EXPERIMENTS ON SALMONID FISH BYPASSING EMPLOYING
A NEW APPARATUS AT A SCREENED DIVERSION CANAL
by
LAURIE (NM) LEONARDS
A THESIS
eubmitted to
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
in p*rtial fulfillment of
the requirenente for the
degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Redacted for privacy
Associate Professor of Fish and Game Management
In Charg. of Major
Redacted for privacy
Head of Departent of ?is1 and Ga*e Managenent
Redacted for privacy
Chairnan øf' 8chooLQtauate Contaittee
Redacted for privacy
Dean of Graduate School
Date thesis is presented
?yped by Clistie Stoddard
flay )3l96O
Throughout the course of this project aistance baa been
freu.ntly solicited and was freely given by many individuals
and organizations.
The following deserve special mention.
£r. Lyle Calvin, statisticiafl for the Oregon Agricultural
Experiment Station, designed the experimental tests.
Professor Arthur S. Einersen, leader of the Oregon Coopera
tive Wildlife Research Unit, sponsored my adaisaton to the Unit
and so made it possible for me to participate in this udertak
Be allowed me a wid. authority in the development of the
ing.
experimental apparatus.
His trust in me which this indicated
gave me encouragement when it was very much needed.
Hugh P. (Ross) Newcomb and Homer J. Campbell, assistant
leaders of the Unit, gave time, advice, encouragement and sore
tangible help, ail of which was invaluable, during the course
of the work.
James Messeremith and Rupert Andrews, graduate assistants
attached to the Unit, took time from their own projects to help
me on many occasions.
Einar Wold, the field assistant on the project, was trustworthy and most competent in hi. work,
The excellent thesis
photographs wer, taken by him.
Associate Professor Charles E. Warren, my major professor,
gave much of his time in reading, editing and correcting this
thesis
ciatie.
For this I am deeply indebted to him and truly appre-
I a
thankful to all who have helped.
Without their
assistance, this undertaking ceuld not have been completed.
The final decisions were, for the most part, mine to make; end
so, the responsibility for mistakes, whether of omission or
commission, is also mine.
TABLE OF CONTENS
Page
INTRODUCTION .
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
a
a
a
a
a
Introductory Statement a
Physical Characteristics of the Sandy River a
Wild Salmonids Occurring in the Sandy River a
a
a
Studies by Other Investigators a
a
a
,
.
a
a
a
a
a
MAOT DAN, CANAL, SCREEN AND BTASS FACILITIES
a
a
a
a
a
paseFaci1ities
a
a
a
a
a
.
,
a
a
*
a
*
Experimental Apparatus
a
a
a
e
.
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
*
a
a
ExperimentalResults a. a
Complementary Observations a
Wild fish captures a
a
Velocity determinations
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
I
a
a
a
a
a
a
s
a
I
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
APPENDIX
a
a
*
a
s
a
7
a
* .. .5.,,... ,
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
,
a
a
a
,
10
s
10
a
11
a
a
a
a
a
a
15
15
18
a
a
19
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
19
28
28
29
... a.. 31
,
SWARTANDCONCLJSIONS
a
7
a .a a a a a. a
a
5
a
a
a
a
Fiehb,havior .. a a...,
BIBLIOGRAPET
.
a* at,. ..
a
Methods
a
a
a
a
a
.
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
*
Experimental tests a a a. a a.. as a 'a a
Complementary observations a a a a a a a a a
a
3
3
a
ExperimentalAnimals .as aa a a a, a a a a
a
*
. a ..a,a .a..a a.as
METRODSANDMATERIALS
RESULTS
a
I
2
.e.ua.aa.,,..aa
MarmotDamandCanal
Screens
.
1
a
a
a
.
*
a
a
,
, .. .
33
.
38
a
39
.
*
a
a
a
a
a
LIZT 07 TABrJS
Page
Table
1
Recovery of coho salmon by days
2
Recovery of coho salmon with variations
in location of open ports
.
. .
.
.
.
.
Recovery of coho salmon with Variations
in number of port groups open
.
.
.
3
4
3
6
7
.
*
.
.
Recoveries of coho salmon with variations
in number and location of open port groups
Number and per cent recovery of cobo
salmon on various days after release
.
.
Recovery of coho salmon at water temperatures occurring during experiment . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
.
.
.
Capture of wild fish on day before rain,
day of rain, and day after rain, and during
three-day periods before and after these days .
.
20
.
21
.
23
.
*
.
.
26
.
27
a
27
LIST 07 FIGURES
Page
Figure
I
2
3
4
Upstream view of screens and forebay at
a
start of experimental work
.
a
Semiaschematic drawing of fish bypass
showing its details, with entrances,
exits and routaa of travel indicated .
.
a
a
.
6
.
a
a
8
Front and side elevations and details of
a
a duct with experimental apparatus
Isometric drawing of port control Unit a
a
a
a
a
12
a
a
13
a...... . .... a
a
14
a
Screens with experimental apparatus
installed atports
LIST 07 APPENDIX TABLES
Page
Table
1
Captures of wild steelbead trout and colic
salmon, April through August, 19ff7, in
seven-dayperiode.0.............
2
Recoveries of experimental fish, captures
of wild fish, water and weather conditions
duringexperiment
3
1
, . .. .
.
43.
Water velocities in feet per second in
forebay at various longitudinal, lateral
andverticallocations
4
140
Water velocities in feet per second at
entrances to ports for port combinations
used in teats by port groups
.
.
42
.
.
.
a
43
of Corps
Army
Engineers.
S. U. the with contract a under Commission
Game
State Oregon the with cooperation in Unit Research Wildlife
Cooperative Oregon the by on carried wore studies The
number,
and tion
loca- size, in differing ports of efficiencies the of studies
poE;Lt1e make would which apparatus an wtb experiments begin
investigation this of purpose the was it ports,
and design to
such of location and size beat the of known
is little
As
River. Sandy the to aalmonds
the return to necessary are pipes, larger into leading and
screen the from upstream slightly ports, Escape plant, power
the to Canal the down further passing tram ealmonids migrant
downstream- prevent to necessary
is
and Oregon Ln River Sandy the
on Dam Marmot from leading canal trio hydra-dec a in located is
screen The 1957. of summer and spring the during done was work
screen. traveling-belt a at salaonids downstream-migrant
The
bypassing for ports escape of number and location size, the
studying of purpose the for apparatus experimental an of use
the on report a is thesis This
preliminary and
development
tateme S Introductory
INTRODUCTION
CANAL ION DIVERS SCREENED A AT APPARATUS NEW A
SAIJbIONXD ON PERIMENTS
DPLOTING BIPABSING FISH
Physical Cha! cteristics t the Sandy River
The Sandy River has its beadwatere in the glaciers of
Mt. Hood in the Cascade Mountains.
Xt is a abort river with a
steep gradient; the drop in elevation in the 30 miles from its
source to its confluence with the Columbia River near Troutdale
is about 7,000 f..t.
(4, p. 15-.17)
Precipitation is about 80 inches per year and this,
genersfly, falls over most of the river course as rain.
flows fluctuate widely between and within seasons, being, in
general, lowest in sumner and highest in winter corresponding to
the periods of light and heavy rains.
spring am a result of melting snow.
Peak flows may occur in
During high flows, the river
carries large quantities of suspended materials, including silt,
sand and debris.
When the glaciers are melting, volcanic ash,
from beiaeath the glaciers, is also carried down in sufficient
quantities to make the water milky a*d opaque.
The maximum, minimum and mean discharge rates, above Marmot
Dam, for the year ending September 30, 195?, ware respectively
20,200 c.f.s. (cubic feet per second) on December 12; 296 c.f.s.
on September 29; and 1307 c.f.e.
Water temperatures, from 1951
through 1956, at a station onebalf mile from the da*, ranged
from 33° T. to 61° F.1
1.
Water temperatures and discharge rates were obtained from nn
published data in the files of the U. S. Geologic Survey,
Portland, Oregon.
!ild Salmonid.s Occurring in the Sandy River
The salmonida at present occurring wild in the Sandy River
include fi?e native and one introduced species.
These are the
king salmon, 0ncorhchue tabawtscha (Walbaum); the coho
salaon, 0. kiautoh (Walbaum); the atseihead trout, Salmo
t4rdnerij gajrdnerjj Richardson; the cutthroat trout,
.
clsrkij Richardson; the introduced brown trout, S. trutta
Liirne; and the doUy varden cbarr, Salvelinu mama apectabili
Girard.
The coke salmon and the ateelhead trout are present in
moderate abundance.
The king salmoa was formerly abundant, but
it baa declined in numbers, pecially in the last few years,
and is now rare,
Studies by Other Investitora
Studies of the efficiency of the bypass at the screens in
the Marmot Dam canal were first begun by the Oregon State Game
Commission in 1952 (3,p. 1),
The conclusions from these studies
(3, p. 7), being short and pertinent, are repeated here in full.
"1.
A bypass flow of 5 c.f.s. is inadequate. A flow
of 10 c.f.a. is adequate. When 13 cf.s. are
used the efficiency of the screen is increased
sltghtly in (fish) size groups '2 to k inches'
s*d 'over 10 inches'.
"2.
All sizes of fish reacted propertionately to the
amount of bypass flow.
"3.
There is no apparent difference between species in
their ability to bypas."
The experimental work described in this thesis, which
followed the above quoted work, was continued and extended
under the same authority by Wagner (6) in 1957.
ie work, and
the work of the Oregon State Game Commission, are referred to
in the Results section.
Bypasses at traveiimg'.belt screens have been studied at
the Tracy Pumping Plant (J) and at the Contra Costa Steam Plant
(2), both in California,
At these installations, however,
volumes and awelocities of water were much greater than at the
Marmot Darn screen; and a fundamentally different method was used
for bypassing fish.
The findings from these two studies were
found to be not applicable to the present investigation.
MM84OT DM4, CANAL, SCREEN AND BYPASS FACILITIES
Marmot Dam and Canal
The forebay of the Marmot Dam baa become filled with silt
and no longer impoundi an appreciable amount of water.
The
daily discharge rates of the canal are consequently dependent
on the immediate runoff of the Sandy River.
The normal din-
charge rate is about 600 c,f,e, but may drop to as low am 230
c.f.e. in tb. summer months.
Trash racks, locatød in the caa1 where tt originates,
protect the beadgates, the canal and the screen from legs and
other large debris.
The canal
is trapezoidal in cross section,
s of concrete construction and
It has top and bottom wtdths
of 27 ft. (feet) and 13 ft. respectively and in depth is 9 ft.,
k in. (inches),
The capacity load is approximately 630 c.f.e,
The gradient i. 0.10% and the mean velocity of flow is calcu-
lated to be about 8 f.s, (feet per second).
The measured dis-
tance from the beadgate to the screen is 712 ft.
For a distance of 20 f..t--l0 feet upstream and 10 feet
downstream from the screen-.tbe canal or forebay is rectangular in cross section,
Figure 1 is a photograph of this part of
the forebay- and the screens,
Rare the width and height are 37
ft. 6 in. and 18 ft. 6 in. respectively.
The purpose of this
enlargement in the aal was to reduce the approach velocity
at the screens.
Th. floor is sloped and, to accommodate the
change in shape (from trapezoidal to rectangular), the walls
are warped.
This warping and slopg extend 80 ft. upstream
a*d tO ft. downstream from the screen.
the beginning of the
Vertical, baffles at
odifi.cation serve to reduce turbulence.
Screens
There are three traveling'-bslt screens set end to end at a
right angle to the flow.
They extend, in height, from the
bottom to above the top of the canal and, in width, including
the structural supports, from wall to wall,
The screen has 5
meshes per inch with openings 0.159 inches square and was de..
signed to pass 600 c.fs, at a velocity of 2.82 f,s. through
th. screens.
The approach velocity in the forebay near the
screen is calculated to be about 1 f.s.
Bypass Faciti
Figure 2 is a schematic drawing of the bypass; the pro
portions are correct but two rtght-angle turns have been
straightened.
At flow*regulating chamber no. 1, with the use
of valves, the discharge rate of the water through the bypass
is regulated.
At flow'regulating chamber no. 2, with the use
of etoplogs, the flow is adjusted to the appropriate height
for operation of the fish trap.
For simplicity, the apparatus
for rais&ng the trap out of fishing position and the platform
on which the fishing operator stands have not been shown.
_-
FISH
-
FISH PORTS
'S
STOP
LOGS
MECHANICAL
SCREENS NOT
SHOWN
PORTS
VERTICAL
FISH DUCTS
U8NERGED
IFICE VALVE
TO RIVER:
:
TRAPPING
COMPARTMENT
FLOW
REGULATING
CHAMBER
NO.2
FLOW
REGULATING
CHAMBER
NO.1
DUCT.
HORIZONTAL DUCT
SCHEMATIC SECTION OF FISH BYPASS
Figure 2.
Semi-schematic d?awing of fish bypass showing its details, with entrances,
exits and routes of travel indicated.
Entrances, exits and route of trae1 of the fish (and water)
are indicated by broken lines.
Entrance to the bypass is through 32 porte, 8 of which
open directly into a flow-regulating cheaber,
The remaining
2k ports open into 3 vertical ducts which lead into the flow
regulating chambep through a horizontal duct in the floor of
The two exits from this chambera submerged
the canal.
orifice and a weir-give access to a second flow-regulating
chamber.
Th. exit from this chamber is over stop-loge to the
trapping compartment,
The inclined-plane trap bore, when in
fishing position, screens all bypass water and so retains all
fish.
Water from the bypass is returned to the Sandy River
through a pipe having a disa.tz of 30 in.
Before some of the ports were altered for these experi-
aents, they were circular, 6 in
on centers.
The ports are arranged in four vertical banks of
eight ports each,
canal walls,
in diameter and spaced 2 ft.
One bank of ports is located on each of the
The remaining two banks are on the vertical ducts
attached to the two structural supports, and these ducts were
altered in the installation of the experimental apparatus.
The
ducts are fabricated of 1/8 in. steel plate and are 15 in. deep
by 2k in. wide in cross section.
fore alterations ware made.
Tigure I shows the ports be.
port. each for cable continuous the in included were adjustment,
tautness for buckle, turn a and spring tension A
connection.
continuous a forming united were port each from cables two the
stations, these At
canal. the over walk-way the of rail guard
pipe the to attached were They
ducts, two the of each for
one stations, control these of two wore There
station. control
a at met and pulleys of series a through passed cables These
closing. for one second a and opening for cable a with equipped
was gate Each
port. each at installed were gate a and guides
channel bottom and top Horizontal
hon- oriented squares
vertically. and mentally
the of diagonals with ports square in.
14 to cutting, by changed, were porte circular in. 6 The
plates, cover with closed
were canal th. ot sides the at porte 16 remaining The
water.
the Of surface the above from adjustable openings their make
to modified were
creen
the between supports structural the to
attached ducts the on porte 16 The
size. and location number,
their to respect with fixed wore however, ports, The
water.
bypass of velocity and volume of regulation the for provided
chamber flowregulating first the in valves existing two The
studied. be to variables the of control greater possible make to
nocesasx was structure bypass existing the of Modification
p,riment*l
MATERIALS AND METHODS
10
Irwo simple winches were installed at each control station.
The gates were made of the same kind of 1/8 in. steel
plate a
the ducts.
For the guides, pulley supports and control
stations, 2 in, x 2 in. z 1/k in. angle iron was used.
The
cable was 1/8 in., 9 strand, 1400 lb. (pounds) test airplane
cable.
Brass pulleys were used after nylon pulleys were found
to be too flexible.
The winches were made of 1l/2 in. iron
ptpe.
Figures 3 and 4 are drawings at the part.gate installatiofl
and the control stations.
Figure 5 is a picture of the screen
with the changes nearly completed.
The design of the gate provided a square opening in all
positions from fully opened to fully closed; thus, a change in
the shape of the port was not introduced as a variable.
The
descrtbed apparatus made possible studies of the efficiency in
bypassing salmonids of different port arrangements having:
(i) variations in port size from 0.0 sq. in. to 196 sq. in.;
(2) variations in port number from 1 to 16; and, (3) variations
in the depth of port locations.
The apparatus provided no
suitable means for etudyg horizontal differences in location,
Experimental 4nimals
Hatchery*reared coho salmon and eteelhead rainbow trout
were util±zed for these experiments as there was no convenient
source of wild fish.
N
CONTROL UNIT
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MARMOT DAM
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EACH PORT SEPARATELY FROM
CLOSED TO OPEN AND AI..L
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rLAONDS
3-12-3?
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TURNBUCKLES
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..AIRPLANE CABLES
REMOVABLE
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FISH PORTS
CONTROL UNIT
Figse k.
Isenetric drawing of port control unit.
is not shown.
Winch cable
4.
Figure 5.
Screens with experimental apparatus installed at ports.
Photo by Einar Wold
15
The cobo salmon were obtained
rua the Sandy River Salmon
Hatchery of the Oregon rish Commission.
They were of the 1956
and 195? broods end were, respectively, k in. to 6 in. and 2 in.
to 3 in. in length.
The Oregon State Ga*o Commission aupp1ed the 1955 brood
of etseihead trout, 5 to 7 in. in length, from the Oak Ridge
Hatchery.
Methods
Experimental tests
Dr. Lyle Calvin, statistician for the Agricultural Experi-
aent Station at Corvallis, Oregon1 designed the experiments for
testing the bypass efficiency of combinations of ports varying
in location and number.
The 16 experimental ports were divided into k groups
s
follows:
Group 1, the first and second ports from the top on both
ducts
Group 2, the third and fourth ports from the top on both
ducts
Group 3, the fifth and sixth ports from the top on both
ducts
Group k, the seventh i1 eighth ports from th. top on
both ducts
These groups were then arranged into all possible combinations including one, two, three and four groups as follows:
1000
0200
0030
0004
0204
0034
1230
1204
1200
1030
look
0230
1034
0234
1234
0000
The numerals signify the port groups open in the port
combinations.
The zeros show, according to their positions,
the closed port groups of the port combinations.
The 16th
port combination, 0000, having aU ports closed was not used.
The remaining 15 port combinations were used twice for the 30
tests comprising the experiment and the sequence was randomized,
in each of the 30 tests it was planned to (1) release a
known number of marked experimental animals of each species,
(2) to recover in the inc1ined-p1an
trip those fish utilizing
the bypass during the test period, and, (3) to use the releaserecovery ratio as a measure of the efficiency of the port com-
bination being tested.
The length of the test period was 24 hour., beginning and
ending at 6 p.s. each day.
Prior to each test period, 200
steelbead rainbow trout (brood of 1955) and 100 coho salmon
(brood of 1956) were anesthetized and marked by tattooing with
the method described by Chapman (1, p. 182-184).
In the mark-
ing, 3 colors and 7 dorsal locations were used giving 21 distinctive marks.
As the fish were marked, they were dropped into a live box
in the screen forebay.
A minimum time of one hour between mark-
ing and release was allowed for recovery from the anesthesia.
17
At the time of release, only the upstream edge of the live box
was submerged below the surface of the water; thus, the fish
could swim but could net drift out of the live box.
Following the release of the fish, the ports were changed
to the combination desired for the ensuing test period and the
regulating valves were adjusted to maintain the flow of water
These changes
through the bypass constant at 11.10 c.f.s.
usually required from 3 to 5 minutes,
Fish were removed from the bypass trap twice daily, except
when runs ware heavy, when they were rernoved three times daily.
The last collection each day was made immediately following the
port combination change.
Recoveries were recorded by number,
species and day of release.
The tufl series of tests was completed with the eteelbead
rainbow trout.
Coho salmon were not available near the end of
the experiment, and 4 of the port combinations were teted only
once for this species.
salmon of the 193? broad rather than the 1956 brood were used.
Releases were 100 per day of each species.
It became apparent
early in the teeta that recoveries were too meager in number to
yield valuable data about bypass utilization.
The series of
tests was, however, continued to completion because further
testing of the apparatus and study of experimental techniques
was considered desirable,
Complementary observations
Wild fish were captured in the trap during the period
frc
Apr13. 1 through August.
These captures were recorded by
number, species and size group,
A summary of the captures of
wild echo salmon and steelhead rainbow trout is given in
appendix table 1.
Observations were *ade and recorded semi-daily on weather
conditions, air and water temperatures, and on the turbidity
of the water.
Sons of the data for the period of the experi-
nent are in appendix table 2.
Velocity determinations were made at 350 stations distributed on horizontal and vertical sampling grids in the forabay
(appendix table 3).
Unfortunately, the determinations at the
face of the screen were not made.
Velocity determinations were made at the entrance of each
open port with the use of a current meter and underwater breathing equipment.
This was done for all the port combinations used
in the experiments (appendix table
).
Direct observations were made of the activities of both the
wild and experimental fish in the screen forebay.
The observa-
tious were made (1) from above the canal (on the walk-way and on
the banks), (2) with a "glass-bottom boat," and, (3) with underwater breathing equipment.
BESULTS
Experiental Results
Tor the 30 days of the first experiment, total recoveries,
regardless of the time of release, were 676 coho salmon, 25% of
the 2,600 released, and 16o, or 2.7%, of the 6,000 steelbead
rainbow trout released.
Maximum time between release
nd re
covery was 10 days for the coho salmon and U days for the
st.elhead rainbow trout.
In the second series of tests, only 164 recoveries were
aade*l49 soho aaLiion and 13 steelboad rainbow trout--from
3,000 of each species released,
Because of the low recoveries
of both speees in the socond experiment and the low recoveries
in the first experiment of stesihead trout, only the recoveries
of the cobo salmon are used for a detailed analysis.
These
data are suntnariaed in table 1.
The total recoveries of all cobo salmon bypassing during
the 24 hours following the beginning of the teats, regardless
of the time these fish were released, are used for atlyais.
The larger number resulting were more suitable for a*alyeis
than were th. numbers of recoveries of only those fish released
at the beginning of each of tb. teats.
Recoveries for the various port combinations containing a
specific port group open are arranged together in the four
possible series in table 2.
The recoveries in most cases are
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V%r4tAQip4*W'U\Oe 00r4Q\-*
0 04 0**
0 0*.*4 04- O-td* 0
$" P4% 0 i(\ 4\ r4
0
0 s 0 $\ i1\ 000 $
000NN0NN0N0N000N00
41
41
p4000p4OOp4p4OGp4p4r4r4r-40i-40
z
'0
a
p4
.*
14
0
14
I
[1
17.0
19.8
22.0
1234
22.0
zk.5
1204
26.0
18.0
1034
18.0
9.0
0234
9.0
39.5
10o4
19.5
26.0
0204
30.0
9.5
0034
9.5
12.5
0004
2.0
recovery
Mean
Combination
4 group Including
recovery
Mean
0030
0034
0230
1030
26.8
47.0
30.0
26.0
30.0
24.5
1230
26.0
1034
9.0
0234
3.234
Combination
3 group Including
ZZ.0
0200
30.8 recovery Mean
66.
39.5
0230
19.5
0204
1200
0234
3204
1230
1234
recovery Combination
Mean
2 group Including
30.0
18.0
26.0
24.5
22.0
recovery
Mean
1000
look
1030
1200
1034
1204
3230
1234
Combination
I group Including
ports open of location in variations with salmon coho of Recovery
2 Table
2a
presented as the mean per cent recoveries for the two trials of
each port combination,
Inspection of the mean of these means
indicates that there was a definite tendency for recoveries to
be higher in those series including port combinations with port
groups 1 and 2 open than in the series having port combinations
with port groups 3 and k open,
This suggests that the fish
utilization of the upper ports may hav* been significantly more
than the utilization of the lower potts.
The data in table 3 are arranged in four series of port
combinations having one, two, three or four port groups open.
Port combinations with fewer ports open seem, on the whole, to
have been most efficient in bypassing fish; although, th
mean
recovery was slightly higher With four port groups open than
with three.
In table k, the data are arranged according to both numbers
and depths of port groups open.
The data, arranged thus, show
that those port combinations in which the upper port groups were
open were utilized more, irrespective of whether the port com'
binationc are made up of one, two or three open port groups.
The effect of depth on port group utilization is moat
clearly demonstrated when only one port group was open at a
tine, since the results were not raked by open ports in other
locations.
It was noticed during the experiments that both the wild
and the experimental fish seemed hesitant to enter the ports.
?ablo 3
Recovery of cobo salmon with variations in number of port groups open
1 group open
Mean
Combnation recovery
2 groups open
Mean
Combination recovery
3 groups open
Mean
Comb3.nation
recovei.y
1000
66.
100
30.0
1230
24.5
0200
47.0
1030
39.5
1204
26.0
0030
12.5
1004
26.0
1034
1.0
0004
2.0
0230
26.0
0234
9.0
0204
30.0
0034
9.5
Mean recovery 32.0
26.9
19.3
4 groups open
Mean
Combination recovery
1234
22.0
22.0
Table 4
Recovery of coho salmon with variations
in number and location of open port groups
Inc1udin
group 3.
Including
Number of
ports open
combination
3. port group
1000
Mean
recovery
66.3
Including group 2
Including
combination
0200
Mean
recovery
47.0
Including roup 3
Including
coabinaMean
tion
recovery
0030
12.5
Including group k
Including
combinaMean
tion
recovery
0004
2.0
open
66.3
Mean recovery
3 port groups
open
1230
1204
1034
Mean recovery
1230
1204
0234
123½
22.0
22.0
24.5
26.0
9.0
1230
1034
023½
123½
22.0
2.0
24.5
18.0
9.0
120½
1034
023½
1234
22.0
22.0
26.0
18.0
9.0
18.0
17.0
20.0
23.0
Mean recovery
4 port groups
open
24.5
26.0
18.0
2.0
12.3
47.0
1234
22.0
22.0
'U
The numbers of fish recovered and the per cent of total re
coveries on the day of re1ase the first day after release, the
second day after release and on each day up to 10 days after r.
lease are presented in table 5.
Recoveries were much greater
on the second, first and third days (in that order) following
the day of re1c3e than during the day of release.
Recovery
for these four days was 79% *f the total recovery.
Daily re
coveries thereafter declined regularly.
There appeared to be a possible relationship between the
temperature of the water and fish movements, recoveries tending
to be higher when the temperatures were 57° F. and 580 F.
Thzr
ing the experiment, temperatures ranged from 5k° F. to 59° 7.,
and the mean recoveries at each temperature are given in table
6.
Th. temperatures for the different days are given in
appendix table 2.
Wagner, in 1958, detected no relationship
between bypass utilization and water temperature (6, p. 31).
Only one day of rain was recorded during the experiment and
no effects of rai* on downstream hatchery fish movement or bypass
utiizaton could be detected in these data.
However, the
weather data collected and wild fish captures made before, during
and after the experiment indicated a possible relationship between fish movement and inclement weather.
Xn table 7, the
captures of wild fish and the recoveries of experimental fish
are given for the day before rain, the day of rain, and the day
following rain.
total recoveries for the three days immediately
P
ab1e 5
wiber and per cert recoery of coho ea1on
on varioue dayø after release
Dayafter release
0
Number recovered
6
7
8
9
10
38
17
13
11
3
4
5.6
2.5
1.9
1.6
0.3
4
1
2
3
84
162
165
125
54
12.4
24.0
24.4
18.3
8.o
Per cent of total.
recoveries
o.6
27
Recovery of coke salmon at water temperatures
occurring during experiment
Tenperatures in degrees Fahrenheit
Number' recovered
Number of days
Mean recovery
per day
55
56
5?
58
59
U
85
91+
266
18o
40
1
5
5
7
5
3
U
1?
19
38
6
13
Table 7
Captures of wild fish on day before rain, day of rain, day after
rain, and during three-day periods before and atter theee days
Date
ora
rain
rain
7
er
3 days before and 5 daya after
rain
rain
Total
Daily sean
May U
403
98
285
1457
243
May 20
216
239
299
734
122
June 6
420
ako
180
1064
177
8
47
42
128
21
Aug. 5
286
139
80
608
101
Aug. 9
6
134
32
1+72
79
Aug. 17
52
34
33
193
32
Sept. 6
89
177
14
212
71
July 10
* Trap was not fished Sept. 2, 3 and 4 and only a part
of Sept. 6.
before and the three days iediate1y after the above three inclement days are also given.
The recoveries on these six days
furnsb a comparison for the other recoveries.
The largest
catobea were usually made on the day before rain.
The mean
catches for the three days before and after the inclement days
were usually lower than for any of the inclement days.
The
correlation between rain and downstream migration is often
mentioned in the literature, but no reference to movements beginning in advance of rain has been fou*d to support the indication from this study.
Coipl,mentary Observatione
Wild fish capture.
During the period the trap was fished, April 1 through
August, a total of ll,2k2 colic ealmon and steelhead rainbow
trout captures was recorded.
£ summary of captures by species
in 7-day period.e with the number days fished during each period
appears in appendix table 1.
The total captures of steelhead rainbow trout was 5,13k, of
whcb 261 were adults, nearly all of the latter being spent.
The mean rate of capture of the 14,873 juveniles was 38 per day.
The downstream movement of this species began in early April
and dwdled in early June; a few captures were made in each
7-day period to the end of the fishing period.
The downstream movement of
from early May to mid-June.
uveni1e coho salmon extended
The peak of the movement was coit-
csntrated in a three-week period begtnning May 20; during this
period, the mean daily capture was 132.
A smaller, but pro-
nounced, mid-summer movement of this species occurred, with its
peak in a lkday period beginning July 29; the mean daily
capture was 86.
This contrasts with a mean daily capture of
k8 for the entire trapping season including both peaks.
With
this species also, some captures continued to be made to the
end of the season,
The movements of both species were mainly over at the
start of the experimental tests,
This may in part explain the
poor recoveries during the experiments, although hatcheryreared fish might not exhibit the ease pattern of movements as
the wild fish did even earlier,
Yelocity determinations
Velocity determinations in the forebay revealed that a
swift current ran near each wall.
These currents were deflected
inwards at the screens, through which they lost much of their
volta,,
The residual currents met and combined to form a single
md-for.bay reverse or ttpstream current, which continued some 30
feet upstream from the screens.
1ere, the upstream current
divided and the parts were deflected outwards and joined the
swift downstream currents near the
ide.
This general pattern
of flow extended vertically from the srfaoe to the bottom.
The highest velocity of 3.6 f.s. was recorded once along
either bank at depths of k feet,
from the scroena.
0 feet and 50 feet upstream
The lowest velocity determination of 0.9
f.e. was made twice near the canter of the canal, 10 feet up
stream from the screens at depths of 10 and 3.3 t..t.
All of
the determinations made in the central part of the canal b
tween 10 and 50 feet from th* screen were less than 1 f.s.,
with one exception of 1.06 C.s.
At 10 feet from the screens,
the 3.0w flow area Was about 3,9 feet wide.
was about 1
Tt tapered until it
feet wide at a. distance of kO feet from the
screens.
Velocity determinations at the ports wr made late in the
season when water flow through the canal was so much reduced
that it was not possible to maintain the 11.10 c.f.e. through
the bypass whtcb was used in th. experimental tests.
Determinations were made at every port for each of the 15
port combinations which bad been ue8 in the tests.
The rang.
in entrance ielocities was from 0.0 t.e., which occurred in
several port combinationi at the highest port, to 2.09 f,s., at
a bottom part in the port combination in which only the bottom
port group was open (000k).
At th, time the determinations were riade, due to the low
water in the far.bay, the uppermost ports were only partially
submerged,
During the tests, the surface of the water was more
31
than a foot abot the tops of these ports, and water flowed
through them.
Velocities increased in all port combinations with increased port depth with but few exceptions.
These departures
from the trend may have been due to error or, possibly, to
temporary disruptions of normal velocities by surges,
Fish behavior
Fish congregated heavily in the quiet area of the forebay,
especially in late afternoon and evening.
Marked fish were
easily distinguishable from wild fish.
The large number of wild fish observed in the forebay indi..
cated that they tended to delay before bypassing, as did the
experimental fish.
This delay, in part, may be attributed to
the presence of the quiet water in the forebay, which affords
the fish a resting place.
The absence of impingement on the
screens is, possibly, partially ascribable to the presence of
this resting place.
Impingement is a major problem at some
traveling screens (5, p. 25..26).
Observations at the screen and ports ware
onetimes made
with the aid of a "glaes..bottom boat"--a plywood box without a
cover a*d with a 1k in. x 2k in. viewing window in the bottom.
Visibility was excellent to below the level of the second port
and Lair to the fourth or fifth port down.
Adult steelhead
trout were seen swimming in the quiet water of the sand trap
32
nearly 20 feet below.
The 3uveni3.e fish were seen actively investigating the
screen and ports.
They swam, apparently with ease, maintaining
a position about a foot from the screens with their heads
oriented upstream., as they progressed laterally across the face
of the acreans.
On approaching a port, the fish moved slightly
upstream and hesitated there for some tim. before continuing
their lateral movement across the screen,
Although many hesitated near the openings, all appeared
reluctant to commit themselves to the bypass, and none were
seen to enter.
Had any done so, it would have been tail firat
and not unoriented as Wagner (6, p. 50) observed them entering
side ports where velocities were much greater.
Th. fish showed no alarm at the presence of an underwater
observer among them, when this method of observation was em
ploy.d.
They swam unconcernedly about, even swimming under the
shoulder straps of the harness used for carrying the underwater
breathing apparatus.
They nibbled at the laces of the observer's
swim trunks and, when his hands were occupied, "packed" at the
corners of his lips and eyes,
Turbidtty from suspended volcanic ash became a problem on
May 29 which persisted to the end of the study.
This turbid
condition halted underwater and "glasebottom boat" observatio*s
before any ob4ective studies could be undertaken.
J1
SUMMAR! AND CONCLUSIONS
The fish screens in the hydro-elec trio diversion canal
near Marmot Darn on the Sandy River in Oregon stop downstream
migrant sairnonide from entering the power plant.
then returned to the Sandy River by a bypass
through ports located near the screen.
The tiBh are
ich they enter
This installation has
been under investigation since 1952 to determine the necessary
volumes and velocities of water and the proper arrangement of
ports to successfully bypass the fish.
The work described here
wan done in the spring and summer of 1957 and consisted of d.
signing *nd installing an expermenta1 apparatus, conducting
tests with this apparatus to determine efficiencies of differ-
ent port arrangements, and gathering other data pertinent to
the study.
1.
Of the 32 bypass ports, already present at the
screens, 16 were enlarged and made square.
ports were closed with cover plates.
The remaining 16
Each of the altered ports
was equipped with a gate which was individually operable from
above.
The square shape was maintained through all size changes
from fully closed to fully opened.
These modifications
ad
possible studies with size, number, and depth of ports as
ex-
perimental variables.
2.
The objective of the mark-release-recover experimental
teats with juvenile salmonids was to determine the utilization
of port arrangements which varied in the number and depths of
ports open.
Wild fish being unavailable, hatohery-reared fish
were used as experimental antaals.
Lach day in the 30da
series of tests, 100 coho ea1on, 0ncorhyncha kisutc
(Walbaum), and 200 steeThead trout, Salmo
jerii gairdnerii
Richardson, were marked distinctively for the day and released.
The cobo salmon were from k to 6 La. in length and the steelN
head from 5 to 7 in. in length,
£xerimental fish were re-
covered in the bypass trap and the number, species and day of
release recorded.
tested twice.
each of 15 different port combinations was
The discharge rate of the bypass water was main-
tained constant at 11.10 c.f.e,
A second series of tests was made in which coho salmon,
to 3 in. in length, and steelhead rainbow trout, 5 to 7 in.
in length, were used.
The recoveries were too few to be of
value in bypass utilization analysis, but the series was cornpie ted to further test the apparatus and to study experimental
methods.
3.
Observations were made on natural and artificial en-
virozamental conditions which might influence the downstream
movement of wild fish and the behavior of wild and hatchery
fish near the screens.
k.
The number of recoveries of steelhead trout in the
first series of tests was insufficient for analysis purposes.
5,
Analysis of cobo salmon recovery data showed bypass
utilization tended to be highest when few ports were open and
when theee were in the higher positions,
The highest seen
utilization occurred with the port combination in which only
the upper four ports were open,
6.
There was an apparent correlation between water
temperatures and bypass utilization during the experiment.
Mean recoveries were highest at 57
F. and 38° 1'., and dimin
shed with the higher and lower temperatures.
7,
Both wild and oxparinental fish tended to linger in
the torebay before bypassing,
Experimental coho salmon were
captured as many as 10 day.s after release,
Of the total by-
passed, 24.4 per cent were bypassed the second day after re
lease, 24 per cent the first, 18.3 per cent the third, and 12.4
p.r cent during the day of release.
Recoveries decreased
gradually from the fourth to tenth days after release.
8.
captures of wild fish were *ade from the first of April
through August.
Downstream movement of both echo saliom and
steelhead trout reached peaks in Nay, with the peak of the
latter species about two weeks the earlier.
The steeThead trout
movement started in the second week of April, the echo salmon
movement in the second week in May, and both movements continued
to njd.June.
A second, smaller but pronounced, movement of coho
salmon occurred in mid.eunner,
The data show that most of the tests were cond*cted after
the peaka of the natural downstream movements were over, and
more than half of the tests were made after these movements had
virtually ceased.
9.
Wild fish downstream movement was influenced by inclem-
eat weather,
Captures on the 8 days of rain recorded from
April 1 through August, and the captures on the days immediately
preceding ad following those rains, were ibove the norasi for
the particular periods.
10.
Velocity determinations at 150 stations in the screen
forebq- ranged from 0.9 f.e. to 3.56 f,
flows were swift at
both aides and slow in the central part of the forebay,
Flows
in the central area tended to be upstream.
Velocity determinations at the port entrances ranged from
0.0 f.s, at the top ports to 2.09 f.s, at the bottom ports, de
pending on the particular port combinations,
U. Bank observations showed fish tended to congregate in
the quiet area of the forebay.
The opportunity for resting
afforded by this quiet water was, probably, partially responsible
f or the delay in the forebay before bypassing and for the fish
being able to avoid impingement on the screens.
W&tb th
use of a "glass-bottom boat", fish were seen to be
actively investigating the screen and ports.
They approached
the ports cautiously, hesitating upstream from them, but seemed
reluctant to enter.
37
1nderwater observations showed the fish to be completely
undisturbed by the presence of an Observer among them.
12.
Th. factors responsible for the relatively htgh
utilization with few ports open and. with open ports in the
higher positions were not established.
However, the high utilization with few ports open ma have
been related to the high entranc. velocity which prevailed
under that condition.
The inability of the fish to return to
the forebay through lower ports when these were closed or when
entrance velocities were high may ha* influenced the results.
High utilization of ports located at the upper level could
have been duo either to a stratification of fishes in the for.
bay or to any vertical, diurnal movement which brought ali or
moat of the fish to the upper region at night when bypassing was
observed to be greatest.
BIBLIOGRAPE!
1.
Chapman, Donald W. An improved portable tattooing device.
Progressive Fish Culturist l9():l82-184, 1957.
2.
1err, James E. Studies on fish preservation at the Contra
Costa Steam Plant of the Pacific Gas and electric Company.
Sacramento, Californ±a :Dertment of Fish and Game, 1953.
66 p. (Fish Bulletin no. 92)
3,
Oregon. State Game Commission.
Fiehery Division, The
control of downstream migrants by means of mechanical
screens. Salem, 1956. 7 numb0 leaves.
(Processed)
4.
U. S. Dept. of Interior. Fish ad Wildlife Service.
Survey of the Columbia River and its tributaries.
Part 3. 1950, 103 p. (Special Scientific Report.
Fisheries no. 36)
5.
U. S. Dept. of Interior. Bureau of Reclamation, Region 2,
and Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1. Fish protection
at the Tracy pumping plant, Central Va11y Project Ca1i
ornia: Development of a fish salvage facility. Feb. 195?.
96 p.
6.
Wagner, Harry Henry. The size and location of escape ports
for bypassing salmanid fish at a screened diversion canal.
Ma8ter's thesis. Corvallis, Oregon State College, 195?.
76 numb. leaves,
48
38
6io8
434
6
3.73
25
48
94
10
13
109
7
3
13
18
9
14
i3
106
202
653
46
18
75
92
27
95
301
962
20
7
742
1414
272
529
39
88
3:
6
28
4
2
4873
7
8
9
9
10
6
2
3
3
3
4
9
59
89
141
84
172
io6
-
-
49
12
mean Total
Daily
Juvenile
salmon Coho
32
27
3
261
0
53
65
66
0
35
62
42
30
23
10
31
64
414
632
990
591
1033
319
224
162
U
0
1
0
0
o
0
0
1
0
2
4
0
1
0
6
0
0
o
3.
0
2
3
7
7
16
28
2
3
season forth.
mean Daily
17
5
7
7
7
ota1s
26
19
12
5 Aug.
6
7
7
7
14
18
54
8
66
4
2
0
29
22
15
7
6
6
5
8
Julyl
3
7
46
8
22
3.
0
0
mean total
mean tota3.
Daily
Daily
Adult
Juvenile
trout Steelhead
24
17
10
3 June
27
20
13
6
May
6
29
22
15
3
0
7
6
4
8
1 April
fished
days of
Number
period
fishing
of $tart
periods aevenday in 1957, August, through April
salmon, coho and trout steelbead wild of Captures
Table 2
lacoveries of experiaantal fish, captures of wild fish,
water and weather conditions during experiaent
Test
number
Dat*
Pert combinatien
Water and watker conditions
TemperaRiver
tare in
discharge
Weather
7.
in c.f.a.
5/23
5/24
1
2
1200
1004
47
49
5/27
3/28
5/29
5/30
3
4
3
6
7
8
0230
0004
53
5/33.
6/ 1
6/ 2
6/ 3
6/ 4
6/ 3
6/ 6
6/ 7
6/ 8
6/
6/10
6/11
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1?
i8
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/23
19
20
23.
22
23
24
25
26
6/a'*
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
27
2
29
30
3.000
0030
0034
0230
1234
0034
0200
1230
1034
0234
0004
1230
1234
1204
0230
1000
1200
0100
1030
1204
1034
1030
look
0204
1004
0030
56
6
59
57
57
57
57
37
5?
8
58
8
58
59
...
bead
Coho
bad
8
2
392
60
65
30
1180
1120
1060
1040
1030
1010
993
942
923
937
1060
878
835
78?
740
775
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Overcast
cloudy
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Rain
Overcast
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Overcast
Cloudy
10
10
24
2
4
6
68
48
220
43
110
253
129
115
289
158
108
60
105
52
13
9
67
84
235
31
872
823
787
740
718
706
684
679
745
706
657
630
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Overcast
Clear
Overcast
Clear
Clear
3.
10
26
25
9
59
.....
8
4
6
7
7
8
9
8
6
9
33.
24
U
2
i8
19
43
7
128
30
35
27
9
12
52
32
30
7
24
676
...............
St..1-
Steel-
Coho
Overcast
Cloudy
Totals
...
Capures
1640
3.900
56
56
55
56
57
59
58
55
35
54
55
R.coyeriea
....
64
31
51
31
12
7
0
0
5
0
13
113
23
13
24
3
10
5
7
5
0
0
0
15
0
7
11
15
10
4
0
0
1
4
0
1
0
1
5
5
3
19
5
160
....
71
71
95
57
73
....
Table 3
Water velocities in feet per second in forebey
at 'various lonhitudinal, lateral and vertical locations
Distanc
Forebay
width
below
surface
Distance
frog
screen
10 ft.
38 ft.
1
4
7
10
13
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
34 ft.
20 ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
13 ft.
1
4
7
10
30 ft
31 ft.
1 ft.
4 ft.
7 ft.
10 ft.
12 ft.
40
28 ft.
ft.
Distance froa south forebay wall
2 ft.
7 ft.
12 ft.
19 ft.
26 ft.
31 ft.
2.37
2.16
2.30
1.71
2.30
2.16
1.48
1.06
0.25
0.13
1.13
0.25
0.25
0.53
0.13
0.70
0.33
0.33
0.55
0.09
0.91
0.99
0.47
0.09
0.33
1.6k
1.28
0.47
0.40
0.70
36 ft.
1.48
2.05
2.09
2.90
2.30
2 ft.
7ft.
12 ft.
17 ft.
22 ft.
2?ft.
32 ft.
2.45
2.19
2.67
2.52
2.41
0.99
0.62
0.33
1.13
1.94
0.47
0.29
0.39
0.33
0.88
0.33
0.13
0.24
0.47
0.47
0.36
0.33
0.35
0.64
0.73
1.48
o.81
0.91
1.71
2.34
3.01
2.55
2.39
2.67
2.37
2 ft.
9 ft.
22 ft
29 ft.
2.27
2.59
3.19
2.71
2.48
0.35
0.23
0.38
0.68
o.8i
0.31
0.27
0.22
0.29
0.22
0.46
0.35
0.31
0.66
0.53
2.83
2.90
2.90
2.87
2.90
2 ft.
8 ft.
14 ft.
20 ft.
26 ft.
2.59
0.47
0.36
1.06
0.55
0.77
0.40
0.51
1.09
3.16
3.36
3.34
2.87
4 ft.
y.k
7 ft.
3.01
2.75
1.02
0.59
0.62
1.31
2 ft.
7.23 ft.
2.97
3.36
3.19
2.41
1.68
0.95
0.88
0.66
2 ft.
7.25 ft.
2.97
3.30
2.45
3.89
1.87
1.56
1.
ft.
10 ft.
50 ft.
25 ft.
1
4
7
9
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
60 ft.
23 ft.
1 ft.
4 ft.
7 ft.
13.5 ft.
12.5 ft.
0.77
0.81
0.73
0.73
12,5 ft.
1.13
0.91
0.81
17.75 ft. 23 ft.
1.48
0.66
1.06
1.20
2.90
3.49
2.73
2.27
17.73 ft. 23 ft.
3.93
2.27
1.98
3.08
2.97
2.41
Water velocities in feet per second at entrances to ports
for port combinations used in tests by port groups
Port
Port
nation
Port
group
1000
1
1200
3.
2
1230
3.
-
2
3
123k
1
2
3
4
Yslocity
nation
Port
group
0.77
1.28
0.00
0.40
0.36
0.81
0.00
0.13
0.04
o.i8
0.33
l.02
0.00
0204
2
combi-
0.09
0.22
0.23
0.44
o.66
½
2
3
4
0034
3
0.04
0.25
0.33
0.51
0.84
i.a8
0,33
1.06
0030
0230
3
2
½
1.20
2 09
0,81
1.13
0.33
0,40
3
0.70
1.56
0200
2
1204
1
0.77
1 20
0.00
0.33
2
4
1034
1.
3
4
1030
1
3
look
I
1.38.
000½
0.40
0.4?
1.20
-
1.43.
0234
Velocity
4
o.ko
0.09
0.40
1.64
0.09
0.18
0.47
0,84
1.13
0.09
0.47
0.62
1.48
0.09
0.18
0.40
1.36