
14.0
~
.....
c(
a:
w
a.
:e
w
a%] ~
~- ~
._LS;
~·~ ~
RJ
··
- .
\ ,jj
/\
1'-7
jv
'
01r
.
5
I
.....
0
I
5
I
0
5
Figure 25.
6
7
8
9
Air and ocean temperature from 5-11 ~fay 1977.
depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
10
11
Numbers identify
39
DATE
~1AY
13
12
14
16
1s
17
k
18
10
0
WIND
N
..
I
m/1
0
E
BAROMETRlC PRESSURE
1030
1020
r--'
1010
--
./
I
_./
./"
1000
990
N~/
..
These data are suspect
0
0
CURRENTS
E
12
Figure 26,
13
14
15
16
17
10
20
18
Barometric pressure and ocean currents from 12-18 Xay 1977.
Hourly values are plotted.
Cm/S
40
DATE
t;1AY
13
12
35
14
15
1.7
16
18
1.5
3.0
6.7
air
10.4
14.0
15.8
25
air
~ ax
J\
~\
A'I~J\
w
a:
;:)
....
c(
a:
w
a..
:s
15
w
....
10
5
0
12
Figure 27.
13
14
15
16
Air and ocean temperature from 12-18 ~fay 1977.
depth in meters. Hourly values are plotted.
17
18
Numbers identify
41
THE DATA
Monthly Plots of 40-hour Low-pass Data
42
20 19 18
17
16
0
15
14
12
13
11
20 19 18
17
16
15
0
14
1)
12
11
~
l4
SAMPLE POINTS
D
100
l>
TEMPERATURE
(•C )
100
E - 3 -74
25 -26 / lll/74
'"
D
'6
E -3 -74
25 - 26/ Ill/74
200
200
•r,
300
300
400
400
_j
20 19
0
17
18
16
15
14
13
12
20 19 18
11
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
16
15
14
13
12
11
15
14
13
12
11
0
'"
35
3 4 .5
25
2•
.
SIGMA -T
SALIN I TY
( • / .,. )
100
n
100
n
E-3-74
2!5 -2 6 / Ill/74
E - 3 -74
25 - 26 / Ill /74
200
200
300
300 1
_j
4 00
20 19 18
0
14 13
17
12
20 19 18
11
17
0
-,-1
0.1
OXYGEN
( mi /L)
100
400
PHOSPHATE
l~g -ot/L )
100
n
E - 3 -74
25 - 26/Ill/74
D
E - 3 -74
25. 26/l'll/74
3.5
200
200
<3.25
300
300
400
400
20 ,g
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
20 19
0
11
0
18
17
16
43
SIL ICATE
Nl RATE
l ~g-o t/Ll
•OO
100
n
(.,g-ot/U
n
E - 3 - 74
E-3-74
25-26/Ill/74
25- 26/lll/74
200
200
300
300
400
400
- - - __ j
L____ -
Figure 22.
Vertical Section, Cruise E-3-74, Section I I
43
FEBRUARY
Ill
Is l
hal I I l !1sl
]20l
;2si
WIND
·!zsl I I
10 m / s
0
I
AIR TEMPERATURE
I
..!!l!L
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
1030
25
20
15
1010
10
25
-
( .)
•
20
w
Ct:
z~
c(c(
Wet:
(.)W
oc.
::E
15
...
w
1.5
~
10
~- 10.4
.:..
14.0
....._158
11 I I I I Sl I I I 1101 I I I !lSI I ! ! !20\ I I ! !2Sl ! !28! I
Figure 29.
Wind, air temperature, barometric pressur~ and ocean temperature
for February 1977. Numbers identify depth in meters . Smoothed
6-hourly values are plotted.
I
44
nARCH
.
I
;
N
, I
I 5 •
: !
~O!
!
t
k:.
1
~
;zo:
1"i
..J I
l J3l j
j25i
10 m; s
0
WIND .
ALONGSHORE VELOCITY
S!!!L!
+20~--------~---------r--------~--------~--------~--------~
.
+10
o
-10
1 / ' 4.
_
ry
"f'
l1' /'l
I \-
~
/1 · 4m
I
I
3m
"'
~ '?•"'['="\''}
\ \'
1
__
I
___
/
\/r',
I . -- ~~
I J
<
j
I .,
1~
,
'
1
.. -
.
I\
(
I)\
1,'
/
:~ 1-: ,\-~
•
\I
\(
1
OFFSHORE VELOCITY
+10
I
I
0
-10
I
I
-13.4m.. I
/
Kfc-1
II
I --~-1-
_/
I
/
l .
/ - .. ~,
/''
~ ...
I
~
I
I!
I'
I
(-~-~,_,... _\
~~;- ,J
~~ -
! .. _ ... '\' ..
I
_/1
I
.
• m
-!
.:
I
4 3
\ ;
I
I
•
)
,
-20~'---------L--------~--------~------------------------------t
r
•
'31 ~
i i ;zo! l i j
!1 j i I I 5 I j I l jl Oi 1 l I ll 5!
IiI i ~
I
Figure 30.
Hind and ocean currents for March 1977. Smoot h ed 6-hourly values
are plotted. The accuracy of the 4.3 m velocit y data is questionable.
45
III
Is I
flO]
l l l1sl
[201
WIND
]2s! . !
0
I
I
p1]
10 m t s
I
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
AIR TEMPERATURE
...!!!!!...
1030
25
20
15
\
....
I
....
-...
,,...
/
10
-( .)
•
20
w
c:
z~
<<
we:
(.)W
0~
~
15
w
~
I" 11 I I I sl I I I 1101 I I I !lsi I I I 1zo1 I I I lzsl I I I I IJ11
Figure 31.
air temperature, barometric pressure, and ocean temperature
for March 1977. Numbers identify depth in meters. Smoothed
6-hourly values are plotted.
~-lind,
46
111
N
~.
I sl
li ol
APRIL
I I 1151 I ·1
lzol
WINO
12.51 I
0
Pol I
10m ; s
I
ALONGSHORE VELOCITY
-
cmts
+20-r~~~--.-~------.--------,,-------~---------r------~~
OFFSHORE VELOCITY
11 I I I I sl I I I p. ol I I I !lSI I I I 12 01 I I I t?SI I I I P01
Figure 32.
Ocean currents for April 1977. Smoothed 6-hourly values are plotted.
The accuracy of the 4.3 m velocity data is questionable.
47
lsi
l1oi
APRIL
I I IIiJ
fiol
l2sl I
WINO
0
I
- - --
AIR TEMPERATURE
bol I
10 m 1s
I
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
.!!!.!L
1030
25
20
.....
15
_____ , ,. ,.--
,.
\
\
I
\
10
_,. I
25-r------------~-------------,---------------r-------------r-------------~~~~------~
-
(.J
•
20
w
a:
z~
<<
wa:
uw
oo..
~
15
w
~
10~------------~------------~------------~~------------~------------~------------~
! 1 I I I I s I I I I 11 0! I I I 1151 I I I 12 q I I I 12 51 I I I 13 q
Figure
33.
Air temperature, barometric pressure,and ocean temperature
for April 1977. Numbers identify depth in meters. Smoothed
6-hourly values are plotted.
48
~1AY
lsi
N
hoi
I lisl
k:.
lzol
iz~
I t311
0
WIND
10 m; s
I
ALONGSHORE VELOCITY
£!!!L! ..
+20
n4.3m
+10
v
_ /~
,--1
I
0
~-
It
I
-~
[/
''\
__
....
I
13 .4u
I
-10
OFFSHORE VELOCITY
+10
0
-10
.. _4m
l'v\ --- ...... . . t- •..13.
.... ...
---~
... -/
1--
...I
r--
\/'\_ l/(3m
I
-20
I 11 I I l s I I I I
Figure 34.
l1 ol I I
I
I
l1sl I I I l2 oI I I I I? si I I I I 131!
Ocean currents for May 1977. Smoothed 6-hourly values are plotted.
The accuracy of the 4 .3 m velocity data is questionable.
49
~~AY
I 1311
!zol
I llsl
hoi
I sl
WIND
0
10 m / s
I
I
..m.B,_
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
- - AIR TEMPERATURE
1030
25
20
.. ---
.........
' ...... -,
'
15
''
25
u
•
~
/; ~
~1'.5
20
~
~
;
a:
:z~
10.4
15.8
14.0
10.4
14.0
6.7
10.4
14.0
c(c(
wa:
oa.
''6.7
3.0
6.7
15.8
15.8
1.5
3.0
w
1.5
3.0
-·
(JW
:E
15
w
1-
10
111
Figure 35.
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I5I
I
I
I
11°1
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I
I
1151 I
I
I
120 1
I
I
I
125!
.I
I
I
I
131 1
Air temperature, barometric pressure,and ocean temperature for May 1977.
Numbers identify depth in meters. Smoothed 6-hourly values are plotted.