Yashwantrao
Chavan
Maharashtra
Open University
BRT301
Road
Transportation
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for
Passenger Transport
Writer : Mr. Rohit Shirsat, Mrs. Gauri Chavan
Unit 1
: Fundamentals Of Tourism
1
Unit 2
: Transport as a Product in Tourism
11
Unit 3
: Educational Tourism and Safety in Road Transport
35
Unit 4
: Sustainable Tourism and Transportation
56
Unit 5
: Types of Vehicles in Tourism
65
Unit 6
: Entrepreneurship Development in Transport and Tourism
74
Unit 7
: Hospitality Skills
87
Unit 8
: Indian Geographical Conditions and Transport
95
Unit 9
: Itinerary Design and Route Navigation
113
Unit 10 : Tourism Planning and Policy
118
Unit 11 : Infrastructure in Tourism
125
Unit 12 : Costing in Tourism
132
Unit 13 : Transport and Tourism Marketing
139
Unit 14 : Management of Events, Fairs and Festivals
149
Unit 15 : Tour Guiding and Escorting
160
Unit 16 : Agro and Tribal Tourism
168
Unit 17 : Tourism and Transport Organizations
180
Unit 18 : Challenges from Tourism Development in India
187
Unit 19 : Career Opportunities
195
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University
Vice-Chancellor : Prof. (Dr.) M. M. Salunkhe
Centre for Collaborations and Special Initiatives (CCSI): Advisory Board
Director
CCSI (Chairperson)
Y. C. M. Open University
Nashik
Director
School of Continuing Education,
Y. C. M. Open University, Nashik
Director
School of Humanities & Social Sciences
Y. C. M. Open University, Nashik
Controller of Examinations
Y. C. M. Open University
Nashik
Writing
Professor Rohit Shirsat
K.T.H.M.college,Nashik
Unit 2 ,3,5,6,8,12,16,18,19.
Dr. Anuradha Deshmukh
Ex. Director, CCSI
Y. C. M. Open University, Nashik
Mr. Niranjan Vayangankar
Jr. Director, Maharashtra Police Academy,
Nashik
Mr. Sanjay Sasane
Dy. R.T.O.
Dhule
Mr. Mahesh Paradkar
Sr. S/W Devt. Manager IBM
Pune
Content Editing
Professor Raju Dalvi
S.M.R.K. College, Nashik
Lecturer in Tourism: Miss. Gouri Chavan
K.T.H.M.college,Nashik
Unit 1,,4,7,9,10,11,13,14,15,17.
Coordination
Centre for Collaborations and
Special Initiatives (CCSI),
YCMOU
Content Editing
Dr .B. S. Valke (Nashik)
Production
Shri. Anand Yadav
Manager,
Print Production Centre
Y. C. M. Open University, Nashik - 422 222
© 2014, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University
n First Publication : 2014
n Publication No. : 2107
n Typesetting : Om Computers, Nashik - 422 007
n Publisher : Dr. Prakash Atkare, Registrar, Y. C. M. Open University, Nashik - 422 222
(B14-15-15 BRT301-ENG)
Message from the Vice-Chancellor
Dear Student,
It is indeed a matter of great pleasure to know that you have decided to pursue your
graduation studies by taking admission for the next level of courses offered under the
Bachelor’s degree in Road Transportation.
This programme, especially designed to take into account the needs of the personnel
contributing to the Road Transportation sector, will definitely help to develop as well
as upgrade qualifications and skills pertinent to your work setting.
This is truly a unique opportunity for you to undertake undergraduate education in a
field related to your day to day working without disturbing your daily work routine
and professional commitments. Besides, the study material especially prepared for
you has been carefully developed in a way that can be easily understood through self
study. While undoubtedly, additional academic support will be made available to you
through facilitation of interactions with experts in the field as well as the use of
technology, by and large, you will be a ‘self learner’. In today’s times marked by
severe competition, this is of crucial significance because learning on one’s own
makes a person self reliant and also increases his self confidence. Both these qualities
will help you to sail successfully through all kinds of obstacles and challenges you
might face in life.
We are well aware that on account of your work and family commitments, you may
not find it easy to devote time for regular studying. However, I am confident that
with some amount of determination and a strong will to put in some extra hours for
enlarging your knowledge base, you will come out with flying colours.
I welcome you to the ever increasing YCMOU family and wish you all the best for
the future.
Dr. M. M. Salunkhe
Vice Chancellor
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport
Contents
Unit 1: Fundamentals Of Tourism
1
1.0 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Content Details .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1 History of Transportation and Tourism .......................................................................................... 1
1.2.2 What is Tourism? ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.3 The Concept of Tourism .............................................................................................................. 3
1.2.4 Travel Motivators ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.2.5 Travel Intermediaries .................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions ................................................................................ 9
1.4 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................... 10
1.7 Questions for Practice ................................................................................................ 10
1.8 Additional Readings .................................................................................................... 10
Unit 2 : Transport as a Product in Tourism
11
2.0 Objectives ....................................................................................................................11
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................11
2.2 Content Details .............................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Tourist Trains ............................................................................................................................. 11
2.2.2 Air and Surface Transport .......................................................................................................... 19
2.2.3 Chartered Coach Tours ............................................................................................................. 27
2.2.4 What is a City Tour Vehicle? ...................................................................................................... 27
2.2.5 Wildlife Safari Vehicles and Animal Rides .................................................................................... 29
2.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .............................................................................. 32
2.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 33
2.5 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 33
2.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ............................................................................ 33
2.7 Questions for Practice ................................................................................................ 34
2.8 Additional Reading ...................................................................................................... 34
(I)
Unit 3 : Educational Tourism and Safety in Road Transport
35
3.0 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 35
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 35
3.2 Content Details ............................................................................................................ 35
3.2.1 Daily School Trip Pickup and Drop Service ................................................................................ 35
3.2.2 Educational Tours and Safety ..................................................................................................... 44
3.2.3 Industrial Visits .......................................................................................................................... 46
3.2.4 MICE ....................................................................................................................................... 47
3.2.5 Disaster Management and First Aid ............................................................................................ 49
3.3 Check Your Progress Questions ................................................................................. 53
3.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 53
3.5 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 54
3.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ............................................................................ 54
3.7 Questions for Practice ................................................................................................ 54
3.8 Additional Readings .................................................................................................... 55
Unit 4 : Sustainable Tourism and Transportation
56
4.0 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 56
4.2 Content Details ............................................................................................................ 56
4.2.1 Sustainable Tourism ................................................................................................................... 56
4.2.2 Eco-Tourism .............................................................................................................................. 58
4.2.3 Impacts of Transportation on Tourism ......................................................................................... 61
4.2.4 Transportation and Sustainable Tourism ...................................................................................... 61
4.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .............................................................................. 63
4.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 63
4.5 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 63
4.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................... 63
4.7 Questions for Practice ................................................................................................ 64
4.8 Additional Readings .................................................................................................... 64
Unit 5 : Types of Vehicles in Tourism
65
5.0 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 65
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 65
5.2 Content Details ............................................................................................................ 65
5.2.1 City Transport Vehicles .............................................................................................................. 65
5.2.2 Inter City Transport Vehicles ...................................................................................................... 68
5.2.3 Tourist Special Vehicles of Tourism Circuits ................................................................................ 68
5.2.4 Do’s and Don’ts ........................................................................................................................ 69
5.2.5 Development of Tourism related Vehicles .................................................................................... 69
(II)
5.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .............................................................................. 71
5.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 72
5.5 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 72
5.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ............................................................................ 72
5.7 Questions for Practice ................................................................................................ 73
5.8 Additional Reading ...................................................................................................... 73
Unit 6 : Entrepreneurship Development in Transport and Tourism
74
6.0 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 74
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 74
6.2 Content Details ............................................................................................................ 75
6.2.1 Types of Entrepreneurship .......................................................................................................... 75
6.2.2 Characteristic of Entrepreneur in Tourism ................................................................................... 77
6.2.3 Business Ethics in Travel and Tourism Industry ............................................................................ 81
6.2.4 Tourism Business Ideas .............................................................................................................. 84
6.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .............................................................................. 85
6.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 85
6.5 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 86
6.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ............................................................................ 86
6.7 Questions for Practice ................................................................................................ 86
6.8 Additional Reading ...................................................................................................... 86
Unit 7: Hospitality Skills
87
7.0 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 87
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 87
7.2 Content Details ............................................................................................................ 87
7.2.1 Personality Development ............................................................................................................ 87
7.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .............................................................................. 93
7.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 93
7.5 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 94
7.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................... 94
7.7 Questions for Practice ................................................................................................ 94
7.8 Additional Readings .................................................................................................... 94
Unit 8 : Indian Geographical Conditions and Transport
95
8.0 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 95
8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 95
8.2 Content Details ............................................................................................................ 96
(III)
8.2.1 Physical Geography ................................................................................................................... 96
8.2.2 India Geography ........................................................................................................................ 97
8.2.3 Topography ............................................................................................................................. 105
8.2.4 Weather and Climate Conditions .............................................................................................. 106
8.2.5 Map Reading ........................................................................................................................... 107
8.2.6 Distance Calculation ................................................................................................................ 109
8.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions ............................................................................. 111
8.4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 111
8.5 Glossary ..................................................................................................................... 111
8.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................... 112
8.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................... 112
8.8 Additional Reading ..................................................................................................... 112
Unit 9: Itinerary Design and Route Navigation
113
9.0 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 113
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 113
9.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................... 113
9.2.1 How to Design an Itinerary ...................................................................................................... 113
9.2.2 Considerations for Designing an Itinerary .................................................................................. 114
9.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions ............................................................................. 116
9.4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 116
9.5 Glossary ..................................................................................................................... 117
9.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’ .......................................................................... 117
9.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................... 117
9.8 Additional Readings ................................................................................................... 117
Unit 10 : Tourism Planning and Policy
118
10.0 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 118
10.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 118
10.2 Content Details ......................................................................................................... 118
10.2.1 Tourism Planning .................................................................................................................... 118
10.2.2 Tourism Policies ..................................................................................................................... 120
10.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .......................................................................... 123
10.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 123
10.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 123
10.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................ 123
10.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................ 124
10.8 Additional Readings ................................................................................................ 124
(IV)
Unit 11: Infrastructure in Tourism
125
11.0 Objectives................................................................................................................ 125
11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 125
11.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................ 125
11.2.1 Transport Infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 125
11.2.2 Destination Infrastructure ........................................................................................................ 129
11.2.3 Event Infrastructure ................................................................................................................ 129
11.2.4 Accommodations ................................................................................................................... 129
11.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .......................................................................... 130
11.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 130
11.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 130
11.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................ 131
11.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................. 131
11.8 Additional Readings ................................................................................................ 131
Unit 12 : Costing in Tourism
132
12.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 132
12.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 132
12.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................ 132
12.2.1 Types of Costs ...................................................................................................................... 132
12.2.2 Elements of Costing in Tourism ............................................................................................... 135
12.2.3 Numerical (Cost Calculation Per Unit) Mark-up Cost ............................................................ 136
12.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .......................................................................... 136
12.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 137
12.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 137
12.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................ 137
12.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................ 137
12.8 Additional Reading .................................................................................................. 138
Unit 13: Transport and Tourism Marketing
139
13.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 139
13.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 139
13.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................ 139
13.2.1 Marketing Concept ................................................................................................................ 139
13.2.2 Market Segmentation ............................................................................................................. 142
13.2.3 Marketing Implication ............................................................................................................ 143
13.2.4 Product Life-Cycle ................................................................................................................ 146
13.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .......................................................................... 147
(V)
13.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 147
13.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 147
13.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................ 148
13.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................ 148
13.8 Additional Readings ................................................................................................ 148
Unit 14 : Management of Events, Fairs and Festivals
149
14.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 149
14.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 149
14.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................ 149
14.2.1 Types of Events ..................................................................................................................... 149
14.2.2 Fairs and Festivals ................................................................................................................. 151
14.2.3 Major Events ......................................................................................................................... 157
14.3 Check Your Progress Questions ............................................................................. 157
14.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 158
14.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 158
14.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’ ....................................................................... 158
14.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................ 158
14.8 Additional Readings ................................................................................................ 159
Unit 15 : Tour Guiding and Escorting
160
15.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 160
15.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 160
15.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................ 160
15.2.1 Guides and Escorts ................................................................................................................ 160
15.2.2 Characteristics of Aguide Andan Escoat ................................................................................. 161
15.2.3 Duties and Responsibilities ..................................................................................................... 161
15.2.4 Guidelines for Tour Guides ..................................................................................................... 162
15.2.5 Handling Emergencies ............................................................................................................ 164
15.2.6 Do’s And Don’ts ................................................................................................................... 165
15.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .......................................................................... 165
15.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 166
15.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 166
15.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................ 166
15.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................ 166
15.8 Additional Readings ................................................................................................ 167
Unit 16 : Agro and Tribal Tourism
168
(VI)
16.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 168
16.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 168
16.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................ 169
16.2.1 Host Community .................................................................................................................... 169
16.2.2 Do’s and Don’ts .................................................................................................................... 175
16.2.3 National Scenario .................................................................................................................. 176
16.2.4 Contribution to the Society ..................................................................................................... 177
16.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .......................................................................... 178
16.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 178
16.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 178
16.6 Answer to ‘Check Your Progress’ .......................................................................... 179
16.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................ 179
16.8 Additional Reading .................................................................................................. 179
Unit 17: Tourism and Transport Organizations
180
17.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 180
17.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 180
17.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................ 180
17.2.1 National Organizations ........................................................................................................... 180
17.2.2 International Organizations ..................................................................................................... 182
17.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .......................................................................... 185
17.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 185
17.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 185
17.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................ 185
17.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................ 186
17.8 Additional Readings ................................................................................................ 186
Unit 18 : Challenges from Tourism Development in India
187
18.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 187
18.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 187
18.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................ 187
18.2.1 National Challenges Top Six .................................................................................................. 187
18.2.2 Physical Challenges Top Ten .................................................................................................. 189
18.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .......................................................................... 192
18.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 192
18.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 193
18.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ ........................................................................ 193
(VII)
18.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................ 193
18.8 Additional Reading .................................................................................................. 194
Unit 19 : Career Opportunities
195
19.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 195
19.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 195
19.2 Content Details ........................................................................................................ 196
19.2.1 In-field / Execution Work ....................................................................................................... 196
19.2.2 Office Work .......................................................................................................................... 199
19.3 Summary ................................................................................................................. 202
19.4 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions .......................................................................... 202
19.5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 203
19.6 Answer to ‘Check Your Progress’ .......................................................................... 203
19.7 Questions for Practice ............................................................................................ 204
19.8 Additional Reading .................................................................................................. 204
(VIII)
Unit 1: Fundamentals Of Tourism
1.0 Objectives
After reading this unit, you shall be able to understand, define and elaborate
• Tourism, its types and forms
• The history of tourism and travel
• And the travel motivators
1.1 Introduction
Earlier the concept of tourism was treated by the wealthy people as an activity for enjoying
additional comfort, luxury and services. Tourism is a two-way and interactive process. The
tourism product is balanced with the blend of home as well as business environment.
In modern times travel and tourism is concerned with movement i.e. transportation,
accommodation, food, entertainment, recreational facilities to the tourists as they move from one
place to another for leisure, pleasure or business purpose. The tourism industry primarily includes
five types of services; transportation, accommodation, catering, recreation and tourism related
services. Like the other industries travel and tourism industry has to satisfy the customer demands
by its matching supply.
The travel and tourism industry is known as a ‘smokeless’ industry, as it is not a
manufacturing industry. It does not need to manufacture its products. Travel and tourism is a
service industry, since all it does is providing services and facilities to the customers or tourists.
In this industry, the services and facilities are its products. It is the only industry that has
maximum human involvement.
1.2 Content Details
1.2.1 History of Transportation and Tourism
Travel in the early days was done by man for searching food and shelter. He started moving
things from one place to another by dragging in all the way. Later, man started using animals for
the movement of goods and for him as well. This movement became easier with the invention of
wheel.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 1
Image 1.1 Transportation In early Days
After the invention and advancement of wheel transportation and travel was smoothened.
This further led to increase in tourism. Tourism is an activity in which a person travels from one
place to another for a purpose, and stays at the destination for more than 24 hours and also uses
the services, facilities and resources at the destination.
The word ‘tourism’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘tornus’, which means ‘the
movement of a wheel or circular motion’. Similarly the word ‘tour’ has been derived from the
Hebrew word ‘Torah’, which means, travelling for the purpose of learning. Transportation, travel
and tourism made a significant growth after the First and the Second World Wars.
Later people started travelling from one place to another for various purposes such as
employment, education, medical treatments, vacations, family visits etc. this also led to an
increase in tourism.
Growth and development over the years:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In the Neolithic age, around 4000 BC, sailing vessels in boats were built.
Invention of the wheel during this period was very significant and made the
movement of people and goods to distant places easier.
Primarily travel and transportation were used for trade, exchange of goods etc. and
all the other activities related to it.
Phoenicians were the first travellers who invented money.
With the invention of money, the development of trade and commerce began.
Travel and trade in India and china increased.
A very large number of tourists had started travelling to the important places of
pilgrim of Europe, by the end of the middle ages.
Emperor Ashoka also travelled a great deal for the spread of the teachings of
Gautam Buddha.
The famous ancient travellers were: Alexander the great, Marco polo, IbnBatuta,
Mark Twain etc.
1.2.2 What is Tourism?
Tourism is a process, in which a person travels from one place to another, other than that of
his work or residence, for various purposes like leisure, pleasure, business, education etc. and
stays at the destination for more than 24 hours.
For example: Sharad lives and works in Nashik. He travels to Pune for his business, stays
there for more than 24 hours and visits the local places such as market, gardens, temples etc. after
finishing his work. This is called or said tourism.
Tourism is a service industry, because all is does is providing services to the tourists. It is
even expanding industry which has the potential to grow nationally as well as internationally. The
tourism industry is the second largest industry in the world. It is said that tourism is the only
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 2
industry which has maximum involvement of people in it.
The words ‘travel’ and ‘tourism’ are interlinked.
ALL TOURISM IS ‘TRAVEL’ BUT ALL TRAVEL IS NOT ‘TOURISM’
This statement shows the link between these words. When a person goes for tourism,
they have to ‘travel’ using various transportations to reach their destination. But when a
person is travelling from one place to another, tourism is not always involved.
For example:
•
Mohan goes on a tour to Shimla. To reach Shimla for tourism, he has to travel by
some mode of transport. This is why we say that tourism includes transport.
• Sohan goes to college which is at some distance of about 20 kms from his house.
Here Sohan travels using various modes of transportation, to reach to his college.
This travel does not include tourism at all. This is why we say that travel does not
involve tourism always.
Tourism in simple words, is the movement of people from one place to another, within, as
well as beyond the political and national boundaries; and then at particular destinations.
TRAVEL
STAY
TOURISM RELATED SERVICES
Image 1.2 Tourism Related Services
In other words, when you travel from one place to another, stay at that place for more than
24 hours and go to see the temples, forts, museums, markets, art galleries, caves, forests,
waterfalls etc. you are doing tourism activities.
1.2.3 The Concept of Tourism
Tourism, as we earlier studied, is the movement of people within as well as beyond the
national boundaries; and also their stays and activities at the destination. Tourism is a service
industry and works on the basis of its four pillars, which we can refer to as 4A’s of tourism.
These 4 A’s are as follows:
1) Attraction : Some thing, a place, a sight etc. you are in interested in and you have a desire
to visit it, is an attraction.
You are interested to see the ‘Ajanta and Ellora’ caves in Aurangabad. You go to
Aurangabad to see these caves. Here, the caves are the attraction.
Everything and anything that attracts you to visit a particular destination is a ‘product’ that
we sell in tourism industry.
2) Accessibility : it refers to how easy it is to reach the destination. When you choose a
destination to visit, you have to see if you can reach there easily, and there roads, transport
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 3
3)
4)
services etc .available. If the accessibility to the destination is poor, you will not be able to
reach there easily.
Accommodation : It means a place where we can eat and sleep. Such as hotels, dharamshal
as etc. When you go to a destination you need to eat and sleep at some place. This place is
accommodation. Rohan goes to Pune to visit some tourist destination. There, he stays at
some hotel or a place to stay for a few days. This hotel or dharamshala is the
accommodation.
Amenities : Amenities are the services and facilities available at the destination which give
you pleasure. You go to Kerala and visit some resort, when you enter you are offered
coconut water as a welcome drink. Or you go to some theme park like the water kingdom
and there you are given some chocolates and gifts. These welcome drinks, gifts and
chocolates are amenities. When you go to some temple which is on top of mountain, you sit
on a ‘palkhi’ which is carried by two people on their shoulders and take you to the temple.
This is also an amenity.
Image 1.3 Coconut Welcome Drink is an amenity
These 4 A’s are the basics of tourism industry.
•
1)
2)
Features/Characteristics Of Tourism Products
1) Perishability
2) Intangibility
3) Seasonality
4) Lack of ownership
Perishability: It means something which cannot be stored. Every tourist product has a
particular time which is best to visit . If that time period is gone, it cannot come back. Or
that cannot be stored for future. You want to visit kumbhamela, which is held once in every
12 years. If you miss that time of kumbhamela, you will not be able to get the similar
experience again nor can the time or the kumbhamela be stored. This is why every tourism
product is perishable since we cannot store it.
Intangibility: It means something which cannot be touched. The products of tourism
industry are the services and that is why we call it as a service industry. The services cannot
be touched. They can only be felt. Suppose you go at a tourist place and make an overnight
stay at a hotel. There, you are provided with internet services. In this case, you cannot touch
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 4
3)
4)
5)
the internet, but can use it. This is why the tourism products are said to be intangible.
Seasonality: Every tourism product gives different levels of satisfactions during every
season of the year. All products are at its best at some time of a particular season. You plan
to go for wildlife tourism or to see a forest and the plants and animals there. If you go to see
the forest during the rainy season, you will not be able to see the animals or even will not be
able to enter the forest area due to the rains. But if you go in the summer, you will be
satisfied as the animals will be seen easily. This is why seasonality is an important feature of
tourism products.
Lack of ownership: In tourism, even if we buy a product, we do not own that product.
Suppose you go to a museum and buy a ticket. In this case, we can enter the museum, see it,
study, experience it but you do not own it. Or suppose you buy a train ticket, you get a seat
in the train. You don’t own the seat in the train. These are the services which you can use
for a specific time period and you are not the owner because you buy the tickets. You use
the services only.
It cannot be lifted or shifted: In tourism, the tourist has to go to the destination or the
tourism product to see and experience it. The tourism product cannot be lifted and shifted
from its place. The person himself has to go to the place.
Image 1.4 Tourist Destination as Tourism Products
•
Types and Forms Of Tourism
Types of Tourism
Domestic Tourism
International Tourism
Inbound Tourism
Outbound Tourism
Image 1.5 Types of Tourism
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 5
Domestic Tourism:
Domestic tourism is done within the political boundaries of the country. You are an Indian ,
and when you go for tourism at the places in India, you are a domestic tourist, or you are doing
domestic tourism. For example: Sanju lives in Punjab and goes on a tour to Kerala, he is a
domestic tourist, since he is going tourism in his country itself.
Similarly, if a resident or citizen of SriLanka goes for tourism to SriLanka itself, then he is
also a domestic tourist.
International Tourism
International tourism is when you undertake tourism outside the political boundaries of the
country. A person doing tourism outside his country is an international tourist.
For example: Pooja is an Indian and goes for tourism in Germany. This is international
tourism.
International tourism is divided into two parts: Inbound and Outbound
When Pooja ,who is an Indian, goes to Germany for tourism, she is an outbound tourist
because she is going ‘out’ of her own country. On the other hand, she is an inbound tourist for
Germany as she has come ‘in’ their country.
Similarly, a tourist from other country, is an inbound tourist as he has come ‘in’ our
country.
Forms of Tourism
Religious Tourism
Heritage Tourism
Beach Tourism
Cultural Tourism
Wildlife Tourism
Sport Tourism
Rural Tourism
Adventure Tourism
Image 1.6 Forms of Tourism
•
Religious: When one goes from one place to another for religious purposes, it is said to be
religious tourism. You go to Mecca, Madina, Ajmer sharif, Tirupati, Vaishno Devi,
chardham, churches in goa etc., you are doing religious tourism.
•
Cultural: When you go to some destination to see and study their culture, it is
cultural tourism. You go to Rajasthan and Kerala and see and study their culture, that
is, the way they dress, their way of living etc., you are undertaking cultural tourism.
•
Rural tourism: When you go to some rural area or underdeveloped areas, live with those
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 6
•
•
•
•
•
•
people for a few days and live the way they live, food they eat, you are undertaking rural
tourism. You go to a village and live with the villagers and involve with the activities of their
daily routine, you are a rural tourist.
Heritage tourism: When you go to a place to see forts, palaces , ancient buildings, their
architecture you are undertaking heritage tourism . You go to see The Taj Mahal or Red Fort,
then you are a heritage tourist.
Wildlife tourism:When you go to see a forest, national park or wildlife sanctury, you are
involved in wildlife tourism. Suppose you go to Tadoba Tiger Reserve in Nagpur, you are
undertaking wildlife tourism.
Sports tourism: When you travel for any sports events, be it for participation in the sport or be
it for watching the sport as an audience. If you travel or go to participate or watch the
Olympics on the common wealth games or the world cups, you are a sports tourist.
Beach tourism: When you go to the coastal regions or to see the beaches and involve in
tourism activities, it is said to be beach tourism. You go to Goa for tourism, than this would
be beach tourism.
Adventure tourism: When you go to a tourist destination and are involved in adventure sports
like mountaineering, rappelling, rock climbing, swimming, scuba diving, para gliding etc.
you are undertaking adventure tourism.
Health tourism: When you go to a place for health related issues and then go to the nearby
tourist destination, it is health tourism. Suppose a tourist comes to India for yoga and also
goes to the nearby tourist destinations, he is undertaking health tourism.
1.2.4 Travel Motivators
Travel motivators are the factors that induce a person to travel from one place to another.
These factors are responsible for the movement of people. The travel motivators are:
Pilgrimage / Religious:
Travel is done for religious purposes. The people going for Haj Yatra, Vaishnodevi,
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 7
Amaranth Yatra etc. have religious motive for travelling.
Cultural:
Here,a travel is done with the intention of seeing, experiencing the culture of that particular
place. Many foreigners coming to India visit Rajasthan only to see their culture and experience it.
Social:
Here, a person travels for a social purpose. Like visiting friends or relatives, attending
marriages, get-togather, functions etc. The main motive of the traveler is to become social.
Challenge/ Adventure:
A person travels for adventure, like participating in adventures like trekking,
mountaineering, river crossing, river rafting, para sailing etc.
Business:
Here, a person travels for business related work. Like going for business meetings,
conferences, exhibitions etc.
Education:
Here, the person travels for educational purposes; they travels for attending school/ college
at a place away from their native place, industrial visits, surveys, trainings, internships etc.
Health:
Here, a person travels for health purposes. They have
treatment, Yoga, ayurved, body massages etc.
to travel for taking medical
1.2.5 Travel Intermediaries
Travel intermediaries are the tour operators and travel a Agencies.
Tour operator
A tour operator is a manufacturer, who assembles and combines all the services, makes a
package of it and does the marketing of the product effectively and efficiently. They design and
manage all the aspects of tour. A tour operator provides a wide variety of package, as required by
the client.
Travel agency
The travel agency gathers and combines the packages made by the tour operators and makes
it available to the clients.
Type of Travel Agency
Travel Agency
Wholesale Travel Agency
Retail Travel Agency
Image 1.7 Types of Travel Agency
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Wholesale travel agency:
Buys the package from the tour operators. They also make their own packages by directly
contacting the hotels, airlines, ground transportation etc.
Retail travel agency:
The retail travel agency takes the product from the wholesale travel agency or the tour
operators and then sells it to the end user. He also sells the services directly to the public on
behalf of hotels, airlines etc.
Tour
operators
Wholesale
travel agency
Retail travel
agency
Tourists/
end user
1.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
1. Match the pairs:
1) Airline seat
2) International tourism
3) Haj- yatra
4) Health tourism
5) Ancient traveler
- Ibn –Batuta
- religious tourism
- lack of ownership
- Egypt
- Kerala
2. Fill in the blanks:
1) The word ‘tourism’ has been derived from the Latin word ___________.
2) Travel and tourism made a significant growth after____________.
3) ____________ invented money.
4) Emperor Ashoka spread the teachings of ____________.
5) When you cross political boundaries of a country, you are ____________.
1.4 Summary
Tourism is a concept, in which a person travels to a destination other than his place of
residence and works and stays there for more than 24 hours. Tourism grew and developed over
years. It is a service industry as it offers services. Tourism is a smokeless industry since it does
not manufacture a product. Tourism is of two basic types: Domestic and International. There are
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 9
also many forms of tourism such as religious tourism, beach tourism, health tourism, adventure
tourism etc.
1.5 Glossary
Amenity- things that make life pleasant
Accessibility- easy to get to
Intangible- that cannot be touched
1.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’
1. Match the pairs:
1) airline seat
2) international tourism
3) hajyatra
4) health tourism
5) ancienttraveller
- lack of ownership
- Egypt
- religious tourism
- Kerala
- IbnBatuta
2. Fill in the blanks:
1) 'Tornus'
2) the First and Second World War
3) Phoenicians’.
4) Gautam Buddha
5) International tourist
1.7 Questions for Practice
1. Write short notes on:
1) Tourism
2) Growth and development of tourism over years.
3) Travel agents: retail and wholesale.
2. Answer in detail:
1) Types and forms of tourism.
2) 4 A’s of tourism.
3) Characteristics/ features of a tourism product.
1.8 Additional Readings
1. Basics of tourism, by Krishnan K. Kamra and Monindar Chand
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Unit 2 : Transport as a Product in Tourism
2.0 Objectives
After reading this unit, you should be able to learn, understand and explain –
• How the transportation vehicles play the role of the tourism product
• How the tourist trains of Indian Railway function as the tourism product
• The importance of air transportation and the supportive surface transport.
• Charter coaches tours
• What is a city tour vehicle?
• Transport system and attraction of wildlife safari vehicles
2.1 Introduction
Transport contributes significantly to our socio-economic needs. Fast and efficient means of
transport is essential to link various places. From the advent of human civilization, the means of
transport have been changing according to the changed conditions and the development of
technology. Transportation in tourism is most often seen as just a part of the tourism system
which is in charge of brining the tourists to the destinations, a means of getting place and leaving
it once the duration of the trip is over. The transportation system of a tourist destination has an
impact on the tourism experience which explains how people travel and why they choose
different forms of holiday, destination and transport. The improvement in transportation modes
plus low fares has increased the accessibility of areas once considered off the beaten path. Access
to tourism sites vary according to the nature of the site, the state of infrastructure, and the
efficiency of the public transport system. The discovery and application of steam and electricity
in the 19th century and the internal combustion engine in the 20th century revolutionized travel
and transport and introduced the present era of mass transportation in tourism. Railways are the
principal carriers specially suited for long distance travel.
Tourism is all about travel, and the role of transportation in its operation is vital. It is largely
due to the improvement of transportation that tourism has expanded. The advent of flight has
shrunk the world, and the motor vehicle has made travel anywhere possible. One of the basic
reasons for the choice of railways as a mode of transport is that it is economical.
The attraction is the main component of tourism industry. Many times the transportation and
the types of transportation vehicles are the attraction for the tourist. In this sense the service
transportation and the types of vehicles are the tourism product.
2.2 Content Details
2.2.1 Tourist Trains
What is a tourist luxury train?
A Special train which is designed for the luxury of tourist and its ride gives a strong feeling
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to tourists that they are traveling to a historical or heritage place.
Some tourist luxury trains like The Palace on wheels promote tourism in major destinations.
Its elegant ride is a strong attraction for tourists.
2.2.1.1 Tourist Trains
Place on Wheels
The excitement of the history of the Rajput kingdoms, clearly captured the contemporary
mode. Every thing is royal and luxurious. In all, there are fourteen saloons, each equipped with
two twin bedded and two double bedded chambers, with attached bathrooms that have running
hot and cold water and showers wonderful beds with comfortable furnishing, inbuilt wardrobes,
and huge plate glass windows to watch the countryside roll past. Each coach also has a seating
lounge where passengers can get together. An attached pantry with each saloon helps provide
beverages and refreshments. There is a comfortable bar cum lounge where tourists can relax over
their favorite drink and converse with fellow passengers.
Coaches
Of the 14 coaches, one is named after the former Rajput states matching the aesthetics and
interiors of the royal past. Each coach has 4 twin bedded chambers, thoughtfully decorated in
ethnic Rajasthani decore channel music, intercom, attached toilets, running hot and cold water
shower and wall to wall carpeting. Each saloon has personal attendants called ‘Khidmatgars’.
Image 2.1 Restaurant on the train : Palace on Wheels
Restaurant
The train has two lavish restaurants ‘The Maharaja’ and ‘The Maharani’ with the Rajasthani
ambience serving Continental, Chinese, Indian and Rajsthani cuisines. (Image 2.1)
Bar
The palace on wheels boasts of a well stocked bar offering the choicest of sprits of Indian
and international brands.
Other Facilities
Indoor games, mail box, medical aid, shopping, satellite phone are available on board.
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Image 2.2 Royal Rajasthan on Wheels
2.2.1.2 Royal Rajsthan on Wheels
The Royal Rajasthan on Wheels is a regal delight. Every movement gets a ‘wow’ response
from the viewer. This tour is extensively planned to take tourists through the sands of desert, forts
and palaces. (Image 2.2)
Saloons
Saloons offer a spacious living and comfort of royal suite. The suites have been named after
the two precious stones, Emerald and Diamond, Super Deluxe Suite.
The extraordinary suites designed with elegant silk furnishings. The saloons have been
created in three different themes in hues of exquisite jewels, Ruby, Sapphire and Pearl.
Image 2.3 Swarn Mahal Restaurant
Dining
Sheesh Mahal and Swarn Mahal are the two Restaurants on the Royal Train. The Sheesh
Mahal has been adorned with floor lamps and crystal pelments, made of wood and crystal. The
Swarn Mahal has been planned around a then of gold and brass. Dining offers Rajasthani, Indian,
Continental and Chinese Cuisines. (Image 2.3)
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Bar
The Restaurant contains the finest wines and an array of international brands.
Image 2.4 Coaches of Royal Rajasthan of Wheels
Coaches
The 13 deluxe coaches have been rightly named after the famous places of Rajasthan –
Hawa Mahal, Chantra Mahal, Surya Mahal, Moti Mahal, Sukh Mahal, Jal Mahal, Padmini Mahal,
Kishoni Mahal, Phool Mahal, Jogi Mahal, Kumbha Place, Umaid Place, Lalgarh Place. The Super
Deluxe coach is Taj Mahal.
Other facilities
Spa, ouvenirs, wi-fi, channel music, public address system, laundry service.
2.2.1.3 The Indian Maharaja Train
The Deccan Odyssey, a luxury train project is a joint venture of the ministry of Railway,
Government of India and MTDC (Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation). The Deccan
Odyssey tour includes several exotic destinations covering the vast expanse of Maharashtra and
North India covering Mumbai, Aurangabad, Udaipur, Sawai Madhopur, Jaipur, Agra and Delhi.
Everything in the train reflects the ways of Indian Royalty “Maharaja”.
Coaches
The Deccan Odyssey has 21 coaches of which 11 are passenger cars. There are 2
presidential suites. One conference coach, two Restaurants, one Bar and one Spa coach.
Dining
There are two restaurant cars. Fine Indian and continental cuisines are served.
Other facilities
There is a library, channel music, massage centre, steam bath, gymnasium, beauty parlor,
television in each coach.
2.2.1.4 Deccan Odyssey
The Deccan Odyssey train travels to beautiful beaches in Maharashtra and Goa. Travel on a
journey through scenery and heritage destinations, the historic sites of Ajanta, Ellora and
Aurangabad, starts and ends at the modern city of Mumbai.
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Coaches
The Deccan Odyssey has 21 coaches of which 11 are passenger cars. There are 2
presidential suite cars. (Image 2.5) 2 restaurant cars, also a bar car and spa car.
Image 2.5 Presidental suite on the Deccan Odyssey
Dining
Fine Indian and continental cuisines are served in the restaurant. (Image 2.6)
Image 2.6 Serving in the restaurant
Other facilities
Conference room, library, bar, channel music, massage center, steam bath, gym, beauty
parlor, special suite for physically challenged persons, telephone, television in each coach, plasma
tv.
2.2.1.5 The Golden Chariot (Pride of the South)
The Golden Chariot is named after the famous stone chariot in Hampi, a world heritage site.
It is 7 night and 8 day’s journey. Journey begins from and ends with Bangalore.
The train travels through the Nagarhole National Park, Mysore, visiting Sriranga Patnam,
Mysore place, and continues to the historical sites of Shravanbelagola, Belur and Halebidu and
the world heritage site Hampi and thereafter enters into heritage site of Badami and Pattadakal,
finally the Golden Beach of Goa.
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Coaches
The Golden Chariot has been named after the dynasties that ruled Karnataka. The dynastier
were Kadamba, Hoysala, Raj Rastrakota, Ganga, Chalukya, Bhahamani Adhilshahi, Sangma,
Shathavashna, Yudukula and Vijayanagar. (Image 2.7)
Dining
Nala and Ruchi are the two Restaurant Ruchi a name that means ‘fine taste’ in Sanskrit.
Nala has been named after a king and legendary chef from the times of the Mahabharata. The two
restaurants serve food of vegetarian and non-vegetarian culinary delights.
Bar
Madira, the mythical drink of the gods in the lounge bar aboard the Golden Chariot is the
name of the Bar.
Other facilities
Gym coach – Attin Nirvana, Massage rooms, LCD Television.
2.2.1.6 Mahaparinirvana Train
Buddhism is one of the world’s great religions, salient features of Buddhist circuit special
tour.
Buddhists make a pilgrimage to the places where Buddha was born in ‘Lumbini’ now in
Nepal, gained enlightenment in ‘Bodhhayaya’, first taught in ‘Sarnath’ and attained Nirvana in
‘Kushinagar’ these are the destinations which the train visits.
Siddharth Gautama when a curious wandering prince from the small shakya kingdom
located at the foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal, began his quest for the ultimate truth to solve
the mystery of existence. He renounced his royal pleasures and meditated beneath the scred
Bodhi tree at Gaya for years before he attained spiritual enlightenment.
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The Buddhist Circuit Special Train is an exclusive air conditioned train for Bhuddist circuit
destinations and does not carry passengers other than the tourists booked with the tour.
Dining
Passengers are serves with veg. and non-veg. shacks and drinks. Packed drinking water, tea
and coffee are also available to the travelers.
Accommodation
Accommodation is available in comfortable hotels. All passengers are provided with travel
insurance, medical support can be provided through an extensive network of Indian Railway
medical facilities.
Guide
On sufficiently advanced demand tour guides of various languages are provided for sizeable
groups.
Image 2.9 Historical Fairy Queen’s Engine
2.2.1.7 Fairy Queen – The Train
It is the oldest working steam locomotives in the world. Fairy Queen made its maiden
journey in the year 1855 for the erstwhile East India Railway. The Fairy Queen today holds the
Guinness world record for being the oldest locomotive in regular operation.
It used to travel on the Howrah-Raniganj line and later in Bihar till 1908. In July 1997 the
Indian Railway restarted its operation as a heritage train from Delhi to Alwar and from there the
tourists are taken to the world famous Sariksa Wildlife Sanctuary. It operates on the 2nd and 4th
Saturday from the months of October to March.
Coach
The Fairy Queen has only two coaches attached to it. It is a specially designed airconditioned car with fifty comfortable seats on which guests can recline and enjoy the ride.
Accommodation
The journey on the Fairy Queen luxury train is a day’s journey and there is no overnight
stay on the train. Passengers stay overnight at the Sariska Hotel or Hotel Tiger Den.
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2.2.1.8 Hill Railways in India
Sr.
No.
1
2
Hill Railway
Name
Shimla Toy Train
Train Runs
Between Stations
Kalka/Shimla
Distance
in Km
96 Km
Darjeeling
Darjeeling
/Jalpaiguri
88 Km
Himalayan
Description
Toy Train
Toy Train
Conferred
with
the
west gauge line.
4
5
Nilgiri Mountain
Railway
Kangra
Valley
Railway
Matheran
Light
Railway
of
World Heritage Site, worlds narrow
Railway
3
status
Ooty
Mtfupalaiyam
Pathantok,
Joginder Nagar
Neral/Matheran
/ 46 km
164 km
2600 m above sea level
Charter train on demand
84 years old Rail line
Image 2.9 Hill Railway
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The Indian Railways has made awe inspiring contribution by bringing the mountain range
closer to us through engineering marvels and dedicated efforts put up by the masters of the craft.
The Indian Railways has moved a step forward with the most affordable rates for the chartered
trips for the tourists.
2.2.1.9 Bharat Darshan by Indian Railways
The Bharat Darshan train offer highly economic packages for the budget travellers with
Rs. 500/- per passenger per day. The tariff includes rail travel, road transfer, meals,
accommodation as well as sight seeing. These trains run on a number of different itineraries
across the country.
2.2.1.10 Golden Triangle Train
The train takes us to the magnificent circuit of Agra, Jaipur and Delhi with all important
amenities on and off board.
Special-Charter Train
Tourists planning to visit India can now charter a train. As compared to travel by bus, by air
or by private cars, travelling long distances by train is more enjoyable.
If you plan to organize a short or an extended tour for your club members, employees of
your company or members of your association, then chartering a train is one of the best ways to
travel.
Deluxe Trains
The vast network of the Indian Railways, the Rajdhani Express and the Shatabdi express are
super special as so far as they are superfast, have above average facilities inside, are air
conditioned and connect to important cities. The Shatabdi Express train runs short to medium
distances. The Rajdhani Series of trains connects Delhi to state capitals and receives the highest
priority.
Meals, snacks and beverages are served to passengers on the Shatabdi and Rajdhani trains
and passengers car view movies or T.V. Rajdhani is dually an overnight train and tourist can
sleep comfortably in the deluxe berths.
2.2.2 Air and Surface Transport
The air transport has contributed extensively to the development of modern tourism.
Tourism and Air transport industry complement each other. As you already know that transport is
the cause and the effect of the growth of tourism.
The air transport is the main mode for international tourism. It plays a dominant role in
inter-regional movements of tourists, which normally entails travel over long distance. Attractive
package tours, competitive airfare attract more and more tourists day by day.
The air transport has revolutionized the geographical aspect of distances. The most remote
areas can now be attained by journey around the world and can be measured in terms of hours of
travelling. The air transport being the most modern and the quickest mode of transport has been
gaining popularity.
TATA ensures high standard of operations not only by its agents but also by its member
airlines. Airports offer numerous facilities for the arriving and departing passengers. These
facilities differ from country to country.
2.2.2.1 Airport Facilities in India
Surface Transport
Food : There are snack bars and restaurants in arrivals and departures area
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Image 2.12 Direction board at Airport for surface transport facilities
Car Parking : Car parking is available at both terminals.
Public Transport : Taxi, Bus, Shuttle, etc.
Car Hire : Car hire is available from outside the customs halls at both domestic and
International arrivals however there is no facility for hiring self drive cars at the airport as selfdrive cars are not generally available in India.
Image 2.13 Pre-paid Taxi
Image 2.14 Meter Taxi
Pre-Paid Taxi : There is a pre-paid taxi booth in the arrivals area, which issues vouchers
for travelling to the city. Retain the receipt until you reach your destination and then hand it to the
driver.
Although metered taxis are available outside the airport it is far easier to pre book at one of
the many taxi counters in the arrivals area. For example “Meru”.
Image 2.15 Meru Taxi
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Meru : Meru cabs has grown consistently in its 6 years history in terms of the fleet, people,
revenue and popularity. Meru is the 3rd largest “Radio Taxi” company in the world. The only taxi
operator in India to partner with the airports at Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Bangalore. Meru
cabs offer a cab service that emulates the best taxi service norms across the world. Meru cabs was
launched in Mumbai with 45 cabs in 2007. (Image 2.16)
The name “Meru” is derived from the symbolic mountain of the gods, an icon of
unshakeable reliability and character. Meru cabs are used environment friendly fuel. The critical
difference between an ordinary taxi service and Meru cabs service lies in the investment that they
make into training their chauffeurs which include address verification, complete medical
checkup, testing of driving skills, ability to manage the on board technology on the vehicles,
familiarity with passengers, city and all the mandatory licensing.
Image 2.17 Radio Taxi Stand at Airport
2.2.2.2 Tourism Charter Quick Flight
Tourism charter quick flight is able to provide direct air service to any tourism location with
a suitable airstrip and service is the particularly beneficial in providing access to locations not
serviced by commercial airlines. Save valuable holiday time and travel in style and comfort.
When the commercial airlines do not provide the locations options or times that you need, quick
flight tourist charter is the smart option.
A charter airline also sometimes referred to as an air taxi, operates aircraft on a charter
basis, that is flights that take place outside normal schedules by a hiring arrangement with a
particular customer.
In the context of mass tourism charter flights have acquired the more specific meaning of a
flight whose sole function is to transport holiday makers to tourist destinations. The tickets of
charter flight are not sold directly by the charter airline to the tourist passengers, but by holiday
companies who have chartered the flight.
Many charter flights are sold as a part of package holiday and the price paid includes flights,
accommodation and other services. Charter airlines typically carry passengers who have booked
individually or as small groups to beaches, historic towns, or cities where a cruise ship is awaiting
them.
2.2.2.3 An Aircraft Charter / An Air Taxi
A charter flight is a private flight scheduled to meet the needs of specific passengers or
organizations. While most people have had the experience of travelling on a commercial airline,
either for business or tourism. An aircraft charter gives tourism complete flexibility and
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 21
convenience to fly when, where and how they want. Charters are available through some large
airlines as well as private companies that specialize in such flights. The aircraft are provided with
cabin crew and any supplies, like meals, requested as part of the charter contract. People like
celebrities or the very wealthy, who want to avoid the crowds at a public airport may choose to
take a charter flight. Some charters are filled by tour companies who book the charter flight as
part of a package deal that includes accommodation, rentals, and other activates for an entire
vacation.
Using private flights can also be more convenient for transport needs that may occur
unexpectedly because the company can skip the ticketing and other procedures required by a
conventional airline. A charter airline also sometimes referred to as an air taxi. An air taxi is also
an air charter passenger aircraft which operates on an ‘on-demand basis’.
A charter airline serves for all charter needs.
• Aircraft charter
• Cargo charter
• Election flying
• Heli-sking
• Pilgrimage charter
• VIP charter
• Aerial survey
• Corporate charter
• Film shooting
• Helicopter charter
• Sports charter
• Weding
• Air ambulance
• Commercial charter
• Flower drop
• Joy rides
• Business charter
• Disaster relief
• Flight permits
• Leisure charter flights
• Honeymoon get ways to romantic destination
2.2.2.4 Other Facilities on Airport in India
(1)
Money and Communication : Banks and bureau de change facilities are available 24 hours
a day at the Interactive terminal. The airport has a post office at each terminal and PCO,
STD, ISD phone services, ATM, Currency Exchange.
Image 2.18 Currency Exchange at International Airport
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 22
(2) Shopping : There are duty free shops in both the arrivals and departures lounges.
Image 2.19 Duty free shop at International Airport
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Facilities for the Disabled : Physically accessible toilets as well as ambulance facilities for
disabled travelers are available. There is a special parking area for disabled travellers.
Bus : 24 hours a day and auto rickshaws are also available.
Shuttle : Services depart from the International terminal and travel via the domestic
terminal stop.
Auto Rickshaw
Image 2.20 Auto Rickshaw
Types of Airport
(1) International Airport : These are declared as international airports and are available for
scheduled international operations.
(2) Domestic Airport : Customs airports with limited international operations. These have
customs and immigrating facilities for limited international operations by national carriers and for
foreign tourista and cargo charter flights.
2.2.2.5 Water Surface Transportation
(1) Cruise Ship
A cruise ship’s or cruise liner is a passenger ship for pleasure voyages and referred to as
‘floating hotels’. The ships amenities are a part of the experience. Cruising has become a major
part of the tourism industry.
Cruises are mainly concentrated towards short sea journeys of about a weak. Cruise ships
operate mostly on route that return passengers to their originating port.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 23
Guests can enjoy luxury and entertainment while moving towards their multiple
destinations. In contrast, ocean lines do ‘line voyages’ and typically transport passengers from
one point to another, rather than on round trips. Cruises fare includes accommodation, recreation,
meals entertainment and other tourist activities.
Image 2.21 Cruise Ship ‘Floating Hotel’
Cruise Accommodation
Sleeping rooms on a cruise ship are called cabins. Cabin space varies with the size of the
ship. Most ship offer several categories of moderately priced cabins in addition to more expensive
deluxe cabin and suits.
Image 2.22 Cruise Accommodation
Facilities on Cruise
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food and beverage service
Dinning hall and bar
Recreational activities
Casinos
Videos arcade rooms
Movie theatre
Shopping arcades
Entertainment lounges
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 24
Image 2.23 Dining
(2) A River Cruise / Canal Cruise
A river cruise is a ship which has all facilities like the sea cruise but it is shooter, narrower
and shallower.
Image 2.24 River Cruise
(3) House Boats
A house boat is a boat that has been designed or modified to be used primarily as a home.
Some boats are not motorized, because they are usually kept stationary at a fixed point often
tethered to land to provide utilities. i.e. the house boat at Dal Lake Kashmir or in Kerala.
Image 2.25 House Boat at Dal Lake
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Image 2.26 House Boat Kerale
(4) Hovercraft
Hovercraft is an amphibious vehicle or craft, designed to travel over any smooth surface
land or water.
Image 2.27 Hovercraft
(5) Gondola and Shikara
Shikara : The shikara has become quite a popular tourist attraction. The shikara is a type of
wooden ship found on Lakes and other water bodies. A usual shikara can have half a dozen
people. A shikara ride is one of the most soothing, relaxing aspects of a holiday in Kashmir.
Image 2.28 Shikara at Kashmir’s Dal Lake
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Gondola : Gondola is a mode of transportation in Venice. Gondolier, a driver of Gondola
gives you a ride of the Venice city in to the canals. Gondola is a ship in the grand canal of
Venice. (Image 2.29)
Image 2.29 Gondola in Venice Canal
2.2.3 Chartered Coach Tours
It is an escorted, hosted or independent motor coach transportation arranged for a private
group of tourist from 4 hours to 3 days. Daily rated used to determine the charter price. A weekly
rate is also available from one-charter bus operators or car, charters of longer duration but in the
city tour case the daily rates used. In the chartered coach city tour. The tourist group have the
freedom to chock the number of tourist spots out of the list.
Group outings whether for work related or otherwise can be somewhat of transportation.
Charter bus services allow multiple travellers to enjoy the ride. While someone else keeps an eye
on the road.
These are the transportation buses hired for exclusively tour use for one or more
destinations. Travel agents organize the charter bus trip for many types of community groups.
2.2.4 What is a City Tour Vehicle?
It is a vehicle which is useful for a tourist to take a guided sightseeing tour of a particular
area of the city.
Image 2.30 City Tour Guide in open deck bus
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2.2.4.1 Bus
It is a city guided sightseeing tours vehicle with the help of open desk bus (Image 2.30). It
is easy to take a city tour. It gives tourists the full-time of the sight. Tourists can enjoy watching
the local routine activities around with a safe distance.
This type of motor coach peek up tourist from difficult location which are already decided
are a pick up spots and give them a ride of the city and take the tourist to several tourist spots.
Bus city guided sightseeing always have tour guide along with. The tour how give the
information about the spots. i.e. Neelmbari-Bus (MTDC) use in Mumbai City.
Image 2.31 Neelambari Bus
2.2.4.2 Escorted City Tour Vehicles or Theme Park Vehicles
In an escorted coach tour motor vehicle transportation is combined with a guided or escort.
These types of vehicles are often used in amusement parks or a theme park to transfer from
one particular area to another area of the same place, park.
Image 2.32 Motorcycle Taxis
Image 2.33 Two wheeler Taxi Stand
2.2.4.3 Motorcycle Taxis
This is a great attraction for stranded travelers to help them get to their destination or city
tourist sport.
In areas with high traffic congestion problems a motorcycle taxi or rental services would
come in handy.
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Image 2.35 Cycle Rickshaw
Image 2.36 Man pulled Rickshaw
2.2.4.4 Bicycle and Cycle-Rickshaws
Bicycles are the cheapest vehicles and are also environment friendly. Tourists can hire a
cycle or charter a cycle rickshaw to visit tourist spots.
2.2.4.5 Tourist Sharing Cabs
Facilitating cab sharing between tourists for sightseeing car be economical and also helpful
to reduce air pollution because of reduction in traffic.
2.2.5 Wildlife Safari Vehicles and Animal Rides
2.2.5.1 Elephant Safari
India is well known for its wild life and elephant population. Elephants are an ideal option
to explore some inaccessible places in the jungles. Elephants roam freely with other animals in
the jungles.
Elephant Safari is the best and safest way to explore the remotest and densest areas of the
forests. Elephant Safari helps the visitor to travel through such difficult terrains where even jeeps
and other vehicles cannot venture. Riding an elephant can take the tourist back to the royal era,
when only the king used to ride on these majestic creatures. An elephant ride can give tourists an
easy access for viewing the unknown wildlife. The elephant moves slowly and steadily that is
why this type of safari is ideal in and around the wild regions. Elephant Safari is one of the
attraction for tourists. (Image 2.37)
Image 2.37 Elephant Safari
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2.2.5.2 Camel Safari
Taking a Camel Safari will also give tourist the opportunity to witness the rustic, rural desert
life of India. The most popular place for Camel Safaris in India is in the desert surrounding
Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. If tourist really want to go off the beaten path and have a rustic experience
far from the crowded tourist trail, try the adventure camel safari in Jaisalmer. Camel Safaris
usually depart early in the morning to allow some distance to be covered and a suitable camping
spot to be found and set up.
Image 2.38 Camal Safari
2.2.5.3 Jeep Safari
In India, Jeep Safari is the best way to explore the rugged, hill terrain or jungle in India.
Even by jeep safari tours, tourists travel around the wild life sanctuaries, forts, places and deserts
of Rajasthan.
Corbett National Park is shown by professional wild life guides in an open gypsy-jeep.
Maximum 6 persons can be accommodated in one gypsy with one government licensed guide.
There is a limit in the number of gypsies vehicles that can enter the forest in a day. The morning
safari can be booked in advance. The evening safari can booked at the spot only.
Specific trails for vehicles are maintained to emble guests to watch wildlife at Corbett.
Taking a nature guide with each gypsy is compulsory to help tourists spot wild life and make sure
that they do not lose their way inside the forest. (Image 2.39)
Image 2.39 Jeep Safari in Jungle
If tourists wish to get right into the heart of Ladakh to explore its wilderness and enjoy its
rustic villages and scenic splendors, Jeep Safari is just the thing for them. Tourists will be
required to obtain permits and permissions to travel to Ladakh in a jeep. If you want to go for a
Jeep Safari prefer to travel a in group.
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2.2.5.4 Hot Air Balloon Safari
Many tourists describe flying in a hot air balloon as one of the most serene and enjoyable
activities they have experienced. If tourists are interested in getting a birds eye view of the
wildlife, then they should check out the paragliding article like Hot Air Balloon. Hot Air Balloon
Safari starts early in the morning. Then with the rising of the sun and a few shunt blasts of the
Burners (for hot air). Balloon Basket is gently released from ties to earth to calmly float in the
jungle skies.
Hot Air Balloons are based on a very basic scientific principle; warmer air rises in cooler
air. Balloon Safari depends on the weather conditions on the day.
Image 2.40 Hot Air Balloon Safari
2.2.2.5 Helicopter Flight
Whether you want to discover the beauty of city or jungle, there you need a fast means of
transport in city. The helicopter ride is an ideal means of transfer. Due to the operating
characteristics of the helicopter, its ability to take off and land vertically, and to hover for
extended periods of time, as well as the aircraft’s handling properties under low airspeed
conditions, it has been chosen to conduct takes that were previously not possible with other air
craft, or were time or work intensive to accomplish on the ground. i.e. Helicopter ride at Holy
shrine of Vaishnov Devi. (Image 2.43)
Image 2.41 Helicopter Safari in Jungle
2.2.5.6 Pawan Hans Helicopter Limited (PHHL) and their Services
Pawan Hans is one of Indian’s leading helicopter companies and is known for its reliable
helicopter operations. The company was incorporated in 1985 with the objective of providing
helicopter service to the petroleum sector, linking inaccessible areas of the country and operating
charters for promotion of tourism.
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Image 2.40 Pawan Hans Helicopter Limited Services
Pawan Hans is a leader in providing offshore helicopter support in India. Its helicopters fly
under a variety of conditions for currying out ONGC tasks at Bombay High. PHHL runs the
helicopter services from Agustmuni and Phata to the Holy shrine of Kedarnath in the months of
May-June and September-October every year.
Image 2.40 Pawan Hans Services at Vaishnow Devi
2.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
(a) Match the Pair
(1) Meru
(2) Hover Craft
(3) Gondola
(4) Mahaparinirvan Train
(5) Fairy Queen
(a) Oldest working steam locomotives
(b) Venice City tour
(c) Amphibious Vehicle
(d) Airport Taxi Service
(e) Buddhist Circuit
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(b) Fill in the blanks
(1) The coaches of Place on Wheels are named after ________ matching the aesthetics and
interiors of the royal past.
(Rajput king, Rajput Kingdom, Rajput States)
(2) The coaches of Royal Rajasthan on wheels are named after _________ of Rajsthan.
(famous places, Royal Family, Lakes)
(3) The Buddhist Circuit special train is ________.
(Buddhism, Parikrama, Mahaparinirvan Train)
(4) Fairy Queen made its maiden journey in the year _______.
(1857, 1888, 1855, 1947)
(5) Outy to Methupalaiyam Hill train has been named as _______.
(Nilgiri Mountain Railway, Hill Queen, Queens of Hills)
2.4 Summary
Many foreign tourists visiting India feel that they must experience the joy of travelling by
train. However brief it may be, many of them are fascinated by the sight of now extinct small
stem engines chugging up the hill in the mountainous areas and regret that they were unaware
about this great Indian marvel before they left their country. There is an important linkage
between the development of tourism and the railway. The project of palace on wheels is the best
example of this co-relationship. Luxury train travel has several advantages over travel by
airplanes where during air travel the monotony of the journey is occasionally broken by the view
of clouds, hovering here and there, through the plane’s window, a winding luxury ride on board
the trains provides ample opportunity to the guests to witness the colours of the places they are
travelling to. There are a number of reasons for the growing popularity of the luxury trains over
air travel, which includes ample space, restaurants and bars, spacious and comfortable sleeping
and seating area and even bath rooms.
Thus a mode of transport now has become a product of tourism. This is similar with the
other mode of transport like normal ships become cruise, cruises is the attraction of tourists.
Normal boats become house boats. Shikara, gondola, jeep safari, animal safari all types of
vehicles become the attraction of tourists.
2.5 Glossary
Saloon bar : lounge Bar
Continental : each of the land masses
Locomotives : pertaining to locomotion moving from place to place – Railway
2.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
(a) Match the Pair
(1) – (d)
(2) – (c)
(3) – (b)
(4) – (e)
(5) – (a)
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(b) Fill in the blanks
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Rajput States
famous places
Mahaparinirvan
1855
Nilgiri Mountain Railway
2.7 Questions for Practice
Write short note on
• Palace on wheels
• India’s House Boats
• Wildlife Safaris
2.8 Additional Reading
(1) From Web.
www.rctc.gov.in
www.indianrailway.gov.in
www.maharashtratourism.gov.in
www.theindianmaharaja.co.in
(2) From Books
Indian Railways Changing Tracks for the Better – by Rashmi Joshi
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Unit 3 : Educational Tourism and Safety in
Road Transport
3.0 Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able to –
• Understand daily school trip- pickup and drop service and guidelines for school bus.
• Learn the guidelines for school children.
• Understand responsibilities of parents.
• Understand responsibilities of principals of schools.
• Learn the qualifications and selection of school bus operators, drivers and
attendants.
• Learn the duties and responsibilities of drivers and attendants.
• Understand the educational tours and safety majors.
• Learn how to organize industrial visits for school students.
• Learn and know the MICE or educational activities.
• Learn disaster management and first aid, first aid box, etc.
3.1 Introduction
In the ancient India, education was seen as the art of nurturing fine human beings. Education
in the ancient India was the Gurukul system. The Gurukul system, the ancient Hindu school in
India was residential. The shishyas or students and Guru or teacher used to live within the same
house.
The temple college of the past was a spacious building within classrooms and the residential
complexes for students and Gurus. Gurukuls and Ashrams were generally situated on the river
bank. Upadhyaya used to teach to his pupils the veda and the vedic literature for livelihood.
Education at that time was free. It was free because no student was required to pay any fees.
It was free also because no outside agency could interfere in the matters of education. No external
authority, no politics was permitted to enter the school or college system.
While discovering the intricacies of art and talent one discovers himself, whether it is
through traditional lessons, field-trips, concerts, meetings, exhibitions or interactions with visiting
maestros. The Ancient Indian education system was quite developed and the measures taken were
beneficial to help pupils to educate up to a certain age. Also compared to the ancient education
system, these days, students have to go to school a away from their home. They have to go to
school by bus.
3.2 Content Details
3.2.1 Daily School Trip Pickup and Drop Service
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3.2.1.1 Guideline for School Buses
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School buses should be painted yellow.
‘School bus’ must be written on the back and front of the bus. If it is a hired bus “On School
Duty” should be clearly indicated.
The bus should have a First Aid Box.
The bus should be fitted with the speed governor of specified standard.
The windows of the bus should be fitted with horizontal grills.
There should be a fire extinguisher on the bus.
The school name and telephone number must be written on the bus.
The doors of the bus should be fitted with reliable locks.
To keep the school bags safely, there should be a space fitted under the seats.
There must be a qualified attendant on the bus to attend to children.
Any parent, guardian or a teacher sitting on the bus may also travel to ensure these safety
norms.
The driver should have at least 5 years of experience of driving heavy vehicles.
A driver who has been challenged more than twice in the year for offences like red light
jumping, violation of lane discipline or allowing unauthorized person to drive can not be
employed.
A driver who has been challenged even once for the offence of over speeding, drunken
driving and dangerous driving.
3.2.1.2 Guidelines for School Children
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Leave home well in time, so that they won’t have to run to catch the school bus.
At the bus stand always follow the queue. Board the bus only after it has come to a halt
without rushing in or pushing others.
While on the bus, shouting or making a noise is definitely bad manners. Such behaviour
can also distract the driver.
Do not board or alight at a bus stop other than the one decided by the school. Never
board or alight at a red light crossing or unauthorized bus stop.
Always hold onto the hand rail if standing on a moving bus especially on sharp turns.
Do not sit, stand or travel on the foot board of the bus.
Do not put any part of your body outside the moving or bus.
Always adhere to the traffic/road safety rules.
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3.2.1.3 Responsibilities of Parents
Parents are equally responsible for the safety of their children. Parents must participate in
parents and teachers assembly meeting and discuss the safety aspects of their children. They must
play the role of vigilant observers. Violations committed by school buses should be noted and
immediately reported to the authorities by parents. They must ensure that the mode of transport
arranged by the school is absolutely safe. Parents must ensure that the children acquire the right
knowledge and skill for the safe use of the road. They should teach their children the basic rules
of the road, how to walk and cross the road. Children are very good observers and therefore
parents must set an example by meticulously observing even small traffic rules.
3.2.1.4 Responsibilities and Duties of Principals
(1)
For travel approval principals are responsible for coordinating and approving all
applications for school contract bus service.
Each school principal must collect applications for permission for students to travel from
their school who required a seat on a school contract bus service. These application are then
to be forwarded to the coordinating principal. Students requiring bus transport other than on
a Monday to Saturday basic approval of all applications will be at the discretion of the
coordinating principal. Notification of unsuccessful applications should be prioritized to
provide maximum time to provide maximum time to review the choice of school or to make
alternative arrangements.
(2) Data collection, procedures and standards of behaviour
The school principal must collect and maintain the following up-to-date information.
Distribute the information to bus contractors.
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Route and Passenger Details : Database of approved passengers based on applications
for permission to travel.
• Student’s residential address.
• Seat allocation
• Authorized bus stops
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Emergency contact information
Name of the bus captain
Route Maps : A map of the approved route showing a list of the authorized bus stops
for each service and the overnight bus garage location.
Time-Table : A bus time table with scheduled departure times for all authorized busstop on the route. The need for passengers to be at the bus stop in the morning 10
minutes prior to the departure time should be emphasized
Emergency Procedures : The procedures to be adopted in the event of a breakdown,
accident, bushfire or other emergency.
Standards of Behaviour : Expectation from the passengers and bus captains.
School Buses and Discipline
The coordinating person is responsible for discipline of students and the communication of
acceptable standards of behaviour on school contract buses. The coordinating measures for
misbehaviour, would temporary or permanent suspension from the bus travel.
It is important that the coordinating person maintains adequate and up-to-date
documentation, such as reports about the surrounding incidents of misbehaviour, which may
support the decisions to be made in relation to discipline.
A suspension from bus travel must be provided to the passengers and their parents.
Payments of Contractor School Bus
Contractors are required to submit a monthly contractor payment claim to the coordinating
person who receives cheques and endorses the claims for payment.
Contractor and Driver Conduct
The coordinating person must report to the government authority, the failure of the
contractor to provide service on a particular day. Regular lack of punctuality according to the
time table, an offence allegedly committed by a contractor or a driver and any subsequent police
or court action, an unauthorized substitution of a vehicle, an accident directly, indirectly or
incidentally related to the operation of a school contract bus service vehicle, a proposal to
temporarily replace a contract vehicle to enable that vehicle to do charter work, a contractor who
does not keep the interior of the vehicles clean, use of an unsuitable vehicle, the death of a
contractor all the major excuses must be reported to the governing body.
The numbers of students in regional center changes over time. Government body is
responsible for any variations to contracts to ensure services continue to meet local demand and
comply with school principal association or any such type of committee. Variations to contracts
include the commencement and termination of services, route variations and changes to vehicles.
Temporary service variation often relates to route.
Communication
Communication with passengers to ensure a seamless and cost effective operation, the
coordinating principal must liaise with all parties associated with the school contract bus service.
The coordinating principal must inform passengers of appropriate school bus behaviours
and that non-compliance can lead to being denied access to the school bus. Passengers should be
aware that if inappropriate behaviour leads to them being denied travel on the school bus, they
with their parents, are then responsible for their own transport to and from school.
Parents’ obligation include keeping authorized bus stop areas clear for school contract buses
entering and departing the designated bus stops and also reinforcing the conditions of bus travel
to ensure the safety of all passengers. The principal must provide relevant bus contractors with
current rolls, maps and time table for all school contract bus services for which they are
responsible, together with procedures and expectations of passengers. Monitoring of these issues
will require regular discussions with school bus contractors.
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Qualification and Selection of School Bus Operators and School Bus Attendants
A school bus driver or school bus attendant should possess the following qualification.
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Physically capable of performing job duties. He/she must be capable of lifting and
carrying 50 pounds.
The school bus driver must pass a pre-employment physical examination.
Must pass pre-employment drug and alcohol tests.
The person should have good moral character to work with children.
He/she should have love for children.
He/she able to work in a split shift.
He/she able to start working early in the morning.
The school bus drivers have licensed a minimum of five years.
The school bus should driver have a clean driving record.
Be able to read, write and communicate in English
Be willing to spend time in training and update training activities to learn proficiency
in job performance.
Have a team attitude.
Hiring Status
• A completed job application.
• Clearance by the Human Resource Department.
• A ‘Satisfactory’ criminal background check.
• An acceptable driving background based on a review of your motor vehicle records.
• A pass on the pre-employment drug test in the school bus drive.
• Pass the physical dexterity screening test.
• Proficiency test.
The Interview : The interested candidates should be interviewed by a transportation
interview team.
Training Requirements for School Bus Drivers and Bus Attendants
School Bus Driver
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Must successfully complete classroom instruction.
Must successfully complete commercial drivers training and road examination.
The ability to drive safely conventional buses.
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School Bus Attendant
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Must successfully complete classroom instruction.
Must successfully complete on the bus training, which includes: pre and past trip
inspections lift operation, wheelchair tie downs, wheel chair occupant sacrament, child
safety restraint systems, and student behaviour management.
Hiring Status / Steps and Requirements Probationary Status
All new employees are probationary for ninety working days. After this period, and after
demonstrating adequate job competencies, he will become a regular school bus operator or school
bus attendant if a permanent position is available.
Annual Physical Exam for Bus Drivers
Bus driver must pass an annual physical exam as required by the department of
transportation and the department of education. The school transportation department may request
a physical examination at any time.
Drug and Alcohol Testing for Bus Drivers
Driver will be placed in random selection pools for drug and alcohol testing as required by
the department of transportation.
3.2.1.5 Responsibilities and Duties of Driver and Attendant of School Bus
Ethics for Drivers
Students and their parents as well as school personnel count on you and attendant to be
polite, courteous and on time.
• You are also expected to follow the established rules, guidelines, policies,
procedures and practices of the school transport department.
• You will be courteous and respectful to their supervisor, facility employees and
your coworkers.
• Remember respect earns respect.
• Never use a school bus for personal or unauthorized reasons.
• Only transport authorized (principal).
• Smoking is not permitted on or hear school buses.
• No school employee may bring or carry firearms, knives or other potential weapons
to or on school.
• If he is absent or late, he must notify the transportation facility coordinator (at least).
• Personal cell phones are prohibited.
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Basic Duties and Responsibilities for Driver and Attendant
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Follow the uniform dress code established by the transportation department.
Uniform must be clean, properly fitted and worn as designed.
Reporting in time on work.
Re-trip inspection of the school bus. The bus driver must thoroughly perform an
inspection of his / her bus each time that it is put into service.
Check and inspect your bus in the morning and again when you put it back into
service in the afternoon even if nothing was noted wrong the right before or after
your morning runs.
Complete the pre-trip inspection each time and turn it in the designated area in your
transportation facility office.
If you find a defect you must note each problem and malfunction on the pre-trip.
Notify your coordinator immediately should you find a defect during your pre-trip
so that you can be assigned a spare bus.
How to Check School Bus before Trip and What to Check
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For fluid leaks under the bus.
The exterior of the bus.
• Vandalism, any damage.
• Defaced colour debris such or broken glass, bottles, flat tries, open windows
doors or hood.
• Broken reflectors
A driver shall adjust the seat so that the
• Steering wheels, brake pedal, accelerater and all controls can be reached
comfortably.
• Wear the seat belt.
• Check windshield, side windows and mirrors for cleanliness and cracks.
• Check all mirrors for proper adjustment.
• Students overhead, inside rear-view.
• Right and left side flat mirrors.
• Right and left side convex mirrors.
• Right and left side cross view mirrors.
Check operation of service door and latch either manual or air equipped.
Make sure parking brake is applied (hand brake).
Turn key to activate the ignition switch.
Make sure transmission lever (gear lever) is in ‘N’ (neutral) position.
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Check that air conditioner is it
Start engine, never accelerate, let warm up at idle.
Check switches and interior controls like –
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Headlights low beam, high beam
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Activate master switch and check all lights
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Turn signal indicator light, four way emergency flashers, check indicators
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Driver fan high and low.
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Check air conditioning system.
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Check all gadget and gauges
• Ammeter
• Oil pressure
• Air pressure
• Engine temperature
• Fuel gauge- Enough for trip
Check all emergency equipment
• Fire extinguisher
• First aid kit
• Three reflectors
• Body fluid cleanup kit
• Belt cutter
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Outside the bus walk around check
• Front tires – check pressure
• Check tires for cuts, damage, bubbles and trend wear.
• Check hullo seals for leaks
• Check lug nut bolts for looseness distortion, rust or mission
• Check rims for crakes or dents
• Check outside view and convex mirrors must be securely mounted and clean
• Hood latches secure.
• Lens covers securely mounted not cracked, clean.
• Wiper blades flush mounted, soft and flexible.
• Headlights functions and clean
• Parking lights and lens covers
• Back tries pressure
• Tires seals for leaks
• Emergency door that open wide from outside and closes securely.
• Exhaust pipe, tap foot lightly on the pipe to verify, securely mounted.
Inside Bus Check
• Driver’s seat leaves engine running and parking brake on
• Close door and latch
• Student warning lights.
Air brake check and brake light check do not drive bus if any part of brake test has failed.
Departure
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• Fasten the seat belt
• Headlights, taillights and strobe lights should be on for safety
• Final brake check
Post trip procedures
All school buses must be parked at their assigned facility in an assigned spot after each
run.
The bus driver and attendant should check.
• Turn off the ignition, electrical system.
• Checking for students should be done systematically and carefully. Leaving a child
on the bus could result in child abuse criminal charges.
• Check under all seats to ensure there is no hiding or sleeping student.
• Hang the EMPTY sign in the rear windows or deactivate student check system.
• Sweep the bus floor and clean the bus.
• Empty the transcend.
• Close all windows, hatches and emergency doors.
• Close the service door when exiting the bus.
• Perform a walk around and check the outside of the bus after parking it.
Materials to be carry aboard
• Up to date routes sheets
• Pre-trip inspections list
• Bus conduct report daily
• Bus seating charts
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• Student transportation registration document
• Driver’s license
• Medical examiner’s certificate of drivers
• Vehicle registration
• Insurance (school)
• Fuel cord
• School bus pick up route and schedule
The bus driver must follow all rout and time schedules. The bus should arrive at all
scheduled stops an time.
• Report route schedule or student changes immediately to your supervisor.
• Do not make any changes to your routes without prior approval from your
supervisor.
• You are required to advise your coordinator as soon as possible if you are
concerned with a bus stop location or hazardous condition along your route.
• You are to permit students to get on or off the school bus only at their assigned
bus stops.
• The bus should arrive at a school each time established by the principals and
coordinators.
• All bus drivers and bus attendants must provide accurate student counts.
• Driving performance of school bus driver
As a bus driver you must know and obey all the traffic rules, signs and signals as outlined in
the school bus drivers handbook.
Speed : The bus should never be driven in excess of the posted speed limit or in excess.
Do not drive a school bus at a speed greater than is reasonable, prudent and safe under
existing weather road or traffic conditions, regardless of the posted speed limit.
Speed is the number one cause for accidents. Never speed for any reasons, leave on time for
your destination to help you to be on time.
Responsibility for the Safety and well being of students
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Do not leave the driver’s seat until the bus is in neutral, the parking brake is applied,
the engine is turned off and the ignition key is removed.
If students are aboard, never leave the immediate vicinity of the bus.
You are always responsible for the safety and well being of the students on your
bus.
Responsibility for Safe Driving Behaviour
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You are to ware your seat belt.
You are to keep both hands on the steering wheel at all time while driving the
school bus.
You must never drive any school bus while under the influence of illegal drugs or
alcohol or while taking legal medicines or drug which could impair your judgment,
perceptions, or reaction.
Do not use a cell phone while operating a school bus.
3.2.2 Educational Tours and Safety
Educational Tourism
Educational tourism is one of the fastest growing areas of the travel and tourism industry
and one that is too often overlooked by tourism professionals.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 44
Educational tourism is called by other names, such as career enhancement, job development
or self-actualization, educational tourism. Then comes in a wide variety of formats, yet despite
the differences all forms of educational tourism have a number of points in common. Among
these is the idea that travel is as much about self-improvement as it is about relaxation can be fun,
and that learning is for people of all ages.
3.2.2.1 School Trips
While these trips rarely translate directly into overnight stays, they can help promote your
tourism product in two ways (1) children (students) may bring their parents back for a longer visit
and (2) they aid the local restaurant business.
3.2.2.2 Study Abroad Experiences
Most major universities around the world promote some form of foreign travel for their
students. Study abroad experiences provide students with anything from 6 week intensive study
sessions to a full year of cultural and linguistic immersion. Students often travel not only within
their destination country of choice but throughout that country and even to neighboring lands.
The goal here is to widen the educational experience so that university students do not only
know their own culture but also that of at least one other nation.
Seminar : Seminar are conducted at camps and on campuses around the world. Closely
related to seminar, vacations are for enhancing experiences. For example, each year thousands of
people travel to Israel to learn something about agriculture.
3.2.2.3 Educational Cruises
These cruises combine all of the fun of a cruise with lectures on specific subjects.
Educational cruises have the advantage that people who take them tend to have a common
interest and therefore have a greater possibility of making new friends while acquiring new
knowledge.
3.2.2.4 Skill Enhancement Vacations
These are the trips that range from learning how to build houses to how to protect the
ecology locations such as western Ghats. This has been extremely successful with ecotourism
while they combine lessons on how to protect the world ecology with the travel experience.
Educational tourism offers another major advantage. It does not need to be weather
dependent, a community does not need special geography and usually most of the needed
infrastructure is already in place. In order to take advantage of these educational tourism products
consider of the following:
• While historical sites are important for educational tourism, do not neglect other
aspects. For example, can you incorporate a local science lab into your list of
educational offerings? Is there a way to work with a local school in order to teach an
athletic skill?
• Find local people who would be willing to teach others a skill or impart some from of
knowledge. These people become local attractions and the tourism industry can help
them to earn extra money at the same time.
• Make sure that conference planners know that you can offer local educational
experiences as a way to enhance their conference. Offer local experiences to
conferences and seminars that add both professional knowledge and personal growth.
Indicate that you are willing to include family members who may also be attending the
conference.
• Tour guides and other educational tourism staff member forget that educational tourism
is based around people on vacation. These people do not want to be treated as children.
Never forget that they are paying guests.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 45
3.2.2.5 Globalizing the School, Class Room Experience
Rede fining the class room experience, educational tourism provides students with an
opportunity to experience what lies beyond their horizon. Educational tourism introduces students
to new experiences, teaching and learning techniques, people and lifestyles. These tours help
students make critical decision of deciding to study abroad before taking the actual plunge. Our
tours are organized to focus on different levels including universities, corporate entities, lifestyle
and meeting new people and cultures. Every destination is an opportunity to contribute to a rich
learning experience. Students are more than clients, they are voyagers on a noble journey in
search of greater knowledge, truth and wisdom. We aim to go the extra mile to make the journey
fascinating, absorbing and intriguing.
• Educational tours are constructed around four key themes pre-visit arrangements.
• Curriculum and leisure
• International perspective
• Teaching learning and assessment
• Resources, progression and quality
Educational tours include discounted airfare, ground transportation, hotel accommodation,
tour director and local guides. We have to extend this opportunity of educational travel to
everybody hence we have to insist on offering the lowest prices, at no los of quality safety and
comfort. We have to offer the best value in educational tours in the market today.
3.2.3 Industrial Visits
3.2.3.1 Preparation of Visit
Guidelines for students before going to industrial visits.
Preparation of Students
Preparation should be such so as to guide students towards recognizing the important
elements in an industrial visit and provide support materials necessary to increase the
effectiveness of this experience.
(1) Draw up a questionnaire
• Additional investigations
• Prepare questions to ask on site
• Assign roles to particular students
• Appropriate clothing for the day
• Safety majors
(2) Specific objectives for the students
• To understand the process
• To experience chemistry at work
• To become aware of the role of different people in an organization
• To become aware of career opportunities
• To recognize the need for health and safety in the workplace
• To focus students on specific aspects of their studies.
(3) Questionnaire for the process
• Devising the questionnaire
• Brain storming
• Divide class in to groups
• Assign a section of the process each group
• Each group draws up a set of questions
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 46
• Compile final questionnaire
• Issue final questionnaire
(4) Content of the Questionnaire
• Consideration of the location of the industry
• Explore the processes running in organization
• Investigate policies and procedures
• Explore the compliance of policies and procedures
• Analyze the economics of the process
• Investigate the health and safety consideration
• Investigate the skills and expertise of the workforce
• Investigate the career opportunities
• Investigate the environmental considerations
• Examine the quality control in the process
(5) Ancillary Investigations by Students
• Health and safety
• Environment
• Waste management
• Careers
3.2.3.2 Post Visit Activities
1. Write a report on the visit.
2. Prepare a presentation on ancillary investigation.
3. Thank the company in writing.
(1) Report by Students
• Aims and objectives
• Report on the industrial process
• Conclusion and recommendation
(2) Evaluation by the Teacher
• What have students got out of the visit?
• Deficiencies of the visit
• How could the visit be improved
3.2.4 MICE
MICE is an acronym for
M = Meetings
I = Incentives
C = Conferences
E = Exhibitions
MICE is an advanced branch of tourism involving vigorous economic activities and hence,
plays a significant role in tourism.
The different events attract investors from other parts of the country and the boosted world.
It results in the development of better infrastructure. The economic growth of the region gets
because of MICE. It was only after the liberalization of the economy in the early 1990 that MICE
travel got a boost in India. With the growth of Indian enterprise. Indian business persons are
becoming more globally aware and are increasingly seeking a presence at trade fairs and
conventions across the world. In many countries, the expenditure incurred by company executives
on all business related conferences overseas is tax deductible.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 47
Incentive is one of the most effective marketing and motivational tools available to the
industry today. In other words incentive travel can be said to be a reward for some special
endeavors or efforts made to achieve production targets.
3.2.4.1 Meetings
Meetings are events planned fairly in advance to bring business travel together on a specific
date for the purpose of exchanging information, either between people from one company or
organization or between people from different establishments. Some of the events that would
comply with World Trade Organizations (WTO) the definition of ‘meeting’ includes product
launches, cocktail functions, breakfast, lunch and dinner meetings and special occasions such as
weddings.
3.2.4.2 Incentives
Incentive travel to foreign countries or domestic destinations as part of a motivational or
incentive scheme to enhance or reward employee efforts. Mostly consumer goods, automobile
and electronics companies use incentive travel, vacations with the family to reward dealers and
drive dealer sales.
3.2.4.3 Conferences
Conferences or conventions are generally described as multi-day events attended by at least
a hundred delegates for the purpose of exchanging business information. The event would be
termed as international conference or convention. The difference between meetings and
conferences lies in both the number of people attending and the duration of the event.
3.2.4.4 Exhibitions
Exhibitions involve the drawing together corporate leaders and business minded people for
the purposes of viewing products and services of different enterprises and business groups.
3.2.4.5 MICE Destinations
Some of the factors that attract Indians to international MICE destinations include –
Accessibility : Different airlines have increased the frequency of their flights and added on
more seats, so now Indian travelers have easy connectivity to several international destinations.
Many airlines now have convenient flights that enable passengers from India to reach even a far
off destination within the same day thus saving their precious time.
Close Proximity : Dubai, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand and Mauritius are just a few hours
away.
Value for Money : Destinations like Sri Lanka, Thailand, Dubai and others have reduced
their costs to provide a attractive option to Indian domestic destinations.
Tourist Attractions : Leisure starved MICE travelers find the attraction of the many of
foreign destinations such as theme parks, spa and beaches hard to resist.
Excellent Infrastructure : MICE participants are always drawn towards destinations with
except infrastructure such as smooth roads and top quality transportation.
The incentives segment is ahead in the race, the other aspects of MICE are not far behind.
All the different MICE segments the incentive travel segment is the most popular in India.
Employees achieving smaller targets get to enjoy vacations. At domestic locations while those
achieving substantially larger targets are rewarded with foreign travel. One of the main reasons
why corporate spends on this segment is that an executive travelling abroad, whether to attend a
conference or exhibition or even on a holiday, is bound to strike business opportunities during the
visit.
A number of Indian business groups and exporters regularly participate in international
exhibitions and trade fairs related to consumer products, handicrafts and jewelry. Such activities
help them in launching new products, attracting new clients, increasing sales and exchanging
useful information.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 48
3.2.4.6 MICE in India
Today, the outbound MICE sector is picking up and is in further growth. Business travel has
more or less arrived in India, it is in MICE sub-sector that we are lagging behind.
3.2.4.7 Challenges for MICE in India
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•
•
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Availability of skilled manpower is one of the major challenges faced by the travel and
tourism industry. For the growth in MICE tourism, trained manpower and skilled work force
is required at every level : managerial, supervisory, skilled or semi-skilled.
Another issue is the absence of awareness and initiative among the general masses about the
value of the tourism industry in India. Cases of foreigners being severely exploited
economically and sexually are reported each year.
Improper marketing and promotion of least visited tourism destination is another challenge.
There is a need to promote the MICE tourism destinations.
The lack of proper infrastructure discourages every visitor. Lack of proper transport and
accommodation facilities in and around several of the prime heritage spots in India.
3.2.5 Disaster Management and First Aid
Higher level of preparedness for disaster helps to minimize the loss of life and prevention of
injures caused particularly during earthquake for which there is no warning. As per the National
School Safety Programme (NSSP) to put this into practice it is recommended that every school
constitutes a school level disaster management committee along with sub committees to ensure
better preparedness and response in disasters. The various committees constituted in a school will
comprise of members from among teachers, non teaching staffs as well students. For certain
committees like search and rescue students are not recommended.
3.2.5.1 The Recommended Disaster Management Committee
The recommended structure for a school disaster management committee is as follows:
• Chairperson, Principal
• Vice principal, head of primary and middle sections.
• Education officer / deputy education officer for the zone.
• Parent teacher association president
• Four students (NCC, NSS, Scouts and Guides, Head Boy and Head Girl)
• Representative of Relief / Revenue / Disaster Management Department / District
administration / Municipal corporation.
• Representative of the fire services (from closest fire station)
• Representative of police (from closest police station)
• Representative of Health Department (local doctor)
• A warden from civil defense
The sub committee mentioned below will work under overall supervision of school.
3.2.5.2 Disaster Management Committee
Disaster management committee following sub committees can be constituted :
• Awareness generation and warning and information dissemination team.
• Evacuation team
• Search and rescue team (only teachers to be members of this team)
• Fire safety team
• First aid team
• Bus safety team (for each bus)
• Site security team.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 49
For first aid and site security team, representatives of nearest police station, hospital / health
services and fire station may be identified. The role and responsibility of these committees during
disaster as well as peace time need to be defined clearly.
3.2.5.3 Resource Inventory
Resource inventory as per NSSP guideline.
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Listing of resources available inside the school campus, which could be used during
any disaster situation for effective response.
•
Identification and listing of resources outside the school within the vicinity of one
to five kilometers.
• Nearest hospitals health centre for emergency treatment
• Police station
• Fire station
•
Updating of important telephone numbers in principal’s room.
•
Critical health problem record of each child to be maintained by school and also
displayed on his I-Card with blood group along with updated contact details of
parents / guardian and alternate contact persons.
•
Disaster preparedness check list.
• Mechanism for alerting students and teachers during school time including installation
of alarm.
• School map with evacuation plan in place.
• Annual calendar for conducting various preparedness activities along with plan to
implement it. This will include the list of various awareness generation programmes to
be conducted by the school annually.
• Action plan for conducting mock drills.
• Steps for updating of disaster management plan indicating the time line and the process
of doing it along with the roles of teachers and other non teaching staffs.
Guiding note for Resource Inventory
As part of preparedness exercise, each school must develop a school D. M. kit. It is
suggested that a network is established by the school management with the nearest hospital /
health centre / health worker for help in case of emergency. The suggestive list of items which
could be procured from school DM kit been listed below. However, it is suggested that each
school must have provision for other external resources.
3.2.5.4 Disaster Management Kit
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Stretcher
Ladders
Thick rope
Torch
First aid box
Temporary shelter (tents and tarpaulins)
Sand buckets
Fire extinguishers
3.2.5.5 First Aid for Disaster Management
Introduction : First Aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually
performed by a lay person to a sick or injured patient until definitive medical treatment can be
accessed. Certain self limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care
past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 50
potentially life saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal
equipment.
The Aims of First Aid
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Preserve life
Prevent further harm
Promote recovery
3.2.5.6 The Key Skills Required for First Aid
The key skills required for first aid certain skills are considered essential to the provision of
first aid and are thought ubiquitously. Particularly, the “ABC”s of first aid, which focus on
critical life saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries, ABC
stands for
A = Air way
B = Breathing
C = Circulation
•
Attention must first be brought to the air way to ensure its clear obstruction
(choking) is a life threatening emergency.
Following evaluation of the airways, a first aid attendant would determine
adequacy of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary.
Assessment of circulation is now not usually carried out for patients who are not
breathing with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and
thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse checks may be done on less serious
patients.
•
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When First Aid is Required?
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Altitude sickness.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 51
•
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Anaphylaxis – a life threatening condition in which the airway can become
constricted.
Bone fracture – a break in bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a
splint.
Burns
Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of
oxygen.
Cramps in muscles
Joint dislocation
Diving disorders resulting from too much pressure near drowning or asphyxiation.
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Heat stroke, also known as sun stoke
Heavy bleeding related by applying pressure to the wound site.
Hypothermal or exposure, occurs when a person’s core body temperature falls
below 33.70c (92.60f) first aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes re-warming
but re-warming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal arrhythmic an
irregular heart rhythm.
Insect and animal bites and stings
Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
3.2.5.7 Contents of the First Aid Box
Contents of the first aid box and their uses.
•
Absorbent cotton wool : This should be used for cleaning wounds application on
medicines and for padding and packing of damaged ports of body.
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Tincture of Iodine : To be used on all wounds, abrasions, etc.
•
Potassium Permanganate : To render water aseptic of washing wounds. It can be
applied to the fingers of the operator in case it is necessary to touch the wound to
prevent infection.
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Spirit of sal volatile
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Adhesive plaster : This is to be used for holding the edges of wound together or for
fastening the dressing place where a bandage can not be used.
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Eye-Drops: First wash the eye with boric lotion, then put these drops, if a foreign body
is to be seen in the eye.
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Roll Bandages : These are used for holding splints and for dressing where one of the
above dressing is not suitable.
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Tourniquet : Cotton belt with buckle to stop bleeding.
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Bandage cloth : Triangle shape for making slings in case of broken arms and collar
bones and for fastening splints to fractured limbs and for bandaging the jaw or head.
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Safety Pins : For fastening bandages.
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Boric Acid : For the use in wound or washing eyes.
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Paracetamol Tablet : For headache and body pain 1 to 2 tablets to be taken after the
meal. (Caution Overdose may be injurious to liver)
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Antiseptic Solution : For cuts, abrasion, insect bites and disinfecting.
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Tube of burn ointment : This ointment may be applied to the burns, cuts, abrasions,
insect bites.
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Mercurochrome Solution : To be used on all wounds abrasions.
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Eye Pad : To be used for eye wound.
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Polythene wash bottle : For washing eyes, cleaning wounds.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 52
•
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Snake Bite lancet : For cutting the skin when snake bites and also for removing glass,
iron particles and thorn from the body.
Wooden Splints : For the support of fractured and broken bone.
Wooden Stick :
• For support of a small fracture on finger
• For application of ointment
• For tongue depressor
Dressing scissors : For cutting bandages and adhesive plaster.
Kidney tray : For collecting water and medicines while washing the wound.
Oral rehydration salts : Restore body fluids and electrolytes last due to dehydration.
Soda bi carb : For ACID burns, sprinkle on the burnt part with water solution of soda
BI CARB.
Antiseptic Dusting Powder : Sprinkle lightly as often as needed on as the wound and
on pus.
Belladonna plaster : For relief of pain from muscle sprain, backache, swelling of joint,
stiffness of muscles, joint disorders.
3.3 Check Your Progress Questions
1. Match the Pair
(1) Ancient Education in India
(2) Vigilant Observers of school safety
(3) Pre Trip Inspection of School Bus
(4) Industrial Visit for
(5) MICE
(A) Parents
(B) Driver
(C) Gurukul System
(D) Business meetings
(E) Recognizing important element of industry
2. Fill in the Blanks
1. In ancient education system in India ________ teaches his pupil veda. (Guru, Ammatya,
Acharya, Upadhyaya)
2. School buses should be painted ______ (Blue, Red, Orange, Yellow)
3. Parents must participate in ______ meeting and discuss the safety aspects of their
children. (Teacher meeting, parents meeting, Board, Parents and Teachers Assembly)
4. A school bus driver must pass a ______ physical examination. (Pre-tour, Pre-education,
Pre-employment, Pre-school)
5. Availability of _______ is one of the major challenges faced by the travel and tourism
industry in India. (Destination, Good vehicles, good drivers, skilled manpower,
manpower)
3.4 Summary
In an educational institution bus is a transport vehicle and therefore requirs a permit to ply
on the road. As per the Motor vehicles Act being a transport vehicle, would also need to undergo
mandatory fitness test every year without which the permit can not be renewed.
Principals are responsible for coordinating and approving all application for permission to
travel on a school contract bus service. The bus should be equipped with at least one fire
extinguisher. The extinguisher should be mounted in a bracket located n the driver’s compartment
and readily accessible to the driver and passengers. The bus should have a removable, moisture
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 53
proof and dust proof first-aid kit in an accessible place in the driver’s compartment.
The MICE is one type of education tourism, in order to promote India more effectively as a
convention destination, the tourism industry and government must set up the Indian Convention
Promotion Bureau (ICPB), a non-profit organization, with members comprising of national air
lines, hotels, travel agents, tour operators, tourist transport operators, conference organizers, etc.
The important objectives of ICPB are –
• To promote India as a venue for International Congresses and Conventions.
• To undertake a continuing programme of creating awareness of the role and benefits
of congress and conventions in the context of national objectives.
• To diffuse knowledge to conference industry personnel through educational
programmes, seminars, group discussions, course of study and exchange of visits
with India Association.
3.5 Glossary
Extinguisher : to put out to suppress
Violat : to disturb
Meticulous : careful about small matters
Emphasis : stress, importance
Plunge : to drive or rush, jup in the water
Terminate : to complete, stop
Probation : the period of trial
Perception : under standing
Liberalize : free from restrictions
3.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
1. Match the Pair
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(C)
(A)
(B)
(E)
(D)
2. Fill in the Blanks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Upadhyaya
Yellow
Parents and Teachers Assembly
Pre-employment
skilled manpower
3.7 Questions for Practice
Write Short note on
1. Ancient education system in India.
2. School bus inspection by the driver
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 54
3. Importance of field visits in education.
3.8 Additional Readings
www.e-gears – School bus pre trip inspection.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 55
Unit 4 : Sustainable Tourism and
Transportation
4.0 Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able to1. Understand, elaborate, explain and write about sustainable tourism, its development
and importance.
4.2 Content Details
4.2.1 Sustainable Tourism
Sustainability is defined as, meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the
ability of the future generation to their own needs. Sustainable tourism is that form of the concept
of tourism, in which tourism activities are undertaken without causing any damage to the nature,
environment, local culture etc. Sustainable tourism focuses on ecological balance and
conservation of nature, involvement of the locals and giving them benefits and economic
development.
Sustainable tourism is a kind of approach to tourism, meant for economic and social
development while conserving nature.
It involves making a low impact on nature and local environment, while helping to
generate income and employment for the locals.
Sustainable Tourism
Diagram 4.1 Sustainable Tourism
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 56
The approach of sustainable tourism is based on four pillars:
1. Environmental integrity
2. Social justice
3. Economic development
4. All segments of tourism
Characteristics of sustainable tourism:
1. Importance of local culture and tourism
2. Importance of locals
3. Direct economic benefits to local people, which enhances the well-being of host
community (the local community) and improves the working conditions and access to
the industry.
4. Contributes positively to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage.
5. Minimizes negative economic, environmental and social impacts.
6. Fosters respect between tourists and the hosts.
7. Provides enjoyable experiences to tourists through local people and understanding of the
local culture, social and environmental related issues.
The principles of sustainable tourism are:
1. Using the resources carefully
2. Reducing over consumption
3. Reducing waste
4. Maintaining bio-diversity
5. Supporting local economy
6. Involving local communities
7. Training the staff
8. Marketing tourism responsibly
9. Undertaking research
For tourism companies, the association of independent tour operators has a simple
set of guidelines which includes:
• Respect local cultures: traditions religions and built heritage.
• Protect the environment: its flora, fauna and landscapes.
• Benefit local communities: both economically and socially.
• Conserve natural resources: from office to the destination.
• Minimize pollution: through noise, waste, disposal.
The sustainable tourism code
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Remember that each country is unique in its own way
Be aware of the local religions and social customs, dress etc.
Behave respectfully especially in villages, religious and cultural areas
Learn key words in the local language
Ask before taking photos
Dispose the rubbish carefully
Recycle where possible
Reuse your bottles and shopping bags
Minimize the use of water and energy
Purchase local products, arts and crafts
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 57
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Eat local rather than imported food
Do not buy products which are made from endangered plants and animals
Use the accommodation owned by the locals
Behave respectfully
Refuse plastic bags
Hire a bike instead of car; it requires less fuel
The aims of an agenda for sustainable tourism act:
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Economic viability
Local prosperity
Employment quality
Social equity
Visitor fulfillment
Local control
Community well being
Cultural richness
Physical integrity
Biological diversity
Resource efficiency
Environmental purity
4.2.2 Eco-Tourism
The term ‘eco-tourism’ is coined by Cellabos –Lascurain. It is a new approach to tourism
which focuses on the ecology. The International Ecotourism Society, has defined ecotourism as:
‘Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the wellbeing of local people.’
Eco tourism is a sub-component of sustainable tourism. Eco tourism is an umbrella term
which includes nature tourism, rural tourism and cultural tourism.
Eco Tourism
Rural Tourism
Nature Tourism
Cultural Tourism
Diagram 4.2 Eco Tourism
Components of ecotourism:
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Contributes to conservation of bio-diversity
Sustains the well-being of local people
Includes the learning experience
Involves responsible action on the part of tourists and the tourism industry
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 58
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•
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Is delivered primarily to small groups by small scale businesses
Requires lowest possible consumption of non-renewable resources
Stress for local participation, ownership and business opportunities particularly for rural
people
Principles of ecotourism:
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Minimizes the negative impacts on nature and culture that can damage a destination.
Educate the traveller about the importance of conservation
Stress the importance of business which works cooperatively with local authorities and
people to meet local needs and deliver conservation benefits
Rely on infrastructure that has been developed in harmony with environment
Image 4.3 Eco Tourism Park
In Ecotourism
• A tourist goes to a destination which is very close to nature
• He stays at the destination and comes in direct contact with the locals
• He learns about the culture, tradition of the locals
• Lives in accommodations such as tree houses, mud huts etc.
• Participates with the locals in their daily chores
You go to a village for tourism. There, you stay in the house of the locals, which is made up
of mud. Eat the food they eat and also work with them in their farms to take the unusual
experience. This is eco-tourism.
Characteristics of a ecotourism destination :
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Natural features are conserved
Low density development
Small community business, owned by the locals
Local business providing genuine hospitality
Demonstration of the natural environment and cultural heritage of the local
community
Clean and basic public facilities for tourists as well as the locals; such as public
bathrooms and toilets
Friendly interaction between locals and tourists
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 59
Ecotourism activities
The eco-tourism activities include:
• Bird watching
• Wildlife sporting
• Botanical visits
• Trekking
• Camping
• Archaeology
• Adventure tourism activities
• Nature photography
• Agro tourism
Eco-zones
The various types of eco zones are:
(a) Mountains: trek to
1. Sources of the Ganga and Tapovan in the Bhagirathi valley
2. Markha valley trek and Stokkangri trekking peak in Ladakh
(b) National parks: Corbett national park, Bandhavgarh and Gir national park
(c) Deserts and grasslands: Jaisalmer and the Sam sand dunes, Talchaper and ran of Kutch
(d) Wetlands and lakes: Chilka in Orissa, Tsomoriri in Ladakh and Vembanad in Kerala
(e) Rivers: along the Ghats of Varanasi
(f) Destination towns: Leh in Ladakh, Manali and Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, Yercoud
and Ootakmand in Tamilnadu and Gangtok in Sikkim
(g) Islands: Andaman Islands Havelock and little Andaman in particular
Eco-lodge
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
An eco-lodge is a tourism accommodation facility that meets the following criteria:
It conserves the surrounding environment, both natural and cultural
It has minimal impact on the natural surroundings during construction
It fits into its physical and cultural contexts through careful attention to form,
landscaping and color, as well the use of localized architecture.
It uses alternative, sustainable means of water acquisition and reduces water
consumption
It provides careful handling and disposal of solid waste and sewage
It meets its energy needs through positive design and combine these with their modern
counterparts for greater sustainability
It endeavors to work together with the local community
It offers interpretative programs to educate both its employees and tourists about the
surrounding natural and cultural environment
It contributes to sustainable local development through research programs
Eco lodge management characteristics
•
•
•
•
Provides on- the- job training to community members and local guides
Uses a majority of local staff people and avoids giving city-trained or expatriate
individuals all of the key responsibilities
Sets up after- hours second language programs using a local college graduate with
expertise in language training
Has guest contribute to staff education and community development projects involving
education or health
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 60
4.2.3 Impacts of Transportation on Tourism
The use of transportation has many impacts on tourism :
• The increased use of transportation is creating air pollution at the destination
• Vehicles are used in sanctuaries and national parks. The frequent use of these vehicles
damage the environment of the forest
• It creates noise pollution at the destination
• The poisonous gases let out from the vehicles cause pollution and damage the tourism
product.
• This impact is clearly seen on the TajMahal at Agra. The gases from the vehicles are
causing acid rains, which are damaging the monument by creating holes into it.
• For building transportation infrastructure the environment is damaged by cutting down
trees.
• The development of infrastructure has led to deforestation.
• The deforestation has led to the decrease in the natural beauty of the destination
• The various types of transportation attract tourists
• This leads to an increase in tourism activities
• Transportation also makes the destination easily reachable
• It leads to the development of the destination
• Transportation also generates employment
• With the development of technology, nature friendly transportation is disappearing
• Continuous movement of transportation system damages the rare and distinct species
offlora and fauna.
4.2.4 Transportation and Sustainable Tourism
The transportation used in sustainable tourism should be such that it does not harm the
environment
• Animal driven carts should be used whenever possible
• Avoid using vehicles that run on fuel; i.e. petrol, diesel etc.
• Use ropeways whenever possible.
• Prefer the use of battery vehicles. These types of vehicles do not require fuel and
thus do not cause any pollution.
• Insist on the use of cycles.
• Do regular check-up of the vehicles, so that they do not emit gases and cause
pollution
• Use the vehicles that make less noise.
• Ignore using vehicles with loud and disturbing horns.
The transportation for sustainable tourism contributes on a large scale for the conservation
of natural resources and in turn, well-being of the society. We also have some vehicles now seen
that work on batteries. The vans used in Essel world are the vehicles that run on battery and do
not require fuel. This reduces the negative impact on the nature on a larger scale. Now-a-days,
there are two wheelers also in the market which can be used on a large scale to decrease pollution
and other serious impacts. The yo bikes are launched in the market. These run on batteries and its
use can contribute to the decrease in polluting in nature. There are also cycles with the advanced
gear system. It does not require fuel or battery but can run with a considerable speed.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 61
Eco Tourism Destinations
Thenmala, Kerala
Thenmala is India’s first planned eco- tourism destination. It is situated at a distance of 72
kms from Thiruvanthapuram, the capital city of Kerala. It is at the foothills of the Western Ghats.
This destination has facilities such as tree top huts, river crossing, eco parks, and riverside treks.
The battery powered vehicles are used here.
Map Image 4.4 Thenmala Eco Tourism Destination
Agro tourism in Baramati, Pune
This is an agro tourism destination in Maharashtra. Here, one can see the beauty of nature
and experience firsthand farming. It offers simple home cooked vegetarian food, traditional
Maharashtrian folk performances, camp fires, winery, visits , farm visits, visits to dairy farming,
greenhouse, bullock cart rides etc.
Image 4.5 Agro Tourism Baramati (Pune)
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4.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
I. Match the pairs
1) eco-tourism
2) wetlands
3) ecolodge
4) Thenmala
5) agro tourism
– accommodation
– Baramati
– eco zones
– sub component
– western ghats
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. Sustainable tourism is an ___________ to tourism.
2. Sustainable tourism is based on four pillars___________, ____________,
___________&___________.
3. The term eco-tourism is coined by __________.
4. Eco- tourism includes _________,__________ and _________ tourism.
5. Thenmala is situated at the foothills of___________.
4.4 Summary
Sustainable tourism is an approach to tourism meant for economic and social development
while conserving nature. Sustainable tourism is about meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future. It focuses on environment conservation, economical and
socio-cultural development. Eco-tourism is a sub component of sustainable tourism. It is an
umbrella term which includes
• Nature tourism
• Rural tourism
• Cultural tourism
Eco-tourism is completely nature based tourism and its focus is mainly on causing minimum
negative impacts on the environment.
4.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
•
•
Impacts- collision
Deforestation- clear of trees
Generate- produce
Distinct- clear, separate
Hamper- obstruct
Emit- give or send out
4.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’
I. Match the pairs:
1) subcomponent
2) eco zones
3) accommodation
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 63
4) western Ghats
5) Baramati
II. Fill in the blanks:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
approach
environmental integrity, social justice, economic development, all segments of
tourism.
CellabusLascurain
nature, rural and cultural tourism
westernghats
4.7 Questions for Practice
I. Write short notes on:
1) Eco lodges
2) Eco- tourism destination
II. A answer in detail:
1) Sustainable tourism
2) Eco- tourism concept, characteristics and principles
3) put the Eco zones on the map of India.
4.8 Additional Readings
1. Tourism Development in India by Dr. A. SatishBabu
2. untamedPath.com
3. Eco- Tourism and sustainable Development by Martha Honey
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 64
Unit 5 : Types of Vehicles in Tourism
5.0 Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able to –
• Understand the types of vehicles used in city transportation for tourism.
• Understand the types of vehicles used in inter city transportation for tourism.
• Know the special vehicles for tourism circuits.
• Know do’s and don’ts
• Know the development of tourism related vehicles.
5.1 Introduction
Tourism cannot be discussed without taking transportation and travel into consideration.
Transportation links the various destinations and ferries people, goods and services. The
improvement of modes of transportation coupled with low fares has seen accessibility of areas
once seen as off the beaten path rise. Access to a specific tourism site differs according to the
nature of the site, state of infrastructure and the efficiency of public transport system. Transport
polices and government decisions can make a ruling on the destinations available to tourists.
Failure of public sector to cope with the demand concerning transport infrastructures may mean
lack of tourism development in such areas. Tourism can use different transport modes. Car travel
is the most widely used and the most dominant in the world tourism notably due to its flexibility,
price and independence. With the availability of cars at cheaper prices means an increase in
availability of this mode of transport and hence the growth of tourist volume. Rail travel is
another transport mode used by tourists with the introduction of high speed electric trains as
compared to the old locomotive steam engines. Transport is made faster, more reliable and
comfortable and this contributes positively to the tourism sector. Air transport is the most
effective in terms of speed but due to the high cost only a small portion of people worldwide use
it. Long journeys can be made in a minimal time and with this a tourist can afford to visit
different places in a limited time if the cost factor is ignored.
5.2 Content Details
5.2.1 City Transport Vehicles
Transportation within the city is called city transport. Citizens use the means of transport to
travel from one place to another.
5.2.1.1 Pulled Rickshaw
A pulled rickshaw or rickshaw is a mode of human powered transport by which a nunnery
draws a two wheeled cart which accommodates one or two persons. Rickshaws are commonly
made with bamboo. In recent time the use of rickshaw (pulled) has been discouraged or outlawed
in many countries due to concern for the welfare of rickshaw workers. Runner pulled rickshaws
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 65
have been replaced mainly by cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws. The term rickshaw is today
commonly used for those vehicles as well. In West Bangal especially in Kolkata the man pulled
rickshaws are the main tourist attraction.
5.2.1.2 Cycle Rickshaw
The cycle rickshaw is a small scale local means of transport. Cycle rickshaws are human
powered and are a type of tricycle designed to carry passengers in addition to the driver. They are
often used on a hire basis
5.2.1.3 City Bus Transport
A bus is the ideal made for public transport. The idea of a mass public transport system for
city was first put forward in 1865 in an American company, which applied for a license to operate
a horse drawn tram way system. For all those a license was granted. The project was never
realized owing to the prevailing economic depression in the city. The end of the American Civil
war during which Bombay (Mumbai) city made vast strides in its economy by supplying cotton
and textiles to the world market, was the reason for the economic downturn. The first electric
tramway began operation in Germany in 1881 and existing horse drawn tramways were
progressively converted to electric operation. With the emergence of motor buses and trolley
buses which ran on rubber tyres without needing rails, tramways started to fun out of favour.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 66
5.2.1.4 Trams
Trams and light rail are forms of urban public transport with a handful of exceptions.
Tramways and light rail systems across the world are almost exclusively passenger carrying
operations. A tram is a vehicle which runs on fixed rails and is designed to travel on-streets,
sharing road space with other traffic and pedestrians. Most tram systems also include at least
some off-street running either along the central reservation of roads or on fully segregated
alignments. Such section of routs can be called reserved rights of way. i.e. Kolkata.
5.2.1.5 Local Train
If you have private vehicle and want to travel by road in a metropolitan city like Mumbai, it
will take hours to reach your destination. Local train seems to be the better option for most of us.
Local train considered as the ‘Life Line’ of the city. People travel just through local trains. In
today’s modern age cities speeded over locs of square feets and hence people across the world
need to travel sometimes to the other end of the city for their jobs and businesses. It saves time as
well as money.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 67
5.2.1.6 Metro Train / Mono Rail
Mono rail, as the meaning goes, is the train travel that on a single rail, unlike others have
that two rails. Mono rail was first developed by Japanese for Tokyo in 1960’s. Metro rail referred
to the local rail system dedicated to that city travel for fast and efficient movement of citizens and
to reduce vehicular traffic congestion and pollution.
5.2.2 Inter City Transport Vehicles
Transportation between two or more cities.
5.2.2.1 Inter City Bus
Many times the two cities which are equally important as tourists’ destination connected
with inter city bus transportation or the bus transportation is used for tourist circuits i.e. Delhi
Manali or Shimla – Kullu – Manali their tourist circuit connected with bus transport services.
Maharashtra state transport bus service connect the Ashta Vinayak cities all 8 cities.
5.2.2.2 Inter City Rail Transport
Some of the tourist circuits run rail transport. i.e. the Buddhist circuits connected with rail
and the most popular ‘Mahaparinirwan Train’.
5.2.3 Tourist Special Vehicles of Tourism Circuits
5.2.3.1 Caravan
The specially built vehicles being used for the purpose of travel, leisure and accommodation
would be termed as ‘Caravan’. One of the essential pre requisites for caravan tourism is the
presence of sufficient caravan parks in the identified circuits of tourism.
The concept of caravan Tourism has gained immense popularity across the globe owing to
the freedom and flexibility it provides, while holidaying vis a vis itineraries and accommodation.
This would include vehicles viz recreational vehicle (RV), campervans, motor homes, etc.
Caravans are a unique tourism product, which promotes family oriented tour even in circuits or
destinations, which do not have adequate hotel accommodation. There is already a storage of
accommodation at tourist destinations, especially in remote areas and in certain cases at places
where a permanent construction may neither permissible nor feasible.
Caravan Tourism would attract a wide range of market segments including young people,
families, senior citizens and international tourists.
5.2.3.2 All Terrain Vehicle (ATV)
All terrain vehicle is any motorized off highway vehicle designed to travel on four low
pressure tires, having a seat designed to be straddled by the operator and handlebars for steering
control. Single rider ATV are intended for use by a single operator and no passenger. Two up
ATVs are designed for an operator and one passenger.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 68
5.2.3.3 Duck Vehicle (DV)
Duck vehicle city tour includes an exciting ride on land and water. Duck boats ride through
the historic streets and neighborhoods of any tourist city. For example San-Francisco. Splash
down and cruise the Bay. Drive the duck, if you want. Quak along with the captain and the music
aboard, city adventure. Duck tours are primarily offered as tourist attractions in harbor, river and
lake cities, such as London, Malacca, Baltimore, San Francisco, Washington DC. This type of
vehicle is never used in India.
5.2.4 Do’s and Don’ts
(1) Try to use public transport instead of using chartered or personal vehicles.
(2) Make your itinerary route circular.
(3) Try to take a walk between short distances.
(4) Try to use cycles.
5.2.5 Development of Tourism related Vehicles
5.2.5.1 Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles for hotels and accommodation luxury residences have the necessity to
maintain and continuous respect their guests. Therefore, they choose electric vehicles that offer
strength and resilience in the hardest conditions.
The electric vehicles are used in the most luxurious residences and hotels in the world
including palm city. These recently built electric vehicles are used in 5 star residences and hotels
for maintenance jobs and as the luggage and baggage carriers. Electric vehicles can work even on
sandy terrain. As with nearly all resorts and star hotels near the sea, the presence of sand can
create quite a few problems to non professional vehicles. Electric vehicles, on the other hand,
capable of supplying a constant, smooth flow of energy, manage to avoid possible sliding and
loss of grip on even the most difficult terrain.
Small electric vehicles are customizable, therefore, encountering even the most demanding
needs. The loading bay, for example, has a broad range of fittings for the most various types of
use like garden waste, laundry transportation, during room cleaning or guest luggage transfer
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 69
within the hotel area. In a residence and hotel as in most receptive structures, the need to put
guests at there ease is of foremost importance. So the necessity for silent vehicles is in constant
growth. This is why tourist structures use electric vehicles that combine silence and zero
pollution.
Electric Vehicles for Holiday Village and Agriculture Tourism : Electric vehicles used
for maintenance and many other activities in holiday village to assure customer’s comfort. Inside
the holiday village surely the customer’s comfort comes to the first place. But, as we know, inside
the holiday village there is a lot of maintenance work to carry out all the day.
Electric vehicles are the best choice because they are the only ecological vehicles, they do
not pollute, they are silent, they respect the environment and can be used both in open air and
inside the holiday centers and agriculture farm.
What are the tasks that are usually carried out in a holiday village and agro-tourism farms
with electric vehicles.
• Move deckchairs and sun beds.
• Two trailer in resort without disturbance.
• Towing vehicles.
• Garbage and waste collection.
• Transport of building materials.
• Transport bicycles.
• Electric utility cars.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 70
•
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Transport of customer baggage from the hall to the bungalow.
Vans to sell ice cream, sandwiches and various snacks.
Refrigerated vans with refrigerated trailer.
Tourist vehicles for clients such as off road vehicles.
Beach or resort ambulance.
In camping there is a lot of maintenance works to do for the treatment of the
structure and customer service. Ecological electric vehicles are excellent vehicles
for maintenance of campsites. Electric vehicles are used for right surveillance of the
camping. Electric vehicles can be used even into mountainous camping.
5.2.5.2 Segway Personal Transport (PT)
Segway personal transporters is the revolution in tourism related vehicles. Tourists can
cruise through fascinating sections of the city while listening information and history, current
facts about the area. Each tourists provided with a helmet and additional safety gears like elbow
and knee pads guaranteeing an optimal tour experience.
Riding a segway PT is little intimidating at first but the trainer provides the basic training in
about 10 to 15 minutes. Step on it like you step on a ladder and find your center of balance. Once
you find your center of balance, riding a segway PT is simple.
Each segway PT is powered by a pair of lithium ion batteries that recharge when you ride
down hill.
The PT goes where you lean and straighten up it stop. Call it intuitive transportation.
5.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
1.
Match the following:
(1) Pulled Rickshaw
(2) Caravan
(3) ATV
(4) RV
(5) Segway
(a) Recreational Vehicle
(b) All Terrain Vehicle
(c) Motor Home
(d) Personal Transporter
(e) Kolkata
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 71
2.
Fill in the blank in each of the following sentences with the appropriate item
chosen from the ones given in brackets.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
_________ are a unique tourism product, which promotes family oriented tour even in
circuits or destinations, which do not have an adequate hotel accommodation.
(ATV, Caravan, Segway, Pulled Rickshaw)
Mono Rail was first developed by _______.
(India, USA, England, Japan)
The first electric tramway began operation in Germany in _______.
(1960, 1881, 1918, 1918)
Local trains are considered as the ______ of the city.
(Life track, Line track, Life line, track line)
______ city tour includes an exciting ride on land and water.
(ATV, XUV, RV, DV)
5.4 Summary
Traveling has and will always be an important aspect of any given society. The explorers
travel to experience new forms in terms of geographical region, to look for new market and also
to exploit resources. Tourism as monetary activity is characterized by high levels of flexibility.
Since transport costs are significant factors affecting international transportation, demand is
strongly affected by the fluctuations of costs. Therefore we can say that transport is the chief
element in the tourism industry. The improved transport facilities have stimulated tourism and in
turn the expansion of tourism industry has stimulated transport. Accessibility is the principal
function behind the fundamentals of tourism industry. Tourism being dependent on travel service
means that travel flows should be designed in a way to accommodate tourism. However this
should be given priority considering that tourism is increasingly becoming a leading income
generating activity for the government in many countries today. The government of any given
country, for instance, should begin by decongesting the tourism traffic flow pathway like paving
roads, traffic decongestion on roads, quick issuance of travel documents and quick clearance at
the airport.
5.5 Glossary
Tram : A vehicle drawn by horses or force of electricity.
Luggage : A traveler’s baggage.
Coupled with : together with
5.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
1. Match the following
(1) Pulled Rickshaw
(2) Caravan
(3) ATV
(4) RV
(5) Segway
(e) Kolkata
(c) Motor Home
(b) All Terrain Vehicle
(a) Recreational Vehicle
(d) Personal Transporter
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 72
2. Fill in the blanks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Caravan
Japan
1881
Life line
DV
5.7 Questions for Practice
Write short notes
1. Caravan and uses in India
2. Segway (PT)
3. Vehicle use at Ajanta
5.8 Additional Reading
Transport for sustainable Tourism – Abhishek Jogini
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 73
Unit 6 : Entrepreneurship Development in
Transport and Tourism
6.0 Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able to –
• Understand the terms entrepreneur and its types and entrepreneurship and its types
• Learn characteristics of travel and tourism services.
• Learn characteristic of travel and tourism entrepreneur, entrepreneurship
• Learn to start your own travel and tourism business.
• Learn to develop business ideas.
• Learn the business ethics required in travel and tourism.
6.1 Introduction
We always remember real life heroes who contribute the society with their innovative ideas.
An idea and their endless vision pursue the goals for betterment of themselves as well as all
human beings. These individuals are risk takers. They get personal monitory gain and respect for
their courage and visionary attitude. Many times the goals seem to be dreams, which can hardly
come true, but with the help of determination and constant efforts their dreams come true. These
real life heroes are known as ‘Entrepreneurs’.
Entrepreneurs assume the risk of organizing productive resources to produce useful goods
and services, drawing upon their skills and initiative to launch new business with the aim of
making a profit.
An entrepreneur helps himself while creating opportunities for others. It is a fact that by
doing so an entrepreneur fulfills his creative urge. A successful project carried out by the
entrepreneur leads to self satisfaction. The greatest satisfaction is derived from the fact that the
individual is his own boss and therefore can use its creativity without any fear.
After completion of your course you will have two choices viz. be a part of millions
working for their bosses and make their dreams come true or be your own boss and make your
own dream come true.
Mr. Deep Kalra started his career as a bank employee. He observed trends and moved in the
right direction. He quit his job and stared his own business in travel web portal known as
makemytrip.com His life changed when he found an entrepreneurial opportunity in the field of
online travel portal. Mr. Dhirubhai Ambani after completing his matriculation at the age 16
worked as a gas station attendant and as a Clerk in an oil company. He started his first textile
mill. He built India’s largest private sector company Reliance India Limited, from a scratch only
because he dreamed to be an entrepreneur. If you read the biographies of these successful
entrepreneurs, you will come to know that their road to successes was not an easy journey. The
only thing is that they started early, took the right road, shifted gears at the right time and never
stopped in between. One important thing they always kept in their mind “Success is a journey, not
a destination”.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 74
6.2 Content Details
Entrepreneur : An entrepreneur is the person who brings about a change and possesses
characteristics to implement ideas for the benefit of the society as a whole.
A simple explanation of the term “Entrepreneur” is a person who wants to work for himself.
With new innovations, an entrepreneur introduces new products and new services. He is a person
with a need for achievement. He is energetic and a moderate risk taker.
Someone who commercializes his innovation can also be called as entrepreneur. An
effective entrepreneur converts a source into a resource. The behavior of the entrepreneur willing
to put his career and financial security on the line and take risks in the name of the idea spending
much time as well as capital on an uncertain venture. Rather than working as an employee he runs
a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, ideas or goods or
services offered for sale. An entrepreneur is commonly seen as a business leader and innovator of
new ideas in the business processes. These are the people who have the skill and initiatives
necessary to take good and new ideas to the market and make the right decisions for making the
idea profitable. For example, Mr. Dhirubhai Ambani and Mr. Deep Kalra.
Entrepreneurship : Entrepreneurship is a process that is introduced by an entrepreneur to a
new product, a new product methods, new markets or a new form of organization.
Entrepreneurship gives the potential to support economic and social growth. It is the goal of
various government polices to develop a culture of entrepreneurial thinking. This can be done
with a variety of ways viz education system, legislating to encourage risk taking etc.
entrepreneurship is widely important in economy to generate jobs. For example Reliance India
Limited, Makemytrip.com
Entrepreneur is the starting point of new businesses.
6.2.1 Types of Entrepreneurship
6.2.1.1 Social Entrepreneur
Social entrepreneurs are innovators who may or may not make profit. Their goal is to make
people live happily not to create wealth. We focus on creating products and services that fulfill
social needs. It is also an important aspect of entrepreneurship in the travel and tourism and other
related industries. Catering and tourist attractions are often important elements of economic
development and for regeneration of initiatives like tribal and ethnic minority entrepreneurship
which has traditionally been concentrated in the catering retailing and clothing industries, but is
increasingly associated with the emergent industrial sectors i.e. ethnic minority in Africa, tribal
minority in Nagaland (India).
6.2.1.2 Small Business Entrepreneurship
Small business entrepreneurship cannot scale to attract venture capital, they fund their
businesses via friends and family or small business loans. Their definition of success is to feed
the family and make a profit. Most are barely profitable. Small businesses are local travel agents,
who work for commissions.
6.2.1.3 Scalable Startup Entrepreneurship
Their job is to search for a repeatable and scalable business models. They start a company
knowing from day one their goals. And they are their visionaries. Their vision can change the
traditional forms of business. They attract investment. For example, makemytrip.com the online
travel portal.
6.2.1.4 Large Company Entrepreneurship
Large company entrepreneurship offering innovations are sustainable and change the tastes
of consumers.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 75
Types of entrepreneurs who are motivational based
•
•
•
Pre entrepreneur is a person who wants to be his own boss. Creates jobs rather than
seeking jobs.
Induced entrepreneur is a person who starts his own business because of the
encouragement by government bodies.
Motivated entrepreneur is a person who wants to start his own innovative idea. He
takes a risk to work on his idea.
Types of entrepreneurs who are technology based
•
•
•
Professional entrepreneur : A person who creates new technology or ideas and sells
them to others for money and moves to the next level of creation. Travel agent visa and
passport assistance providers are the best examples.
Non-technical entrepreneur : A person who focuses on marketing and distribution of the
product or services is a non-technical entrepreneur.
Technical entrepreneur : A person who is highly skilled in product design in case of
travel and tourism tour packages. Tour itinerary designers are the skilled persons, they
are technical entrepreneurs.
Types of business determines the entrepreneurs
•
Agriculture entrepreneur : An entrepreneur develops agro based activities in case of
tourism, Agro tourism farm, agro resort owners, agro tourism packages whole seller and
retailers are the examples.
• Business entrepreneur : He is an idea generator. He may or may not be involved in
production or service execution, but creative ideas for the current market.
• Corporate entrepreneur : He has an entrepreneur who plans, organizes, develops, and
manages the corporate in case of tourism M.I.C.E.
• Trading entrepreneur : He is an entrepreneur who exchanges goods and services,
marketing brand building, retailer tour operators are the examples of the trading
entrepreneurs tourism who just retail and market the tour packages.
• Industrial entrepreneur : He is an entrepreneur who is a manufacturer first and innovator
later. This type of entrepreneur does not exist in tourism industry.
The tourism industry is a service oriented industry. It is necessary to enhance its service
efficiency. Tourism industries provide various types of services like accommodation service,
fSood and beverage service and transportation service. We all need to ensure that we provide
quality service at all times as we are in the service industry.
An awareness of the importance of entrepreneurship in travel and tourism, hospitality and
service industry is not new in India. “Aathithi Devo Bhav” attitude is centuries old. We please our
guest as a god. Entrepreneurship is often seen as an economic function but it is also viewed as a
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 76
way of explaining business ownership and organizational structure improving social and
individual wellbeing. The growth and diversity of tourism and hospitality industry along with
increases in consumer, travellers’ expectations of their leisure time and experiences have placed
greater demands on the providers to manage all aspects of tourism services to the tourists by
providing appropriate attitude and in proper time. Consistent and superior service is an important
expectation for the customer satisfaction. For these expectations to be met depends largely on
how good you are at your job. Unless you can satisfy these expectations, customers will not be
unhappy. Remember that every client or tourist has to feel special.
Entrepreneurship in Tourism and Hospitality Sector
The hospitality and tourism industries are areas where development innovation and
management are increasingly being used as guides in terms of Entrepreneurship and are a
valuable ingredients which are important for the Entrepreneurship success.
Over the past few years the travel and tourism industry has come to be recognized as a way
of providing strategic support for business development. Entrepreneurship in connection with
tourism looks at its importance in its relationship with local business development. Tourism is
considered to be an Industry that has the potential to create many businesses and jobs in India and
worldwide.
The tourism industry is referred as tree industry as it contains a set of interrelated business
or industry branches. For example, industries like transport, accommodation, travel companies,
entertainment industry, handicraft industry, banking and finance industry are all parts of the
hospitality and travel and tourism industry. The promotion of entrepreneurship is not only
necessary for a healthy economy but also in creating new jobs.
Characteristic of Travel and Tourism Services and Products
As we discussed earlier the tourism industry is a service industry. We need to think more
broadly and focus on the tourism services and products that helps us to understand the
characteristics of a entrepreneur and entrepreneurship in tourism industry.
• The product and services in tourism are perishable. A seat in tourist bus if not utilized at
a given time, reservation gets wasted, ticket gets wasted.
• Tourism services and products are intangible. All tourism services are experiences.
• The staff involved in providing the services in fact, is a part of the service. Attitude and
behaviour of the staff is a part of the tourism product and services.
• In certain cases tourism services are seasonal, provided only during certain time periods
that is tourist season, seasonal.
• An interactive process and the behaviour of one consumer can affect another
consumer.
6.2.2 Characteristic of Entrepreneur in Tourism
They key to being a successful entrepreneur in tourism or any other industry lies in the
ability to take an idea and then through the process of innovation make it true.
There is no way to eliminate all the risks associated with starting a business. You can
improve your chances to success with good planning and preparation.
Characteristics – psychological traits and skills of entrepreneur.
6.2.2.1 Do what you Enjoy and do it with Passion
If you find something you love and want to share it with others, that love will fuel a lot.
Being an entrepreneur demands commitment and dedication. You must love your work. What
you get out of your business in the form of personal satisfaction, financial gain, stability and
enjoyment will be the sum of what you put into your business. Passion is the most important trait
of the successful entrepreneur.
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6.2.2.2 Self Starting and Self Motivating
If you want to be in tourism industry as an entrepreneur you must know how to make every
guest feel that he or she is special for you. You should love to be with guests. You enjoy to help
them in their need. You must think about tourist compassionately and serve them with love and
respect. To understand the customer needs is very crucial in tourism because they have to be
matched with the supply. It will be useful if you have an understanding of their cultural
background.
6.2.2.3 Creativity
In an industry like tourism the attraction of the product or service is to be always there.
Hence you should always have the sense for indentifying or improving the product or service for
this you have to be creative on innovative.
One facet of creativity is being able to make connections between seemingly unrelated
events or situations.
6.2.2.4 Confidence for Problem Solving
A successful entrepreneur never gets confused whether They can succeed, they always have
confidentce about their success.
You must start with the assumption that there will be problems. At the sametime you must
have the confidence that you can solve them. Many times a critical situation emerges with no
fault on the part of those managing the services but because of external factors. For example, you
are handling a group of tourists and there is a break down etc. that is the ability to make decisions
and to take considered risks.
6.2.2.5 A Forward Looking Approach and Discipline
Having a clearly established set of goals will keep you away from getting stuck. Your goals
may be constantly evolving. You have to eliminate all hindrances or distractions to your goals.
Successful business owners take their business seriously and get do not easily sidetracked.
Very often a product or service is developed but no further efforts are made for its improvement,
it may bring stagnation. In tourism business product or service are to be improved Constant
controls and regular feedback help in product and service improvement.
6.2.2.6 The Desire to be an Expert
When people have a problem that needs to be solved, they seek advice of anyone or an
expert in the field to help. Obviously, they want the most accurate information and assistance that
they can get known as experts is.
6.2.2.7 Identifying Entrepreneurial Opportunities and Face Risks
There are many opportunities in the tourism and hospitality industry. These are based on
tourist needs like food and beverages, events, accommodation, transportation, entertainment
recreation etc. An entrepreneur senses the opportunities faster and takes risk. An entrepreneur
seeks it, not wildly, but in a calculated way. In order to develop your capacity to take risks you
ought to be an optimist, hoping for success.
6.2.2.8 Communication Skills
Caring for your clients or guests and tourists, ensuring they enjoy a high quality service is
all about putting people first. Always remember that every client likes to feel special. Always
acknowledge people when you meet them, look them in the eye when you speak, smile. The
entrepreneur has strong communication skills to sell the product and motivate employees.
6.2.2.9 Negotiations Skills
The ability to negotiate effectively is a skill that every entrepreneur must master. Always
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remember that mastering the skill of negotiation, you can always orchestrate a win-win situation.
6.2.2.10 Open Mindedness
Open mindedness and invest in yourself. You should realize that every event and situation is
a business opportunity. To entrepreneur buy and read business and marketing books, magazines,
etc. they join business associations and clubs. A successful entrepreneur attends business and
marketing seminars, workshops and training courses.
Before you start your business in tourism ask yourself:
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Can you sense an opportunity in tourism?
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Are you a self starter?
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How well do you get along with different personalities?
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Can you deal with a demanding client?
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Do you have confidence to take the risk?
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How good are you at making decisions?
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Do you have the physical and emotional stamina to run a business?
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Can you face a12 hour work six or seven days a week?
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How well do you plan and organize?
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Is your drive strong enough to maintain your motivation?
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How will the business affect your family?
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Is it possible for you to mobilize resources?
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Are you a good host?
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Do you have the capacity to plan, organize, implement and pursue?
The three reasons why most businesses fail : 80% of new businesses fail within the first two
years. This is largely due to –
• Insufficient capital to launch the business and carry it through the development phase.
• Lack of adequate planning and preparation especially in predicting market demands.
• Inadequate management skills.
Analysis of Opportunity : Therefore you should analyze potential opportunities. At the
opportunity scanning stage itself a person needs consultancy and right information. The person
requires to assess their own strengths and weaknesses along with threats. Term for the process is
SWOT.
S = Strengths
W = Weaknesses
O = Opportunities
T = Threats
You should analyse the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the opportunity.
You have to identify the opportunity first. This process is referred to as Opportunity
Scanning and Identification (OSI).
Market Demand Analysis itself gives an idea about the existent competition in the market.
In fact a competitive situation analysis helps you in designing your product.
The following are they to start the steps entrepreneur process.
(1) Decide which sector of tourism you would like to focus your business on –
•
•
•
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Transportation services or
Travel agencies or
Accommodations or
Guided tour and tour guides or
Food and beverage, hospitality
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(2) Take your geographical location into account
Your local tourist attractions are good indicators of what would and would not make a
successful tourism business venture. For example, if your area is secluded from the populace and
dense with wineries, then guided winery tours, local bed and breakfasts, establishment and airport
transportation services are all viable business options.
(3) Size up the competition
Thoroughly research the tourism businesses in your area before you decide which business
in tourism is right for your. You will want to choose a tourism sector that is not overly congested,
and one that you can contribute something unique to.
(4) Write a business plan
Your business plan is the blueprint for your tourism business and should include the
following sections.
Description
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•
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Business definition
Mission statement
Goals and business objectives
External and internal trends
Competition
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, and Threats)
Target market
Business definition
Mission statement
Goals and business objectives
Situation Analysis
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•
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External and internal trends
Competition
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, and Threats)
Target market
Marketing Plan
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Positioning statement
Consumer profile
Product or service
Marketing mix (product, price, promotion, place etc.)
Packaging
Placement or distribution
Promotion and selling
Price
Partnerships
Programming
Monitoring
Operational Plan
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Managing people
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•
Managing resources
Financial Plan
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Casting and pricing of goods and services
Projected budgets and cash flow forecast
Funding requirements
The Tourism Business Plan
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Consumer focused
Strategically driven
Research based
Focused with clear direction
A coordinating instrument
Actionable and capable of evaluation
An effective communication tool
Directed to maximizing profits and minimizing risks
(5) Procure the Necessary Funds
Present your business plan to potential lenders and business partners in order to obtain the
start up and operating capital you will need to run your business of tourism.
(6) Select a business location
The location should be based and situated to such a plac where your physica gets charees to
prosper e.g. don’t set up travel agents in a place Where many hospital as located.
(7) Obtain all applicable business licenses
Get the necessary business licensing through your local governments business regulatory
agency.
(8) Market your tourism business
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Print your business card which shows the services you offer to your customer and
distribute among your friends and relatives.
Use social networking sites. Set up accounts or page on the free social networking
sites.
Create a website for your tourism business.
List your business on all applicable online directories and review websites.
Advertise in print media.
6.2.3 Business Ethics in Travel and Tourism Industry
Morals and ethics are often used interchangeably; Ethics refer to rules of behaviour that are
based on moral obligations and duties, indicating how people should behave. Some of the values
that define ethical principles include honesty, trustworthiness, integrity, fairness, keeping
promises, fidelity, caring for others, accountability, pursuit of excellence, leadership,
responsibility and respect for others. All hospitality professionals should possess these values as
they are in the service industry.
Tourism is one of the top industries in global economy. It operates in a very complex
environment, as a result of this there is a growing concern of its negative social and
environmental impacts. Most of these problems are ideally ethical in nature as they lead to
pollution, economic imperialism depletion of natural resources, environmental degradation as
well as sexual abuse. By nature tourism industry products are services which to a large extent
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depend on cultural and environmental resources. The transportation of tourists from one site to
the other results in the use of fossil fuels which releases a considerable amount of air pollutants.
Tourism activities involve both direct and indirect contacts between local host community
and tourists which causes various problems such as importation of new culture and lifestyle, over
commercialization of cultural commodities and conflict of values. As a result of these issues,
there has been a global acceptance of the need to think about the concept of sustainable tourism.
According to world tourism organization responsible tourism is a form of tourism that relate
all types of tourism with respect of the destination built, cultural and natural environment and the
interests of all the involved parties. This form of tourism reduces harmful environmental, social
as well as economic impacts, creating more economic benefits. For the host communities and
improving the capacity to not only maximize its benefits but also reduce its negative impacts on
the societies and environments.
Tourism and hospitality businesses may lose their appeal due to social problems such as
prostitution, alcohol abuse, drugs and increased crimes.
6.2.3.1 Employee Satisfaction
One of the most important assets of any hospitality and travel and tourism business is its
The Employees. Entrepreneur should take good care of their employees. When employees are
satisfied, their retention rate is high while the turnover rate is significantly low. Tourism
entrepreneur should take a leading role in encouraging ethical behaviour in their organization.
Ethical leadership includes personal competencies; never the less those entrepreneurs who lead by
example have a greater impact on ethical actions of their subordinates. Ethics in the travel and
tourism industry impact on employee turnover, organizational commitment job satisfaction,
customer, satisfaction customer loyalty and overall success of an enterprise. It involves a proper
estimate of tourists’ desires, expectations and requirements and establishing of suitable standards.
Quality is made up of good employees who respect ethics and morality in both their work and in
life.
Ethics also directly impact on the enterprises customers, satisfied employees treat the
customers well and on the other hand ethical companies have respect and concern for their
customers.
Every tourism enterprise has responsibility towards (for)
• Environment
• Local community – society
• Customers – tourists
• employees
6.2.3.2 Information Seeker
Try to explain all in the language in which information seeker is comfortable with.
•
Many times it is observed that the person who is engaged in explaining the tour details
to the information seeker suffer anxiety. Don not show that from anxiety in your voice.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 82
•
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Maintain your temper. Calmly take a deep breath and start explaining again with
enthusiasm.
After explaining one point take a pause, look into the eyes of inthe formation seeker
wait for his / her question. If there is any question start explaining again otherwise go to
the next point.
Do not make the conversation lengthy and uninteresting; make it interactive.
Keep the “You are right” attitude in the conversation.
Try to explain wise point and make sure that nothing is left to be explained.
Keep your tone of your voice polite and soft.
Do not exaggerate your explanation.
If you are not sure about something do not pretend that you know strongly.
In your explanations do not use the name of competitors as other compowes.
Do not force to make his decisions give him some printed material to read for
information. Make sure that he / she is satisfied with the information. As for any query
from his / her side.
6.2.3.3 Pre Tour Get-together
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•
•
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Treat all equally.
Introduce all your tour staff to the tour group members with proper formal introduction
and respect.
Introduce the group members with each other as you are the host of the event.
Explain the tour itinerary to all and explain if any change is there.
Make the whole experience of pre tour get together delightful for the group members
and also for tour staff.
6.2.3.4 Do’s and Don’ts for Tour Manager
Do’s and Don’ts for Tour Manager during the tour period.
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Create a pleasant atmosphere during the tour; establish good relation shipwith tourists.
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Treat all group members, tourists equally.
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Give respect to senior citizens.
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Observe the time schedule as per the itinerary for tourists and yourself.
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Put the senior citizens first, if there is any question of comfort, then ladies and children
and then adults, in sequence. Always remember to give preference to senior citizens.
•
Maintain discipline in a group, be leader, friend and philosopher to each of the tour
group members. After all you are the care taker of the tour.
•
Keep your tone polite and soft while you are leading the group as you raise the volume
to reach every individual or the last person.
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Be gentle with ladies; treat them respectfully; maintain proper distance, do not get too
close or too friendly with them.
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Do not shout at your subordinates in front of tourists.
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Be presentable well dressed.
6.2.3.5 Do’s and Don’ts for tour Guide
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Make sure that when you are guiding a group; the information you give to the tourists
should be authentic and authorized.
You can also tell them mythological stories but in that case you have to start with
explaining that this is a myth not history, differentiate between myth and history.
You must know at least two foreign languages.
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•
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Don not exaggerate any information.
Wait for each of the group members to make sure that all the group member are with
you.
Follow the time schedules as per tour itinerary and time schedule of that particular
tourist spot.
Avoid controversial statements and political references.
Lead the tourist group as they are new to the place, tell them where to go or sequence
of the spots.
Lead the group, make them aware of the danger and the softy precaution.
Don not boast about your knowledge, be polite and thankful.
Don not pollute the environment and ask tourists to maintain cleanliness.
Explain to them with excitement but do not give useless information.
Have extra patience with senior citizens and children.
Be gregarious and grateful for being with tourists.
6.2.3.6 Do’s and Don’ts for Drivers
Do’s and Don’ts for drivers of tourist vehicles.
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Be presentable and well dressed.
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Keep your voice tone polite and soft, while you are talking to tourists.
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Be gentle with ladies, treat them respectfully; try to help them, and maintain proper
dstance.
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Let the senior citizens enter first and make them feel comfortable and relaxed.
•
Do not talk on the cell phone while you are driving.
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Do not pollute the environment and ask tourists to maintain cleanliness side in vehicles
and tourist spots.
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Create a pleasant friendly atmosphere in thevehicle.
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Do not shout at your assistants, cleaners, co-drivers and havigeters porteres. Have
patience with them.
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Do not smoke or chew tobacco while you are driving.
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Do not spit in front of tourists.
6.2.4 Tourism Business Ideas
6.2.4.1 Motor Cycle Taxis
Sometime you just never know when rainstorms will occur. It is a great reliet for stranded
travelers to help them get to their destination. Also, in areas with high traffic congestion
problems, a motorcycle taxi or rental services would come in handy.
6.2.4.2 Business Networking
The business opportunity is specifically helpful for business people. You can setup a service
system online where business people can enter their flight details as well as the purpose of their
travel as the management tool used and your company will help contact and make connection to
the people with businesses in that area the business traveler would like to meet up with.
6.2.4.3 Innovative Hotel Services
If you have the means to establish an innovative hotel, then go for it and start your own
hotel business because it is very lucrative. Most travelers now a days look for a different
experience with their hotel.
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6.2.4.4 Luggage Delivery
Another great idea is to offer door to door luggage delivery for travelers and tourists. This
helps tourist with bulk luggage to directly go to their accommodation without going through the
hassle of waiting for their luggage.
6.2.4.5 Sight Seeing on the Go
Organizing fun runs for tourists can be a great attraction. Make sure that you organize such
activity in areas where sightseeing is also possible, like historical places and other areas with
landmarks worth taking note of.
6.2.4.6 Airport Cab Sharing Services
Services offered in the airport are definitely the most effective in the top tourism business
ideas.
6.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
Match the following:
(1) Ethics in Business
(2) Professional entrepreneur
(3) Technical entrepreneur
(4) Pure entrepreneur
(5) Agriculture entrepreneur
(a) Create new technology
(b) Rules of behaviour
(c) His own boss
(d) Highly skilled
(e) Agri Tourism
Fill in the blanks
1. Entrepreneurs are ______ takers.
(capital, idea, risk, respect)
2. The desire to be an ____ is the entrepreneur characteristics.
(best, good, skilled, expert)
3. Entrepreneur is confident in ___ solving.
(question, need, problem, want)
4. Treat all tour members _______.
(good, nicely, equally, badly)
5. Keep your voice tone ______.
(soft, smooth, polite)
6.4 Summary
New tourism is characterized manly by super segmentation of demand, the need for
flexibility of supply and distribution and achieving profitability through diagonal integration and
subsequent system economies and integrated value, instead of economics of scale. The super
segmentation of demand requires an depth in knowledge of the market in order to identify the
clusters of consumer traits and needs. Knowledge of these clusters will enable the tourism
enterprise to develop those products that will give a greater competitive edge and places them on
the market using efficient methods of communication and distribution.
In the entrepreneurial function both the individual as well as the environment are equally
important. But in case the conditions are wrong or the context inappropriate, the possibilities will
remain largely developed under.
Entrepreneurs need a distinctive competence i.e. an entrepreneurial desire to begin a
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 85
business coupled with the ability or experience to compete effectively. This means that one
should have the market analysis and the managerial ability to outperform the competitions.
6.5 Glossary
Characteristic : Typical, distinguishing
Lucrative : Profitable
6.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
Match the following:
(1) - (B) .
(2) - (D).
(3) - (A)
(4) - (C)
(5) - (E)
Fill in the blanks
(1) risk
(2) expert
(3) problem
(4) equally
(5) polite .
6.7 Questions for Practice
Write Short Note
1) Tour Guide
2) Do’s and Don’ts for driver of tourist vehicles.
3) Entrepreneurship in Tourism
6.8 Additional Reading
Dhirubhi Ambani : Against All odds – by A.D. Krishnamurthy.
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Unit 7: Hospitality Skills
7.0 Objectives
After reading this unit, you will be able to understand, learn and elaborate on the
• Skills required for hospitality industry
• Improve communication skills
• Etiquettes and manners
7.1 Introduction
The travel and tourism industry is a service industry. In this industry we provide services or
serve the people. This is the only industry which includes maximum involvement of people. For
this reason, one has to be hospitable or have a welcoming attitude. The efficient working or
publicity of a destination depends on the hospitality skills of the people who provide services.
The hospitality skills can be learnt and developed.
7.2 Content Details
7.2.1 Personality Development
The word personality derives from the Latin word ‘persona’ which means mask. The study
of personality in simple words can be said as the study of masks that people wear. When we say
personality, it includes and refers to everything about us. It refers to our likes, dislikes, habits,
manners, physique, strength, weaknesses, gestures, the way we speak, our facial expressions, our
language, knowledge, the way we react etc.
In this unit, we are going to study about 4 basic factors of personality.
PERSONALITY
Communication
Attitude
Manners
Attire
Diagram 7.1 Personality
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7.2.1.1 Communication
Communication is the transferring of the ideas andtheir meanings. In communication, a
person sends their ideas using words, sounds, gestures etc. to the other person. Communication is
a process which is completed only when the message is received and understood the intended
meaning of the message and feedback is given to the sender in the form of words, gestures or
actions.
Sender
Encoding
Channel
Decoding
Received
Feedback
Diagram 7.2 Communication
The sender encodes the message with meanings and intensions. This message is sent
through channels which are words, gestures, voices etc. and is sent further to the receiver.
The receiver before receiving this message decodes it. He understands the meaning of the
message and then responds to it. This response is the feedback which completes the process of
communication.
Ramesh is saying “good morning” to Suresh, here Ramesh is a sender who encodes his
message with greetings, smile i.e. facial expressions and a nod i.e. a gesture and words act as a
channel. This gesture, words, greetings and their meanings is decoded by Suresh. He understands
the meaning and also the intension of the message and greets Ramesh back with “good morning”.
Here, Ramesh is a sender and Suresh is a receiver.
Communication is of basic two types: verbal and non-verbal
COMMUNICATION
Non Verbal Communication
• Sounds
• Gestures
• Facial Expressions
Verbal Communication
• Speech
• Written
Diagram 7.3 Communication
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Verbal communication includes speech and written material. When youspeak to each other
on the phone, you are doing verbal communication . Similarly, when you are chatting with each
other through SMS, e-mails, letters etc. you are involved in written communication.
You are reading this book, it is a verbal communication. The sender has written the message
and you, the receiver, are understanding and receiving this message.
Non- verbal communication includes sounds, gestures and facial expressions. Dances are
the best example of non-verbal communication. The sounds, gestures and facial expressions are
successfully used to send the message. The sign language of the deaf is also an example of nonverbal communication.
Sita: Hello geeta. How are you?
Geeta: Hi, sita, I am fine, how are you?
Sita: I'm fine too. How are your studies going on?
Gita: My studies are going good but I have difficulties in maths.
Sita: oh, that is not a problem; I will help you in maths.
Geeta: Thank you so much Sita.
Sita: It’s my pleasure.
Communication barriers:
Communication becomes effective after overcoming the barriers. The barriers to
communication are:
• Physical barriers
• Perceptual barriers
• Emotional barriers
• Cultural barriers
• Language barriers
• Gender barriers
• Interpersonal barriers
• Ethical barriers
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Physical barriers: The physical barriers include the marked out territories at the workplace,
large working areas, closed office doors, partitions etc.
Perceptual barriers: The perceptual barriers are the different viewpoints and attitudes of the
sender and the receiver.
Emotional barriers: When we are upset, afraid, confused or emotionally distracted, we are
unable to shape messages and communicate effectively.
Cultural barriers: Cultures shape the way we think and behave. Nations, occupations,
organizations, teams etc. have different cultures. Cultural barriers drive where people from
one social group have to communicate with a person with different culture.
Language barriers: Language describes what we want to say and how we frame our words.
Language barriers arise when we are not able to use the language correctly or when we do not
know the language that the receiver understands.
Gender barriers: Gender barriers arise because there are distinct differences between the
speech patterns in the man and those of women
Interpersonal barriers: The interpersonal barriers arise because of the refusal to be in touch
with others, pastime experiences etc.
Ethical barriers: Ethical barriers include the failure to speak about something that is known to
be wrong, failure to listen to the moral concerns, failure to recognize the moral implications
of actions etc.
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Guidelines for overcoming communication barriers:
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Adopt an audience- centered approach
Foster open-communication climate
Commit to ethical communication
Create sufficient messages
Minimize emotional distractions
Create meaningful messages
Listen carefully
Speak clearly
Use the language effectively
Use proper body language and gestures
Use true and accurate information
Speak loud enough so that others can hear you
Respect the principles and conduct of others.
7.2.1.2 Manners
‘Manners’ are the ways of behaving, with reference to polite standards, In other words, it is
the way we deal and behave with people. Manners play an important role in personality
development. This is because man is a social animal and lives in a group. It is a part of our human
nature to live in groups. We can compare manners with the traffic rules; if you don’t follow them
strictly, you will not only cause trouble but also to others.
MANNERS
Table Manners
Telephone
Manners
Business Manners
Social
Manners
Diagram 7.4 Manners
Table manners:
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Do not sit at the table with folded legs
Do not lean on the table
Sit relaxed but upright
When you sit ina group for food at the table, make sure that you wait for everyone
to finish.
Do not eat with both the hands
Sit at a particular distance from the others on your sides, so that your elbows won’t
touch.
Business manners:
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Keep smiling
Do not cheat
Use ethical business practices
Ask before pulling a chair to sit
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Image 7.5 Keep Smiling
Social etiquettes:
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Greet when you meet the persons
Be polite
Keep smiling
Do not use humiliating words
Sit or stand at a particular and with a comfortable distance from others.
Speak softly
Follow the social customs and practices.
Telephone manners:
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Always greet when call is received
Be polite
Introduce yourself ,when necessary.
Askfor introduction politely, if needed.
Speak clearly
Do not speak too low or loud
If you do not understand politely ask to repeat
Let the person finish speaking before ending the call
Greet ‘good bye’, ’see you again, ’good night’ etc. while ending the call.
7.2.1.3 Attire
Attire means the clothes or the dresses we wear. Attire also plays an important role in the
personality development. It is an essential determiner in assessing your personality. For creating a
professional impression, dress is the first thing that gets noticed.
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ATTIRE
Business
Formals
Traditional
Casuals
Academics
Diagram 7.6 Types of Attire
Business formals:
It consists of a trouser, collared full sleeved formal shirt, tie, socks and formal shoes.
Image 7.7 Attire
Casuals:
It consists of a pant (jeans), shirt or t-shirt, shoes or sandals or slippers. Casuals are the
clothes you wear at home or while hanging out with friends.
Academics:
Academics includes all the uniforms as well as the degree gowns. Degree gowns are the
dresses that are worn during the degree distribution ceremony.
Traditional:
Traditional includes all the regional traditional dresses and also the marriage dresses.
7.2.1.4 Attitude
Attitude is a vital factor of a personality. Attitude refers to assertiveness. Assertiveness is
the ability to express your feelings in a right way, while respecting the feelings of others.
Assertiveness is a skill that sometimes comes naturally and can also be learned. Assertiveness
affects many areas of life. It helps to have fewer conflicts while dealing with others which lessen
the stress in their lives. It also helps in leading healthy relationships.
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Developing assertiveness skills
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
xi)
xii)
xiii)
xiv)
xv)
xvi)
xvii)
Understand your duties, responsibilities and contribution.
Express yourself through use of language
Accept praises graciously
Build a positive self- image
Participate positively
Maintain direct eye-contact
Hear attentively to others
Maintain proper posture
Facial expressions can be used to express a positive self-image
Maintain a strong sense of self-respect
Say ‘no’ or refuse politely
Be patient and specific
Humbly agree with the truth
Stick to your point
Get more value out of your time
Understand accurately what others are saying
Let the others know that they are understood
7.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
I. Match the pairs:
1)Written
- academics
2) Sender
- business formals
3) Attire
- attitude
4) Trouser
- verbal
5) Assertiveness
- encoding
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. ___________ means the clothes and the dresses that we wear.
2. personality derives from the Latin word ____________.
3. communication is of two basic types, ___________ &____________.
4. _____________ are the ways of behaving with reference to polite standards.
5. communication becomes effective after overcoming ___________.
7.4 Summary
The hospitality skills are necessary in travel and tourism industry, because it is a service
industry. In this industry we deal with people, that is why one has to be hospitable and of
welcoming nature. These skills can be learnt and developed.
This includes personality development overall. In this, the learning, development and
enhancement of communication, manners, attire and attitude matter a lot .
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7.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
•
•
Physique- structure of body
Gestures- body movements done to express
Deaf- not able to hear
Barriers- anything that prevents progress
Audience- assembly of hearers
Attitude- the way of thinking and feeling
7.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’
I. Match the pairs:
1) written
2) sender
3) attire
4) trouser
5) assertiveness
- verbal
- encoding
- academics
- business formals
- attitude
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) attire
2) persona
3) verbal, non-verbal
4) Manners
5) barriers
7.7 Questions for Practice
I. Write short notes on:
1) Communication process
2) Guidelines for overcoming communication barriers
3) Attire
II. Write Answers in detail:
1) Manners
2) Communication and its types
7.8 Additional Readings
1. Service Quality management in Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, by Jay Kandampully
Connie Mok, Beverly Sparks
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Unit 8 : Indian Geographical Conditions and
Transport
8.0 Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able to –
• Understand physical geography of India.
• Understand the Indian geographical structure.
• Learn topography
• Understand the weather and climate conditions.
• Learn how to a read map.
• Learn how to calculate distance
8.1 Introduction
A decisive factor in shaping India’s culture and history has been its geography and ecology.
Tourists get amazed by its landscape ranging from snow capped mountain ranges to deserts,
plains, rain forests, hills and plateaus. As a tourism professional, any one of you have wondered
at the variety and range of queries put to you by an information seeker tourist regarding the
landscape, ecology or environment of this country. Beginning from the snow clad peaks of the
Himalaya in the north to the sea encased southern peninsula, India is a veritable mosaic of
landscapes and environment.
The geography of India and tourism is also concerned with the flows of tourism from
generating countries to destinations. With a growing demand for tourism we have to focus on
resources. Different types of tourism will have distinctive requirements for growth and certain
sites, regions or counties like India will be more favourable for development than others. To
market this vast repertoire of natural wealth, you must as a tourism and transport professional
acquaint and equip yourself thoroughly with the fact sheet of which India varies dramatically.
While the southern tip of India is being lashed by topical monsoon rain, the north will be
blanketed in thick snow. Therefore, the best time to travel depends greatly on the destinations to
be visited and the climate experienced there. As you know, tourism depends on travel services
and transport systems in a major way at international, regional and local levels. Travel is an
intrinsic part of tourism and transport system is largely dependent on climate and weather
conditions.
Transport infrastructure provides the backbone of transport systems, both within and
between countries through networks of airports, highways, railways and ports. Tourists will
benefit from the network being done by countries and areas of the region at the national and
regional level to provide a framework for internationally agreed routes and infrastructure
standards. A transport network denotes either a permanent track or scheduled service. It can be
extended to cover various types of links between points along which movements can take place.
In transport geography, it is common to identify several types of transport structures that are
linked with transportation networks with key elements such as nodes, links, flows, hubs or
corridors.
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Network structure ranges from centripetal to centrifugal in terms of the accessibility they
provide to locations. It is here that maps come to our aid. A map is a graphical representation of a
par of the earth’s surface in miniature. Maps are generally used to find the exact location of a
place.
8.2 Content Details
8.2.1 Physical Geography
The Indian peninsula is separated from mainland Asia by the Himalayas. K2 is the highest
point at 8611 meters followed by Kanchenjunga at 8,598 meters Everest is 8,848 meter high. The
Himalayas extend from east to west and is the world’s highest mountain. The countries landmass
is divided into four fairly clear regions.
(1) Northern mountain region
(2) Indo-Gangetic plain
(3) Desert area
(4) Southern peninsula
India’s splendid coastline of 5,700 km and its beaches are still largely primitively pure.
North India
It begins with Jammu and Kashmir, a dynamic area with terrain varying from arid
mountains in the far north to the lake country and forest near Srinagar and Jammu. The north
becomes flatter and more hospitable, falling south along the Indus river valley.
The fertile planes of Punjab the Himalayan foothills of Uttar Pradesh and the Ganges river
valley the east, south, western extremity of the north is the large state of Rajasthan, also known as
the Thar Desert and Pink City of Jaipur. The south east is Uttar Pradesh and Agra home city of
TajMahal.
West India
It consists of the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and part of the massive central state of
Madhya Pradesh. The west coast extends from Gujarat, Goa and some of India’s best beaches.
The land along the coast is typically lush with rainforests reaching southward from Bombay all
the way into Goa. A long mountain chain the western Ghats seaports the verdant coast from the
Vindhya Mountains and the dry Deccan plateau furtherer inland.
East India
The states of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, comprise the western most part of the region.
East India also contains an area known as the eastern triangle, which is entirely distinct. This is
the last gulp of land that extends beyond Bangladesh culminating in the Naga Hills along the
Burmese border.
South India
India reaches its peninsular tip with south India which begins with the Deccan in the north
and ends with cape comorin, where Hindus believe that bathing in the waters of the three oceans
washes away their sins. The states in south India are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
Kerala, a favorite leisure destination. The south east coast mirroring the west, also rests snugly
beneath a mountain range, the eastern Ghats.
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8.2.2 India Geography
Ghats (Hill years of India)
The mountain ranges and hilly areas of India have a crucial role to play in determining the
climate and physiographic of the country and the prime determinant of socio-economic
development of plain areas as the rivers have their genesis here and the protection and climatic
control they provide have enabled India to sustain its position as an economic power.
Ghats and mountain ranges forming the eastern and western edges, respectively of the
Deccan plateau of peninsular India. The two ranges run roughly parallel to the bay of Bengal and
Arabian Sea coasts respectively from which they are separated by strips of fairly level coastal
land.
Himalaya Ranges
The Kanchenjunga is the highest mountain peak in India ranked 3rd highest summit in the
world with an elevation of 8,586 meters.
The highest mountain Kanchenjunga is located at the border of India and Nepal in the great
Himalayas rang. Sikkim Kangchenjunga section contains five peaks and the region has twelve
more peaks over 7000 meters.
Nanda Devi
Nanda Devi is situated in the Garhwal Himalayan region in the state of Uttarakhand. Nanda
Devi is the highest summit in the two. One is called as Nanda Devi east located at the eastern
part. Nanda Devi is one of the highest mountains in the world and ranked second in India.
Kamet
Kamet is the highest summit in the Zaskar mountain range of Garhwal region in the
Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. Kamet is the second highest mountain summit of Garhwal
Himalayas and third highest mountain peak of India with an elevation of 7,756 meter. The Kamet
mountain peak is surrounded by three major neighboring peaks and lies very close Tibet.
Saltoro Kangri
The SaltoroKangri is the highest peak of Saltoro Mountain ranges, a sub range of
Karakoram, the biggest rang of greater Himalaya mountains. Saltora Mountains are situated at the
center of great Karakoram and very near to the longest glaciers in the world, the Siachen Glacier.
The SaltoraKangri is 31sthigest independent mountain peak in the world with an elevation of
7,742 meters in Kashmir.
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Saser Kangri
The Saser Kangriare is a group of five majestic mountain peaks situated in the Saser
Muztagh range in Jammu and Kashmir. Saser Muztagh is one of the sub ranges of the great
Karakoram range lies at the southeast part of the Karakoram range. SaserKangri is the highest
mountain peak among all the five brothers with an elevation of 7,7672 meter avid Ranked 35th in
the world.
Eastern Ghats
Eastern Ghats mountain ranges are a series of discontinuous low ranges along the Bay of
Bengal coast running from the Mahanadi River vally for about 500 meters up to the Nilgiri Hills
in the south and forms the eastern edge of the divided Deccan plateau. The easternGhats start
from the state of West Bengal in the north and culminate in Tamil Nadu in the south. On the way,
eastern Ghats mountain ranges cover several states including Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. They
are swept by the four major rivers of southern India , the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and
Kaveri. These major rivers cut the easternGhats into various discontinuous hills. The elevation of
the eastern ghats is comparatively lower than the western ghats mountain ranges.
The low Sirumalai and Karanthamalai hills are at the southern most part of the eastern ghats
mountain ranges Tamil Nadu. Further to the north of the Kaveririver are comparatively higher
hills like Kollimalai, Pachimalai, Sevaroyan, Kalrayon Hills, ChitteriPalamali and Mettur hill in
the north of Tamil Nadu. The high hill ranges experience a generally cooler and wetter type of
climate than the surrounding plains. These hills harbor several coffee plantation and dry forests.
The popular hill station of Yercaud is also situated in the servaroy hills. In the BilligriHills,which
run east from the western ghats to the Kaveri river, there is a wooded ecological strip that
connects the eastern and western ghats. This region has the second largest wild elephant
population in India. Two significant rivers Ponnaiyar River and Palar River traverse through the
gaps in the eastern ghats and they ultimately drain into the Bay of Bengal. These two rivers are
separated by the Javadhu Hill. Some isolated areas have waterfalls. The killyur fails is one of
them.
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In the north of the Palar river in the state of Andhra Pradesh, the middle section of the
eastern ghats comprises to parallel ranges running around north south. The higher PalikondaLankamall-Nallamalla ranges are in the west and the lower Velikonda range is in the east. The
Krishna river and the Godavari river in India are separated by a range of low hills. To the north of
the Godavari river, the eastern ghats record an unexpected increase in height acting as the
boundary between the two states Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Moreover the region has fertile soil.
Comparatively, the easternGhats mountain ranges are elder than the western Ghats mountain
ranges.
Western Ghats
A UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the eight hottest biodiversity hotspots in the
world, the Western Ghats is a mountain range, spread over 1600 km in the Western side of India.
It stretches north to south along the western edge of the Deccan plateau (also called as the ‘Great
Escarpment of India’) the mountain range starts from the border of Gujarat and ends at
Kanyakumari, the sounthern tip of India.
The mountain range extends over Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and it
consist of thirty nine properties including wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and reserve forests,
which have been designated as world heritage sites. It also consists of several hill stations, cities,
lakes that are poular tourist destinations.
The western Ghats is divided into hill ranges, such as the
(1) Sahyadri hill ranges
(2) Nilgiris hill ranges
(3) Anaimalai hill ranges
(4) Cardamom hill ranges
The Sahyadhriranges consist of hill stations.
(1) Matheran
(2) Mahabaleshwar
(3) Panchgani
(4) Amboli
The Nilgiri range consists of hill stations like
(1) Outy (Udhakamandalam)
(2) Coonoor
(3) Wayanad
(4) Coorg
(5) Idukki
(6) Munnar
The highest peak in Maharashtra is Kalsubai.
The area of the Western Ghats is ecologically sensitive to development and was declared as
an ecological hotspot. To protect the endangered species and restrict human activities, the
government has established many protected areas including two biosphere reserves, 13 National
Parks and several wildlife sanctuaries.
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is the largest protected area in the Western Ghats which
covered an area of 5500 sq. km. the reserve comprises evergreen forests of Nagarhole deciduous
forest of Bandipur National Park and Nagu in Karnataka and adjoining regions of Wayanad,
Mudumalai National Park and Mukurthi National Park in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala
respectively. The Western Ghats is home to several endangered species such as the lion-tailed
macaque, other endangered animals are the Asian elephants, which can be spotted in the
NilgiriBio-shere reserve.
Hill stations like Ooty, Mahabaleshwar, Lonavala, Khandala,Munnar, Ponmudi, Wayand are
tourist hotspots in the Western Ghats. Mathikettan shoal National Park, Pampadum Shola
National Park, Begur Wildlife SancturyChainnar Wildlife Sanctury, Thattekad, Phansad Bird
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Sanctuary and Karnala Bird Sanctuary are some of the wildlife reserves located in the Western
Ghats.
Thar Desert
The Thar Desert is located in the Western part of India, mostly in the state of Rajasthan and
extending to parts of Haryana, Punjab and Gujarat. Bounded by the river Sutlej on the north west
Aravali range on the east, Rann of Kutch on the south and river Indus on the west, the sprawling
sands cover an area of about 2,00,000 sq. km.
The golden sands of the Thar cover over three fifths of the total area of the entire state of
Rajasthan. The average day time temperature is around 29oc (34oF) and highest around 12oc
(54oF) with virtually full sun and clear nights. Summers are hot and dry with the day time
temperature around 41oc (106oF) and nights not lower than 29oc (84oF). May and June are the
hottest and the December and January are the coldest.
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(1) Karmatang Beach - Andaman
Famous for its beautiful sea turtles, The Karmatang Beach is a necessary stopover for all
environmental and animal enthusiasts with gleaning and still turquoise waters rich in marine life
and vibrant coral reefs, many come here to snorkel and scube dive. So whether on land or under
the sea you are sure to see more than your share of native wildlife a stark contrast to the noisy
populated cityscapes. Now that’s certainly worth a visit.
(2) Varkala Beach, Kerala
Meeting the glistening Arabian Sea, Varkala Beach is known for its natural mineral hot
springs and tall rocky red cliffs that drape around the stretches of hauntingly clean white sand.
Paved footpaths offer a bit of cardio for those who tried of languid days at the seashore and a host
of quirky restaurants and shack shops sit upon the cliff top to quench the thirst of parched sun
bathed bodies.
(3) Nagoa Beach, Diu
Situated on the western coast of India, Nagou Beach is the most popular beach in Diu.
Located a mere 7 km from the town centre, and yet, despite its widespread appeal and frequent
visits from tourist somehow remains relatively untouched by commercialization with an
overarching atmosphere of pure tranquility. Surrounded by luxuriant forest green Hokka tree
beach goers tend to spend day here picking the lush oval fruit of the tree and wading in the crystal
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clear waters, or alternately, partaking in a variety of water sports from para. Sailing to jet skiing,
wind surfing and water skiing. You need to work of those curries somehow.
(4) Om Beach, Gokarna
The shoreline is the shape of two semicircles that join together, resembling the Hindu Om
symbol. Other than that, its just vast stretches of golden sands and a host of water activities from
surfing to parasailing and our favorite, banana boat rides.
(5) Half Moon Beach, Gokarna
Just a hop, skip and cliff climb away from Om Beach, Half Moon boasts a relatively
desolate atmosphere. So much so that you may even spot a few sunbathers.
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(6) Anjuna Beach, Goa
Unlike various other beaches that lure visitors with their calm azure seas and soft white
sands, Anjuna Beach has a much more that just a stunning landscape; but also for completely
unique and extremely popular, this beach for its trance music filled full moon parties starting in
the 1960’s.
(7) Bogmalo Beach, Goa
Although majority of the beaches in Goa are rather busy, Bogmalo is one of the few quiet
and rather laidback stretches of sand to retreat to. This beach is great for exploring or simply
observing the handful of quaint fishing villages that back onto Bogmalo and for the food lovers,
the local beach shack restaurants serve up delectable Goan cuisine.
Lakes of India
Beautiful rivers, lakes and water bodies spread all over the country from Kashmir to
Kanyakumari and from Rajasthan to Assam. Natural lakes can be divided as fresh water lakes and
brackish water lakes. Indira Sagar reservoir the big lake is the biggest reservoir in India. The
Sambhar Salt Lake is India’s largest inland salt lake. Most of the lakes in India are fresh water
lakes, Dal Lake in Kashmir and Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala are the example of fresh water
lakes. These water bodies on the land surface are one of the most beautiful tourist attractions in
India. The Cholamu Lake is counted as one of most beautiful lake in the world. Lonar crater the
world’s oldest and largest craters in India is located in the state of Maharashtra, District
Buldhana. There are so may beautiful lakes which are famous for bird watching such as Kolleru
lake, pulicat lake and Nalsavovar lake. The KanwarTaal or KabarTaal Lake at Bihar is Asia
largest fresh water lake.
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Wular Lake
Wular Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia and the largest in India, is located
in Jammu and Kashmir. It measures 24 km across and is surrounded by towering mountains. The
green water of the Wular Lake is an important natural habitat for fish, a rich population of birds
and wildlife. Thousands of people living on its shores and elsewhere in the Kashmir valley
depends on the Wular Lake for fishing to earn their livelihood. The Kashmir valley has a few
more beautiful lakes like the Nagin Lake and most popular Dal Lake.
Loktak Lake
The Loktak Lake is the largest fresh water lake in northeastern India located in Manipur.
This ancient lake plays an important role in the economy of Manipur. It serves as a source of
water for hydro power generation, irrigation, drinking water supply and wildlife.
Damdam Lake
The Damdam Lake is one of the biggest natural lakes in Haryana. It is a weekend getway
destination around Delhi. Located near the Aravali hill and the best place for Boating, Rock
climbing, Bungee jumping and trekking. There is another famous lake in Haryana called the
Sohna Lake. The Sohna Lake is situated amidst the Aravalli hills in the green city Chandigarh.
Dal Lake
The Kashmir valley is blessed with exotic natural beauty of landscape and water bodies, out
of them one of the best is the Dal Lake. The Dal Lake is one of the most beautiful lakes in India
and is the second largest in the Jammu and Kashmir. This is one of the most famous lakes in India
and an icon of the Kashmir tourism industry. Apart from natural beauty, the Dal Lake attractions
are the floating gardens, colorful shikaras and house boats.
Pichola Lake
The Lake Pichola is an artificial fresh water lake situated in Udaipur city in Rajasthan.
Udaipur is a beautiful city, set amidst the Ranges of Rajasthan, India. Udaipur is also called the
‘City of Lakes’. The Lake Pichola, UdaiSagar Lake, FatehSagar Lake, Rajsamand Lake and
Jaisamand Lake are the five prominent lakes of Udaipur. One of the famous lake is Pushkar Lake,
which is one of the major tourist attractions in the Royal State Rajasthan.
Gurudongmar Lake
The Gurudongmar Lake is one of the highest lakes in the world. This fresh water lake is
located northeast of the Kanechnjunga range in Sikkim. Sikkim is considered to have the most
beautiful natural lakes in the world. Some of them are sacred by locates and therefore are places
of worship as well as torusim.
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Chilka Lake
The Chilka Lake is the brackish water lake and is the largest coastal lake in India. The
Chilka Lake is situated in Orissa and is Asia’s largest inland salt water lagoon. Brackish water is
water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. The Chilla Lake,
popularly known as Chilka, is the queen of natural scenery in the tribal state, Orissa, which is also
known as the Swiss Lake in the continent. The attraction of Chilka Lake are fishing boats and
migratory birds. The beautiful Chilka Lake is paradise for the migratory birds.
Vembanand Lake
The Vembanand Lake is India’s longest lake and is the largest brackish lagoon in Kerala.
The houseboat and shake race are the major attractions on the Vembanand Lake. Vallam kali, the
snake boat race held every year in august is a major attraction of Vembanand Lake. There are so
many lakes in the state one of them isSasthamkotta in Kerala. The lake also host the longest
railway bridge of India, named Vembanand Rail Bridge. Sasthamkotta known as the Queent of
Lakes is the largest and biggest fresh water lake in Kerala.
Bhimtal Lake
The pride of Bhimtal is a beautiful lake which offers magnificent vistas for tourists. The
lake is larger than Nainitallake, the island at the center of the lake. Uttaranchal is famous for its
valley of flowers, green meadows and spectacular lakes. One of the best natural fresh water
bodies is the Nainital Lake, situated amidst the township and surrounded by mountains. The Naini
Lake is one of the most famous lakes of Uttarakhand and the most visiting attraction in India. The
lakes of Kumaon hills of Uttrakhand are world famous for their beauty.
8.2.3 Topography
The topography and rainfall govern the subcontinent’s drainage pattern. The Himalayas and
the plains are drained by the Gangas and Brahmaputra and their tributaries, flowing from north to
southeast, except for the Sindhu and Luni which flow almost north-south through the desert.
Some desert rivers never reach the sea. They are ephemerals draining into local depressions,
forming salt lake sambhar in Rajasthan. Most of the peninsular rivers the Mahanadi Godavari,
Krishna and Kaveri flow from west to east. Among the major peninsular rivers, only the Narmada
and Tapi flow from west ward and drain into the Arabian sea. The rivers of northern India, when
they reach the plains, flow slowly and their waters spill over to the adjoining low lands, forming
fresh water swamps.
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Though most of these swamps have now been drained a few survive in Khairi District in
Uttar Pradesh in the plains of North Bihar and also in the Brahmaputra plains. The deltas of these
northern rivers are clearly marked and extensive. They support back water estuarian swamps like
the tidal swamps of Sunderbans and Mahanadi delta.
8.2.4 Weather and Climate Conditions
Based on temperature and rainfall, the Indian Metrological service has classified the country
into an incredible seven different climatic regions.
(1) The Himalayas
(2) Assam and West Bengal
(3) The Indo-Gangetic Plain
(4) The North Indian Plain
(5) The Western Ghats and Coast
(6) The Deccan Plateau
(7) The Eastern Ghats and Coast
•
•
•
•
The north of India is cooler.
The center is hot and dry
The south has a tropical climate
Indian weather itself is divided into three district seasons – winter, summer and the
monsoon.
The tourist movement in the whole of the world is in fact and influenced by climatic
seasons. The Tourist looks for better weather conditions. Hence, from the tourist point of view the
hot season – summer is the peak season at hill station. During winter, the tourist travels to warmer
regions including Rajasthan.
Summer (March to May)
It starts heating up around February. The heating starts first in the northern plains and then
the rest of the country. By April, many places experience daily temperatures exceeding 400
(degree) Celsius. In late may signs of the approaching monsoon start appearing? The humidity
level builds and there are thunderstorms and dust storms.
While the summer can be very uncomfortable and draining in most part of India, it’s the
perfect time or peak tourist season in mountains and hill stations. The air there is fresh and
soothing. Seeing wildlife and spotting animals in their natural environment, the summer is the
best time for tourist, to visit national parks.
Monsoon (June to October)
South west monsoon is the main monsoon that comes in from the sea and starts making its
way up India’s west coast in early June. By mid July, most of the country is covered in rain. The
northeast monsoon affects India’s east coast during November and December. It’s a short but
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intense monsoon. The states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala receive most of their rainfall
from the northeast monsoon, while the rest of the country receives most of its rainfall from the
southwest monsoon.
The rain brings some respite from the searing heat conditions become very humid and
muddy though, while still remaining quite hot.
It is difficult to travel throughout most of country during the monsoon time as the rain often
disrupts transport services. However it’s the best time to visit popular but isolated. Ladakh in the
far north as the road leading there does not clear of snow and open up till June.
Winter (November to February)
Winter is the start of the tourist season, for most of India. Day time winter temperature are
comfortable. The peak tourist season if from October to March with the largest arrivals during the
month of December. In the south it never gets cold. This is in complete contract to the freezing
temperatures experienced in India for north around the Himalaya region. The winter season is the
best time for beach tourism in India. India’s for south is also best time to travel. Also a good idea
to travel to the desert state of Rajasthan during the winter, to avoid the searing summer
temperature.
8.2.5 Map Reading
You might be wondering as to why we are loading you with all this information. It is
important for a tourist professional, be it a travel agent, tour operator, tourist vehicle driver or the
managing director of tour agency to know about the location of destinations, their physical
features, the air connection or raod routes to it etc.
For example, a tourist asks the tourist vehicle driver ‘well you are going to drop me at
Aurangabad, but what other places do I get to see nearby?’ and here it is with the help of a map of
Aurangabad and its neighboring areas that the driver will be able to explain the details to the
tourist. Maps are used by everyone at one time or the other. For example, to drop the tourist at the
right address or showing the address are proper. Vacationers use it to plan the vacation
There are specific maps in use for specific purposes. In India, maps in one form or the other
were in use in the ancient time. The ancient text of SalvaSatra and Kautily’sArthashastra describe
the art of surveying and teaching use for measuring area.
A modern world map performs several significant functions:
(1) Firstly, it brings this vast, spatial world in a comprehendible form, on to our table tops.
(2) Secondly, it is an efficient device for storage of information.
(3) It also acts as a research tool.
In tourism maps can be utilized in many ways and for different purposes.
(1) Rainfall and temperature variations at various places.
(2) Distance calculation
(3) Get the directions
(4) Road routes
(5) Rail routes
Types of Maps
(a) General Reference Maps and
(b) Special or Thematic Maps
(a)
General Reference Maps give us general information about continents, countries,
rivers, cities and other features. Students use these general reference maps in the
form of a book called atlas. An atlas is a collection of maps, of the world,
continents and selected countries.
(b)
Special or Thematic Maps emphasize on particular aspects such as rainfall,
population further sub-divided under several headings.
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(1) Physical Maps
Physical maps emphasize the elevation of land features on the earth’s surface. These are
generally obtained through shading of these features in different colours. These maps give us
information about the topography of the place. Showing physical feathers like mountains, hills
main rivers and heights of important peaks, etc.
(2) Political Maps
These maps give us information about political boundaries, the relative size of countries and
arrangement, etc. The depictions in such maps are generally in colour making the identification of
political boundaries easier.
The main features in this map are international and state boundaries, main rivers, lakes, seas,
capital cities, etc.
(3) Tourist Map
Tourist maps, obviously are of great importance to us. These maps are published to show all
types of information that the tourist needs regarding destinations, monuments, religious places,
hill stations, wild life sanctuaries, parks and other places of tourist interest.
(4) Railway Map
The purpose of railway map is to provide information about the railway network of a
country or group of countries. The railway map of India generally provides the following
information.
(a) The route lengths
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(b) Nature of gauges
(c) The types of traction
(5) Road Maps
Road maps show all the different kinds of roads and the state of each such road from the
point of view of their motor ability, in fair as well as bad weather conditions. Along with this they
also show the distance between road segments between cities and towns, important tourist centres
and industrial points with the help of such maps you can plan for a tourist travelling by his car up
to the next filling of the petrol tank, place to have tea or food on the way and also the station for a
night halt.
8.2.6 Distance Calculation
Scale of Map
Maps are usually drawn to scale, in order to be accurate. A scale is the ratio of the distance
between any two points on the map, corresponding to the actual distance on the ground. It shows
how much of the actual earth’s surface is represented by a given measurement on the page of a
map.
Map scales may be expressed by one of the following three methods.
(a) by words and figures
(b) a graphical or linear scale
(c) numerical or representative fraction
(a) Words and Figures
By this methods the scale is expressed in words stating how many units on the map equal
how much on the ground. Thus 1 cm = 4 km means 1 cm on the map corresponds to 4 km on
actual ground surface. This is particularly important for road maps. Where a person travelling
from point A to B which are say 3 cm apart on the map would have to travel a distance of 12 kms.
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(b) Graphical or Linear Scale
This scale is shown by means of a straight line, which is divided and sub-divided so that
distances can be directly measured and read from the map. Each unit represents a certain number
of miles or kilometers on the earth’s surface.
(c) Numerical or Representative Fraction
This is the most common method of expressing scale, giving the proportion between the
distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the earth’s surface by means of a fraction.
Distance on the map
Representative fraction = ----------------------------------------------Distance on the ground
Distance on the map : distance on the ground
i.e. 1 : 57000
Distance, Speed and Time Equations
Symbols
The use of symbols makes it possible to put a variety of information on a single map. These
symbols may represent cultural features, highways, rail roads, cities, dams, mountains, lakes,
forests, etc.
There need not be any resemblance between the symbol and the feature represented. The
symbols can be deciphered by means of a ‘legend’ or ‘key’ which explains what each symbol
represents. Some of the more commonly used symbols and their actual meanings have been listed
below in a tabular form.
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Colour
Colours used on maps are also of map language. A political map has different colours for
different countries. On a physical map, different shades of colour are used to indicate the
elevation of different places. Rivers and bodies of water are generally shown in blue while higher
altitudes are shown in brown and its shades. Thus the orange colour is used for elevation of 5000
ft – 7500 ft above sea level, than for 7500 ft. – 20,000 ft. and dark brown of 10,000 ft. and above.
Map Work and Map Reading
Both longitudes as well as latitudes are essential in locating a place be it on a globe or a
map. A place at 800E can be anywhere along the 800E meridian extending from pole to pole. But
if we know that the latitude of the place is 300N then we can easily locate it as there can be but
only one place at that point.
If we know the name of a place and would like to know where it is located, we could take
the help of an ‘index’. Every atlas or map provides as index, which is an alphabetical listing of all
the places on that map. It is with the help of the two symbols following it, that we locate a place.
8.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
(1) Which two are the decisive factors in shaping India’s culture and history?
(2) Which is the highest point of the Himalaya?
(3) Name one of the hill stations in the Sahayadhri ranges?
(4) Name the two types of Map.
(5) Which Lake is one of the highest lakes of the world?
Lake
State
(1) Wular Lake
(a) Rajasthan
(2) Dam Dam Lake
(b) Jammu and Kashmir
(3) Pichola Lake
(c) Hariyana
(4) Chilka Lake
(d) Kerala
(5) Vembanand Lake
(e) Odisha
8.4 Summary
India is great landmass that is covered on three sides, like a peninsula by the sea. The
country landmass is divided into four fairly clear regions.
(1) Northern mountain region,
(2) Indo-Genetic plain,
(3) Desert area,
(4) Southern Peninsula.
The mountain ranges and hilly area of India have a crucial role to play in determining the
climate. India’s river system comprises the Himalaya river Deccan river and the rivers of the
inland drainage basin.
8.5 Glossary
Ecology : the relationship between living things and the environment.
Plateaus : a large area of high, flat land.
Peninsula : a long, thin place of land which has water around.
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Repertoire : all the songs, plays etc that someone can perform.
Acquaint : to know about something
Intrinsic : the essential nature of a thing.
Centrifugal :moving or directed away from a center or axis.
Gangetic :relating to the river Ganges.
Culminated :to reach the highest, last point or climax
Coral reefs : coral sand and the solid lime stone island
Snorkel : a birthing apparatus use by swimmers
Scuba : a portable apparatus containing compressed air and used for breathing under water.
Languid : lacking energy
Cliff : a high steep or overhanging face of rock
Cuisine : food and beverage
Basin : low area of land from which water flows into a river.
8.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
A decisive factor in shaping India’s culture and history has been its geography and ecology.
k2 is the highest point of the Himalaya.
Matheran
General reference and special or thematic map.
Gurudongmar Lake is one of the highest lakes in the world.
Lake
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
State
Wular Lake
Dam Dam Lake
Pichola Lake
Chilka Lake
Vembanand Lake
(b) Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Hariyana
(a) Rajasthan
(e) Odisha
(d) Kerala
8.7 Questions for Practice
Write short notes on the following:
(1) Hill stations in Maharashtra
(2) Lakes in Rajasthan
(3) Tourist seasons
Activity
(1) Plan a visit to any such place in your town has dense trees or blusher.
a. Local names of the most commonly sighted birds in all seasons.
b. Local names of the birds visiting your area in particular seasons.
(2) Try to collect tourist literature of your state.
8.8 Additional Reading
Indian Geographical Conditions and Transport – by V. S. Naipal and Narvada Prasad
Pandey.
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Unit 9: Itinerary Design and Route Navigation
9.0 Objectives
After studying this unit , you will :
• Learn how to design itinerary
• What exactly an itinerary is
• What are the considerations
• Be able to prepare an ideal itinerary
9.1 Introduction
Itinerary means a tour program which includes all the details of your tour. The itinerary
has the route of your tour. It has a detailed description of all the activities that are planned for
each day of the tour. It is described daywise. It gives all the specific details of the tour.
Itinerary is planned, detailed, descriptive tour program. In this chapter, we will study the
designing of itinerary.
9.2 Content Details
9.2.1 How to Design an Itinerary
For designing an itinerary you need to know the tourist place for which you are planning.
You must have basic knowledge about the airports, bus stands and taxi services at that place. You
must know about the tourist places, when it is open to visit, how far it is from the airports, bus
stands, how much time it takes to reach the destination etc.
Firstly, while designing an itinerary, you have to decide the route that you are going to
follow throughout your tour and it has to be done by the number of days your tour is. Suppose,
you live in Pune and youwant to plan a 5 day program for Mumbai and Nasik. Your tour starts
and ends at Pune.
Here, your route will be
Pune- Nasik-Mumbai- Pune
Next will be your detailed tour program for each day. It will be as follows:
Day 1:
In the morning, after having breakfast, depart for Nasik. (Approx. 5 hours’ drive). Reach
Nasik in the afternoon. Check in at the hotel and after lunch go to visit the Panchavati, where
Lord Ram is believed to have spent 7 years of his exile i.e. Vanvas.The Evening is free for
leisure (free time). Dinner and night stay areat the hotel.
Day 2:
Today morning, after breakfast depart for Pandavleni. These are the caves with Buddhist
architecture on top of a mountain. It is a 3 hours trek to and fro. After trekking down Pandavleni,
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visit the PhalkeSmarak at the foothills. This is built in the memory of the pioneer of film industry
in India, DadasahebPhalke. In the evening,visit to the famous Sula vineyards. Dinner and stay at
the hotel.
Day 3:
Today morning, after breakfast, depart for Mumbai. On the way, visit the Jain temple at
Vilholi. (Nasik-Mumbai approx. 4 hours’ drive). Reach Mumbai in the afternoon and check-in at
the hotel. After lunch, go for sightseeing of Nehruplanetarium, Nehru science center, marine
drive etc. in the evening, go shopping. Dinner and overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 4:
Today evening, after breakfast, depart to see the gateway of India and the elephant a
caves.The evening is free for leisure (free time). Dinner and overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 5:
Today morning , after breakfast, checkout of the hotel and depart for Sanjay Gandhi
National park. Spendthe entire day at the national park. In the evening depart for Pune.(
Mumbai-Pune approx. 4 hours’ drive). Reach Pune at night. Your tour ends.
In the itinerary, you need not describe the destination in detail. The information of the place
can be limited up to few words.
The route of your tour can also be shown in the map.
9.2.2 Considerations for Designing an Itinerary
The Following points need to be considered while designing an itinerary:
1. Avoid rerouting and back-tracking.
This means avoid the same route and going back through the earlier destination again.
Suppose you are in Mumbai and you have to go to Bhopal, Agra, Delhi, Jaipur and Banglore.
Here, you are supposed to make and plan the route such that you do not go from the same route
again. For eg.-
5
4
6
3
1
2
1-Mumbai, 2-Bengaluru, 3-Bhopal , 4-Agra, 5-Delhi, 6-Jaipur
Image 9.1 Itinerary Map
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2.
Make sure that reservations are confirmed, few days Before your tour starts.
You may get into a problem if your cabs, trains, buses, hotels etc. bookings and reservations
are not confirmed.
3.
Make sure the timings of the monument, temple, museum etc. you plan to visit are available
when you reach there.
Usually, the monuments and museums are open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
If you reach there after 5 p.m. you will not be allowed to enter the place.
4.
The days and dates when the monuments are closed should be noted.
TajMahal is closed on Friday every week. In sucha case, you have to make sure that you do
not plan to visit TajMahal on Friday.
5.
Make sure there is political stability at the destination. You should know whether the place
you are planning to go is not facing any curfews, riots etc.
6.
The facilities that are required are available at the destination.
7.
The destination should be decided and planned according to the interest of the tourist.
If the tourist is interested for going adventure tourism, you should not make an itinerary of
pilgrimage tourism for him.
8.
The age groups of the persons going on that tour should be considered.
If there are senior citizens or handicapped persons in the group, you should avoid adventure
tourism destination. Similarly, if there are children in the group, make sure that you include
gardens and amusement parks in the program.
9.
The inclusions of the tour should be mentioned.
The special or extra services that would be provided in the tour should be mentioned.
10. The exclusions of the tour should be mentioned.
The services and facilities that are not provided in the tour should be mentioned.
9.2.3.1 Kerala
9 nights/ 10 days, Kochi- Munnar- Thekkady- Alleppy- Kumarkom- Kovalam
Day 1:
Arriveat Kochi airport and get to a hotel. Check in and have lunch. Later, enjoy a half day
tour of the city including must see sightseeing of it. Francis church, Jewish synagogues and
Chinese fishing nets.
Dinner and overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 2:
Today morning, after breakfast, check out of the hotel and drive to Munnar. On arrival,
check into the hotel. After lunch, relax in the hotel and then proceed for the tea museum. Dinner
and overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 3:
Today morning, after breakfast, proceed for sightseeing at Eravikulam national park. After
having lunch, proceed to ,Attupetty dam anda echo point. Return tothe hotel. Dinner and
overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 4:
Today morning, after breakfast. Checkout of the hotel and depart for Thekkady. On arrival,
check into the hotel. After lunch, proceed for the Periyar wildlife sanctuary. Dinner and overnight
stay at the hotel.
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Day 5:
Today morning, after breakfast, checkout for Alleppy jetty. Board and check in the deluxe
houseboat. Rest of the day for leisure. All meals and overnight stay on the houseboat.
Day 6:
Today morning, after breakfast on board, checkout of the houseboat, drive down to
Kumarkom. On arrival check into the hotel. Have lunch and afternoon free for leisure. In the
evening, enjoythe sunsets on a cruise on the Vembanadlake. Dinner and overnight stay at the
hotel.
Day 7:
Today morning, after breakfast, visit the Kumarkom water bird sanctuary. All meals and
overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 8:
Today morning, after breakfast, checkout of the hotel and drive down to Kovalam. On
arrival, check in the hotel and have lunch. The evening is free to enjoy at
theKovalambeach.Dinner and overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 9:
Today morning, after breakfast, time is free for leisure. After lunch, proceed for Trivendrum
city tour. Dinner and overnight stay at the hotel.
Day 10:
Today morning, after breakfast, checkout of the hotel and proceed for the way back home.
Tour ends.
9.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
I. Match the pairs:
1) panchavati- freetime
2) Jahangir art gallery- Nashik
3) DadasahebPhalke- Mumbai
4) leisure- pioneer of Indian film industry
II. Fill in the blanks:
1)________ is a detailed tour program.
2) The __________ and__________ of the tour should be mentioned.
3) The reservations should be ________ before the date of departure.
9.4 Summary
Itinerary is a planned, detailed and descriptive tour program. It has a day wise description.
The itinerary also includes the route of the tour. The itinerary should be designed according to the
various considerations. An effective itinerary may attract a large number of tourists and can give
them memorable experiences.
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9.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
Specific- particular
Checkout- pack and leave the hotel
Inclusions- containing
Exclusions- shutting out, keeping away
9.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’
I. Match the pairs:
1) Panchvati - Nashik
2) Jahangir art gallery- Mumbai
3) DadasahebPhalke- pioneer of Indian film industry
4) leisure – freetime
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) Itinerary
2) inclusions and exclusions
3) re-confirmed
9.7 Questions for Practice
I. Write short notes on:
1) Considerations while designing itinerary.
II. Answer in detail.
1) Prepare a ‘chardham’ itinerary.
2) Prepare an itinerary of the 4 metro cities of India- Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
9.8 Additional Readings
Basics of tourism
By Krishnan K. Kamra&
Mohindar Chand
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Unit 10 : Tourism Planning and Policy
10.0 Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able :
• To understand what is planning.
• To know about some tourism policies
• To answer and describe about the planning and policy regarding tourism.
10.1 Introduction
Tourism is an evergreen and growing industry. It involves people and nature at all stages.
That is why the planning and policy is required. The planning helps in the effective and efficient
functioning of the industry. The policies help in planning goals and the approaches to meet those
goals.
10.2 Content Details
10.2.1 Tourism Planning
Tourism planning can be viewed as a form of economic development planning. Planning
has to be done for the effective and efficient working of the tourism industry. The tourism plans
are prepared at various levels.
International level
This level of planning is concerned with:
• International transportation services.
• The flow and tour programming of tourists among different countries.
• Development of major attraction features and facilities in nearby countries.
• Multi-country marketing strategies and promotion programs.
National level
National level tourism planning focuses on:
• Defining tourism objectives
• Tourism policy
• Identification of major tourist attractions.
• Establishing service standards.
• Establishing tourism information system.
• The major tour routes in the country and their regional connections.
• Tourism marketing: research, strategies and promotion programs.
• Human resource development, education and training programs.
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•
•
•
•
•
Socio-cultural environmental and economic considerations and impact analysis.
Facility development and design standards.
The general amount, types and quality level of accommodation and other tourist
facilities and services required.
National level implementation techniques including long term and short term
development strategies and project programming.
Research to understand tourism impacts.
Regional level
Regional level tourism planning is for a region of the country. Regional tourism planning
focuses on:
• Regional policy
• Regional access and the internal transportation network of facilities and services.
• Type and location of tourist attraction.
• Location of tourism development areas.
• Amount, type and location of tourist accommodation and other tourist facilities.
• Regional level environmental, socio- cultural and economic considerations and
impact analysis.
• Regional level education and training program.
• Marketing strategies and promotion programs.
In tourism planning, development, management and promotion; the role of the
government will be to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Provide basic infrastructural facilities including local planning and zoning
arrangements.
Plan tourism development as a part of the overall area development strategy.
Create nucleus infrastructure in the initial stages of development to demonstrate the
potential of the area.
Provide the required support facilities and incentives to both domestic and foreign
investors to encourage private investment in the tourism sector.
Rationalize taxation and land policies in the tourism sector in all the stages and
union territories and in respect of land owned by government agencies.
Introduce regulatory measures to ensure social, cultural and environmental
sustainability as well as the safety and securely of tourists.
Ensure that the type and scale of tourism development is compatible with the
environment and socio- culturalmilieu of the area.
Ensure that the local community is fully involved and the benefits of tourism accur
to them.
Facilitate availability of trained manpower particularly from amongst the local
population jointly with the industry.
Undertake research, prepare master plans and facilitate formulations of marketing
strategies.
Organize overseas promotion and marketing jointly with the industry.
Initiate specific measures to ensure safety and security of tourists and efficient
facilitation services.
Facilitate the growth of a dynamic tourism sector.
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The role of the private sector will be to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Build and manage the required tourist facilities in all places of tourist interest.
Assume collective responsibility for laying down industry standards, ethics and fair
practices.
Ensure preservation and protection of tourist attraction and give lead in green
practices.
Sponsor maintenance of monuments, museums and parks and provision of public
conveniences and facilities.
Involve the local community in tourism projects and ensure that the benefits of
tourism accur to them in right measure.
Undertake industry training and manpower development to achieve excellence in
quality of services.
Participate in the preparation of investment guidelines and marketing strategies and
assist in database creation and research.
Facilitate safety and security of tourists.
Endeavor to promote tourism on sustained and long term perspective.
Collaborate with government in the promotion and marketing of destination.
10.2.2 Tourism Policies
The first ever tourism policy was announced by the government of India in November,
1982. Its main thrust was aimed at preventing India to the foreigners as the ultimate holiday
resort. With a view to reach this destination, the following measures weretaken :
• To take full advantage of the national heritage in arriving at a popular campaign for
attracting tourists.
• To promote tourist resorts and make India a destination of holiday resorts.
• To grant the status of an expert industry to tourism.
• To adopt a selective approach to develop a few tourist circuits.
• To invite private sector participation into the sector.
The planning commission recognized tourism as an industry by June 1992.
The major development in tourism policy of India came with the national action plan for
tourism in May 1992. It central concerns were:
• Socio- economic development of areas.
• Increasing employment opportunities.
• Developing domestic tourism for the budget category.
• Preserving national heritage and environment.
• Development of international tourism.
• Diversification of tourism products.
• Increase in India’s share in world tourism.
A national policy on tourism highlighting the importance of the sector and the objectives of
tourism development in the country was present in the parliament in 1982. It also focused and
assigned the responsibility of promoting international tourism mainly to the central government
and domestic tourism to the state governments. The policy did not specify the functions and
responsibilities of private sector in tourism development. Accordingly, attempts had been made to
draft a new national tourism policy, which was prepared and submitted to the cabinet secretariat
in November 1997.
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Draft policy 1997
The new draft tourism policy formulated in 1997 by the ministry of tourism, government of
India recognized the need for:
• Creating awareness amongst all sections of the society about the socio- economic
benefits of tourism and about the importance of providing an assurance of safety and
security to tourists.
• Providing a national focus for the development of tourism.
• Diversification of tourism products and its development as a part of overall area
development and removal of regional imbalances.
• Providing for people’s participation in the development of tourism and in sharing the
benefits of tourism.
• Creating awareness about promotion of eco- tourism and preservation of national
environment and heritage.
• Facilitating the development of a dynamic private sector in tourism industry.
• Coordinating the efforts of different government departments and agencies in making
India a tourism friendly country and in providing the required infrastructure.
• Ensuring easy international access to India enhancing carrying capacity and improving
the quality of services.
• Facilitating domestic tourism by promoting amenities and facilities for budget tourists.
• Integrated development of identified tourist destinations with the involvement of all the
infrastructural departments, state governments and the private sector.
• Development of tourism in the north- east Himalayan region, Jammu and Kashmir and
the islands of Andaman and Nikobar and Lakshadweep and overall strategy of
economic development of the regions.
This draft policy focuses on the development and promotion of tourist circuits. The six new
circuits which would be taken up for development are as follows:
1. Buddhist tourist circuit : Bodhgaya- Rajgir- Nalanda- Varanasi
2. Buddhistmonestic circuit : Kulu-Manali- Lahul- Apiti- Leh
3. Gujarat : Ahmedabad- Rajkot- Dwarka- Porbunder- Somnath- Girnar- PalitanaAhmedabad
4. South heritage circuit : Chennai- Mahabalipuram- Kanchipuram- ThirvamallaiGinijee- Pondicherry
5. Kerala circuits : Palakkad- Kochi- Kottayam-Thiruvanthapuram
6. North east : Guwahati- Kaziranga- Shillng- Tawang
Guidelines framed to ensure the growth of tourism:
To create tourist product that is desirable and supported by an integrated infrastructure.
• To involve all agencies, public, private and government in tourism development.
• To create direct access for destinations off the beaten track.
• To diversify the product with new options like beach tourism, forests, wildlife,
adventure tourism, farm and health tourism.
• To ensure development does not exceed sustainable levels.
• To develop seven north-eastern states, Himalayan region and islands for tourism.
• To maintain balance between positive and negative impacts.
As per the twelfth five year plan (2012-2017) the measures for the working group on
development of tourism were:
• To review the present status of tourism sector
• To review the implementation of ongoing programs in tourism.
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•
To formulate the objectives and to suggest strategies and programs to boost tourism
activities.
• To identify the various destinations in the state and suggest measures for
improvement of infrastructure facilities in these areas.
• To suggest policy package for encouraging private sector involvement in tourism
promotion.
• To suggest measures to improve connectivity to existing and potential destinations.
• To promote tourism awareness among the people by developing distinct excursions
centers, hill stations etc. by providing infrastructure facilities.
• To identify needs of tourism to promote its development.
• To suggest measures for development of water sports and adventure sports.
• To take up any other important issue pertaining to this sector.
The 12th five year plan focuses on the strategies for:
Integrated development of major circuits destinations
The objectives of having tourist circuits are:
• Developing destinations and circuits with tourist potential in a planned and
prioritized manner.
• Promoting cultural and heritage value of the country.
• Providing complete tourism experience with varied thematic circuits.
• Enhancing the tourist attractiveness in a sustainable manner by developing world
class infrastructure in the circuit destinations.
• Leveraging private capital and expertise.
• Well- coordinated and integrated approach towards enhancing tourist inflow.
Important components to be converted in this strategy are:
Basic infrastructure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Beautification of destination sites
Landscaping of parks, fountains, walkways, signages, waterfronts, street lighting etc.
Water management
Road connectivity
Helipads, heliports
Parking facilities
Tourist infrastructure
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Budget accommodation, restaurants, amusement parks, craft villages, theme parks, golf
courses etc.
Convention centers, open air theatres etc.
Conservation of heritage structure.
Cement concrete pathways
Tourist information centers, reservation centers etc.
Illumination of structures, light and sound show facility.
Equipment’s for water sports, adventure sports.
Eco- friendly transportation.
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10.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
I. Match the pairs:
1) Buddhist circuit
2) Gujrat circuit
3) Kerala circuit
4) North east
5) South heritage circuit
- Kochi
- kazirganga
- Bodhgaya
- Rajkot
- Chennai
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) The 12th five year plan was formulated for the period of year. __________.
2) Tourism planning is done at ___________, __________ and_________ levels.
3) The first tourism policy was announced in __________.
4) The 2nd tourism policy was drafted and submitted on __________.
5) The 2nd draft policy focuses on __________ tourist circuits.
10.4 Summary
Tourism planning is done for the effective functioning of the tourism industry. It is a form
of economic development planning. It is done at international, national and regional levels, which
focuses on tourism development and promotion. The tourism policies of 1982, 1997 and 2012
plan and focus on tourism development from various aspects.
10.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
Efficient- capable
Implement- complete, fulfill
Thrust- push
Attempt- effort
10.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
I. Match the pairs:
1) Buddhist circuit
2) Gujarat circuit
3) Kerala circuit
4) North east
5) South heritage circuit
- Bodhgaya
- Rajkot
- Kochi
- Kaziranga
- Chennai
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) 2002- 2017
2) Regional,National and International
3) 1982
4) November 1997
5) 6
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 123
10.7 Questions for Practice
Write answers in detail
1) Tourism planning
2) Tourism ( draft) policy 1997
10.8 Additional Readings
www.oecd.org
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 124
Unit 11: Infrastructure in Tourism
11.0 Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able ,
• To understand the basics about infrastructure.
• Write and understand various types of infrastructure and their uses.
11.1 Introduction
Infrastructure is an essential component of tourism. Tourist traffic and tourist receipt
(national and foreign currency) are based on adequate touristic infrastructure. The number of
tourists, to a destination increases as the infrastructure develops. The development of
infrastructure also generates employment opportunities.
Infrastructure includes all forms of constructions on and below the ground. This includes
roads, railways, water supplies, hospitals, hotels, restaurants, historical sites, transportation
facilities, resorts, museums, monuments, shopping centers, tourism organizations etc. We will
study and understand the infrastructure in tourism by dividing it into:
INFRASTRUCTURE IN
TOURISM
TRANSPORT
INFRASTRUCTURE
ACCOMODATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
DESTINATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
EVENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
Diagram 11.1 Infrastructures in Tourism
11.2 Content Details
11.2.1 Transport Infrastructure
Transportation and its infrastructure play an important role in tourism. The transport
infrastructure includes roads, vehicles, garages, service centers, parking’s, transportation
terminals etc.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 125
Roadways
The road transport infrastructure includes all roads, national as well as international and
express highways. It also includes the transport terminals. The transport terminals are the bus
stands, taxi stands, rickshaw stands, parking’s etc. these are available is almost every small
village, town or city. Adequate road transport infrastructure helps the tourist destination become
easily reachable.
Railways
The rail transport infrastructure includes the railway stations, railway food outlets, waiting
rooms etc. Rail transport is usually preferred by a large number of people. The adequate rail
infrastructure is very important for the growth and development of the destination. For easy
operation, the rail transport and its infrastructure is divided into 16 zones
List of railway zones and their headquarters:
1. Northern railway: Delhi
2. North eastern railway: Gorakhpur
3. North east frontier railway: Guwahati
4. Eastern railway: Kolkata
5. South eastern railway: Kolkata
6. South central railway: Secunderabad
7. Southern railway: Chennai
8. Central railway: Mumbai
9. Western railway: Mumbai
10. South western railway: Hubli
11. North western railway: Jaipur
12. West central railway: Jabalpur
13. North central railway: Allahabad
14: Southeast central railway: Bilaspur
15: east coast railway: Bhubaneshwar
16. Eastentral railway: Hajipur
Airways
Air transport is the safest mode of transport. Its infrastructure includes the airports, airport
terminals; where the airplane lands and takes off and all the facilities available at the airport. Air
transport infrastructure is available at many cities in all the states. The major airport in india are:
• Gujarat
Ahmedabad
Vadodara
• Maharashtra
Mumbai
• Goa
Panji
• Karnataka
Benguluru
• Kerala
Calicut
Cochin
Thiruvananthapuram
• Tamil nadu
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 126
•
•
•
Chennai
Tiruchirapalli
Coimbtore
Andhra Pradesh
Vishakhapattanam
Machillipatnam
Odisha
Paradip
West Bengal
Haldia
Waterways
The infrastructures of the water transport are the sea/river ports, dock etc. The ships and the
cruises itself have finely a developed infrastructure. The major ports in India are:
• Gujarat
Kandla
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 127
•
•
•
•
Porbandar
Bharuch
Surat
Maharashtra
Mumbai
Ratnagiri
Goa
Panaji
Marmagoa
Karnataka
Kochi
Alappuzha
Tamil nadu
Ennore
Chennai
Tutikowin
Nagapattanam
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 128
11.2.2 Destination Infrastructure
The destination infrastructures include the natural as well as man-made infrastructure at the
tourist destinations. It also includes the tourist products. The monuments, heritage sites, bridges
etc.
For building and developing a destination, the already available infrastructure plays a
significant role. The historical sites, museums, shopping centers etc. are all destination
infrastructure. These infrastructures are a base for developing other types of infrastructure at the
destination.
The infrastructure at the destination is available for the tourists. This infrastructure is
responsible for the tourist inflow. The tourists are attracted to the destination to see, feel and
experience the infrastructure.
TajMahal, a historical monument in Agra is also an infrastructure. Thousands of national
and international tourists are attracted towards it every day. Many people are also attracted
towards Jahangir art gallery, Mumbai. It is also an infrastructure.
The infrastructure at the destination is the main reason why the tourists are attracted to the
place.
11.2.3 Event Infrastructure
Event infrastructure includes all the infrastructures that are used for various events. All the
venues or sites that are used for events, act as an event infrastructure.
The event infrastructures are usually follows:
• Wetlands, caves, extinct, volcanoes, beaches, rainforests.
• School halls, towns halls, shopping malls
• Theatres, art galleries
• Factory floors, empty factories, disused mines.
• Harbors, boats, ships, islands
• Roof tops, car parks, railway sheds
• Vineyards, farmyards
• Backyards, front yards, the entire house
• Churches, temples, ashrams
• Conference and convention centers, entertainment centers, sports centers.
11.2.4 Accommodations
The accommodation includes all the infrastructure that are used by the tourist to stay. The
basic types of accommodations are:
Bed and breakfast:
•
•
•
It is a private home in which guests can be accommodated for a night.
The owner of the house shares limited areas of the house with the guest.
Breakfast is included in the price.
Backpacker hostel:
•
•
•
•
It aims budget travelers.
Attracts youngsters.
Sharing basis bedrooms and bathrooms.
Light meals are available with addition to the room rate.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 129
Guest house:
•
•
•
•
A guest house is a private home which is used for guest accommodation
The public areas of the property are used by the guests
Guest houses offer a wide range of services.
It usually offers all meals.
Hotel:
•
•
•
•
It is the largest of all accommodation types
Common reception area
Wide range of services are available
Room service is available
11.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
I. Match the pairs:
1) Railways
2) Central railway
3) Airport
4) Kandla
5) Resort
- accommodation
- port
- transportation
- runway
- Mumbai
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) Northern railway has its headquarter in __________.
2) Goa has the major airport at __________.
3) Maharashtra has the sea port at_________.
4) Theatres and art galleries are __________ infrastructure.
11.4 Summary
The infrastructure plays an important role in tourism. It is the base of tourism industry.
Infrastructure includes all types of constructions. We have divided infrastructure into 4
categories:
• Transport
• Destination
• Event
• Accommodation
These infrastructures play a significant role at every level in tourism industry.
11.5 Glossary
•
•
•
Terminal- the end of a railway or bus line
Take off- rising into the air
Extinct- no longer existing
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 130
11.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
I. Match the pairs:
1) Transport
2) Mumbai
3) Runway
4) Port
5) Accommodation
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) Delhi
2) Panaji
3) Ratnagiri
4) event infrastructure
11.7 Questions for Practice
I. Answer in detail:
1) Infrastructure and its types
11.8 Additional Readings
1. Tourism Development in India
By Dr. A. Satish Babu
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 131
Unit 12 : Costing in Tourism
12.0 Objectives
After the reading this unit you will be able to –
• Understand the types of costs
• Learn the types of cost in economics
• Learn the types of cost in tourism
• Know the elements of costing in tourism
• Learn the cost calculation in tourism.
12.1 Introduction
Price is as much a tool of marketing as promotion. The price of a product or service should
be seen not only as the outcome of market forces. By managing the price in combination with
product quality and the promotional messages, sales can be activated in a new market or market
share can be increased at the expense of competitors.
In order to understand how to use price as a tool for marketing, pricing for tourism product
should take into account the complexity created by seasonality of demand and the inherent
perishability of the product. Central to the issue of the price is the connect of value you think you
will get out of it. The term ‘value’ is one that is rather loosely used. The sum of all the perceived
benefits minus the sum of all the perceive costs.
What is value?
• Value is low price,
• Value is whatever I want in the product,
• Value is the quality I get for the price I pay
• Value is what I get for what I give.
When customers evaluate competing service, they are basically comparing net values.
However, perceptions are often highly inaccurate because customers may be marking these
comparisons based on very imperfect information. Further perceptions of benefits and costs may
vary widely from one customer to another and even from one situation to another.
12.2 Content Details
12.2.1 Types of Costs
1. Fixed Cost
The fixed costs don’t vary the with changing output. They might include the cost of building
a factory, insurance and legal bills. Even if the output changes or service provides nothing, fixed
costs stay the same. For example, salaried employees.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 132
2. Variable Cost
Variable costs are costs which depend on the output produced. For example, if you produced
more cars, you have to use more raw materials such as metal. This is a variable cost.
3. Semi Variable Cost
Labour might be a semi variable cost. If you produce more cars, you need to employ more
workers; this is a variable cost. However, even if you didn’t produce any cars, you might still
need some workers to look after empty factory.
4. Total Cost
Fixed + Variable Cost
5. Marginal Cost
The marginal cost is the cost of producing an extra unit. If the total cost of 3 units is 1550,
and the total cost of 4 units is 1900. The marginal cost of the 4th unit is 350.
6. Opportunity Cost
The opportunity cost is the next best alternative foregone. If you invest 1 million in
developing a cure for pancreatic cancer, the opportunity cost is that you can’t use it to invest in
developing a cure for skin cancer.
7. Economic Cost
The economic costs include both the actual direct costs plus the opportunity cost. For
example, if you take time off work for a training scheme.
8. Accounting Cost
This is the monetary outlay for producing a certain good and service. Accounting costs will
include your variable and fixed costs you have to pay.
9. Avoidable Cost
The available costs are the costs that can be avoided. If you stop producing cars, you don’t
have to pay for extra raw materials and electricity. Sometimes it is known as an escapable cost.
10. Social Cost
This is the total cost to society. It will include the private costs plus also the external cost. It
is also referred to as ‘True-Costs’.
12.2.1.1 Costs in Economics
In economics we usually talk about two different types of costs, explicit cost and implicit
cost.
1. Explicit Cost
The explicit cost is also called ‘money cost’ or ‘accounting cost’. Explicitly, cost represents
all such expenditure which are incurred by an entrepreneur to pay for the hired services of factors
of production and in buying goods and services directly. In other words, we can say that they are
the expenses which the business managers must take into account because they must actually be
paid by the firm.
The explicit cost includes wages and salary payments, expenses on the purchase of raw
material, light, advertisements, transportation, taxes and depreciation charges.
2. Implicit Cost
The implicit cost is the resources and services. Implicit costs can be defined as expenses that
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 133
an entrepreneur does not have to pay out of his own pocket but are costs to the firm because they
represent an opportunity cost. For instance, if a person is working as a manager in his own firm of
has invested his own capital or has built the factory at his own land, the reward of all these factors
of production at least equal to their transfer prices is included in the expenses of a business.
Implicit cost, thus are the alternative costs of the self owned and self employed resources of a
firm. The total cost of a business enterprise is the sum total of explicit and implicit costs. If the
implicit costs are not included in the firm’s total cost, the cost of the firm will be understated and
it will result in a serious error.
3. Real Cost
Real costs are the pains and inconveniences experienced by labour to produce a commodity
or service. These costs are not taken in the costing of a commodity by the firm. The real cost has
been differently defined by different economists Classical economists understood by real costs
the pains and sacrifices of labour. Alfred Mashall calls the ‘real cost’ as social cost and describes
it ‘Real costs of efforts of various qualities and real costs of waiting’.
The Austrainschool of classical economists says that give a subjective value to cost is a
hopeless task as when real cost is expressed in terms of sacrifices or pains, it is not amenable to
precise measurement and thus it fails to explain the phenomenon of prices.
4. Opportunity Cost
The concept of opportunity cost is a core principle in economics. It is also called ‘an
alternative cost’. As we know that resources at the disposal of man are limited and they can be
put to more than one uses at any point of time. For example, a farmer wants to get maximum
return from the resources available to him. He with the given value of resources, can produce
sugarcane or cotton. He prefers to invest money for the production of sugarcane and sacrifices the
production of cotton which was the next best alternative use available to him. In other words,
when the farmer for the best use of resources produces sugarcane, he foregoes the return expected
from the production of cotton.
The value of the best alternative forgone when an alternative is chosen is called opportunity
cost. ‘Opportunity cost is the amount of other products that must be foregone or sacrificed to
obtain a unit of any given product’.
12.2.1.2 Costs in Tourism
There are several important costs that a potential tourist may incur in order to avail the
pleasure of tourism. The concept of net value assessment by a customer (tourist) depends upon
the costs he or she may have to bear. It is important to understand the costs associated with a
service like tourism.
1. Monetary Cost
The monetary cost involves the actual rupee value spent on getting benefit of tourism. This
is often referred to as price paid and expressed in Rupee term.
2. Time
Time is a valuable commodity for most people, one which always has a fixed upper limit for
each individual. In addition, spending time for tourism involves an opportunity cost. For example,
the cost of the value lost had the time spent in tourism been spent in alternative gainful activities.
3. Physical Effort
Quite a lot of people physical effort entailed in getting out of their established life patterns
to travel and be weary is a substantial cost.
4. Sensory Cost
Travelling in addition to the pleasure associated has discomforts during to noise and
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 134
pollution, excessive climate vagaries uncomfortable modes of travel, in transit delays, unpleasant
tastes, smells and sometime even unappealing environment. Some time past experience with
some of these sensory costs may actively act as an inhibitor of purchase or significantly lower the
not value of the package to the customer.
5. Psychic Cost
These are sometimes attached to the use of a service. These could be unfavourable
perceptions, insecurities about certain destinations or simply a fear of taking on the uncertain.
Consumer, in order to determine the net value they are getting out of tourism, trade off the
benefits against the costs associated with the package. The above description of costs in addition
to the monetary cost undermines the fact that even a reasonable price may be viewed too high if
the other cost associated with a given tourism product is high and renders the ‘net value’ and a
negative gain.
Gross profit for a travel agent is the difference between the price he pays for the travel
services plus his administrative costs and the price he charges the customer. For example, the
commissions he receives on the travel service sold by him. The costs in the case of a tour operator
would include what he has to pay to the airlines, hotels, surface and local transport and other
organizations providing the services that he included in the package. In addition, he has the costs
of having his own organisation say rents, water and electricity charges, telephones, salaries to the
staff and the marketing costs like the advertising distribution, information collection and
dissemination. These costs in accounting terminology are called ‘overhead costs’ as they need to
be incurred even if the tour operator is not able to sell anything’s. The costs borne by tourism
marketers can be understood better by classifying them into variable costs and fixed costs. The
cost or reservation made in a hotel by a tour operator and the cost of seats booked by him on an
airline is a variable costs as it varies directly with the level of services sold by the operator. On
the other hand the rent paid by him for the office building is a cost independent of the level of
services he is able to produce or sell at a given point of time and represents a fixed cost. The total
cost of a given service any organisation is a sum of fixed and variable costs attributable to the
service. The concept of break even point is a simple way of understanding how costs affect the
setting up of prices.
The break even point is that point in the sales of a product or service where the total revenue
received from sales exactly equals the total costs for that given service. For example a situation of
zero profit or loss. Calculation of break even point enables a marketer to understand how this
breakeven situation is affected by charging different price, what is the level at which he would
like to operate and how many services need to be sold at a certain price in order to recover costs
or make a desired level of profit. We have gone through the variety of costs a tourist might have
to bear and the way marketers try to understand the cost of producing and selling tourism service.
Always remember that costs from the lower limit below which most organisations would not
consider selling their products except to utilize spare capacity or unutilized operations.
12.2.2 Elements of Costing in Tourism
For a tour operator, it is important to analyse how much profit can be made over the cost
and the elements of costing which are effecting costs in tourism.
1. Duration of the Tour : The number of days of tour
2. Number of Tour : Number of persons travelling together.
3. Accommodation : Category of Hotels required.
4. Types of Rooms : Tariff of the hotel.
5. Types of Service : All meals or part of meals.
6. Excursion and sightseeing required.
7. Time of Operations : Peak season or off season rate.
8. Transport Type : Air conditioned or Non Air conditioned vehicle, charter, types of
transportation mode, mode of transportation.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 135
9. Sightseeing if any entry fees required.
10. Guides and Allowances : Guides and their allowances and expenses.
12.2.3 Numerical (Cost Calculation Per Unit) Mark-up Cost
The Variable Cost changes with the level of production or services in tourism. It is directly
associated with the out-put such as transport type excursions and sightseeing guide services, type
of rooms, etc.
In this calculation of mark-up pricing variable cost is Rs. 4,500/- per tourist.
The Fixed Cost must be paid regardless of production services output. i.e. salaried
employees, building, rout, cell phone, printing, brouchers, information booklets, etc.
In this example of calculation of mark-up pricing fixed costs is Rs.60,000/- (which is the
sum of total expenses) and the expected customers are 50 (Pax)
Variable cost
= 4,500/- per tourist.
Fixed cost
= 60,000/Customers expected = 50
This unit costs would be given by
Unit cost = variable cost +
= 4500 +
Fixed cost
number of tourist
଺଴,଴଴଴
ହ଴
Unit cost = 5,700/-
ଵ଴
ଶ
The tour operator wants to earn 10% mark-up = ଵ଴଴ + ହ଻଴଴ = 570
Unit cost 5700 + desired return 570/Mark up price = 6,2750/-
12.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
Match the following:
(1) A toll for marketing
(2) What I get for what I give
(3) Fixed Cost
(4) Total Cost
(5) Monetary Cost
(a) is value
(b) doesn’t vary
(c) pricing
(d) Rupee value
(e) Fixed + variable costs
Fill in the blanks with appropriate items from the brackets.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Cost which depends on the output produced is _______
(fixed cost, total cost, variable, marginal cost)
Implicit cost is the ____ cost of the self owned and self employed resources of a firm.
(natural, objective, alternative, subjective)
Social cost is referred to as _____ cost.
(True, false, natural, negative)
_____ cost is the amount of other products that must be foregone or sacrificed to unit
of any given product.
(Monetary, Opportunity, Economic, Accounting)
___ costs are the pains and inconveniences experienced by labour to produce a
commodity or service.
(Real, Explicit, Implicit, Social)
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 136
12.4 Summary
Gross profit for a travel agent is the difference between the prices he pays for the travel
services plus his administrative costs and the price he charges the custom i.e. the commissions he
receives on the travel services sold by him. The cost in the case of tour operator would include
what has to pay to the airlines, hotels, surface and local transport and the other organisations
providing the services that he included in the package. In addition, he has the costs of having his
own organisation say rent, water and electricity charges, telephones, salaries to the staff and the
marketing costs like the advertising distribution, information collection, dissemination etc. These
costs in accounting terminology are called overhead cost as they need to be incurred even if the
tour operator is not able to sell anything. In this section you have gone through the variety of
costs a tourist might have to bear and the way marketers try to understand the cost of producing
and selling tourism services. Always remember that costs form the lower limit below which most
organisations would not consider selling their products except to utilize spare capacity or
unutilized.
12.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Perish : to die, to be destroyed.
Margin : extra amount of edge.
Implicit : though not expressed in words.
Dissemination : spreading information or ideas.
Inherent : existing permanently.
Evaluate : to find the value of
Implicitly : unquestioning
Foregone : given up.
12.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
Mach the Pair
(1) - (c)
(2) - (a)
(3) - (b)
(4) - (e)
(5) - (d)
Filling the blacks
(1) variable
(2) alternative
(3) true
(4) Opportunity
(5) Real
12.7 Questions for Practice
(1) Real cost in tourism.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 137
(2) Psychic cost in tourism.
(3) Elements of Costing in Tourism
12.8 Additional Reading
From Books :
Costing in Tourism – Madhu Vij
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 138
Unit 13: Transport and Tourism Marketing
13.0 Objectives
This subject deals with various marketing objectives such as consumer needs, product
development, positioning products etc.
After studying this unit, you will be able to:
• Increase your knowledge of theory of marketing
• Improve your marketing skills
• Enhance your understanding of the functions of marketing
• Increase the ability to solve marketing related problems.
13.1 Introduction
Marketing is a process in which the value of a product or service is being communicated to
the customers. This is done with the purpose of selling the product or service. Marketing satisfies
the needs, wants and desires through exchange processes and building long-term relations. It is a
social process, which focuses on potential customers in order to achieve personal as well as the
organizational goals.
13.2 Content Details
13.2.1 Marketing Concept
Marketing is a philosophy. It is a social process in which a person or people get what they
need by creating and exchanging products and value (money) with each other.
Marketing is a process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and
distribution of ideas, goals, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and
organizational goals.
The planning and execution of the ideas, goals or services is done. The price is finalized; the
ideas, goals or services are promoted and then distributed accordingly. This is done in order to
meet the individual’s as well as the organization’s goals.
• Marketing focuses on the satisfaction of customer needs and wants.
• It identifies and anticipates the future needs of the customers.
• Marketing mainly focuses on the wellbeing of the society and also earning project
to the organization.
Marketing helps the organization to establish effective communication with the potential
customers, to show their needs, wants, desires, likes and dislikes. It is a human activity, directed
at satisfying the customers.
Marketing has 4 management philosophies.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 139
Production
Sales
Market
Societal
Diagram 13.1 Philosophy of Marketing Management
Production
This philosophy focuses on the efficiency of the operations of the organization through
marketing. Here, marketing is done mainly to increase and maintain the operation of the
organization.
Sales
The organizations main focus is on using aggressive sales techniques and believe that higher
sales result in higher profit. In this philosophy, the organization concentrates on increasing the
sales of the products/services.
Market
In this philosophy, organization’s main focus is on satisfying customer needs and wants
while meeting and achieving the organizational goals.
Societal
In societal marketing philosophy, the organization focuses on the customer needs and wants,
while enhancing individual and social wellbeing.
In marketing, an organization focuses on
• Creating customer value
• Building long-term relationships
• Maintaining customer satisfaction
For maintaining these focuses and goals, an organization has to:
• Offer products that perform
• Give the customers, more than they expect
• Avoid unrealistic pricing
• Offer after sales support
• Offer organization’s wide commitment
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 140
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meet and exceed customer’s expectation
Focus on delighting customers
Provide solutions to customer’s problems
Customer oriented employers
Effective training programs for the employees
Efficient teamwork of the employees
4 P’s of marketing
While preparing a marketing plan, we deal with 4 basic variables. The variables are said to
be the 4 P’s of marketing.
1) product, 2) place, 3) promotion, 4) price
Our marketing plans are based on these variables.
1) Product
In travel and tourism, product means attraction, friendliness of the service providers or
tourist resources of the country.
In an airline, the product is not limited to the seats of a plane, but also the courtesy,
attention, punctuality, quality of food and the services provided into the flight.
• A product is any goods or services that satisfy the customer’s needs and wants.
• Tangible products are referred to as goods
• Intangible products are referred to as services.
2) Place
•
•
•
These are the most effective distribution channels, where the products can be sold.
Place refers to the physical distribution channel through which product flows from the
procedure to the consumer and often involves a wholesaler and retailer in between.
A chocolate factory is a producer. The produce sends these chocolates to the wholesaler,
who sends it to the retailer or the shopkeeper. We, the consumers or the end users, buy
these chocolates from the retailer. This is a physical distribution channel.
PRODUCER
WHOLESALERE
RETAILER
CONSUMER
Diagram 13.2
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 141
3) Promotion
•
•
•
Promotion is a process by which the companies inform the markets about the
product.
Promotion is done in order to persuade the customers to purchase the product.
Promotion is done through personal selling, advertising and good public relations.
4) Price
•
•
•
•
It indicates the optimal rate at which a product can be sold.
It can also be defined or described as an amount of money a person is ready to
spend in order to obtain the product.
In designing the price and structures of the production of goods and services, one
has to choose from a variety of pricing strategy, depending upon the goods and
objects.
The strategies taken into account are:
Economic conditions
Government rules
Cost competitions
13.2.2 Market Segmentation
A market is a place where the potential customers are available of travel and tourism
services or a destination.
It may be geographical area of a country, region or a city from which a service or
destination draws a customer. In order to reach the entire market, segmentation of the market is
done.
Market segmentation is the process of identifying buyers with different buying desires or
requirements. For market segmentation, the organization has to select the target market.
Suppose your organization has to do marketing of chocolates, you have to select your target
customers, whom you want to sell your product. In this case, chocolates are loved by children and
youngsters. Here, your target markets are the children and youngsters.
This is similarly applicable to the marketing of travel and tourism services or destinations.
Market segmentation is the identification of the group of customers, who can be attracted
and pleased by our product. These segments are identified by doing market research. There can
be various ways for segmenting the industry, Segmentation of the market can be classified as:
• Youth market
• Senior citizens
• Family market
• Special interest market
In the youth market, the product is marketed among the youngsters.
You are marketing a adventure tourist destination, in which your target are the youngsters.
Here your segment is the youth market and you market your product in this segment.
The senior citizens market is the segment of market in which your focus is on the old
people.
You are doing marketing of the Chardhamyatra. This is to be done by you mong the senior
citizens, as they prefer going for pilgrimage to Chardham.
In the family market, the segment includes families.
You are marketing amusement parks like Essel world etc. Here, the marketing will be done
keeping focus on families, for which we market in the family segment.
The Special interest market segment includes people having some particular special
interest.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 142
You are marketing for river rafting. Here, your segment will be special interest market
including people with special interest in rafting.
Advantages of market segmentation
• Better place to spot and compare the marketing opportunities.
• Makes fine adjustments of the products and marketing.
• Can develop various marketing programs.
The market segmentation is divided on the basis of several factors:
1) Geographic segmentation
•
Dividing the market into different geographical units such as regions, states, countries,
cities, zones etc.
• Differences in geographical areas lead to the differences in the needs and wants of the
people/ customers of that area.
• The marketers need to do the advertising, promotion of the product to fit the needs of
individual regions and cities.
Coca cola developed 4 ready to drink canned coffees for the Japanese markets, each targeted
to a specific geographic region in Japan itself.
2) Demographic segmentation
•
•
•
•
Dividing the market into groups based on population variables such as: age, gender,
family, size, income, occupation, education, religion etc.
Age segmentation: P & G offers soft toothbrushes with cartoon characters on it for kids.
Gender segmentation: Koutons offers apparel with the brand called ‘les fremme’
especially for women.
Income segmentation: Travel companies and airlines offer varied packages according to
the needs and affordability as per the income of the customer.
3) Psychographic segmentation
•
•
Dividing the buyers into different groups based on the psych graphical variables such as
personality, motive, social classes, lifestyle etc.
Le meridian the five star hotel offers customized suits/ rooms for its customers on the
basis of their typical lifestyle.
4) Behavioral segmentation
•
•
•
Divides the market into groups according to occasions, knowledge, use, attitude etc. of
the customer.
People buy specific and particular products during Diwali.
Meat is purchased during some functions as per the tradition.
13.2.3 Marketing Implication
Marketing, in travel and tourism is to be understood as a systematic and coordinated
excursion of business. For marketing a product effectively, one has to understand and identify the
needs of the customer. To meet and satisfy these needs and to achieve appropriate returns. The
following is done on for this :
• Marketing research
• Product formulation and development
• Product distribution
• Advertising
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 143
•
•
Sales promotion
Public relation
Marketing research:
One of the basic considerations for the successful marketing is the need for research. It
relates providing answers to various questions related to marketing action that is to be taken by
us.
Marketing research is a systematic collection of information that relates the demand and
supply of the product. This information may be used by us for formulating policies and
objectives. The process of marketing starts by finding answers to the questions. We must first
know the answers to the following questions about the product:
1. Who are the potential customers and where will we find them?
2. Who are the persons who will engage in tourism and in which areas/ zones do they live?
3. What are their likes and dislikes?
4. What are their travel interests?
5. What do they like to buy and where do they like to stay?
6. What mode of transport do the use?
7. What are the recent trends and competition?
8. What type of marketing program should we do?
The answers to all these questions are needed for the entire marketing process. We have to
be totally aware of the trends in the travel or vacation habits for a successful marketing. The
results of the research, work as guidelines for launching a start to successful tourism marketing
program.
Product formulation and development:
Based on the marketing research and the information about the market, we can formulate the
tourist products. This process of product formulation refers to the five rights:
1. Right product
2. Right time
3. Right place
4. Right price
5. Right quantities
A product is much more than a combination of raw materials. It is a bundle of satisfactions
and benefits for the customers. When a product is being designed, it should be seen from the
customer’s point of view. The right service or right product has to be created. The customer’s
needs, wants, desires and interests are constantly changing. This product has to be created and
made available to the public at the right time and right place. It should also be made available at
the right price and right quantities.
Product distribution:
To make the tourist products easily accessible to the customers we have to decide what
distribution channels should be used to sell the products.
This has to be done carefully by:
1. Analyzing the product,
2. Determining the extent of market,
3. Cost of using / profit of using the distribution channel,
4. The co-operation we expect from the channel that we use and
5. The number of sales outlets to be used.
If we want high-sales, we will have to use a large number of travel agents, and retailers to
sell the product.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 144
Suppose you are a tour operator and you have to market your packages, the distribution
channel would be:
Tour Operator
Wholesale Travel Agent
Retail Travel Agent
Tourist / Customer
Diagram 13.3
Advertising:
Advertising is a paid public message. In tourism industry, advertising is done or is designed
to describe an area, property, culture etc. it can be in newspapers, magazines or on radios, T.V.’s,
hoardings, posters etc. Advertising is a very common form of promotion to reach the potential
customers.
Advertising cannot be done instantly. If our budget is large, we can consult the advertising
agency for doing research for us and to advice regarding the selection of media to reach the right
people or customers. Advertising agencies have creative writers who can write interesting texts
about our product for the advertisements. The agency also has designer artists to prepare the
design of our advertisement. A good advertising agency can create memorable advertisements for
the clients. Advertising has to highlight the quality of the product or service that is to be
marketed.
Sales promotion:
Sales promotion includes advertising, productions of brochures, public relations etc. It is
one of the 4 P’s of marketing. It is only a part of marketing process. The basic function of
promotion is to communicate to the customer through media advertising, brochures, posters and
leaflets. These are all designed to inform, persuade and motivate people to create interest towards
buying our product.
These messages have to be repeated to change the attitude to get a positive response from
the customers. This process should pass through the following phases :
1. It should Create an awareness that the product exists and is easily available, useful
and reliable.
2. It should given an .Idea of what the product or service can do for the
customer.
3. It should be able to convince that the product or service will give him value
to his money.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 145
Promotion includes marketing committee to convey information about the business to all the
participants in the distribution chain as well as to the customers. This also includes all the aspects
of media, sales promotion and public relation.
Public Relation:
While advertising is a public paid message, public relation seeks to communicate with the
potential buyers through publicity, several free of charge. All the important travel happenings are
new to the customers as well as to the travel trade which are communicated through press notes.
Services are added in the news item in the public interest. The travel trade press notes make the
customers approach the product.
13.2.4 Product Life-Cycle
Each product has a life- cycle. It shows all the phases that a new product goes from its
introduction to its decline. The phases are :
• Introduction
• Growth
• Stagnation
• Decline
However, the life of the product can be extended in the following two ways:
• By finding new or alterative markets for the production
• By redeveloping the product to meet the changing taste and fashion.
The product life-cycle is explained in the following diagram.
STAGNATION
DECLINE
REJUVENATION
( NEW PRODUCT )
GROWTH
FALL
INTRODUCTION
Diagram 13.4 Product Life Cycle
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 146
13.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
I. Match the pairs:
1) Societal marketing
2)personality
3) promotion
4) tourist
5) advertising
- ‘P’ of marketing
- end user
- paid public message
- social wellbeing
- psychographic
II. Fill in the blanks:
1.
2.
3.
4.
marketing is a _________ process.
sales management philosophy focuses on ___________.
_________,________,__________,__________ are the 4 P’s of marketing.
_________ products are referred as goods and _________ products are referred as
services.
5. _________ is the process of identifying buyers.
13.4 Summary
Marketing is a philosophy and a social process, which focuses on selling our products or
services to the customer, in order to achieve our individual and organizational goals. Marketing
focuses on the well- being of the society while earning project.
Marketing has 4 management philosophies
• Production
• Sales
• Market
• Societal
Marketing deals with 4 basic variables that are the 4 P’s
• Product
• Price
• Place
• Promotion
In marketing, the potential buyers are identified by the process of market segmentation. And
then the product reaches the tourist/ end user after doing marketing implication.
13.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anticipate- look forward to
Desire- wish for
Enhance- heighten
Exceed- go beyond the limit
Punctual- exact to time
Motive- reason, intention
Conviction- being convinced
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 147
13.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
I. Match the pairs:
1) Societal marketing
2) Personality
3) Promotion
4) Tourist
5) Advertising
- social well being
- psychographic
- ‘P’ of marketing
- end user
- paid public message
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) social
2) aggressive sales techniques
3) product, price, place, promotion
4) tangible, intangible
5) market segmentation
13.7 Questions for Practice
I. Write shorts notes on:
1) marketing concept
2) management philosophies
3) product life-cycle
II. Answer in detail:
1) market segmentation
2) market implication.
13.8 Additional Readings
1. Tourism marketing
By Manjula Chaudhary
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 148
Unit 14 : Management of Events, Fairs and
Festivals
14.0 Objectives
After reading this unit, you will be able to:
• Understand and describe about what are events.
• Know and write about the details of various events.
14.1 Introduction
Events are occurrences, where people come together for discussions, celebrations,
enjoyment, promotion, causes etc. nowadays, the management of events is done on a large scale
effectively. These events are a great source of income to the locals, participants as well as the
government. Events are either done by private groups, organizations or by government. In this
unit, we will study the various events.
The fairs and festivals play an important role in attracting a large number of national as well
as international tourists. This leads to the economic development of the destination. It helps in
increasing national and international integrity, peace and brotherhood among all the states,
regions and nations.
14.2 Content Details
14.2.1 Types of Events
Events are occurrences in which people come together with different or sometime common
motives. Events are broadly classified as:
• Minor
• Major
• Mega
Minor events are at regional levels. These are take place at the our city or stateleavel.
A fair or ‘mela’ held in our town or city is a minor event.
Major events are larger than the minor events. These take place on national levels.
The handicrafts, cloth exhibitions aremajor events. These events take place at various
places in the country.
Mega events are larger than the other types. Major events are held the international levels.
The commonwealth games are the example of mega events. The Olympics, Kumbhamela
are also mega events.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 149
EVENTS
Mega
Minor
Major
•
•
•
•
Local Exhibition
Regional Festivals
Annual Day
Function
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Common
Wealth Game
Olympics
Kumbh Mela
World Cups
Outbound
Travel Mart
National
Handicraft
Exhibition
Independence
Day
Republic Day
Diagram 14.1 Classification
Events play a vital role in creating an image or an identity of the destination. They also
generate employment opportunities to the public. They help in creating awareness in the society.
Events act as a major income source for the local community, the participants of the events and
the government involved in it.
While planning an event, various points have to be considered for making that event
effective and successful:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What is the purpose of the event.
The place or venue of the event.
Who are going to participate in and visit the event.
Accessibility to the event venue.
What are the safety measures.
Availability of the entry passes/ tickets.
How much capital (money) is available.
Can the place accommodate sufficient number of people.
What services can be provided.
Direction and signboards at the venue.
The parking facilities.
Washrooms
Refreshment facilities.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 150
•
•
•
Sound and music system. It should be audible.
Emergency services.
Availability of manpower.
14.2.2 Fairs and Festivals
The regional tourism organizations, state tourism and the ministry of Tourism organize
some dances and music festivals as well as various fairs and festivals in India. These events are
organized for the promotion of the destination, generating employment opportunities and create
an identity of the products as well as the destination.
The following are the fairs and festivals organized by tourism organizations and the ministry
of tourism:
1. Doverlane music festival
Held in Kolkata, during the months of December- January
Image 14.2 Dover Lane Music Festival
2. Mammallapuram festival
Held in Tamilnadu during the months of January- February
Image 14.3 Mammallapuram Dance Festival
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 151
3. Tajmahotsav
Held in Agra in the month of February
Image 14.4 Taj Mahostsav
4. Modhera dance festival
Held in Gujarat in the month of January
5. Chennai dance and music festival
Held in Chennai in the month of January
Image 14.5 Chennai Dance And Music Festival
6. Natyanjaliutsav
Held in Chidambaram (Tamilnadu) during the months of February- March
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 152
7. Khajuraho dance festival
Held in Khajuraho in the month of March
Image 14.6 Khajuraho Dance Festival
8. Hampiutsav
Held in Hampi (Karnataka) in the month of October
9. Surya nrityautsav
Held in Trivendram in the month of October
10. Nishagandhi dance festival
Held inTtrivendrum during the months of October- November
11. Konark dance festival
Held in Konark during the month of November
12. Tansenutsav
Held in Gwalior in the month of December
13. Ellorautsav
Held in Maharashtra in the month of March
14. Bhawai dance festival
Held in Ahmedabad in the month of October
15. Gulabichait
Held in Varanasi during the months of march- April
16. Camel fair
Held in Bikaner in the month of January
17. Desert festival
Held in Jaisalmer in the month of February
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 153
Image 14.7 Desert Festival Jaisalmer
18. Nagpur fair
Held in Nagpur during the months of January- February
Image 14.8 Nagaur Fair
19. Elephant fair
Held in Jaipur in the month of March
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 154
Image 14.9 Elephant Festival Jaipur
20. Summer festival
Held in mount abu in the month of May
21. Pushkar fair
Held in Pushkar in the month of October
Image 14.10 Pushkar Fair
22. Tea festival
Held in Assam in the month of November
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 155
23. Teesta tea festival
Held in Darjeeling
24. International flower festival
Held in Sikkim during the months of March- May
Image 14.11 International Flower Festival
25. International mango festival
Held in Saharanpur during the months March- May
26. International spice festival
Held in Kochi during the months of February- March
27. International kite festival
Held in Ahmedabad on 14th January every year
28. Goa festival
Held in Goa in the month of February
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 156
14.2.3 Major Events
1) Pushkar fair
It is held at Pushkar in Rajasthan. It is a camel fair, held each November at time of
Kartikpurnima. The Pushkar fair is one of India’s highly- rated travel experiences. This fair
attracts more than 11,000 camels, horses and cattle and it is visited by over 400,000 people over a
period of 14 days. It is a lifetime experience to witness the colorful, traditional melas, which
brings livestock, farmers, traders and villagers from all over Rajasthan.
2) International Flower Show, Sikkim
Sikkim is a home to around 5000 species of flowering plants, 515 rare orchids, 11 oak
varieties, 23 bamboo varieties and over 424 medicinal plants. It is a mega event where
participants from different states as well as international participants are expected in large
numbers. This event is organized by the government of Sikkim.
3) Purirathyatra, Orissa/ Odisha
Rathyatra is the most awaited festival. It is also known as chariot festival. The three chariots
of Lord Jagannath, balabhadra and Subhadra are pulled by strings. This festival is celebrated in
the month of June is July every year. It is a significant event and is witnessed by numerous
tourists.
14.3 Check Your Progress Questions
I. Match the pairs:
1) Tajmahotsav
- Jaisalmer
2) Doverlane music festival- Assam
3) Desert festival
- Ahmedabad
4) Tea festival
- Agra
5) Kite festival
- Kolkata
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) Events are_________.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 157
2) Events are classified as __________,_________ and_________.
3) Pushkar fair is held at the time of _________.
4) International flower festival is organized by _________.
5) Fairs and festivals help in maintaining __________ and__________.
14.4 Summary
Events are occurrences, where people come together for various reasons. The fairs and
festivals are such events. These are conducted/ organized with the focus on economic
development of the destination. Events are classified into three categories:
• Minor- at regional level
• Major- at national level
• Mega – at international level
Various fair and festivals are organized at many places all around the nation as well as
world.
14.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
Occurrences- happenings
Causes- reasons
Audible- loud enough to be heard
Cattle- herd
14.6 Answers To ‘Check Your Progress’
I. Match the pairs:
1) Agra
2) Kolkata
3) Jaisalmer
4) Assam
5) Ahmedabad
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) occurrences
2) minor, major, mega
3) Kartikpurnima
4) government of Sikkim
5) national integrity and peace
14.7 Questions for Practice
Write short notes on:
1. Events
2. Pushkar fair
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 158
3. Considerations while planning an event
14.8 Additional Readings
1. Event Management
By Sita Ram Singh
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 159
Unit 15 : Tour Guiding and Escorting
15.0 Objectives
After studying this unit, you Will:
• Understand the role of the tour guide
• Learn the types of tour guides
• Know and understand the guidelines and do’s and don’ts for a tour guide
15.1 Introduction
In tourism, people go to distant places, away from their place of residence or work. They go
to the places which are usually new for them. A guide acts as a advisor for the tourists. The tour
guides and escorts are the identity of the destination or country for the tourists. In this unit , we
will study about the types of guides and the guidelines for a good tour guide.
15.2 Content Details
15.2.1 Guides and Escorts
Guides and escorts are the persons who lead and guide the tour. These are the trained
professionals who take care of the tour group. The guides and the escorts are said to be a living
encyclopedia. These are the only individuals who spend maximum time with the tourists. They
are very familiar to the people and places of the world.
GUIDES AND ESCORT
Archeological
Guide
Religious Guide
Foreign Language
Cultural Guide
Diagram 15.1 Guides and Escort
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 160
Archaeological guide
Archaeological guide has all the detailed information of particular archaeological sites. He
can give us information related to the destination. For example, the guides at Ajanta and Ellora
caves in Aurangabad, are capable of giving you all the details regarding the monument. These
guides are knowledgeable and trained for the purpose
Foreign language guides.
They guides are trained toserve the tourists effectively and efficiently serving the tourists.
They are individuals who have learned at least one foreign language. These guides usually are
helpful for foreign tourists. If a Japanese tourist goes at a tourist destination, the Japanese
language guide will help them.
Cultural guide
Cultural guides are trained and knowledgeable. they guides help and guide the tourists at a
destination. If a tourist goes to Rajasthan, a cultural guide helps and guides them, and gives
information about the Rajasthan culture.
Religious guide
Religious guides are knowledgeable. These guides help and inform the tourists about the
information of the religious destinations. If a tourist goes to Kasha, the guide informs and guides
the tourists regarding the temples and their history and importance.
15.2.2 Characteristics of Aguide Andan Escoat
1. A guide and escort must be knowledgeable.
2. He must be informative.
3. He has to be punctual.
4. He should have a positive attitude.
5. He should be helpful.
6. He should be caring.
7. He should be thoughtful.
8. He should have a good presence of mind.
9. He should have a clear voice.
10. He should have excellent communication skills.
11. He should have basic knowledge about the first aid.
12. He should be kind and polite.
13. He should be active and smart.
14. He should always be presentable and well- dressed.
15.2.3 Duties and Responsibilities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Punctuality : He must always be in time
Sound knowledge : He must have adequate knowledge about the destination.
Tourist care : He must take care of the tourists.
Safe and secure visit : He must take care of the safe and secure visit of the tourists at the
destination.
Handling questions : He must be able to satisfactorily answer the questions asked by the
tourists.
Handling emergencies : He must be able to tackle with all the emergencies .
Arrangement of ancillary services : He must be capable of arranging the ancillary
services.
Advisor : He must make right advice to the tourists.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 161
Personal Grooming Checkout
1. Clean skin
2. Clean hair
3. Clean hands
4. Clean teeth and fresh breath
brea
5. Clean and polished shoes
6. Tidy hair
7. Fresh clothes
8. Ironed, neat clothes
9. Clean shaved
10. Avoid jewelry
15.2.4 Guidelines for
or Tour Guides
•
•
•
•
While guiding, the group must be positioned properly.
Select the location to stop, that is large enough to accommodate the group.
Wait till the entire group assembles, before beginning to speak.
Do not block the view. Stand in a 45 degrees angle.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 162
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Make sure no one of the group is standing behind you.
Be careful of the information you are giving.
Select
ct a sheltered area.
Position the group such that they do not have to look into the sun.
Where there are tall structures, position the group at a distance. Tall structures are best
viewed from distance.
Point out the items in short.
Do not let the photographers
photogra
dominate the tour.
Speak loud enough so that the entire group can hear you.
Speak clearly for everyone to understand.
Stand well balanced on both the legs.
Use your hands to indicate the object.
Let the tourists first see the object and then talk about
abo it.
Be friendly and helpful.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 163
•
•
•
•
•
Do not assume that the tourists already have information.
The commentary should be planned and structured.
The information should be relevant.
The commentary should be accurate and simple.
You should be cheerful and caring.
15.2.5 Handling Emergencies
In case of emergencies and difficult situations:
• Stay calm and composed.
• Do not panic.
• Use your common sense.
• Take immediate action that you can.
• Ask for help without hesitation.
• Inform authorities.
• Inform your office.
In case of emergencies like hospitalization:
• Inform your main office as soon as possible.
• Make arrangements for the best treatment available.
• Get information whether the person in insured.
In case of emergencies such as death:
• Take the tourist to the nearest hospital.
• If possible, call the doctor to the site.
• Inform the main office.
• Look after tourists in the group.
In case of emergencies such as vehicle breakdown:
• Ask the driver to analyze the problem.
• Call mechanic if needed.
• Look after the comfort of the tourists.
• Keep the group informed.
• Arrange for the substitute.
While handling complains:
• Lend an ear to the tourist’s complains.
• Identify the important points.
• Sympathize
• Thank the tourist.
• Explain what can be done.
• Act quickly.
Complaints are caused when a staff member:
• Fails to do the work properly.
• Misunderstand the guest.
• Forgets to do something.
• Forgets to pass on the message.
Complaints are caused where the guest:
• Has been kept waiting.
• Expects something that is not provided.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 164
•
•
Feels that he is not getting value for his money.
Is supplied with broken or damaged things.
15.2.6 Do’s And Don’ts
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Keep cool and calm
Be polite
Be punctual
Greet the tourists
Be ready to help
Do not panic
Do not get irritated
Answer the tourists politely
Do not give information that you are not sure about.
Do not use abusive language.
Do not insult the tourists or the locals.
Do not dominate by giving orders.
Request them to follow the instructions
Do not yawn
Be presentable.
Be clean shaved
Keep your breath fresh
Stand at a comfortable distance from the tourists.
Make sure you do not spit while speaking.
Be attentive
Keep your eyes on the object about which you are giving information.
Do not make offence by speaking or commenting about caste, religion nationality, color
etc.
Do not pass negative remarks about the place.
Do not shout or scream.
Be entertaining.
15.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
I. Match the pairs:
1) Kedarnath
2) Tajmahal
3) Japanese
4) Rajasthan
5) emergencies
- cultural guide
- stay calm
- religious
- archaeological
- foreign language
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) guides are living __________.
2) ________ guide shall help us at pilgrim places.
3) guide should stand at ________ angle with the tourist product.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 165
15.4 Summary
The tour guides work as a living encyclopedia for the tourists. Guides are of 4 basic types:
• Archaeological
• Foreign language
• Cultural
• Religious
Every form of tourism has a particularly trained guide. The tour guide has many duties and
responsibilities. He must always be well-groomed. If the guidelines are followed, one can become
an effective and efficient tour guide.
15.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
Encyclopedia- detailed knowledge
Secure- free from danger
Ancillary- related to
Dominate- control
15.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
I. Match the pairs:
1) Religious
2) archaeological
3) foreign language
4) cultural guide
5) stay calm
II. Fill in the bank:
1) encyclopedia
2) religious guides
3) 45 degree angle
15.7 Questions for Practice
I. write short note:
1) Types of guides
2) Do’s and don’s for guides
3) Handling emergencies
II. Answer in detail:
1) Characteristics of a tour guide
3) Guidelines for tour guiding.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 166
15.8 Additional Readings
Principles and Ethics of Tour Guiding, By ZenaidaLAnsangan-Cruz.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 167
Unit 16 : Agro and Tribal Tourism
16.0 Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able to understand
•
What is host community?
•
The guest host relationship.
•
The different situations.
•
Do’s and don’ts in the guest host relationship.
•
The agro and tribal tourism.
•
Local environment in agro and tribal tourism.
•
National scenario.
•
Contribution to the society.
16.1 Introduction
Agriculture is the backbone of most developing economics, particularly India. Green
revolution and smaller plot holding as witnessed by the Asian countries has led to rapid forward
strides being made in the agriculture in the last few years. In spite of this India faces several
challenges arising from socio-economic, demographic and institutional sectors that affect its basic
survival. While western economies experienced a rapid and complete transition from agricultural
to becoming an advanced capitalist society, the process of Asian economies, barring a few. In
India, 85% of population is directly or indirectly dependent upon agriculture and a vast majority
is based in the rural belt. Tourism is a very significant contributor to the GDP of any country of
any country and is a crucial tool for employment generation, poverty alleviation and sustainable
human development. India basically being a rural economy, rural tourism and agro tourism hold
an important place in facilitating development.
The Indian society is not as simple as it looks from the outside. India has a large number of
tribal people who still belong to a social set up of which very little is known. These tribes who
stay in different parts of the country are still to come out of their traditional way of life and join
the mainstream. Not with standing this apparent aloofness, these tribes are very much a part of
Indian society. Having a culture and tradition that is distinctly different from others the tribal still
occupy the yet to be discovered horizons.
India is the home to a large number of indigenous people, who are still untouched by the
lifestyle of the modern world. In the agro and tribal tourism the local people and host
communities playan important role. The guest host relationship. A number of issues are involved
in this. What kind of reception a tourist will get at a destination how do the hosts feel about his
visit? Will they be friendly? Does the tourist respects local customs and feelings etc. What should
also not be missed here is that this relationship has to be looked upon from both sides i.e. host as
well as guest.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 168
16.2 Content Details
16.2.1 Host Community
Tourism structures the life style of an individual to provide periods of work and recreation.
The linking of leisure and mobility leads to recreation in new contexts. Therefore, different types
of tourism gives rise to different forms of interaction between hosts and quests. Let us briefly
discuss this interaction in five types of tourism, described by Valene L. Smith in his introduction
on to the book ‘Hosts and Guests’.
1. Ethnic Tourism
Often called cultural tourism, but focusing not only on monuments and archaeology but on
quaint customs of exotic people like Eskimos, American, Indian, tribal communities, their rituals
and ceremonies, primitive art, home life and private and public spheres of activity, etc. these
‘tourist targets’ are often off the ‘beaten path’, discovered for visitors who belong to the elite
groups of their societies, and come at a high cost. Such tourism, although limited in numbers,
involves an intimate contact between host and guests. In the early stages, the impact is not noticed
and therefore considered minimal. Tourism can become the agent of change as the very features
that stimulated tourism can become less and less authentic as local people are influenced not only
by tourist money but also the tourist world view. The local people, tribal communities are the host
communities.
2. Cultural Tourism
Activities at the destination include meals in heritage inns and hotels, folk festivals and
fairs, handicrafts, camel and elephant rides, peasant cultures and medieval practices. Here the
host and guest impacts are heightened, because rural areas are highly accessible from resort area
and the numbers of such tourists is large.
Ethnic and cultural tourism are different in content. The differences between them so as to
make you aware that the tourist’s interests in both cases may be at variance with each other. In
ethnic (tourist) tourism the tourist is interested to have a direct contact with the local people. In
cultural tourism, tourist contact with people is indirect. The tourist’s main interest is not the direct
exposure to and involvement with the traditional cultural practices of the locals.
3. Guest Host Relationship
In a guest host relationship there can be certain situations that emerge at various stages or
lead to another situations. Some of the situations and behaviour of the host community should be
friendly. This direct interest of the tourists in the local people can have two opposing results. On
the one hand, it can revive the pride and interest of the local people in their own ethnic traditions
and culture.
It can also introduce to them certain innovations in their ethnic celebrations. To this extent it
is a positive thing but, on the other hand, if a balance is not maintained and an unchecked making
of the local culture and its products goes on it can lead to the destruction of that culture.
These could be in relation to economic benefits and social or cultural exchanges. The
composition of tourists tourism services and the nature of resort development are other major
considerations in this regard. The local do not get water to irrigate their fields but ample water is
provided at the tourist resort in such situation can lead to hostility of the locals.
4. Indian Tribes and Ethnic Tourism
India is the home to a large number of indigenous people who are still untouched by the life
style of the modern world. These tribal people also known as the ‘Adivasi’s are the poorest in the
country, who are still dependent on hunting, agriculture and fishing. Some of the major tribal
groups in India include Gonds, Santhals, Khasis, Angamis, Bhils, Bhutigs and Great
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 169
Anadamanese. All these tribal people have their own culture, tradition, language and lifestyle.
This enables the tourist to get an insight into many different cultures at the same time on the tribal
tour to India. There is a big list of tribes of India. In India, many regions especially Rajasthan are
of special interest for ethnic tourism. Rajasthan with its variety of colorful dresses, folk music and
dances, forts and diverse tribal cultures is of special importance. The rituals, music, dresses and
dances find their fullest expressions in the festivals and fairs in different parts of Rajasthan. For
example, pushkar is an old town in Rajasthan. Pushkar is situated in Ajmer District, about seven
miles north of Ajmer. It is the site of huge cattle fair with massive participation by locals. Pushkar
is an important Hindu pilgrimage center. Every year the Rajasthan Tourism Development
Corporation establishes a temporary tourist village, which is situated in a huge area and is
basically meant for the foreign tourists. From a room to a private cottage is available there on
differing rents. During the fair this village is full of tourists. A seven day horse safari is also
organized by the Rajasthan tourism development corporation.
5. Agro Tourism in India
Agro tourism is considered as the fastest growing sector in the tourism industry. The
concept has been successfully implemented in states like Maharashtra, Kerala, Rajasthan,
Jharkhand, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. It has become a new avenue for earning the income
for the rural farmers. There are many agro tourism centers in India, working without financial
assistance of the government schemes. In Kerala the government has played a key role in
boosting up the rural and agro tourism. Agro tourism means the practice of visiting an agro
business, horticultural or agricultural operation, including but not limited to a farm, orchards
wineries, greenhouse hunting preserve, a companion animal or livestock show, for the purpose of
recreation, education or active involvement in the operation other than as a contractor or
employee of the operation.
Uses Permitted by Right
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
General and specialized farming of agricultural products and agricultural activities,
including the raising or growing of crops, livestock, poultry, bees and other farm animals,
products and food stuffs. Any building or structure may be located thereon and used for the
day to day operation of such activities for the storage or preservation of the said crops or
animal products and collection distribution or processing and for the incidental sale of
crops, products and foodstuffs raised or grown on said parcel or in said building or structure.
Storage retail or wholesale marketing or processing of agricultural products into a value
added agricultural product is a permitted use in a farming operation if more than 50%
(percent) of the stored, processed or merchandised products are produced by the farm
operator for at least 3 of the immediately preceding 5 years.
Wineries selling product in a tasting room, derived from crops grown primarily on site for at
least 3 of the immediately preceding 5 years.
Direct marketing of produce in a farm market on farm market or roadside stand no greater
than 10 square feet.
Bakeries selling baked goods containing produce grown primarily on site of agro tourism
farm.
Play grounds or equipment typical of a school play ground, such as sides, swings, etc.
Petting farms, animal display and pony rides.
Wagon, sleigh and hayrides
Nature trails
Open air or covered picnic area with restrooms.
Educational classes, lectures, seminars.
Historical agricultural exhibits.
Kitchen facilities, processing cooking items.
Gift shops for the sale of agricultural products and agriculturally related products.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 170
Uses permitted by special use permit
(1) Bed and breakfast.
(2) Restaurant operations related to the agricultural use on the site.
(3) Non agriculturally related uses
a. Small-scale entertainments (e.g. music concert, car show, art fair)
b. Family oriented animated fun houses, haunted houses or similar) and small
mechanical rides.
c. Organized meeting space for use of weddings, birthday parties and corporate
picnics.
The type and number of uses listed in a particular community’s use by right and use by
special use permit section will vary depending on the size of the community, the type of
agriculture present in the community and the degree to which the community wishes to encourage
agricultural tourism.
Location for the Agro-tourism centre
The location is the most important factor for success in the agro tourism centre. The location
of the center must be easy to arrive and have a good natural background. Urban tourists are
interested in enjoying the nature and rural life. So farmer’s should develop their centre in the rural
areas.
16.2.1.1 Employment Generation
Tourism as we discussed earlier is an activity that is serviced by an increasing number of
personnel through various types of services. Direct employment also stimulates the need for a
number of services that are subsidiary in nature. This, in turn, provides indirect employment and
also has an impact on the local economy. Subsidiary services develop naturally in the process of
urbanization. It is a curious feature of tourism that as it opens up remote places which are
attractive because they are under developed. It creates the demand for services which are
generally not required by local residents; for example, an air conditioned taxi.
Agro- Tourism is an innovative agricultural activity related to tourism and agriculture both.
It has a great capacity to create additional source of income and employment opportunities to the
farmers. Eco- tourism provides by the tour companies but in the agro-tourism farmers offer tours
to their agriculture farm and providing entertainment, education and fun -filed experiences for the
urban people. Agro-tourism is a way of sustainable tourist development and multi-activity in rural
areas through which the visitors have the opportunity to get aware of agriculture areas,
agricultural occupation , local products, traditional food and the daily life of the rural people, as
well as the cultural elements and traditions, When a native farmer or person of the area offers
tourists to their agriculture farm to allow a person or tourist to view them growing, harvesting and
processing locally grown foods, such as coconuts, pineapple, sugar cane, corn or any agriculture
produce the person would not encounter in their city or home country. Often the farmers would
provide a home stay opportunity and education is the agro tourism.
The anthropological usage of the term ‘tribal’ in the context of India basically refers to all
those communities who are notified by the constitution, under article 342 as ‘scheduled tribes
(ST). The criteria adopted for consideration are characteristics like socio-economic
backwardness, geographic isolation, distractive culture, linguistic and religious traits and shyness
from outsiders. In India communities of some of the states were also granted special
constitutional protection under article 244(2) known popularly as the sixth schedule. Tourism
positive impacts on indigenous populations around the world in terms of economic growth and
development like job opportunities and business opportunities increased government expenditure
on tourism infrastructure that may also benefit residents.
Empowerment itself is a process not an enactment and can only achieved in states of
powerlessness, awareness connecting and learning, motivation and finally reaching a stage at
which the people are able to make a creative contribution.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 171
Hunar se Razgar
A special initiative was launched in 2009-10 for the creation of employable skill among
youth belonging to economically weaker sections of the society in the age group of 18-25 years
with the basic objective to reduce the skill gap affecting the hospitality and tourism sector and to
ensure the spread of economic benefit of tourism to the poor. The programme offers short
duration courses of 6 to 8 weeks which are fully funded by the Ministry of Tourism. Initially
covering two courses viz (i) Food and Beverage service and (ii) Food production, courses in a
housekeeping, utility, bakery and patisserie were added subsequently. With the growing
acceptability of the initiative more trades and training areas were added to bring up drivers, golf
caddies, stone mason, security guards and tourist facilitators, etc.
Tourism is a service industry giving one lots of opportunities to meet lots of people if enjoys
meeting people and making them happy.
(1) Eating Joints and Bar Restaurant
These range from restaurants and tea stalls to dhabas and fast food counters. Many small
entrepreneurs with title capital can go in for small business in this area. There one has to keep in
mind that if perfect hygiene conditions are maintained local cuisine is generally popular with
tourists. One should not just initiate western foods or joints but also give due importance to local
food and customs related to it.
(2) Transport Service
Tourist movements at the destination and nearby attractions give demand to local transport
needs. This demand first emerges from the very point where the tourist disembarks from the main
transport. i.e. Railway station, Airport or Bus stand. For example, some local unemployed youth
often with the help of a loan from nationalized banks run motor cycle taxi services. These
motorcycle taxis are treated as legal taxis and the idea seems to be catching on in a few other
pockets of the country. In some areas two wheelers are also given on hire to tourists i.e. Manali,
Shimla.
Images 16.2 Motorcycle on Rent
Image 16.3 Local personal Transport
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 172
(3) Entertainment and Recreation
Entertainment is an essential component in tourism. On an average foreign tourists in India
spend about 10 percent of their expenditure on entertainment. Mostly it is during the evening or
night that tourists look for or are provided entertainment through various means. This may
include dance, theatre movies, theme dinner, musical evening etc. At many destinations this has
provided employment to local artists and performers, for example, the Goa tourism Development
Corporation provides evening and night cruise on river Mandavi.
(4) Photography
One of the most popular services at destination is that of photographers. Tourists not only
like to have photographs in the surroundings but also in the costume and attire of the region they
visit. Besides catering to the needs of those who have their own cameras film rolls, camera
batteries, etc. are sold.
(5) Agro Tourism Centers
The individual farmer can start agro tourism who has minimum two hectors of land, a farm
house, water resource and is interested to entertaining the tourist. Apart from the individual
farmer, agricultural cooperative institutes, non government organizations, agricultural universities
and agricultural colleges may start their agro tourism centers. Even Grampanchayats can start
such centers in their operational areas with the help of villagers and farmers. Researchers have
identified the minimum requirements for th agro tourism center. To develop an agro tourism in
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 173
their farm, the farmer must have basic infrastructure and facilities on their farm as follows:
Bullock cart, cattle shade.
• Cooking equipments swimming tank or just farm water tank.
• Emergency medical cares with first aid box.
• Water and plants at the place.
Facilities available for tourists
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fresh fruits, corns groundnuts sugarcane and other agro products as per availability.
Must provide safety to tourists.
Folk dance programs and participation
Participation in the agricultural activities
Rural Indian regional cuisse, food preparation
Information about the local cultures art festival costumes
(6) Specific Service at Destination
•
•
•
•
•
Guides, pathfinders, etc.
Life guards are need at beaches.
Coolies and porters as per requirements.
Service related to water sports.
Renting out tents, sleeping bags, sport shoes rain coats, sticks, tracking and rock
climbing equipment, etc.
• Joy rides on ponies, horses, camels and elephants.
There would always be a fluctuation in the demand of services. The vagaries and the
uncertainties of the tourist season add to these fluctuations. The earning by the local population
also depends on the unpredictable external factors on which the local people have no control.
The subsidiary or informal services both build up a demand for providing further services to
back them up. For example, maintenance of larger and smaller hotel projects would also require
the services of a number of skilled and unskilled persons. Plumbers, electricians, waiters, cooks,
watchmen, washermen, laundrymen, etc. will be required.
16.2.1.2 Local Involvement
When we talk of local involvement, we talk of local people. We refer to all those who are
directly or indirectly employed in the service of the organization and who play an important role
actieving the objectives of tourism.
Local people play a very important role in tourism. This is because consumers associate
people providing the service as a part of the product itself. The local tourist guides at a historic
place, the waiters in a restaurant etc. are the local people who actually provide the service. They
perform the essential functions of
• Maintaining harmonious relationship, etc.
• Providing solutions when problems arise.
• Building and maintaining a favourable image, and
• Providing special help in case of need.
Today the focus of tourism is on exotic cultural figure as the key attractions. Tourists to see
folk costumes in daily use, shop for handicrafts in bazaars and meals, learn some useful words
from local people, look for typical features or relate to local colour. Many writers have
considered the tourist approach to ethnicity as kinder than that of conqueror, the anthropologist
the missionary or the colonizer because it is said to want to preserve to restore and recreate ethnic
attributes. Anthropologists need to collaborate and carry out participatory research with such
ventures primarily because of the fact that the hosts who are the most critical component of these
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 174
tourism initiatives at people who should be considered humanity’s own living heritage and
facilitate in the formulation of projects that addresses the uniqueness of their heritages. All the
studies which propagate tourism’s economic benefits, although sophisticated, do not address the
fact that there are complex interactions between tourism and other sectors of the economy. For
example, tourism in Ladakh has seriously affected the agriculturist, in Kerala it has affected the
rights of fishermen and in Goa it has replaced traditional occupations. In most modern tourism
projects there has always been a conflict of land use and environmental damage through hotel
construction, tourist pressure and waste disposal. However, these can be attributed to
mismanagement of tourism rather than tourism itself.
In fact cooption of land and natural resources such as water are common complaints of
residents about tourism development. Women in parts of India walk for miles for water because
the underground water is siphoned off by hotels. Over the past couple of decades various answers
have been offered. ‘Ecotourism’ and ‘Green’ tourism are two new labels often used in connection
with holidays which have some nature or conservation factor. On a general level, there is an
increasing demand for holidays that both protect the environment and benefit local people more.
The ethical consumer concept of fair-trade where local people receive a fair wage and the
environmental impact of a product is minimized may be one way offinding an answer. If wecan
have fair-trade for other product, can we have fair-trade tourism? Tourism concern sees this as a
major part of our work. The problem is of course, that tourism is not a single product, it is
combination of a whole range of services provided by a whole range of local people.
Fundamental changes have to happen in the way governments plan tourism and support, the way
tour operators operate tourism and the way local people are involved in and benefit form it.
16.2.2 Do’s and Don’ts
1. From the Host’s Point of View
(a) Welcome with all smiles.
(b) Be cool or aloof
(c) Extort money, cheat
(d) Be very friendly
2. Some Situations can lead to hostility of the locals or tourists. Let us analyze (i) The host guest relationship will depend on how great the benefit form tourism is to the
local people, where economic disparities exist between tourists and local people, local
resistance to tourism is based on hostility to certain touristic practices like bird buying
in Hyderabad, etc.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 175
(ii) Acts of terrorism and provocation against tourists, or a physical thereat to their
security.
(iii) The importance and extent to which the tourist wants to remain within his tourist
bubble.
(iv) The extent to which local youth can earn easy money.
(v) The tolerance level of local people to insensitive tourist behaviour in body,
language, dress and tone of voice.
16.2.3 National Scenario
1. Agro Tourism
‘Agro Tourism’ the concept has been successfully implemented in states like Maharashtra,
Kerala, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. It has become a new avenue for
earning the income for the rural farmers. In Maharashtra, rural areas have formed an organization
named Maharashtra State Agri and Rural Tourism (MART). There are about 150 agri tourism
centers in the state. Agriculture business is becoming more unsecured in Maharashtra due to the
irregular monsoon and unsecured product price. Many farmers cannot afford it and have a
problem of indebtedness. Due to the agricultural problems some farmers are committed to suicide
in various districts of the Maharashtra. Hence, there is need to start only allied agro business to
support their farming and create allied income source from the farm.
Maharashtra is blessed with rich and diversified cultural heritage. The state has several
communities belonging to different religions and a number of festivities colours the culture of
Maharashtra with the spirit of exuberance. Some of the popular festivals that are celebrated in
Maharashtra are Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, GudhiPadawa, Dashera, Nag Panchami, Gokul
Ashtami, NaraliPornima, Pola. There is an enough road and rail connectivity in urban rural areas
to travel in rural areas, to travel in rural Maharashtra. Maharashtra abounds in numerous tourist
attractions ranging from ancient cave temples, unspoiled beaches, ancient forts and monuments,
forests and wildlife, unique hill stations, pilgrimage and a rich tradition of festivals, art and
culture. About 25 more such locations have been identified in Maharashtra as rural agro tourist
destinations. Thus all the districts of Maharashtra have a tourism potential. Some of the following
notable factors are helpful to the agro tourism in Maharashtra.
• Tourist palaces already exist to support agro tourism.
• Good communication and transport facilities.
• Green house cultivation of long stem cut flowers, vegetables, fruits, etc.
• State has 13 lakh ha area under horticulture Maharashtra now is a major horticulture
state.
• Maharashtra is already established as one of the top tourist destinations in the world.
• There are an increasing number of tourists preferring non urban tourist spots.
Agriculture Tourism Development Corporation (ATDC)
ATDC of Maharashtra is the main promoter of this activity in Maharashtra. ATDC is
promots agriculture tourism for earning income, employment and economic stability in rural
areas. Help boosting a range of activities, services and amenities provided by farmers and rural
people to attract urban tourists to their area thus providing opportunity to urban people to get back
to the rural roots.
ATDC is now providing the following facilities to the farmers of Maharashtra.
• Prepare agro tourism project report and business plan of each applicant agriculture
farm.
• Facilitate the financial support from nationalized banks, institutes and government
agencies to build agro and rural tourism facilities and infrastructure like
accommodation, sanitation approach road etc.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 176
•
•
•
•
•
Conduct agro tourism business training program.
Conduct seminars and conferences on agro tourism business conduct lectures of the
successful national and international farmers in agro tourism business.
Provide sales and marketing supports conduct and coordinate fours from urban
areas to the farms.
Arrange national as well as international agri tourism center study tours.
ATDC has entertained national as well as international visitors.
2. Tribal Tourism
National Scenario
Indian Tribes
Sr. No.
1.
Name of Tribe
Santhals
2.
3.
Munda
Khasi
4.
5.
Angami
Bhils
6.
7.
8.
9.
Bhutia
Chenchus
Gonds
Great Andamanese
Places they Inhabit
West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand,
Assam
West Bengal, Chhatisgarh, Orissa, Bihar
Assam, Meghalaya, Punjab, Uttar
Prakesh, Manipur, West Bengal, Jammu
and Kashmir
Nagaland
Rajasthan,
Madhya
Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Gujarat
Sikkim (Origin Tibetan)
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa
Andaman
Language they Speak
Santhali
Mundari
Khasi
Ahgamis
Bhili
Sikkimese
Chenehu/Telgu
Gondi
Jeru, Khorq
16.2.4 Contribution to the Society
Agro Tourism
Agro tourism philosophy aims to increase farmers’ incomes and the quality of life of rural
society. Through this, they are presented new opportunities for education in agriculture society
and ecosystem. Therefore, the development of agro Tourism will provide the opportunity for
local farmers to increase income and life style. According to the same opinions, agro tourism
educates people and society about agriculture and contributes to the local economy, it reduces the
level of urbanization as people work and earn more from agro tourism; it promotes local products
and creates added value through direct marketing and stimulates economic activities in order to
increase benefits in societies where the agro tourism is developed.
Although rural tourism and agro tourism are often seen as the same terms, they have their
settings that differ from each other. While rural tourism is a general term, agro tourism refers to
specific activities addressing leisure, organized by farmers, for different visitors. These tourist
services serve as additional sources of income for farmers.
Agro tourism is more than just a tourist or tourism product as it includes many services that
accompany the product. It is a way of understanding the journey as a new sensation or positive
behaviour in relation to the environment, the community and their culture. Agro tourism is a
leisure activity and it is very successful. The possibility of enjoying the rural environment and
culture extends to these different markets of tourists attractions.
Agro tourism tourist travel with family and usually come from urban area. They show
respect for the customs of the rural areas and seek information about the places they intend to
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 177
visit. Thus agricultural environment is not only the manufacturer of concrete goods, but also of
intangible goods, especially those relating to culture, education, food, landscapes and
environment.
16.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
Match the followings:
(1) Tribal people
(2) Cattle fair
(3) Agro tourism center
(4) Motor cycle taxi
(5) Host
(a) Education and fun filled experiences
(b) Goa
(c) Pushkar
(d) Welcome with a smile
(e) Adivasi
Fill in the blanks:
(1) The tribal people are also known as the _______
(Aryon, Rahiwasi, Adivasi, Abhasi)
(2) In India ______ % of population is directly or indirectly dependent upon agriculture.
(90, 75, 85, 100)
(3) Pushkar is a very important ____ pilgrimage center
(Muslim, Sikha, Jain, Hindu)
(4) _____ is the most important factor for success in the agro tourism center
(Founds, Infrastructure, Location, Crops)
(5) Welcome with all _______.
(Friendly, Cool, Smiles, Cheat)
16.4 Summary
The employment opportunity of tourism in the context of developmental aspiration of small
scale societies similar to the schedule tribes and farmers in India having tourism generating
endowments is to be positioned in a special category that draws on the essence of eco tourism,
cultural and ethnic tourism and responsible tourism practices, Indian tourism industry is growing,
which is more than the growth rate at the global level. The scope of tourism has varied branches
very often depending upon the purpose and circumstances under which the activity is being taken
up. Agro and tribal tourism is now an additional artery of the tourism sector in India.
16.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Capitalist : a rich man.
Significant : important
Ethnic : rules of right and wrong
Variance : Kind
Peasant : a farmer
Indigenous : always lived or existed in a native place
Petting : favorite
Variance : of several kinds
Aloof : apart
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 178
•
•
•
•
•
Exuberance : luxuriant
Constitutional : authorized
Attire : fashion clothes that you wear
Sophisticated : artificial
Siphoned off : to remove liquid
16.6 Answer to ‘Check Your Progress’
Mach the Pairs
(1) - (e)
(2) - (c)
(3) - (a)
(4) - (b)
(5) - (d)
Filling the blanks
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Adivasi
75%
Hindu
Location
Smiles
16.7 Questions for Practice
Write a short note
Agro Tourism and its employment generates
16.8 Additional Reading
From Books :
Agro-Tribal Tourism: by
Moonis Raza and Aijazauddin
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 179
Unit 17: Tourism and Transport Organizations
17.0 Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able to• Learn, understand and write about various tourism and related organizations, their
aims and objectives.
17.1 Introduction
In the field of tourism, organizations emerged with the main purpose of developing and
promoting tourism globally. All the organizations have played a key role in strengthening tourism
with all their combined efforts. These organizations therefore play a vital role in tourism industry.
Organizers and providers of tourist services whether government, public or private come
together at national and international levels to discuss and share common problems and arrive at
certain conclusions. These organizations foster peace, prosperity, brotherhood and mutual
understanding among the member countries.
17.2 Content Details
17.2.1 National Organizations
I.T.D.C. Indian Tourism Development Corporation
Introduction
•
•
•
I.T.D.C. Indian tourism development corporation came into existence in the year 1966,
in Delhi, its headquarters.
It has been a vital and prime player in the progressive development, promotion and
expansion of tourism in India.
I.T.D.C. has a network of 8 Ashok group of hotels, 6 joint venture hotels, 2 restaurants,
12 transport units, 1 tourist service station, 37 duty free shops, one tax free outlet and 2
sound and light shows.
Objectives:
The main objectives of I.T.D.C. are:
1. To construct, take over, manage and market new and existing hotels.
2. To provide transport, entertainment, shopping and conventional services.
3. To produce and distribute tourism publicity materials.
4. To render consultancy- cum- managerial services in India and abroad.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 180
I.A.T.O.theIndian Association of Tour Operators
Introduction
•
•
•
I.A.T.O. was established with the idea to promote international understanding and
good will.
It is a non- project association.
It was set up in the year 1981.
Aims
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
To promote national integration, international welfare and goodwill.
To assist students by scholarships to pursue higher education, study and research
particularly in the field of development of tourism and international brotherhood
both in India and outside the country.
To institute chains and fellowships in India.
To take all the necessary steps for promoting, encouraging and assisting the
development of tourism throughout the country.
To encourage and promote friendly feelings among the tour operators and travel
agents.
To promote equal opportunities for all visitors to enjoy the tourism and travel
facilities any without distinction of race, caste, creed or nationality.
To set up and maintain high ethical standards in the industry.
To communicate with all the other national as well as international tourism and
travel organizations.
T.A.A.I. Travel Agent’s Association of India.
Introduction
•
•
•
•
•
Travel agents' association of India is a leading trade association of travel and
tourism industry in India.
It was established in the year 1952 by a group of travel agents in India.
T.A.A.I. has a secretariat located in Mumbai and its liaison office is in New Delhi.
It is a non- political and non- profit making body.
T.A.A.I. is said to be the voice of travel and tourism industry.
Aims:
•
•
•
•
•
To safeguard the interest of the travelling public.
To maintain the high ethical standards within the travel trade.
To develop tourism industry through improving the travel agency business and
service for tourists.
To promote mutual cooperation between T.A.A.I. members.
To contribute to the sound program and growth of the industry.
Objectives:
•
•
•
•
•
Apply superior technical skills.
Deliver the highest quality of service.
Act with responsibility
Build trust and credibility at the markets.
Committed national membership.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 181
•
Professional management at all levels.
Industry standards:
•
•
•
•
T.A.A.I. keeps a check on the unethical practices by the member agencies.
Strictly follows the code of ethics that set certain parameters for the members.
To maintain clear and honest relations with the clients.
To provide authentic, updated and proper information to the clients.
Major activities:
•
•
•
•
•
Help promote, maintain and stimulate the growth of travel and tourism in the
country.
Maintain a close contact with public and other tourism organizations of the world.
Collect, analyze and distribute useful information among members for guidance.
Educate and train the members to meet future challenges.
Help to develop better understanding among the different segments of travel and
tourism industry.
17.2.2 International Organizations
W.T.O. World Tourism Organization
Introduction
• W.T.O. that is world tourism organization which is a partof the united nations
group.
• It was established in the year 1975, in the month of October.
• It has its headquarters in Madrid, the capital of Spain.
About W.T.O.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
W.T.O. deals with all the issues that are related to tourism.
It is very important and significant global body.
This organization represents the public sector.
The official languages of W.T.O. are: Arabic, English, French, Russian and
Spanish.
The member states of region of W.T.O. are:
1) Africa
2) America
3) Eastasia and the Pacific
4) Europe
5) Middle east
6) South Asia
W.T.O. is an intergovernmental technical body, dealing with all the aspects related
to tourism.
It plays a central and important role in the field of tourism.
Aims of W.T.O.:
•
•
Promotion and development of tourism for contributing economic development,
global understanding, peace, prosperity etc.
To pay attention to the developing countries in the field of tourism.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 182
Activities of W.T.O.:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Constant review of tourism trends and development over changes in the world’s
economic and social conditions affecting tourism.
Maintenance of standards within the tourism sector.
Making the information available on international and domestic tourism.
Collection and analysis of the data on various aspects of tourism.
Collection of legislative texts and documentation on various aspects of tourism.
Conducting research studies.
Regular supply of studies and updated information.
Organizing international conferences, meetings, seminars, workshops etc. related to
all the aspects of tourism.
I.A.T.A International Air Transport Association
Introduction
•
•
•
I.A.T.A is the world organization of scheduled airlines.
It was established in the year 1945.
It has its headquarters in Montreal, Canada.
About I.A.T.A
•
•
•
I.A.T.A. is a voluntary, non- political and democratic organization.
Airlines engaged directly into international as well as domestic operations can be
members of I.A.T.A.
The administration of I.A.T.A. is headed by a director general and 5 assistant
director generals.
Director
1
Assistant
Director
General
2
Assistant
Director
General
3
Assistant
Director
General
4
Assistant
Director
General
5
Assistant
Director
General
Diagram 17.1
•
•
•
It has two main offices, one in Montreal and the other in Geneva.
It has its regional offices in Bangkok, Geneva, London, Nairobi and Rio de Janeiro.
It also has its traffic services in New York and Singapore.
Aims of I.A.T.A.
1.
2.
3.
To promote safe and regular and economical air transport for the benefit of the people
of the world, and thereby to foster air commerce therewith.
To provide means for collaboration among the air transport enterprises engaged
directly or indirectly in international air transport services.
To cooperate with other international organizations.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 183
Services
A wide range of services are provided by I.A.T.A.:
1. The global planning of international time tables.
2. Standardization of inter- company communication and reservation system.
3. Single formula for air tickets and airway bills.
4. The training of travel and freight agents.
5. Develop security measures.
6. To establish procedures and technical norms.
7. To examination of the flow of passengers goods at the airport.
8. To examine and solve the problems raised by tourism.
Traffic conference areas
•
•
•
•
I.A.T.A. has divided the world into 3 areas called' Traffic conference areas'.
Traffic conference area 1 includes Western hemisphere, Greenland and the Hawaiian
islands.
Traffic conference area 2 includes Europe. Africa, Middle East and Iran.
Traffic conference area 3 includes Asia, Australia and the South Pacific.
U.F.T.A.A. Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association
Introduction
•
•
•
•
U.F.T.A.A. is a world body representing travel agency and tourism industry.
It works in consultation with other international organizations and effectively
represents travel agents and tour operators.
It was formed on November 22nd, 1966.
U.F.T.A.A. has its headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.
About U.F.T.A.A.
•
•
•
•
U.F.T.A.A. represents more than 20,000 travel agencies in the world.
It is a non- profit confederation of international scope.
It also conducts travel agency training programs in collaboration with I.A.T.A.
(International air transport Association)
It focuses on strengthening the image of the member travel agents and tour
operators.
Functions of U.F.T.A.A.
•
•
•
•
•
•
To unite the travel agents' national association and globally enhance the interest of
their members.
To represent the travel agents' activities before various world- wide bodies,
governmental authorities and suppliers.
To work towards the adoption of measures that would ease travel for the consumer
and to offer services to its members.
To be an investigation and information center supporting the members' work and to
offer information for technological development.
To offer, as a voluntary mechanism, an arbitration (to act as a judge) service which
assists in solving conflicts.
To organize a world congress of travel agents and others meetings necessary to the
exchange and transmission of knowledge.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 184
17.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
I. Match the pairs:
1) I.T.D.C.
2) W.T O.
3) I.A.T.A.
4) U.F.T.A.A.
5) United Nations group
- 1945
- 1966
- W.T.O.
- 1966
- 1975
II. Fill in the blanks:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
I.T.D.C. has its headquarters in _________.
I.A.T.O. was set up in the year _________.
T.A.A.I. has its secretariat office in ________.
W.T.O. has its headquarters in _________.
U.F.T.A.A. stands for __________.
17.4 Summary
Tourism and tourism related organizations emerged with the purpose of developing and
promoting tourism. These organizations take combined efforts for strengthening tourism. These
organizations come together at national and international levels and foster peace, prosperity,
brotherhood and mutual understanding among the member countries.
17.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
•
Welfare- the condition of having the common blessing of life.
Pursue- seek
Integration- combine into a whole
Liaison- association
Ethical- concerning morals
17.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
I. Match the pairs:
1) 1966
2) 1975
3) 1945
4) 1966
5) W.T.O.
II. Fill in the blanks:
1) Delhi
2)1981
3) Mumbai
4) Madrid, Spain
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 185
5) Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association
17.7 Questions for Practice
I. Write answers in detail:
1) I.A.T.O.
2) W.T.O.
3) I.AT.A.
4) T.A.A.I.
II. Plot the traffic conference areas on the world map.
17.8 Additional Readings
1. Basics of Tourism
By Krishnan K. Kamra
Mohinder Chand
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 186
Unit 18 : Challenges from Tourism
Development in India
18.0 Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able to –
• Understand national challenges for tourism development in India.
• Identify the physical challenges for tourism development in India.
• Know their relevance in relation to policy formation.
18.1 Introduction
Indian tourism industry focused aggressively on the large domestic market, which helped
reduce the impact of the economic slowdown to a huge extent. However, the country is still faced
with a number of road blocks for tourism development. Lack of proper policies and
implementation, absence of single window clearance, security, scarcity of public, private
partnerships and lack of circuits complete the list of top six challenges faced by the industry. The
need of the hour is for the government to address these problems and work with the industry to
put India, on a prominent position on the global tourism map.
Today tourism has become more inclusive of new concepts which require the support of the
government to develop and flourish. Some of these would be cruise tourism, adventure tourism,
agro tourism or rural tourism. There is a need to propagate these concepts with dedicated policies
formed for their development. Effective implementation of these policies will help in the growth
of the industry overall. Few states like Kerala, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka are taking
pro active measures in policy formation and implementation. Some of them have also drafted
separate policies for specific segments like eco tourism. This has helped the states immensely to
develop tourism infrastructure and increase their tourism arrivals. Such initiatives are required
from other dormant states to create a uniform development of tourism infrastructure.
18.2 Content Details
18.2.1 National Challenges Top Six
The potential for the travel and tourism industry in India is enormous. However at the same
time, the industry faces numerous challenges of which the most critical is lack of proper
infrastructure.
18.2.1.1 Lack of Proper Infrastructure
Infrastructure needs for travel and tourism industry ranging from physical infrastructure
such as parts of entry to modes of transport to urban infrastructure such as access roads,
electricity, water supply, sewerage and telecommunication. The sectors related to the travel and
tourism industry include airlines, surface transport, accommodation and infrastructure and
facilitation systems among others.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 187
18.2.1.2 Policies and Proper Implementation
The last tourism policy announced by the Government of India was in 2002. This policy
gave the right to the central and state governments to individually as well as collaboratively
develop the Indian tourism sector. This policy also boosted the infusion of Foreign Direct
Investment in the country. However, times have drastically changed since 2002. The major
problem is that policies are formulated but are not clear and lack proper implementation.
18.2.1.3 Lack of Single Window Clearance
The tourism and hospitality industry is not new to project commissioning delays due to non
attainment of all licenses and approvals on time. The insistent and repeated demand of the
industry for single window clearance to fasten the process of development and operations has
been a long standing one.
Single window clearance of hotel projects is currently awaiting an approval from the
cabinet. Under the proposal, hoteliers will need to submit one uniform application for their
projects. Committees will be formed at the central and state level for clearance of these projects.
18.2.1.4 Security
The terror attacks that stuck Mumbai in November 2008 lead to a strong blow to tourism in
the country. Security has been among the major problems for tourism growth for a number of
years. For more than a decade Jammu and Kashmir known as ‘Paradise on Earth’ and a popular
destination was completely cut off for tourism due to insurgency for many years. While in recent
years normally has returned to both these regions, barring a few incidents and also tourist traffic.
Terror attacks like the ones in Mumbai bring forth a question mark about safety and security in
the mind of international tourists. The violent Maoist movement in central and some eastern part
of India is also marring the image of the country as a safe destination.
The issue of online security for the travel industry is becoming critical as some of the
biggest frauds have been detected in this segment. The penetration of internet is increasing
rapidly and travel is among the major segments for online spends. Online Travel Agents
(OTA)are registering an impressive year on year growth. However a majority are still not
convinced about the security of online transactions. There is a need for the industry to make the
process of online booking more secure and transparent and create awareness about the same.
18.2.1.5 Creating Circuits
The Golden Triangle (Delhi-Agra-Jaipur) is India’s only circuit which is world famous. For
a vast country like India with diverse tourism offering, development of circuits for various
segments like heritage and culture, adventure, religious, eco, beach, weliness, agri and rural etc.
require to showcase the country properly and cater to greater number of tourists according to their
interests. Creating circuits will also give a boost to niche tourism segments and help in
prioritizing destination development and infrastructure. Circuits within a state can help promote
lesser known destinations and inter-state circuits can help states create synergies in the area like
sharing resources for marketing the circuit, offer a wider range of products and destination and
leverage on each other and attract huge tourist traffic.
18.2.1.6 Private – Public – Partnership (PPP)
Tourism development in the country, especially infrastructure has been bogged down by
lack of public – private – partnership (PPP). While PPP model in recent time has gained pace in
tourism sector, there is a desperate need to refine the model to make it successful. To provide
momentum to infrastructure construction in the country, the government has formulated policy
framework for PPP model, effected regulatory changes established institutional procedures and
drawn the road map for implementing the PPP projects. For instance, major airports across India,
the new ‘Maharaja Express’, etc. are some successful examples of PPP model in India. However,
there are still hurdles faced by this model to successfully operate in India.
The role of the government in tourism development has been redefined from that of a
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 188
regulator to that of a catalyst. Apart from marketing and promotion, the focus of tourism
development plans is now an integrated development of enabling infrastructure through effective
partnership with various stake holders.
Tourism development in India has passed through many phases. The development of tourist
facilities was taken up in a planned manner in 1956 coinciding with the second five year plan.
The approach has evolved from isolated planning of single unit facilities in the second and third
five year plans. The sixth plan marked the beginning of a new era when tourism began to be
considered a major instrument for social integration and economic development. However, it was
only after the 80’s that tourism activity gained momentum.
18.2.2 Physical Challenges Top Ten
18.2.2.1 Political Implications
The links between tourism and politics in many third world nations are almost inevitable.
Given the need to boosting images of their sagging regimes and fattened bureaucracies,
politicians often see the tourism industry as a direct way of gaining powerful friends, including
western governments ad agencies and investors. A healthy balance of payments can be achieved
by prominently displaying gross earning from tourism, which in turn can be used to obtain aid
and investments.
(1) The relationship of master slave between colonial realities.
(2) The priority given to external assistance investments and imports, over and above
developing local capabilities, enterprise and production.
(3) The priority for tourism takes budgetary allocation away from social sectors such as
education, health, sanitation and provision of other basic necessities.
(4) The tourism being of a volatile nature over dependence on it can be dangerous for a
country’s future development which ought to be more diversified, less mono cultural
and
(5) The lack of protection for workers in tourism industry.
18.2.2.2 Civil Unrest, Crime
From the point of view of the tourist, and tourism industry civil unrest is a major threat to
the business of tourism. In this context are cited incidents like –
• Strikes in airlines or hotels
• Agitations or civil disturbances
• Communal riots
• Activities of militants or terrorists, etc.
It is a fact that tourists are very much concerned about their safety. Hence, they would avoid
a destination that is not safe. The cancellations took place immediately after the terror attacks in
Mumbai in November 2008. There was decline of domestic as well as foreign tourist traffic to
Kashmir valley during terrorists attack.
Crime at a destination is another threat. For example, theft, molestation or cheating, all bring
a bad name to the destination. However, the Mumbai terror attacks have been an eye opener for
the government and its security measures. Security at tourist spots, airports and hotel has been
beefed up to regain the confidence of travelers. But these measures can not be knee jerk reactions
for a brief period. A long term strategy has to be put in place.
18.2.2.3 Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy and its redtapism
is a common feature for the delay in framing or
implementation of plans. Tourism is no exception to this. Another aspect is the attitude of certain
bureaucrats and politicians towards tourism. Most of them don’t realize that it is a specialized
area and not every one can plan or handle the operation. Frequent transfers are a drawback. States
like Goa, Rajasthan, Kerala or Haryana which have done well in tourism development have
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 189
provided stability in office to the officials responsible for tourism development. Postings in
tourism departments should not be considered easy postings for relaxation, etc. Many a time the
resources of tourism departments are utilized for the benefit of politicians or influential people
rather than for generating revenues through tourism development. It is vital for tourism that
competent officials who have sound knowledge of tourism industry and impacts handle the issue
rather than novices in the area.
18.2.2.4 Trained Manpower / Human Resource
Availability of skilled manpower is a major challenge focused by the travel and tourism
industry. Tourism industry is one of the largest employment generators in the country. To sustain
growth in the travel and tourism industry, trained manpower is required at every level managerial,
supervisory, skilled or semi skilled. Challenges faced at each level are different. At mid and
senior management level, the industry faces talent crunch and at the front line staff level,
although human resources are adequate, a boom in other service industries such as banking, retail,
airline and BPO have resulted in shortage of manpower at this level, for the travel and tourism
industry. Thus, we have a demand supply mismatch with respect to manpower in the tourism and
hospitality sector in India.
Lack of trained manpower and awareness are two other obstacles in tourism development.
Tourism is a service industry. By awareness we just do not mean as to knowing what is tourism.
Awareness also includes a knowledge about the impact of tourism on day to day life of the people
and their own attitudes towards tourism; benefits or loss etc. Very often people working in one
segment of tourism are unaware about the impact of their services or actions on services.
Sustainability tourism development requires a number of human resources development
strategies aimed at the tourism industry personnel, host community and the tourists and
underpinned by concepts and practices of sustainability. Sustainability based work culture,
professional ethics and operational practices are basic to sustainability in tourism.
The Human Resource practices still lack professionalism in most of the organizations in the
industry’ less salary, long working hours, improper career path, lack of professional growth, lack
of training and development, quality of work life and improper work life balance are the key
issues in tourism industry.
The industry stakeholders need to ensure that there should be a strategic selection of the
workforce taking into the account the long term vision and growth and workforce employed must
possess the required certification, degree or diploma in tourism or related discipline as may be the
requirement in order to qualify to work in the industry. Also employee working at different
levels should be given regular and timely training inputs and refresher courses which willimprove
their skill and abilities according to the changing need and requirements of industry.
18.2.2.5 Access and Connectivity
To improve India’s tourism potential, several efforts are being taken for opening new
destinations and exploring riche segments. However, infrastructure facilities such as air, rail, road
connectivity and hospitality services at these destinations and the connecting cities are
inadequate. This remains a major hurdle for development of tourism. Roadways form a vital
network tourists in India travelling by road. Moreover many tourist circuits depend on roads.
Despite numerous efforts to improve road infrastructure, connectivity remains a major problem.
There is a greater need for strengthening road and rail network development of more expressway
tourist. Tourist specific routes to improve connectivity to various locations across different
regions. Aviation infrastructure is also critical since it is a major mode of entry for inbound
tourism. Passenger traffic is expected to increase in the coming year; however infrastructure
facilities at air ports area cause for concern. Expansion and development of air ports at major
gateway cities is underway to cater to the increasing passenger traffic. In addition, airport
facilities at important secondary cities and tourist destinations also need to be improved to be able
to handle greater passenger traffic.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 190
18.2.2.6 Amenities
Amenities available above various tourist locations and in route need to be improved. These
include basic amenities such as drinking water, well maintained and clean waiting rooms and
toilets, first aid and wayside amenities, such as lounge, cafeteria, and parking facilities, among
others. India scores poorly in terms of availability of these infrastructure facilities. Inadequate
infrastructure facilities affect inbound tourism and also could lead to an increase in the outflow of
domestic tourists from India to other competitive neighboring countries. Hence, for the industry
to register healthy growth, issues concerning all the related sectors need to be addressed.
18.2.2.7 Service Level
In addition to tour operators and hotel staff, tourists interact with persons from different
backgrounds, local people, occupations and experience. Such people include the staff at the bus
or railway station, immigration staff at airports, tax / coach operators, ticketing or travel agencies,
small hotels, restaurant or dhabas, eateries, staff at heritage sites and tour guides, among others.
The degree of service offered by these various stakeholders has a significant impact on
determining the tourists’ overall experience of India as a tourist destination. The government has
taken initiatives to promote responsible tourism by sensitizing key stakeholders of the tourism
industry through training and orientation to develop a sense of responsibility towards tourism,
tourists and inspire confidence of foreign tourists in India as a preferred destination. One such
major initiative is the ‘Atithis deva Bhava’ campaign. More such efforts are required to improve
the degree of service across various operators.
18.2.2.8 Marketing and Promotion
Marketing and promotion of India as a major tourist destination is critical for the industry to
achieve its potential. Lack of adequate budgetary support for promotion and marketing compared
with competing tourist destinations is a major reason for India lagging behind as a tourist
destination. Marketing under the ‘Incredible India’ campaign helped place India as a good tourist
destination on the global tourism map. Indian tourism products are promoted primarily by the
ministry of tourism with the involvement of state governments through the state tourism
development corporations. To remain competitive is the fiercely competitive and modern
approach. There is a need to develop a unique market position and the brand positioning
statement should capture the essence of the country’s tourism products. They should be able to
convey an image of the product to a potential customer.
18.2.2.9 Taxation
Travel and tourism in India is a high-taxed industry, which makes India expensive as a
tourist destination. This is affecting the growth of the industry in India and India is losing out to
other low-cost destinations. In bound tourism is the one most affected. Various taxes are levied
across the entire industry right from tour operators, transporters, airline industry to hotels and
these include service tax, luxury tax, tax on transportation, tax on aviation turbine fuel and
various taxes on transportation. In addition, these tax rates tend to vary across different states in
the country.
18.2.2.10 Opportunities
India’s size and massive natural geographic, cultural and artistic diversity offers enormous
opportunities for the travel and tourism industry. The promotion and aggressive marketing
measures undertaken by the government is expected to aid influx of tourists. The industry would
also benefit from introduction of new forms of tourism and development of riche segments.
Medical tourism in India has gained considerable popularity in recent years. India has a
major cost advantage in this field compared with other countries. In addition to cost advantages,
Indian health care industry offers state-of-threat equipment, technological advancement, qualified
and experienced medical personnel and a blend of modern and traditional medicines. Thus,
medical tourism has immense potential in India.
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 191
Opportunities also exist in ecotourism, adventure tourism and cruise tourism. Ecotourism is
increasing in popularity, evident in the development of ecofriendly hotels and tour packages.
With increasing environment awareness and consciousness among tourists and given efforts
undertaken by the government and private players, the eco-tourism segment is expected to record
handsome growth in the coming years.
India holds immense potential in adventure and cruise tourism. India’s greatest adventure
tourism is the ‘lean period’ of cultural tourism. Development of adventure tourism can make
India around the year tourist destination. The cruise industry is one of the most promising
industries in India. However, strong efforts need to be made to develop this industry. Other forms
of tourism such as agro tourism, pilgrimage tourism, heritage tourism and MICE tourism also
hold enormous potential
Regulatory Issues
For inbound international tourists, visa procedures are seen as a hindrance. A number of
countries competing with India for tourists provide visa on arrival. India should provide visa on
arrival for more countries or for certain categories of tourists for a specific duration.
A number of projects in the tourism infrastructure segment and in the hotel industry are
delayed due to non attainment of licenses and approval on time. The government recently cleared
the log standing proposal for single window clearance for hotel projects to hasten the process of
infrastructure development.
18.3 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
Match the pairs
(1) Paradise on Earth
(2) Golden Triangle of Indian tourism
(3) AthithiDevoBhava
(4) Incredible India
(5) Airport, Railway station
(a) Infrastructure
(b) Marketing & Promotion
(c) Kashmir
(d) Delhi-Agra-Jaipur
(e) Service level
Fill in the blanks
(1) ______ tourism in India has gained considerable popularity in recent years.
(cruise, medical, adventure, MICE)
(2) One of the measures taken by the government for promoting responsible tourism is the
____ campaign.
(Increasable India, Ao Bharat Dekhe, Athithi Devo Bhava, Suswagatam)
(3) Roadways form a vital network in India, almost ______ tourists travelling by road.
(100%, 80%, 70T, 30%)
(4) Tourism industry is _____ industry.
(Manufacture, finance, entertainment, service)
(5) Indian tourists circuits depend on _____.
Road, Rail, Air, Cruise)
18.4 Summary
Challenges, obstacles are generally understood as those procedures and polices that block,
interrupt or reverse the free flow of tourism. At the same time studies have shown that even
cultures and perceptions can also become instruments of obstruction. Similarly, the threats to
tourism can be located in the very nature of tourism, attitude of the tourists, operations of the
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 192
travel trade, tourism impacts tourism policy and planning or the attitudes of the host population.
The approach of the travel trade is to match a range of choices with a range of products by a
number of producers operating from a variety of destinations.
Anything that interrupts this relationship is a threat or obstacle to the business of tourism.
However tourists and residents do not view the threat from or to tourism or the obstacles,
challenges that emerge as a result of this development in such a one sided manner. On the one
hand, we have the relationship between the tourism industry and the consumer while on the other,
we have the political, economic, sociological, anthropological and cultural encounters between
tourists, their destinations and residents. These encounters can also be a threat or challenge to
tourism.
18.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aggressive : behaving in a angry and violent way.
Collaborate : to work together
Drastic : vigorous, powerful
Approve : to think good
Penetrate : to understand
Segment : a part cut off
Prominent : important
18.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’
Math the pair
(1) - (c)
(2) - (d)
(3) - (e)
(4) - (b)
(5) - (a)
Fill in the blanks :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Medical
Atithi Devo Bhava
70%
Service
Road
18.7 Questions for Practice
Write a short notes
(1) Crime and tourism challenges.
(2) Access and connectivity challenges
(3) Human resource in tourism challenges
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 193
18.8 Additional Reading
BookStrategic Development Policies And Impact Studies Of Sustainable Rural And Community
Based Tourism - By Mr Parikshant Singh Manhas,Deepak, Raj Gupta and Anil Gupta
Primus Books 2013
Travel and Tourism & Consumer Services for Passenger Transport : 194
Unit 19 : Career Opportunities
19.0 Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able to –
• Know the career opportunities in tourism.
• Learn the in-field career opportunities.
• Learn the office work career opportunities.
19.1 Introduction
Tourism is a service industry giving one lots of opportunity to meet lots of people, if one
enjoys meeting people and making them happy. As per World Travel and Tourism Council
(WTTC) estimates, about 207 million people employed in 2001 because of the existence of travel,
tourism, hospitality and allied industry.
As per the government of India, ministry of tourism, currently more than 5 million people
are employed in travel and tourism industry. The tourism jobs can be interesting, remunerative
and exciting which can be in the sectors of airlines, hotels, travel agencies, tour operators and that
requires stamping and patience. Information provided in this unit is of help to tourism
professionals in many ways. It also helps to know opportunities available for self enterprise in the
field. We have seen this in Unit 16.2.1.1 and Unit 6.
The importance of tourism as a creator of job opportunities can be understood from the fact
that in India every one million invested in tourism created 47.5 jobs directly and around 85-90
jobs indirectly. In comparison agriculture creates only 44.6 jobs and manufacturing a mere 12.6
jobs. Moreover, tourism is the third largest foreign exchange earner after gems and jewelry and
readymade garments.
In trying to harness the direct and multiplier effects of tourism for employment generation
and motivate private sector whereas acting as facilitation starting from village level. The area
where jobs identified include: Swagat (welcome), Soochna (information), Suvidha (facility),
Suraksha (safety), Samrachana (infrastructure), Safai (cleanliness) 6s of tourism employment.
We can also classify the tourism job in two types on the basis of the nature, of the job and
performance area. These are (i) in-field, (2) office work. Which means execution and planning?
Secondly we can classify in two types formal and informal. Let us see first the –
(1)
Airlines : Airlines are the major travel industry employers, offering a host of jobs at
various jobs ranging from entry point to the job of Reservation Agents, flight
attendants including, air hostesses.
(2)
Railway : Attendants in tourist train.
(3)
Hotel, Motels and Resorts : Front office, staff, receptionist.
(4)
Transport Companies : Transport fleet needs drivers.
(5)
Cruise Industry : A multi billion dollar cruise industry has all the jobs needed.
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19.2 Content Details
19.2.1 In-field / Execution Work
19.2.1.1 Tourist Guide
No sooner do we speak of guide, the wrinkled face of a man who would mingle a lot of
fables with few historical facts begins to emerge. Almost all of us, the tourists and the
professionals in the business of tourism, have come to form a stereotype image of the guides,
irrespective of the fact that guiding and escorting tours are a highly professional business and
require acquisition of special skills for successful careers. We have ventured to break these
stereotypes by defining guides in the context of modern day demands of the tourism system. A
careful perusal of the following aspects will help you evolve the role of a professionally
competent guide for yourself.
A professional guide is in varying degrees a business person often freelance, sometimes an
employee a travel industry representative, a public relations representative for his or her site, city,
region and country, as well as an educator, an entertainer and a public speaker, among other roles.
(by Kathleen Lingle Pond)
Here it is necessary to point out that the guide may not have to perform all these roles
simultaneously. It is quite possible that in specific situations his attention needs focusing on his
role as an educator and an entertainer only. In other situations he may be expected to be an
eloquent public speaker. The only thing we would like to lay stress on is that the guide is a public
relations representative for his site, city, region and country.
He or she must therefore, possess a broad based knowledge of the ‘areas’ or subject being
dealt with so as to be able to ‘inform’ the tourists about it.
(i)
Location guides – monuments, museums, etc.
(ii)
Wildlife guides.
(iii)
City tour guide
A guide must possess to become successful in his trade. Leadership requires.
• Enthusiasm
• Self confidence
• Proactive nature
• Sensitivity
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• Decisiveness
Some of the common areas the knowledge about which cannot be ignored by any guide.
• Geography and topography
• History and culture
• Folk lore
• Economy and industry
• Travel and tourism
If you are a guide, people want to listen to you if you are –
• Lively and delightful
• Vivid in descriptions
• Simple with language
• Comfortable with the audience and the topic.
19.2.1.2 Tour Escort
The scope of an escort’s expertise also varies considerably. Depending upon the nature of
the tour, an escort is supposed to perform the role of an accompanying manager to a subject
expert. He may escort the tour to a –
• Specific piece of art
• Rural area
• Geographical region
• Historical site
• Shopping center
• Metropolitan area
• Business site etc.
The role of an escort begins as soon as the tourists arrive at his place. It ends only with the
departure of the tourists. During the stay of the tourists an escort may get a few intermissions, but
unlike a guide, he may not be free from his responsibilities throughout the duration of the
tourist’s stay. In escorted tours the job also involves looking after facilitation, aspects like getting
the custom clearances done or check in etc. In fact an escort is responsible for the entire group
during the journey and at the destination.
Escorting a tour involves careful preparation and planning. The escort has also to keep
himself ready for special situations that may arise from unforeseen circumstances. Planning has
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today become almost a scientific operation. The tour escort should know.
• The rate of success with similar tours in the past.
• How to broaden the scope of the tour with the help of experiences gathered by
others, and
• The problem areas of the tour to work out the remedies.
It needs to be emphasized that while planning a tour the escort must live the tour. He should
take special care of the following areas.
(i)
Scheduling
(ii)
Events
(iii)
Variables
Advance preparation is an essential feature of successful escorting. For this you must –
• Know what information is needed in connection with the tour and where to get it
• Understand what items become a part of your preparations for the tour, and how to
obtain them
• Appreciate the needs of the tour members and how best to meet them and
• Know what basic information needs to be supplied to tour members.
All successful tours tell the same story i.e. good preparation.
• Checklists : A travel checklist is a very useful tool for successful preparation. You
may not forget even the smallest item / detail pertaining to the tour.
• Tour itinerary : We suggest that you that you mentally tour the entire route and plan
all possible events with scrupulous details.
• Commentary : This is a very important aspect of escorting the tour. An informative,
delightful commentary
19.2.1.3 Travel Agencies Public Relation Office
The need for Public Relations Officer (PRO) in a service industry, such as tourism is greater
because the industry depends on the effective coordination among its various components and the
goodwill of the public. It is an established fact that public relation people are engaged in various
forms of activities starting from research, action, communication, evaluation and handling crisis,
etc. Today you need a PRO for –
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• Resource mobilization
• Interacting with the community
• Dealing with government departments
• Marketing and so on.
In another organisation or company the public relations professional has to play the role not
only of a communicator and softening agent but also of an adviser.
This is done to
• Minimize the pulls, stresses and conflicts.
• Reduce friction, and
• Diffuse tensions that arise from time between the ‘internal’ and ‘external’ publics
Generally the activities performed by the PR department include.
(i)
Media relation
(ii)
Lobbying
(iii)
Counseling
(iv)
Corporate communication
In small organizations the single manager or the entrepreneur has to handle these PR tasks
as well However, it is always better to do a proper planning.
19.2.2 Office Work
19.2.2.1 Tour Operator
A tour operator is a person who provides information, plans and coordinates travel with
various agencies to create a package or service. At the same time he also ensures be called a tour /
travel consultant or tour coordinator. The tour operator may or may not necessarily have any
product of his own but act as an intermediary to tailor a package to meet the needs of travelers.
In fact a tour operator plays an important role in organizing exploration research expeditions
and holiday. Ihe modern sense a tour operation involves –
(1)
Information of the area of operation i.e. in-depth knowledge of the places of
interest, the accommodation, transport facilities and other logistics required for
planning a tour.
(2)
Planning of tour in the most efficient manner.
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(3)
Coordinator with allied industries or service such as hotel reservations, airline, rail
or road transport reservations.
(4)
An operation of a tour mean a close monitoring of the tour i.e. all that is packaged
together is working in smooth coordination. In case of a break in the circuit an
alternate is to be organized with the least inconvenience to the client. This is
another vital segment in the planning and operation of a tour.
There are different kinds of tour operators –
(i)
Individual / independent
(ii)
A travel agency which also functions as a tour operator.
(iii)
In house tour operators.
(iv)
Incentive travel agencies.
There are three broad classifications of tour operators.
(1) Inbound tour operator
(2) Cut bound tour operator
(3) Domestic tour operator
It is not necessary that these have to be separate or one does not operate the other types. But
it is seen that since the markets and the style of operations in each one are distinctly different than
the other. The operators prefer to stay in their own specialized field. In each of the above
classifications there are two categories.
(1) Wholesalers
(2) Retailers
19.2.2.2 Travel Agent
There are many facets of travel that need careful planning and handling. For example, mode
of transport, link transport, accommodation, meals, shopping, entertainment etc. A traveler who is
able to manage all these by oneself is in fact one’s own travel agent. Though many may claim to
be doing so but in reality there are a few such cases. This is because the person who has even
planned or organized his own tour or travel may be lacking in information about the alternatives
available. Many more take the pains to stand in a queue or waste time.
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A tourist visits a travel agent to meet his travel demand. A travel agent books his air tickets,
arranges for his pick from the airport, books him on the hotel and so on. Now at the surface it
appears that it is only the tourist who is being catered to or looked after. However a close look
reveals that the travel agency has also served the airline by booking the seat or the hotel by
booking the room. In all these services the travel agent has provided business to the suppliers of
services while serving the tourist at the same time. The basic qualities the personnel working as a
travel agent should have.
• Courteous and helpful
• Able to look at minute details
• Ready to work under pressure
• Prepared to work for solving problems and
• Proficient in languages
Besides there are certain other factors that are also important.
• A sound knowledge of geography
• A fair knowledge of customs and practices
• Information about health, visa, permit and foreign exchange rules.
• Knowledge of arithmetic as fares are to be calculated or worked out.
• Should know typing or working on computers
• Have proficiency in communicative skills.
A travel agent should be always current in fares, schedules, costs, availability, seasons,
regulation, etc.
19.2.2.3 Tourist Information Officer
Tourist information officers provide travel and accommodation information to tourists,
promote tourism and assess tourist opportunities for local communities.
Tourist information officers may perform the following tasks:
• Answer questions from tourists, visitors, local residents and other tourism industry
colleagues in person, over the phone via email or online.
• Make suggestions on tours, travel routes, accommodation and local attractions.
• Provide literature and information on local interstate and international tours and
places of interest.
• Maintain literature and brochure stocks
• Sell souvenirs and other merchandise
• Discuss transport, accommodation and tour availability and cost.
• Arrange bookings and documentation for travel and accommodation and collect
payment.
• Assist travel agents and tour operators in preparing itineraries for tourists
• Undertake general clerical and office duties
• Coordinate volunteer or part time staff
• Put together statistics concerning the number and nature of enquiries.
• Be responsible for overall presentation of the information centre.
19.2.2.4 Tourism Information Center Management
A tourism information centre management includes business management, staff supervision
and development, officer systems management and the provision of services. Tourism
information centre manager may also act as the executive officer for the local tourism committee
and make sure services are in place to respond to day-to-day tourism enquires.
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They check and regularly report to management on the status of the tourism marketing
budget and on tourism awareness or new initiatives on behalf of the employers to industry,
media, community or interest groups. They may also contribute to the planning, development and
implementation of tourism marketing strategies and encourage community involvement and
awareness.
Personal requirements
• Enjoy working with people.
• Good interpersonal communication and customer service skills.
• Good organizational skills.
• Comfortable working with computers good geographical knowledge.
Besides that there are opportunities in food joints, entertainment, recreation and leisure
industry. Travel and tourism organization like WTO, IATA, IATO, etc. as well as travel media
and research organization.
19.3 Summary
The scope of employment in tourism sector is very bright and has high potential with varied
opportunities existing in both the public and the private sector in India. The public sector has
opportunities in the directorate and departments of tourism of the center and the state as officers;
information assistants, tourist guides, etc. The private sector has opportunities in travel agencies,
tour operators airlines, hotels, transport and cargo companies, etc.
The person opting for a career in travel and tourism must be outgoing and friendly with
good communication and presentation skills, ability to handle people, verbal fluency, up-to-date
knowledge of the available facilities, organizing skill and aptitude for languages.
19.4 ‘Check Your Progress’ Questions
Match the pairs.
(1) Guide
(2) Tour escort
(3) Travel agencies PR
(a) Commentary
(b) Interacting with community
(c) Enthusiasm
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(4) Tour operator
(5) Travel agent
(d) Courteous and helpful
(e) Coordinator
Fill in the blanks.
(1) Tourism is the third largest _____ earner after gems and jewelry and readymade
garments.
(rupees, foreign, exchange, dollar)
(2) The role of an escort begins as soon as the tourists ____ at his place.
(depart, each, comes, arrives)
(3) The _____ has also to keep himself ready for special situations that may arise from
unforeseen circumstances.
(Travel agent, tour guide, escort, PRO)
(4) The only thing is that the _____ is a public relations representative for his site, city,
region and country.
(Travel agent, PRO, Guide, Escort)
(5) In small organizations the single manager or the _____ has to handle these PR tasks.
(entrepreneur, travel agent, staff, organizer)
19.5 Glossary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Harness : a set of straps fastened around a horse body.
Stereotype : affixed idea that people have about what a particular type of person is
like, especially an idea that is wrong.
Acquisition : the process of learning or getting something children’s acquisition of
language.
Eloquent : expressing ideas clearly and in a way that influences people.
Delightful : very pleasant, enjoyable.
Freelance : working for several different organizations.
Friction : when a surface rubes against something often making movements.
19.6 Answer to ‘Check Your Progress’
Mach the pairs
(1)-(C)
(2)-(A)
(3)-(B)
(4)-(E)
(5)-(D)
Filling the blanks :
(1)Foreign Exchange
(2)Arrives
(3)Escort
(4)Guide
(5) Entrepreneur
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19.7 Questions for Practice
Write Short Note
(1) Tourist Information Officer
(2) Tour Escort
(3) Travel Agent
19.8 Additional Reading
Travel And Tourism Careers ( in Work place) By- Kaye Stearman
Attitudes To Careers In Tourism By-Manoj Sharma
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