BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ : g§nmXH$s` JaO Am{U n[anyVu aUOrV Y_m©nwarH$a, _m{hVr emñÌk

$BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ : g§nmXH$s` JaO Am{U n[anyVu aUOrV Y_m©nwarH$a, _m{hVr emñÌk$
g§nmXH$s` J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌ : KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>r d ^mî` `m Aä`mgH«$_mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo _mJrb 12 dfmªnmgyZ "kmZJ§JmoÌr' Ì¡_m{gH$mMo àH$meZ Aì`mhVnUo Mmby Amho. J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmVrb {d{dY ~Xbm§Mm _mJmodm Ë`m-Ë`m dfm©Vrb A§H$m_Üò KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a J«§Wmb` g§JUH$sH$aU, _wÐUH$bm, XmVo J«§WgyMr `m§darb {deofm§H$m_wio {dÚmWu, ì`mdgm{`H$ d {ejH$ `m§Zm {d{eï> _m{hVr EH${ÌVnUo CnbãY hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo `m joÌmVrb kmZmMo XmbZ g_¥Õ Pmbobo Amho. "kmZJ§JmoÌr' Ì¡_m{gH$mÀ`m àËòH$ A§H$m_Üò ZmdrÝ`nyU© _m{hVr XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV òVmo. _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo dmMZgm{hË`mMo ~XbVo ñdê$n bjmV KoVm dmMH$m§Zm _w{ÐV gm{hË`m~amo~a Am°ZbmB©Z ñdê$nmMo gm{hË` {d{dY _mÜ`_m§VyZ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV òV Amho. `m_Üò BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ {Z`VH$m{bHo$, BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ nwñVHo$ B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVmV. hr _m{hVr H$em nÕVrZo gmR>{dÊ`mV òVo, CnbãY H$aÊ`mV òVo, emoYÊ`mV òVo `m AZwf§JmZo "BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ' `m Y_m©nwarH$a d ~gmobo `m§À`m boImVyZ _m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. e¡j{UH$ J«§Wmb`m§_Üò B©-~wH$Mr H$m` Am{U H$er JaO Amho `m g§X^m©Vrb {demb ~mnVo `m§Mm boI A{Ve` CX²~moYH$ Amho. B§Q>aZoQ> `m _mÜ`_m_wio OJ AË`§V Odi Ambobo Amho. B§Q>aZoQ>Mm gd©M g_mOOrdZmda _moR>m n[aUm_ Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. "g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg J«§Wmb`m§_Yrb dmMH$m§da B§Q>aZoQ>Mm à^md' hm S>m°. Jm`H$dmS> `m§Mm Aä`mgnyU© boI òWo XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. `mì`{V[aŠV J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmVrb AÝ` n¡by§À`m AZwf§JmZo C„oI {díbofU, ~w{Õ_§WZ, CnH«$_, g§emoYZ Ahdmb, boIZ V§Ì, ñ_a{UH$m g§nmXZ, H$bm d emñÌ `m d¡{dÜ`nyU© {df`m§darb boIZ Am{U J«§Wn[aM` àñVwV A§H$m_Üò gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 2 BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ : JaO Am{U n[anyVu aUOrV Y_m©nwarH$a, _m{hVr emñÌk ñdm_r am_mZ§X VrW© _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR>, Zm§XoS> S>m°. _oYm ~gmobo, J«§Wnmb Ho$AmaE_ _{hbm H$m°boO, Zm§XoS> àñVmdZm BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZmÛmao _m{hVr godm XoUmè`m J«§Wnmbm§Zm AmO AZoH$ AmìhmZm§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§À`m â_gmR> dmT>r_wio `mo½` g§gmYZ {ZdS>Uo AdKS> Pmbo Amho. IaoXrH$[aVm H$amdm bmJUmam _moR>m IM©, B©-g§gmYZ {Z_m©Ë`mH$Sy>Z AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m d gVV ~XbV OmUmè`m B©-g§gmYZmMo n°Ho$Oog XoÊ`mMo AmH$f©U, B©-g§gmYZ ì`mdgm{`H$Vo_Yrb ~XbVr H$bmË_H$Vm Am{U `m gdmªZm OmoS> Amho Vr B©-g§gmYZmMo ì`dñWmnZ hmVmiÊ`m OmoJr gj_ ñd`§M{bV gmYZm§Mr H$_VaVm. Aem n[apñWVr_Üò BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo {Z`§ÌU H$aV AgVmZm J«§Wnmb ho ñàoS>{eQ>, B©-_ob g§XoemÀ`m O§OmimV AS>H$bobo {XgVmV. doJdoJiçm g§JUH$ àUmbr Am{U S>oQ>mH$mof Á`m EH$mpË_H$ ZmhrV, `mMr O~m~Xmar gm§^miÊ`mMo H$m`© Vo gÜ`m H$aV AmhoV. A{YH$Va J«§Wnmb ho H$m`© Ë`m§À`m AZw^dmda d VmËnwaË`m {_imboë`m à{ejUmÀ`m AmYmaoM {Z^mdyZ ZoV AmhoV. gd©g_mdoeH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ n`m©` gÜ`m CnbãY Zgë`m_wio, H$mhr ZmdmOboë`m g§ñWm§Zr ñdV: B©-g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo V§Ì {dH${gV Ho$bo Amho, H$mhr `m _mJm©da AmhoV. H$mhr ì`mdgm{`H$ ìh|S>agwÕm Ho$di B©-g§gmYZm§À`m g§J«hmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZMo V§ÌM Zmhr, Va J«§Wnmbm§§Zm _XV ìhmdr `mMm ^{dî`doY KoD$Z Ë`mV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©V Jw§Vbo AmhoV. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 3 J«§Wnmbm§Mr BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZoVrb ^y{_H$m B©-g§gmYZmMo OrdZMH«$ àW_ Amnë`mbm ho g_OyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho H$s, BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZ åhUOo g§JUH$mMm dmna H$ê$Z {S>{OQ>b ñdê$nmV à{gÕ Ho$bobo gm{hË`. `mV ñdV§Ì BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ {Z`VH$m{bHo$, BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ nwñVHo$, BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$nmVbo gmam§e, {ZX©oe VgoM BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$nmVrb _m{gH$m§Mm g_yh Á`m_Üò nyU© boI d gmam§e `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZobm OmoS> AgVo Vr Am§Van¥ï>mMr (B§Q>a\o$g), Á`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Amnë`mbm BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZo dmnaUo eŠ` hmoVo. hr gd© gmYZo dmMH$m§n`ªV doJdoJiçm nÕVrZo nmohMVmV. · àH$meH$ ñdV:Mo gd© B©-OZ©b ñdV: `m Am§Van¥ï>m§_m\©$V CnbãY H$ê$Z XoD$ eH$Vmo. · g_Om EImÚm àH$meZ g§ñWoMo 90 B©-OZ©ëg AgVrb, Va J«§Wmb` Ë`m gd© 90 B©-OZ©ëgMo g_d¥Îm g§M {dVaH$m_m\©$V {dH$V KoD$ eH$Vmo AWdm dJ©UrXma hmoD$ eH$Vmo. · EImXm àH$meH$ Xwgè`m àH$meH$m§À`m gd© B©-OZ©ëgMo Ò_mZËd ñdrH$mê$ eH$Vmo. · EImXçm doir dmMH$ gai EH$M B©-_m{gH$ àH$meH$mÀ`m Am§Van¥ï>m_m\©$V dmMy eH$Vmo. · H$mhr doim àH$meH$ Amnë`m EImÚm B©-OZ©ëgMo h¸$ EImÚm {dVaH$mÀ`m Am§Van¥ï>m_m\©$V XoD$Z Q>mH$V AgVmo. B©-g§gmYZmMo OrdZMH«$ ho _Zwî`mÀ`m OrdZMH«$mgmaIoM Jw§VmJw§VrMo d AmìhmZmË_H$ Amho. B©-g§gmYZo OÝ_ KoVmV, Vo _¥V hmoVmV qH$dm nwÝhm Xwgè`m ZmdmZo AmH$mamV, AdVma KoVmV. Vo Hw$Qw>§~ ~ZdVmV. Xwgè`m Hw$Qw>§~mer EH$ê$n hmoVmV, ^m§S>VmV, nwÝhm {d^ŠV hmoVmV. XmoZ Hw$Qw>§~m§Vrb H$ama ñdmj[aV hmoVmV Am{U Z§Va _moS>VmV. ho gd© {Za§Va MmbyM ahmVo. ~XbmMr eŠ`Vm hr gVV MmbyM AgVo ho J¥hrV YaUo Amdí`H$ Amho. B©-g§gmYZmMo d¡{eîQ>çnyU© OrdZMH«$ Oo ^mS>o VÎdmda CnbãY AgVo, Vo H$go ho AmnU nmhÿ `mV. B©-g§gmYZmMr CnbãYVm d dmna g§~§{YV àH$meH$mH$Sy>Z KoD$Z H$aVm òVmo. Ë`mV B©-g§gmYZ dmnamMo {Z`_ d AQ>r {Xboë`m AgVmV. `mV àm_w»`mZo A{YH$ma, CnbãYVm, àemgZ, dmna Aem AZoH$ AQ>r Ë`mV Z_yX Ho$ë`m OmVmV. ghgm qàQ> àboImÀ`m {dH$mgmV Aem àH$maMr nadmZm gh_Vr ZgVo. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§À`m ì`dñWmnZmMo {Z`moOZ H$aV AgVmZm {Z`moOH$mZo B©-g§gmYZm§À`m OrdZMH«$mMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. B©-g§gmYZmÀ`m godm XoVmZm {Z`moOH$mZo Ë`m à{H«$ò~Ôb nyU© _m{hVr KoVbr nm{hOo. CXmhaUmW©, BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo CnmO©Z, ZyVZrH$aU, dJ©Ur, aÔ H$aUo. ho {Z`moOZ ^{dî`mV H$bmË_H$, ì`mdgm{`H$ ~Xbmer EH$ê$n hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ A{Ve` bdMrH$ nm{hOo. B©-g§gmYZo IaoXr/AZwkmnZo H$aÊ`mnydu AZoH$ doim J«§Wnmbmbm B©-g§gmYZm§Mr MmMUr ¿`mdr bmJVo. `m MmMUr_wio J«§Wnmbmbm dmMH$m§À`m A{^àm`mda AmYm[aV B©-g§gmYZo {ZdS>H$ qH$dm gd© dmMH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVm òVmV. MmMUr Xaå`mZ J«§Wnmb J«§Wmb`mÀ`m / g§ñWoÀ`m AmdmamVrb {ZdS>H$ {d^mJmV B©-g§gmYZmMr godm gH«$s` (A°pŠQ>ìhoQ>) H$ê$ eH$Vmo. g§~§{YV dmMH$m§Zm Ë`mMr gyMZm XoD$ eH$Vmo d Ë`m§Mo A{^àm` _mJdy eH$Vmo. `m MmMUr Xaå`mZ J«§Wnmb {d{eï> g§JUH$s` nm`m^yV gw{dYm B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m{hVr emoYÊ`mH$[aVm Agbobr H$m°åß`wQ>adarb Amkmdbr, nyaH$ gwg§JVm Á`m g§ñWoV CnbãY Agboë`m g§JUH$mer g§ê$nU Pmë`m nm{hOoV d g§ñWoÀ`m Am§Van¥ï>mer Owië`m nm{hOoV. Aem gd© ~m~tMr J«§WnmbmZo boIr Zm|X R>odUo Amdí`H$ Amho. g§ñWm Ë`m Am§Van¥ï>mer gh_V Amho H$m Zmhr ho g_OVo, H$maU `mhrnojm kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 4 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 5 emoY Zì`m B©-g§gmYZmMr _m{hVr hr {dÚmemIoMo VÁk, Om{hamVr, \$moaåg qH$dm BVa _m{hVròmoVm_m\©$V J«§Wmb`mV hmoVo. J«§Wnmb, Ë`m B©-g§gmYZmÀ`m CnbãYVo~m~V AZwf§{JH$ _m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmo. CXmhaUmW©, B©-g§gmYZmÀ`m gyMrMm Vnerb, CnbãY ì`mßVrMm AdYr, g_d¥Îm g§MmV EHy$U CnbãY B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$, Am{U hr B©{Z`VH$m{bHo$ H$moUË`m Am§Van¥ï>mÛmao CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUma. J«§Wnmb hr gd© _m{hVr Ooìhm emoYVmo, Voìhm ho gd© H$m`© ho B©-g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {Z`moOZmMm EH$ ^mJ hmoVmo, Oo dmMZ g§J«h gm{hË` {dH$mgmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. MmMUr A{YH$ gwg§JV Am§Van¥ï> Xwgam nwadR>mXma XoD$ eH$Vmo. Ooìhm hr MmMUr nyU© hmoVo, Voìhm J«§Wnmb `mMo g_W©Z H$ê$ eH$Vmo, H$s MmMUr A§VJ©V B©-g§gmYZ ho Cn`moJr Amho AWdm Zmhr. {ZdS> EH$Xm MmMUr Pmbr H$s J«§Wnmb B©-g§gmYZ KoÊ`mMm qH$dm Z KoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoD$ eH$Vmo. Oa gXarb B©-g§gmYZ ¿`md`mMo Zgë`mg d nydunmgyZ Vo dJ©UrH¥$V Agë`mg Ë`mbm Vmo ~§X ({S>A°pŠQ>doQ>) H$ê$ eH$Vmo. CnmO©Z Oa J«§WnmbmMm B©-g§gmYZ IaoXr H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` Pmbm, Va Ë`mÀ`m CnmO©Z à{H«$òbm Vmo gwédmV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. N>mnrb XñVEodO IaoXr g_mZM hr à{H«$`m AgVo, Ho$di `mV A{YH$Mr _m{hVr nwadUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. CXmhaUmW©, nadmZm à{H«$`m, B©-g§gmYZ H$moUË`m {d{dY dmMH$dJmªZm CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmd`mMo `mMr _m{hVr. Ooìhm J«§Wnmb B©-g§gmYZmMo, OZ©ëgMo g_d¥Îm g§M ¿`md`mMo R>adVmo, Voìhm Ë`m g§Mm_Üò {H$Vr _m{gHo$ AmhoV d Ë`m§Mm H$mbmdYr H$m` Amho ho nmhVmo. J«§Wnmb EH$ Va Ë`m g§MmMr EH${ÌV qH$_V EH$XmM ^ê$ eH$Vmo qH$dm {ZdS>H$ _m{gH$m§Mr qH$_V ^ê$ eH$Vmo. `mV _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho Vmo {~b AXm H$aÊ`mMm. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZmÀ`m dJ©UrMo n¡go ho A{J«_ ñdê$nmVM Úmdo bmJVmV. nU Z§Va Oa ^{dî`mV B©-g§gmYZm§À`m CnbãYVoV I§S> nS>bm qH$dm nwadR>mYmaH$mZo EImÚm _m{gH$ dJ©UrH¥$V g§MmVyZ dJibo Va H$m` ? hm àíZ hmVmiUo ÌmgXm`H$ hmoVo. åhUyZ EH$ {dMmaàdmh Agm Amho, Ogm dmna Vgo n¡go, R>adyZ {Xboë`m doioà_mUo A§{eH$ ñdê$nmV dJ©UrMr a¸$_ AXm H$aUo. CnbãYVm CnbãYVm hm B©-g§gmYZmÀ`m ~m~VrV _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm Amho. Ooìhm EImXo J«§Wmb` B©-g§gmYZ Cnm{O©V H$aVo, Voìhm Ë`mMm bm^/Cn`moJ nwaonya hmoVmo H$m Zmhr ho nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho. àW_ ho Vnmgbo nm{hOo, H$s dmMH$m§Zm B©-g§gmYZm§À`m CnbãYVoMm dmna H$aVm òVmo H$m Zmhr. CXmhaUmW©, E Qw> PoS> `mXr Amon°H$_YyZ nmhVm òVo H$m, qH$dm àJV emoYV§ÌmMm dmna H$aVm òVmo H$m ? MmMUr Xaå`mZ ho kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 6 Vnmgbo OmVoM. nU AbrH$S>o Ë`mV ~Xb Pmë`mg, J«§WnmbmZo {ZË`H«$_mMm ^mJ åhUyZ CnbãY B©-g§gmYZmÀ`m dmnam~m~Mo narjU Ho$bo nm{hOo. H$mhr doiog B©g§gmYZmÀ`m nwadR>mYmaH$mÛmao CnbãYVoV VmËnwaVo ~Xb Ho$bo OmVmV. R>amdrH$ doiobm dmMH$m§Mo B©-g§gmYZmÀ`m dmnam~m~V CX²~moYZ VgoM H$mhr nwadR>mYmaH$ dmMH$ H$moUVr _m{hVr A{YH$ à_mUmV dmMV Amho d H$moUVr _m{hVr dmMV Zmhr `mMr AmH$S>odmar nwa{dVmV. ZyVZrH$aUmMm AWdm aÔ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` B©-g§gmYZmMr dJ©Ur hr R>amdrH$ doionwaVr AgVo. Ooìhm dJ©UrMm H$mbmdYr g§nVmo, Voìhm nwadR>mYmaH$ B©-g§gmYZm§Mr CnbãYVm ~§X H$aVmo. J«§WnmbmZo hm H$mbmdYr g§nÊ`mÀ`m nyduM ZyVZrH$aUmMm AWdm aÔ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm nm{hOo. {ZdS>rÀ`m Q>ßß`mda Ogm {ZU©` KoVbm Jobm Ë`mM nÕVrZo hm {ZU©` KoVbm nm{hOo. B©-g§gmYZo ì`dñWmnZ Xaå`mZ Zm|X{dboë`m {ZarjUmÀ`m AmYmao hm {ZU©` KoVm òVmo. CXmhaUmW©, dJ©UrH$mimV Pmbobm àË`j dmna, Am§Van¥ï>mMr {dídmgmh©Vm, dJ©UrH$mimV B©g§gmYZ nwadR>mYmaH$mZo {Xbobm à{VgmX. Omo hr {ZU©` Agob Vmo B©-g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmer gwg§JV nm{hOo. aX²X H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm Agbm Var _mÌ dJ©UrH$mimVrb B©-g§gmYZmMr {Ma§VZ CnbãYVm qH$dm nwam{^boImMo hŠH$ A~m{YV d {Za§Va Agbo nm{hOoV. CnamoŠV MMm© hr gË` n[apñWVrnojm \$ma gmonr H$ê$Z gm§{JVbobr Amho. AZoH$ B©-g§gmYZo AmO AënH$mi g§KQ>ZmÀ`m (H$Ýgmoa{e`m) _mÜ`_mVyZ IaoXr Ho$ë`m OmV AmhoV. Á`mV nwîH$i j_Vm AgVo. AënH$mi g§KQ>ZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ B©-g§gmYZo IaoXr, CnbãYVm, {ZU©` à{H«$`m A{YH$ {H$MH$Q> AgVo. B©-g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ `§ÌUm Aem AënH$mi g§KQ>ZmÀ`m AZoH${dY JaOm§da bj H|$ÐrV H$aUmar Agmdr. Aem `§ÌUm {deofV: {d{dY nmVirda _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. _mZHo$ _wimV B©-g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ `§ÌUm hr J«§Wmb` d g§ñWoÀ`m C{Ôï>nyVuMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Agbr nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio _mZH$m§Mm dmna H$aUo H«$_àmá Amho. J«§Wmb` Á`m g§ñWoMo Amho Ë`m g§ñWobm d J«§Wmb`mbm EH${ÌVnUo BVa g§ñWoer g§~§Y R>odmdm bmJVmo. Aem doir _mZHo$ hm g§~§Y èñdr H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV. Aer _mZHo$ kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 7 åhUOo ghO C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$ama-_gwXm (qgnb Am°~OoŠQ> AŠgog àmoQ>moH$m°b). EŠgE_Eb AmYm[aV H$ama-_gwXm `mV XmoZ g§ñWm§Vrb _m{hVrMr XodmU-KodmU H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. {^Þ g§JUH$s` ^mfoV {dH${gV Ho$boë`m g§JUH$s` àUmbrV g§dmX gmYÊ`mOmoJr Am§Van¥ï> do~ ñdê$nmV {dH«o$Ë`mZo nwadbr nm{hOo. B©-g§gmYZ {dH«o$Vm d J«mhH$ `m§À`mV _moR>çm ñdê$nmVrb H$mofmMr XodmU-KodmU ghO hmoÊ`mH$[aVm _mZHo$ _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdV AgVmV. R>odV AgVo. gXa _m{hVr J«§Wnmb EŠgob ñàoS> {eQ>_Üò KoD$Z n[aì``-bm^ {díbofU (H$m°ñQ> ~o{Z{\$Q> A°Z°{b{gg) H$ê$ eH$Vmo. d¡pídH$ B©-g§gmYZ CnbãY kmZmÀ`m AmYmao Zì`m B©-g§gmYZmMm emoY bmJVmo. `mAmYmao àM{bV dJ©UrH¥$V B©-g§gmYZo Mmby R>odmdrV, aÔ H$amdrV AWdm `m ~Xë`mV BVa Mm§Jbr B©-g§gmYZo ¿`mdrV `mMm A§XmO KoVm òVmo. B©-g§gmYZo ì`dñWmnZ `§ÌUm AmO àËòH$ J«§Wmb`mbm B©-g§gmYZo ì`dñWmnZ àUmbr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ho$di X¡Z§{XZ ì`dñWmnZmH$[aVm Zmhr Va EH§$XarV J«§Wmb`mMm B©-g§gmYZmda Pmboë`m IMm©Mm gdªH$f {díbofU H$aUmar Aer Vr àUmbr nm{hOo. Ë`mM~amo~a Zì`m AmìhmZm§Zm g_W©nUo gm_moao OmUmar Agbr nm{hOo. Zì`m B©-g§gmYZo ì`dñWmnZmMr {j{VOo Ë`m àUmbrZo CKS>r H$ê$Z {Xbr nm{hOoV. B©-g§gmYZmÀ`m OmJ{VH$ {dnZZmda A{daV _m{hVr XoÊ`mMr j_Vm Ë`mV Agbr nm{hOo. B©-g§gmYZm§Mm g§J«h d Ë`mda Pmbobm IM© `m AmYmao {ZU©` KoÊ`mMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ hr àUmbr J«§Wmb` H$_©Mmè`m§Zm Cn`wŠV R>aVo. B©-g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ àUmbr hr _ybV: J«§WnmbmMo gmYZ Amho, nU `mMm n[aUm_ hm dmMH$m§dahr hmoV AgVmo. `m àUmbrVyZ Jmoim Ho$bobr _m{hVr hr dmMH$m§H$[aVm B©-g§gmYZmgmo~V g§dmX gmYÊ`mMr gwédmV AgVo. hm g§dmX J«§Wmb`mVrb BVa g§gmYZ dmnaÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. CXmhaUmW©, Amon°H$, qbH$ gìh©a, _oQ>m gM© {gpñQ>_, BË`mXr. CnamoŠV MMm© Ho$ë`mà_mUo B©-g§gmYZmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$m`© gwb^ hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo AZoH$ _mJ© CnbãY AmhoV d A§{V_ Cn^moŠVm Ë`mMm dmna g§nyU© `mXr, J«§Wmb`, g§Ho$VñWi, J«§Wmb` Amon°H$, qbH$ gìh©a `mÛmao H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m gd© qH$dm EH$m {ZdS>H$ _mJm©Ûmao B©-g§gmYZo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmar ì`dñWm H$m`m©pÝdV H$aUo qH$dm ZH$mo Agbobr B©-g§gmYZo aÔ H$aÊ`mMr `§ÌUm {dH${gV H$aUo, EH$mM doiog AZoH$ B©-g§gmYZo nwadR>mYmaH$mZo B©-CËnmXZo nmhÊ`mMr, dmMÊ`mMr, H$m°nr H$aÊ`mMr, qàQ> H$mT>Ê`mMr ì`dñWmnH$s` `§ÌUm {dH${gV H$amdr. B©-g§gmYZo ì`dñWmnZ `§ÌUoV B©g§gmYZmMm g§J«h {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMr {ZU©` àUmbr R>adyZ KoVë`mg J«§Wnmbmbm Vr ghm`H$ hmoVo. Ë`mV B©-g§gmYZ {ZdS>rMr OmJ{VH$ CnbãYVoMr _m{hVr, AmYrnmgyZM J«§Wmb`mV qH$dm n[agamVrb g§ñWo_Üò CnbãY Agë`mMr gyMZm, Agë`mg Ë`mV gh^mJ KoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm, CnbãY B©-g§gmYZmMm àË`jmV dmna H$_r dm OmñV Pmë`mMr gyMZm, BË`mXr _m{hVrMm `m B©-g§gmYZo ì`dñWmnZ `§ÌUo_Üò g_mdoe Agmdm. B©-g§gmYZ {ZdS>rMr OmJ{VH$ CnbãYVoMr _m{hVr Á`m J«§Wmb`m§Zm B©-g§gmYZo Cnm{O©V H$amd`mMr AmhoV, Ë`m§Zm B©-g§gmYZm§À`m OmJ{VH$ ñVamda CnbãYVoMr _m{hVr H$er, Hw$Ry>Z, Ho$ìhm {_idmdr `mMr _m{hVr nm{hOo. g_mamon g§X^© (1) Anderson, I., Farb, S., Chandler, A. Jewell, T., Parker, K., (2) gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr B©-g§gmYZ {dH«o$Vm gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr J«mhH$m§Zm àm°OoŠQ> H$mC§Q>a H$moS>_m\©$V CnbãY H$ê$Z XoV AgVmo. B©-g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ `§ÌUm dmMH$m§Mo Zmd, nmgdS>©, `wAmaEb d B©-g§gmYZ dmnamMr VËg_ _m{hVr {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m B§Q>aZoQ> ñWimda gmR>dyZ kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 8 (3) (4) (5) Riggio, A. and Robertson, N.D.M. (2004), Report of the DLF Electronic Resource Management Initiative. Jewell, T.D. (2004), Selection and Presentation of Commercially Available Electronic Resources; Issues and Practices, Digital Library Federation and Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C. www.librearyjournal.com/article/CA428134 www.diglib.org. www.editeur.org. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 9 g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg J«§Wmb`m_Yrb dmMH$m§da B§Q>aZoQ>Mm à^md S>m°. S>r.Q>r. Jm`H$dmS>, ghm`H$ J«§Wmb` VWm _m{hVr A{YH$mar, H|$Ðr` Ob Am{U {dÚwV g§emoYZ H|$Ð, IS>H$dmgbm, nwUo (1) nmíd©^y_r J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr H|$Ðo hr àH$meZ gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ, {ZdS>, ì`dñWmnZ, {dVaU Am{U g§dY©Z hr H$m`} H$aVmV. dmMH$m§Zm dmMZ gm{hË` dmnamgmR>r CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo ho à_wI H$m`© nma nmS>V AgVmV. gÜ`m J«§Wmbò hr V§ÌkmZm_wio A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ Pmbr AmhoV. kmZmMo g§H$bZ VWm gmR>m H$aUo, g§dY©Z H$aUo Am{U àgma H$aUo hr J«§Wmb`mMr H$m`©o ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ Amë`m_wio A{YH$ à^m{dV Pmbr AmhoV. J«§Wmb`mMr KmofdmŠòM ~XbÊ`mMr doi òD$Z R>onbr Amho, Ago åhUÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. V§ÌkmZ àM§S> doJmZo ~XbV Amho. V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ kmZmMo OmJ{VH$sH$aU hmoV Amho. J«§Wmb` Am{U {S>{OQ>b _m{hVrMo ì`dñWmnZ, g§JUH$ V§ÌkmZ, g§àofU V§ÌkmZ, gmR>m{df`H$ V§ÌkmZ Am{U g§JUH$mMo Omio{df`H$ V§ÌkmZ hr AmìhmZo J«§Wnmbmg nobmdr bmJV AmhoV. BVHo$M H$m`, _m{hVr emñÌmVrb S>oQ>m àmogoqgJ _°ZoO_|Q>, Z°Zmo V§ÌkmZ, BÝ\$mo_o©eZ {gñQ>r_, _m{hVr emñÌmVrb Am{Q>©{\$e`b B§{Q>{bOÝg, Ý`wab ZoQ>dH©$, ~hþ-_mÜ`_o Am{U BVa joÌohr àJV hmoV Amho. `m gd© joÌm§Mm J«§Wmb`mVrb ì`dñWmnZ Am{U godm§da àM§S> n[aUm_ Pmbm Amho, åhUyZ J«§Wmb` ì`dgm`mVrb gd© {d^mJm§V n[aUm_H$maH$ ~Xb Pmbobm {XgyZ òV AmhoV. Vr joÌo åhUOo- J«§Wg§J«h ì`dñWmnZmnmgyZ Vo _m{hVr g§gmYZo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo, g§~§{YV _m{hVr dmMH$m{^_wI H$aUo, _m{hVr g§H$bH$mH$Sy>Z _m{hVr {díbofH$mn`ªV nmo hMdUo . _m{hVrÀ`m g§ aMZm, H$jm Am{U gr_mao f m øm ~Xbë`m Amho V. J«§Wmb`mVrb Vm§{ÌH$ à{H«$`m ~Xbobr {XgyZ òVo, åhUyZ J«§Wmbò hr \$ŠV kmZ^§S>mao (Knowledge repository) ZgyZ Vr {eH$Ê`mMo d ñd`§-{ZX©o{eV hmoÊ`mMr H|$Ðo kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 10 ~Zbr AmhoV. J«§Wmb`mV \$ŠV J«§WmMo Vm{bH$sH$aU, dJuH$aU, ì`dñWmnZ, g§J«h Am{U {dVaU hr H$m_o Z amhVm Vr e¡j{UH$ H|$ÐmV ê$nm§Va hmoD$ nmhV Amho. J«§Wmb` ho g§emoYH$, {dÚmWu Am{U {ejUdJm©Mo dH©$ ñQ>oeZ Pmbobo {XgyZ òVo. J«§Wmb`mV J«§Wmnojm B§Q>aZoQ>da gÜ`m H$m` KS>m_moS>r Mmby AmhoV, ZdZdrZ V§ÌkmZ A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoD$Z ZdrZ g§H$ënZm d àH$ën dmnamV òV Amho. g§JUH$m_wio V`ma `mÚm, {ZX©o{eH$m, S>oQ>m~ogog, grS>ramo_, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, nwñVHo$, hñV{b{IV g§J«h d A{^boI ñdê$nmVrb _m{hVr CnbãY hmoV AmhoV. B§Q>aZoQ>_wio Cn^moŠË`m§Zm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr H$m`©j_ _m{hVr A{VObX CnbãY hmoD$ bmJë`mZo Ë`mg AZÝ` gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. gd© gmYZo, gd© g§H$ënZm Am{U gd© {gÕm§V `m B§Q>aZoQ>da dmnamÀ`m gdmªZm g_mZg§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoV AmhoV. `mH$[aVm g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg joÌmVrb Cn^moŠVm VWm àËòH$ dJ© à^m{dV Pmbm AgyZ Ë`mMo WoQ> n[aUm_ Vmo AZw^dV AmhoV. g§emoYZ joÌmVrb à{V{H«$`m Am{U _VàXe©Z Vmo B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aVmZm {XgV Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo J«§Wmbò d _m{hVr H|$Ðo {ZYrMm A^md, H$_©Mmè`m§Zm à{ejUmMm A^md, _m{hVr d V§ÌkmZm{df`rMm A^md, g§ñWoMm H$_r CËgmh, OmJoMm A^md, nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm A^md, BË`mXr g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV Amho. CnamoŠV g§X^m©Vrb Am_ybmJ« ~Xb bjmV KoVm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, AmYw{ZH$ J«§Wmbò hr \$ŠV àH$m{eV gm{hË`mMo OVZ H$aVmV Ago Zmhr Va Vr grS>ramo_, Am°ZbmB©Z S>oQ>m~ogog, g§JUH$ àmoJ«m_, ÑH$-lmì` aoH$m°S>tª½O, BË`mXr gm{hË`mMo ^m§S>ma g_Obr OmVmV. {S>OrQ>b V§ÌkmZmZo `m joÌmV Am_ybmJ« H«$m§Vr Ho$ë`mZo _m{hVrMo g§dY©Z, g§H$bZ Am{U g§J«h `m g§H$ënZm ZdrZ nÕVrZo J«§Wmb`m§Zm dmnamì`m bmJV Amho. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZmV H$_mbrMr dmT> Pmë`mZo `mo½` S>oQ>m~og qH$dm g§gmYZ. JaOoZwgma _m{hVr emoYUo Cn^moŠVm§Zm H$R>rU OmV Amho. (2) J«§Wmb`mVrb à{VgmXH$m§Mr {ZdS> d ì`mßVr àñVwV boImÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r nwÊ`mVrb g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg joÌmVrb (R & D) EHy$U 56 J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr H|$Ðm§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z VoWrb àËòH$ g§ñWoVrb Xhm doJdoJiçm dmMH$m§Zm àíZmdbr {dV[aV H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`m doir 349 (62.32%) dmMH$m§ Zr Amnbm à{VgmX Zm|X{dbm. 62.32Q>¸o $ à{VgmX Xa {díbofUmgmR>r {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m§À`mda B§Q>aZoQ> V§ÌkmZmMm à^md H$gm kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 11 nS>bm `m{df`r _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mV Ambr. øm g§ñWm g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg joÌmVrb Zm_d§V g§ñWm AgyZ Ë`m {d{dY {df`m§Vrb AmhoV, Vo {df` åhUOoagm`ZemñÌ, gy ú_OrdemñÌ, Am¡ fYo , hdm_mZemñÌ, ñWmnË` d hm`S´ >moOZ, A{^`§Ë`mMm ì`dgm`, g§ajUemñÌ, IJmobemñÌ d noeremñÌ, _hm_mJ©, ~±qH$J, {d_m, AmYw{ZH$ `wamo{n`Z ^mfm, BË`mXr `m g§ñWoVrb J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr H|$Ðo g§emoYZ H$m`mªgmR>r gVV Ë`m§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$ê$Z àË`j _mobmMo `moJXmZ XoV AmhoV. øm g§ñWmMo VrZ à_wI ^mJm§V dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. Vo Ago- (A) {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ, (Am) gm_m{OH$ emñÌ d (B) _mZì` {dÚm. gXarb g§ñWm øm H|$Ð, amÁ` d ImOJr joÌmVrb H$mhr Y_m©Xm` joÌmVrb g§ñWm AmhoV. øm g§§ñWm§Mr {ZdS> hr (A) ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ J«§Wmbò, (Am) _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ CÚmoJ d (B) Am`pñbH$ `m {ZX©o{eH$mÛmao Ho$br Amho. (3) Aä`mgmMr C{Ôï>o àñVwV boImÀ`m Aä`mgmMr C{Ôï>o Imbrbà_mUo {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. (1) g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mè`m dmMH$m§Mo J«§Wmb`mVrb BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_ V§ÌkmZm{df`r A{^àm` d d¡`pŠVH$ ^mdZm§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo. (2) J«§Wmb`mVrb B§Q>aZoQ> V§ÌkmZmMm CÔoe, godm d gmYZmMr gw{dYm d dmnam{df`r dmMH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo. (3) J«§Wmb`mVrb dmMH$m§Zm BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_ V§ÌkmZm{df`r à{ejUmMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho AWdm H$moUË`m àH$maMo à{ejU {Xbo OmVo `mMm Aä`mg d {díbofU H$aUo. (4) MMm© d {díbofU `m gd©ojUmH$[aVm {d{dY g§ñWoVrb g§emoYH$ doJdoJiçm dJmªVrb d[að> A{YH$mar (àmÜ`mnH$, ghm`H$ àmÜ`mnH$, ànmR>H$, ì`m»`mVo) Am{U H$mhr {dÚmWu Aä`mgmH$[aVm à{VgmXH$ åhUyZ {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambo. ho {dÚmWu Zm_d§V g§ñWoV åhUOoM EZgrb, EZAm`ìhr, EgrgrEg, EZEAmaAm`, Am`wH$m òWo nrEM.S>r.Mm Aä`mg H$aV AmhoV. `m Aä`mg JQ>mVrb dmMH$m§À`m à{VgmXmMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. J§«Wmb`mÀ`m àUmbr_Üò dmMH$ (Cn^moŠVm) hm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ _mZbm OmVmo. `m§À`m _yë`_mnZmda J«§Wmb`mMo g§J«h, {dH$mg, H$m`©H«$_ d godm {ZpíMV H$aVm òVmV. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 12 (5) dmMH$m§À`m à{VgmXmMo {díbofU àñVwV boImgmR>r B§Q>aZoQ> dmnaUmè`m dmMH$m§À`m à{VgmXmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. dmMH$m§Zm XoÊ`mV Amboë`m àíZmdbrVrb B§Q>aZoQ>darb àíZm§g§X^m©Vrb _m{hVrMo gmXarH$aU Am{U {díbofU Imbr {Xë`mà_mUo Amho. (1) n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUmao àíZ, (2) dñVwpñWVrMo àíZ, (3) dmMH$m§Mo VWm Cn^moŠË`m§Mr g_O, ^mdZm, AZw^d Am{U Ë`m§Mo _yë`_mnZ à{V{Z{YËd ñdê$nmV g§H${bV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. VŠVm H«$. 1 : dmMH$m§Mm à{VgmX Xa Cn^moŠVm§Mr dJ©dmar EHy$U àíZmdbrMm dmQ>n à{VgmX Q>¸o$dmar g§emoYH$ 560 349 62.32 darb VŠVm H«$. 1 dê$Z Ago ñnîQ> {gÕ hmoVo H$s, 62.32% dmMH$ g§emoYH$ åhUyZ à{VgmX XoVmV. dmMH$m§À`m {d{dY n¡b§y{df`rMr _m{hVr g§H${bV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Vr åhUOo- qbJ, OÝ_VmarI, hþÔm, g§ñWoMm nÎmm, e¡j{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU, EHy$U AZw^d, ì`mg§J joÌ, g§emoYZmMo {d{eï> joÌ, AÝ` Y§ÚmMo joÌ Am{U eodQ>r B§J«Or{edm` BVa `wamo{n`Z ^mfoMo kmZ, BË`mXr. H«$. 2 _Üò EHy$U ñÌr Am{U nwéf `m{df`mMo à_mU Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. VŠVm H«$. 2 : qbJ{Zhm` dmMH$m§Mm à{VgmX qbJ nwéf ñÌr EHy$U à{VgmX 266 83 341 Q>¸o$dmar 76.22 23.78 100 darb VŠË`mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, nwéfm§Mo à_mU 76.22% d pñÌ`m§Mo à_mU 23.78% EdT>o Amho. `mdê$Z Ago {ZXe©Zmg òVo H$s, qbJXa hm 3.20 nwéfmg ñÌr/_{hbm AgyZ 3.20 : 1 à_mU Xa Amho. 5.1 dmMH$m§Mo d` à{VgmX XoUmè`m dmMH$m§Mo d`naËdo {díbofU H$aVmZm d`moJQ> {ZpíMV H$ê$Z R>amdrH$ d`moJQ>mVrb dmMH$ / Cn^moŠVo `m§Mr Q>¸o$dmar H$mT>Ê`mV Ambr. 291 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 13 (83.38%) Cn^moŠË`m§Zr Amnbr OÝ_VmarI Z_yX Ho$br Va 58 (16.62%) Cn^moŠË`m§Zr OÝ_VmarI Zm|X Ho$br Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mV 16.62% à{VdmXr ""VQ>ñW'' (Silent) AmhoV. Ë`m_wio \$ŠV 291 dmMH$m§Mo d`moJQ> d Q>¸o$dmar Imbrb VŠVm H«$. 3_Üò {Xbr Amho. VŠVm H«$. 3 : dmMH$m§Mo d`moJQ> A.H«$. 1 2 3 4 5 d`moJQ> 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-80 EHy$U dmMH$m§Mr g§»`m 126 82 58 23 2 Q>¸o$dmar 43.30 28.18 19.93 7.90 0.69 EHy$U 291 100 darb AmH$S>odmardê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, 25 Vo 34 `m d`moJQ>mVrb à{VgmXH$m§Mr g§»`m gdm©{YH$ Amho. 5.2 e¡j{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm J«§Wmb`mVrb Cn^moŠVm VWm dmMH$m§Zm ñdV:Mr e¡j{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ nmÌVm Z_yX H$aÊ`m~m~V àíZ {dMmabm hmoVm H$s, OoUoH$ê$Z ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmgmR>r d g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r BÀNw>H$m§Mr g§»`m {díbofU H$aVm òB©b. _m{hVrMr JaO H$moUË`m JQ>mbm {H$Vr hmoVr ho VŠVm H«$.4_Üò gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. VŠVm H«$. 4 : à{VgmXH$ VWm dmMH$m§Mr e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm à{VgmXH$ nXì`wÎma nrEM.S>r. AÝ` VQ>ñW EHy$U EHy$U à{VgmXH$m§Mr g§»`m 210 67 62 10 349 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 14 Q>¸o$dmar 60.17 19.20 17.77 2.86 100.00 darb VŠVm H«$. 4 dê$Z Ago ñnï> {XgyZ òVo H$s, 210 (60.17%) à{VgmXH$ nXì`wÎma {ejU KoVbobo. Ë`mMà_mUo 67 (19.20%) à{VgmXH$ nrEM.S>r. AgyZ AÝ` {ejUmV 62 (17.77%) à{VgmXH$m§Zr à{VgmX Z_yX Ho$bm AgyZ Ë`mV nX{dH$m, ì`dgm`{df`H$ nXdr BË`mXtMm g_mdoe Amho. 5.3 dmMH$m§Mm EHy$U AZw^d g§ñWoV H$m`© H$arV AgVmZm Cn^moŠË`m§Zm EHy$U H$m`m©Zw^d {H$Vr Amho ? Agm àíZ {dMmabm hmoVm. H$maU ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ dmnaVmZm Ë`m§Mm AZw^d H$m` `m{df`r {ZarjU Zm|X{dÊ`mgmR>r VaVyX Ho$br hmoVr. EHy$U 317 (90.83%) à{VdmXtZr Amnbm AZw^d gm§{JVbm AgyZ (9.16%) à{VdmXr VQ>ñW VWm {Z…eãX AmhoV. Ë`m{df`rMr _m{hVr VŠVm H«$. 5_Üò gmXa Ho$br Amho. VŠVm H«$. 5 : dmMH$m§Mm EHy$U H$m`m©Zw^d AZw^dmMo EHy$U df©o à{VgmXH$m§Mr g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar 0-2 55 17.35 3-5 45 14.20 6-10 57 17.98 11-15 50 15.77 16-20 47 14.83 21-25 33 10.40 26-30 16 5.05 31 Am{U À`mda 14 4.42 EHy$U 317 100.00 darb VŠË`mdê$Z Ago ñnï> {XgyZ òVo H$s, 57 (17.98%) à{VdmXr dmMH$m§Zm 6 Vo 10 df©©o AZw^d AgyZ 55 (17.35%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm 0 Vo 2 dfm©Mm, Va 50 (15.77%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm EHy$U 11 Vo 15 dfmªMm, 47 (14.83%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 15 H$moï>H$ H«$. 7 : J«§Wmb` dmnamMr nwZamd¥Îmr 16 Vo 29 dfmªMm, 45 (14.20%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm 3 Vo 5 dfmªMm AZw^d, 33 (10.41%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm 21-25 dfmªMm AZw^d, 16 (5.05%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm EHy$U 26.30 dfmªMm AZw^d Va 14 (4.42%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm 31 dfmªnojm OmñV AZw^d Agë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo. XaamoO AmR>dS>çmVyZ XmoZ doim AmR>dn§Yam _{hÝ`mbm S>çmVyZ {Xdgmbm EH$Xm EH$Xm EH$Xm AÝ` VQ>ñW 5 1 (6) J«§Wmb`mbm ôQ> XoÊ`mMo hoVy à{VgmXmMr 165 Cn^moŠVm Xa{Xder J«§Wmb`mg AZoH$ H$maUmgmR>r ôQ> XoV AgVmo. Voìhm dmMH$m§À`m J«§Wmbm ôQ>rMo H$maU {dMmabo Ë`mda Ë`mMm à{VgmX Imbrb VŠVm H«$. 6_Üò gmXa Ho$bm Amho. Q>¸o$dmar 47.28% 3.37% 11.46% 3.72% 5.44% 1.43% 0.29% H$moï>H$ H«$. 6 : J«§Wmb` ôQ>rMo H$maU J«§Wmb` ôQ>rMo H$maU EHy$U à{VgmX {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r 131 (37.54%) g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg 264 (75.64%) gd©gmYmaU _m{hVr 156 (44.70%) N>§X 56 (16.18%) _Zmoa§OZ 46 (13.18%) AÝ` 20 (5.73%) darb H$moï>H$mdê$Z Ago {gÕ hmoVo H$s, EHy$U 264 (75.64%) à{VdmXr J«§Wmb`mMm dmna "g§emoYZ d {dH$mg' H$m`m©gmR>r H$aVmV d BVa 156 (44.70%) à{VdmXr gd©gmYmaU _m{hVrgmR>r J«§Wmb`mMm dmna H$aVmV. Va 131 (37.54%) à{VdmXr J«§Wmb`mMm dmna dJm©V "{eH${dÊ`mgmR>r' (Teaching), 46 (13.18%) à{VdmXr "_Zmoa§OZmH$[aVm' Am{U 20 (5.73%) à{VdmXr AÝ` H$maUmgmR>r dmnaVmV. åhUOoM _moR>çm g§»òZo à{VdmXr g_yh hm "g§emoYZ d {dH$mg' `m H$maUmgmR>r J«§Wmb`mMm dmna H$aVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo "J«§ Wmb` dmnamMr nw Zamd¥Îmr{df`r àíZ {dMmaÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`m{df`rMr AmH$S>odmar Imbrbà_mUo VŠVm H«$. 7 _Üò Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambr Amho. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 16 106 40 13 19 darb H$moï>H$ H«$. 7 dê$Z Ago {ZXe©Zmg òVo H$s, EHy$U 165 (47.28%) à{VgmXH$ J«§Wmb`mMm "XaamoO' dmna H$aVmV, Va 106 (3.37%) à{VgmXH$ AmR>dS>çmVy Z Xmo Z do im, 40 (11.46%) à{VgmXH$ "AmR>dS>çmbm', 19 (5.44%) à{VdmXr "_{hÝ`mbm', 13 (3.72%) à{VgmXH$ Xa "n§Yam{Xdgmbm' Am{U 5 (1.43%) à{VgmXH$ AÝ` JQ>mV' \$ŠV EH$ à{VgmXH$ `m àíZm~m~V "{Z…eãX' am{hbm Amho. åhUOo J«§Wmb`mMm dmna 47.28% dmMH$ XaamoO H$aVmV. J«§Wmb`mVrb B§Q>aZoQ>da AmYm[aV godm dmnaVmZm à{ejUmÀ`m VaVwXr{df`r {dMmabo AgVm ~è`mM g§ñWm§Vrb dmMH$m§gmR>r qH$dm à{VgmXH$m§gmR>r "à{ejU' ì`dñWm Ho$br OmVo. `m{df`r B§Q>aZoQ> dmnaVmZm à{ejUmMr VaVyX Amho ? qH$dm Zmhr ? `m àíZmbm Imbrbà_mUo à{VgmX àmßV Pmbobm Amho. H$moï>H$ H«$. 8 : BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZo dmnaÊ`m{df`r à{ejU H$m`©H«$_mMr VaVyX Amho H$m ? à{VgmXH$ Q>¸o$dmar hmo` 94 26.93% Zmhr 224 64.18% {Z…eãX 31 8.88% darb H$moï>H$mVrb AmH$S>odmar Ago ñnï> H$aVo H$s, `m àíZmbm 224 (64.18%) à{VgmXH$m§Zr "ZH$mamË_H$' à{VgmX Zm|X{dbm AgyZ 94 (26.93%) à{VgmXH$m§Zr "gH$mamË_H$' à{VgmX {Xbm Amho. 31 (8.88%) à{VgmXH$m§Zr `m àíZmbm H$moUVmhr à{VgmX {Xbobm Zmhr. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 17 (7) B§Q>aZoQ> dmnamMr dma§dm[aVm àËòH$ J«§Wmb`mV dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z B§Q>aZoQ>Mm EH$ à_wI g§X^© gmYZ åhUyZ dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m AZwf§JmZo B§Q>aZoQ> dmnamÀ`m dma§dm[aVo{df`r àíZ {dMmabm hmoVm. Amboë`m AmH$S>odmarMo gmXarH$aU Imbrb H$moï>H$ H«$.9 _Üò Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho. $H$moï>H$ H«$. 9 : B§Q>aZoQ> dmnamMr dma§dm[aVm XaamoO ~è`mM doim àmg§{JH$ Ho$ìhmVar 109 133 43 23 31.23% 38.11% 12.32% 6.55% Ho$ìhmM Zmhr VQ>ñW 34 7 9.75% 2.01% darb H$moï>H$mdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, 133 (38.11%) à{VdmXr B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna "~è`mM doim' Ho$bm OmVmo Ago åhUVmV, Va 109 (31.23%) "XaamoO' dmnaVmV. 43 (12.32%) à{VgmXH$ "àmg§{JH$', 34 (9.74%) à{VgmXH$ "Ho$ìhmM Zmhr', 23 (6.55%) à{VgmXH$ "Ho$ìhm Var' VWm Xw_r©i doim Va eodQ>r 7 (2.01%) à{VgmXH$m§Zr H$moUVmhr à{VgmX Zm|X{dbobm Zmhr. hr godm {dZm_yë` H$s gewëH$ nwa{dbr OmVo `m{df`r 304 (47.11%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm J«§Wmb`mH$Sy>Z B§Q>aZoQ>Mr godm {dZm_yë` {Xbr OmVo, Va 15 (4.30%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm `m godogmR>r ewëH$ AmH$maÊ`mV òVo. B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna H$moUË`m H$maUmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo, Agm àíZ g§~moYÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Ë`mMr à{V{H«$`m EHy$U ghm eãXm§V dU©Z H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo hmoVr. Vr åhUOo - (A) Aä`mg, (Am) g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg KS>m_moS>r, (B) dñVwpñWVr{df`H$ _m{hVr, (B©) g§àofU, (C) _Zmoa§OZ, (D$) AÝ` hoVyH$[aVm. `m{df`r {_imbobr AmH$S>odmar Imbrb H$moï>H$ H«$. 10_Üò Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambr Amho. $H$moï>H$ H«$. 10 : B§Q>aZoQ dmnamMm hoVy Aä`mg g§emoYZ dñVwpñWVr g§àofU _Zmoa§OZ AÝ` hoVy {Z…eãX Am{U {dH$mg {df`H$ KS>m_moS>r _m{hVr 35 286 12 7 0 0 9 10.03% 81.95% 3.44% 2.01% 0.00% 0.00% 2.58% kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 18 darb H$moï>H$mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, 286 (81.95%) à{VgmXH$ B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna "g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg' H$m`m©gmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo, Va 35 (10.03%) à{VgmXH$ B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna "Aä`mgmgmR>r' hmoVmo Ago ñnï> H$aVmV. 12 (3.44%) à{VgmXH$ VmÁ`m KS>m_moS>rH$[aVm åhUOo n[apñWVrOÝ` _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna H$aVmV, Va 7 (2.01%) à{VgmXH$ g§àofUmgmR>r dmna H$aVmZm {XgyZ òVmV. B§Q>aZoQ>À`m A{YH$ dmnamZo _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mMm AmoK A{Ve` dmT>bm Agë`mZo _m{hVr emoYÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ gM© B§{OZMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m{df`r àíZ {dMmabm AgVm, EHy$U AH$am gM© B§{OZÀ`m g§X^m©V à{VgmXH$m§Zr {Xbobm à{VgmX H$moï>H$ H«$. 11_Üò XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. $H$moï>H$ H«$. 11 : gM© B§{OZMm dmna gM© B§{OZ EHy$U à{VdmXrMr g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar JwJb 326 93.41 `mhÿ 235 67.34 bm`H$mog 89 25.50 ao{S>\$ 80 22.92 AëQ>mìhoñQ>m 49 14.04 hm°Q>~m°Q> 27 7.74 AAmoEb 24 5.88 AÝ` gM© B§{OZ 6 1.72 E_EgEZ 5 1.43 byH$ ñ_mQ>© 5 1.43 Am°b X do~ 1 0.29 darb H$moï>H$ H«$. 11 _Üò Xe©{dboë`m AmH$S>odmardê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m{hVr emoYÊ`mgmR>r à{VgmXH$m§Zr "JwJb' gM© B§{OZ gdmªV OmñV dmnabo. EHy$U 326 (93.41%) à{VgmXH$m§Zr Ë`mg àmYmÝ` {Xbo Amho. Va 235 (67.34%) à{VgmXH$ "`mhÿ' gM© B§{OZ dmnaVmV. 89(25.50%) à{VgmXH$ "bm`H$mog' gM© B§{OZ, 80 (22.92%) à{VgmXH$ "ao{S>\$', 49 (14.04%) à{VgmXH$ "AëQ>mìhoñQ>m', 27 (7.74%) à{VgmXH$ "hm°Q>~m°Q>', 24 (5.88%) kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 19 à{VgmXH$ "AAmoEb', 6 (1.72%) à{VgmXH$ "AÝ` gM© B§{OZ' Va eodQ> "E_EgEZ Am{U bwH$ñ_mQ>©' ho gM© B§{OZ \$ŠV 5 ((1.43%) à{VgmXH$ dmnaVmV {edm` \$ŠV EH$m (0.29%) à{VdmXrZr "Am°b Xr do~' gM© B§{OZ Cn`moJmV AmUV Agë`mMo {ZXe©Zmg òVo. gXarb B§Q>aZoQ>À`m AZwf§JmZo, `m "g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg' g§ñWm§Vrb à{VgmXH$ "Am°ZbmB©Z {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d S>oQ>m~ogog' dmnam{df`rMr AmH$S>odmar g§H${bV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gXarb AmH$S>odmar VŠVm H«$. 12 _Üò Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambr Amho. $H$moï>H$ H«$. 12 : Am°ZbmB©Z {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d S>oQ>m~oggMm dmna H$aVmV H$m ? à{VgmXH$m§Mr g§»`m Q>¸o$dmar hmo` 156 44.70 Zmhr 120 34.38 {Z…eãX 73 20.92 darb H$moï>H$mV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo 156 (44.70%) à{VgmXH$m§Zr Am°ZbmB©Z {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d S>oQ>m~og dmnaÊ`m{edm` gH$mamË_H$ à{V{H«$`m {Xbr AgyZ, 120 (34.38%) à{VgmXH$m§Zr gXarb {df`r ZH$mamË_H$ à{VgmX Xe©{dbm Amho. 73 (20.92%) à{VgmXH$ `m àíZmg§X^m©V "{Z…eãX' AmhoV. B§Q>aZoQ>godm{df`r _yë`_mnZ H$aVmZm Ago {ZXe©Zmg Ambobr Ë`m{df`rMr à{V{H«$`m Imbrb H$moï>H$ H«$. 13 _Üò gmXa Ho$br Amho. H$moï>H$ H«$. 13 : B§Q>aZoQ>Mo _yë`m§H$Z H$gmoQ>r A{VCËH¥$ï> CËH¥$ï> CÎm_ ~am gd©gmYmaU gwb^Vm 119 127 68 13 11 AMyH$Vm 70 137 88 27 13 ImÌrnyd©H$ 61 130 102 31 11 gmVË` 48 122 109 44 11 gmononUm 71 110 108 37 12 H$mbnaËdo 64 103 114 40 12 A{V{d{eï> 53 94 116 51 14 gd©gmYmaU = 1, ~am = 2, CÎm_=3, CËH¥$ï> =4, A{VCËH¥$ï> =5 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 20 H$moï>H$ H«$. 14 : B§Q>aZoQ>Mo EHy$U _yë`m§H$Z H$gmoQ>r EHy$U ^mam§H$Z EHy$U _yë`m§H$Z gwb^Vm 1344 1 AMyH$Vm 1229 2 ImÌrnyd©H$ 1205 3 gmVË` 1204 4 gmononUm 1166 5 H$mbnaËdo 1154 6 A{V{d{eï> 1105 7 darb XmoÝhr VŠË`mdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, B§Q>aZoQ> dmnaVmZm "gwb^Vm' bm n{hbm àmYmÝ`H«$_ {Xbm Amho. Ë`mZ§Va CVaË`m H«$_mZo AMyH$Vm, gw b^Vm, ImÌrbm`H$, H$mbnaËdo, gmVË`, A{V{d{eï> `mdê$Z Ago AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm òVo H$s, B§Q>aZoQ> gw{dYm hr dmMH$ VH${ZH$s gm{hË` nmhÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVmV. 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B©-_obMm dmna A{YH$m{YH$ g§àofU d _m{hVrMo XodmUKodmU H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. _m{hVr emoYÊ`mgmR>r "JwJb Am{U `mhÿ' gM© B§{OZMm dmna A{YH$ hmo V mo . `m gd© KS> m _mo S > t dê$Z B§ Q > a Zo Q > M m à^md dmMH$m§ d a n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m Pmbm Amho, Ago åhUVm òB©b. hr `§ÌUm H$m`©j_nUo d gmVË`mZo kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 21 à^m{dV R>odÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb` à_wIm§Zr d g§ñWm§Zr H$mhr H$miOr KoUo An[ahm`© Amho. gmYZm§Mr H$_VaVm, _m{hVrMo ñ\$moQ>, ZdrZ _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ Am{U kmZ gmYZo `m Amìhm§ZmZm gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb` à_wI d J«§Wmb` H$_©Mmar `m§Zr CnbãY gmYZgm_J«r_Üò dmMH$m§Zm A{YH$m{YH$ godm H$em XoVm òVrb `m{df`rMo à{ejU XoUo JaOoMo Amho. dmMH$m§À`m g_mYmZmMr nmVir AmO_m{dÊ`mgmR>r daModa dmMH$m§{df`r gd©ojU H$ê$Z g_ñ`m g_OmdyZ KoD$Z J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm d J«§WmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m {H$_Vr, H$Ýgmoa{e`m Ñ{ï>H$moZ `m§_wio J«§Wmb` ì`dgm`mMr ^y{_H$m ~hwCÔoer` ñdê$nmMr hmoV Amho. `mH$[aVm J«§Wmb` ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm A{Ve` AgmYmaU, AndmXmË_H$ Am{U JwUdÎmmYmaH$ godm H$amdr bmJV Amho. `mgmR>r J«§Wmb`mMr H$m`© H$aÊ`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm hr à{ejU, {ZYm©a d ì`dgm`m{df`rMo g_mYmZ d ~m§YrbH$s `mda Adb§~yZ Amho. (9) g§X^© (1) Gaikwad D.T. (2007), Impact of Electronic Media on Special Libraries in Pune, Unpublished doctal thesis, Pune University, Pune. (2) Panday, S.K. (2010), Management of Preserving Resources in Digital Libtrary in India, Senario, Challenges and Prospectives. University Newes, 48 (7) Feb. 15-21, PP 4-13. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 22 B©-~wH$ : e¡j{UH$ J«§Wmb`mVrb EH$ JaO {demb X. ~mnVo, ghm`H$ J«§Wnmb, g§V JmS>Jo~m~m A_amdVr {dÚmnrR>, A_amdVr J«§W{ZdS>rÀ`m à{H«$òV _w{ÐV J«§Wm§Mm dmQ>m Zoh_rM daMT> AgVmo. na§Vw gm§àVH$mir J«§WnmbZ ì`dgm`mÀ`m {dH$gZerb Q>ßß`mV J«§W {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV B©-~wŠg Am{U B©-OZ©ëg `m§gma»`m A_w{ÐV gmYZm§Mm g_mdoe e¡j{UH$ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _hÎdnyU© R>ê$ eH$Vmo. `m_wio {ejU àXmZ nÕVr A{YH$ H$m`©j_ d _Zmoa§OZmË_H$ ~Zy eH$Vo, `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aUmam hm boI. àmñVm{dH$ B©-~wH$ ho Hw$R>ë`m e¡j{UH$ J«§Wmb`mMm EH$ à_wI KQ>H$ åhUyZ CX`mg òV Amho. ~hþVoH$ J«§Wmbò H$Ýgm°a{eAm d BVa g§Ho$VñWim§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hr godm àXmZ H$aV AmhoV. 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"B©-b{ZªJ'bm ~iH$Q>r àXmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r B©-~wŠgMm g_mdoe AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho. `m_wioM bhmZ d _Ü`_ ñdê$nmÀ`m J«§Wmb`m§ZrXoIrb _mJo amhÊ`mMm àíZ CX²²>^dV Zmhr. B©-~wH$ ho _w{ÐV nwñVH$mer g_mZmWu _mZë`m Jobo nm{hOo. J«§WnmbmZo B©-~wH$ Am{U Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV Cn^moŠVm øm XmoKmVbm Xwdm åhUyZ H$m`© H$am`Mo Amho. J«§WnmbZ ì`dgm`mMr nmio_wio Imobda éO{dÊ`mgmR>r B©-~wŠggma»`m gw{dYm e¡j{UH$ J«§Wmb`mH$Sy>Z nwa{dUo H«$_àmßV Amho. g§X^© (1) Best Website to Dounload Free E-Book (2011), Retrieved (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) g_mamon nmíMmÎ` Xoem§V B©-J«§Wm§Zm bmoH${à`Vm Am{U _hÎd {_iV Amho. ^maVmVhr H$mhr J«§Wmb`m§_Üò hr gw{dYm {Xbr OmVo. AmO AZoH$Xm {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z Am_À`m kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 28 (7) August 31, 2011, from Hongkiat : www.hongkiat.com Chong, P.F., & Lim, Y.A. (2009), On the Design Preferences for E-books, Retrieved August 30, 2011, from IETE Technical Review, http://www.enggjournal.com E-book Reader 2011 (2011), Retrieved September 1, 2011, from REVIEWS : http://ebook-reader.review.toptenreviews. com. Gupta, K.K. & K. G. P. (2002, February), E-Books : A new media for the Libraries. retrieved September 1, 2011, from INFLIBNET Institutional Repository : http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in Jalal, S.K. (2001), Electronic Book : A kind of digital resource. Retrieved September 1, 2011, from INFLIBNET Institutional Repository : http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in Nayak, S. & Kalyankar , N.V. (2010), E-learning Technology for Rural Child Development, Retrieved August 30, 2011, from IJCSE : http://www.enggjournals.com Rathinsabapathy, G. & Rajendran, L.A. (2009, February 25), E-books Through Intranet : A case study of the Tamilnadu kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 29 Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Library. Retrieved September 1, 2011, from INFLIBNET Institutional Repository : http:ir.inflebnet.ac.in (8) Sue. P. (2011, November 15), A guide to E-book Purchasing. Retrieved July 3, 2012, from ALA : hppt:// www.americanlibrariesmagazine.org (9) The Best 6 sites to Get Free E-books. (2011), Retrieved August 31, 2011 from Make use of : www.makeuseof.com B§{S>`Z OZ©b Am°\$ BÝ\$a_oeZ bm`~«ar A±S> gmogm`Q>r `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb C„oIm§Mo {díbofU lr. AemoH$ Ama. A{hao, J«§Wnmb H$Ý`m {dÚmb`, _mboJmd eha (1) àmñVm{dH$ C„oI {díbofU hr g§X^© gyMtMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr gdmªV _hÎdmMr d OwZr nÕVr Amho. `w{OZ Jma{\$ëS> `m§Zr 1955 _Üò C„oI {díbofUm~Ôb _hÎdnyU© ghH$m`© Ho$bo. J«§W_mnZmÀ`m A§VJ©V J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌmgmR>r C„oI {díbofU ho V§Ì {dH${gV Pmbo. 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Ë`mZ§Va AZwH«$_o Journals of Information Science (28 C„oI 6.13%), Indian Journal of Information Library & Society (24 C„oI 5.25%), Va Administrative Society Quaterly (14 C„oI 3.06%) Xhmdm H«$_m§H$ bmJVmo. n{hë`m 10 {Z`VH$m{bH$m§V 48.35% C„oIm§Mm g_mdoe Amho, Va Caboë`m {Z`VH$m§{bH$mV 51.64% C„oIm§Mr {dIaU Pmbobr Amho. (6) {ZîH$f© (1) 29.68% g§X^© {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb AmhoV. (457) Am{U ho EHy$U 27 {Z`VH$m{bH$m§_Üò {dIwabobo AmhoV. (2) n{hë`m 10 {Z`VH$m{bH$m§V 48.35% C„oIm§Mm g_mdoe Amho, Va Caboë`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§V 51.64% C„oIm§Mr {dIaU Pmbobr Amho. (3) {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boImMr XmoZ boIH$ g§»`m Agbobo 73.50% boI AmhoV. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 37 (4) Cn`moJmda AmYm[aV V`ma Ho$boë`m H«$_dma `mXrV Indian Journal of Information, Library & Society ho {Vgè`m H«$_m§H$mda Amho. (5) boIH$m§Zr boI {b{hVmZm 15.26% do~gmB©Q>_Yrb dmMZgm{hË`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm Amho. g§emoYZ Ahdmb boIZmMr V§Ìo S>m°. amO|Ð {dÇ>b {MH$Q>o, Vm§{ÌH$ ghm`H$ (J«§Wmb`) O`H$a J«§Wmb`, nwUo {dÚmnrR>, nwUo g§X^© (1) Doraswamy, M. and Reddy, P. 2001, 'Citation Analysis of (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Ph.D. Theses in Geography', University News, 39/48 (Nov.26) p.p. 3-8. Doraswamy, M. 2006, 'Analysis of Citation Cited in Ph.D. Theses in Botany', Indian Journal of Information Library & Society, 19/3-4, (July-Dec.) p.p. 167-175. Garfild, E. 1979, Citation Indexing - its theory and application in science technology and humanities, New York, John Viley and Sons. Lokhande, R. S. and Chikate, A. N. 2008, 'Citation Analysis of Doctoral Dissertations Submitted to University of Poona in the Subject Library and Information Science, Indian Journal of Information, Library & Society, 21/3-4, (July-Dec.) p.p. 200-208. Patil, S. K. and Others, 2006, 'Measuring Impact of Web Sources in Conference Proceeding, A Citation Analysis', NACLIN, 2006, p.p. 143-153 Winestock, M. 1971, 'Citation Indexes', Encylopedio of Library and Information Science, (ed. Allen Kent), New York, p.p. 16-40. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 38 g§ e mo Y Z Ahdmb bo I Z `mbmM e¡ j {UH$ bo I Z (Academic Writing) Agohr åhUVmV. e¡j{UH$ boIZ åhUOo, "g§emoYZmgmR>r KoVboë`m {df`mMo g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmZwgma boIZ hmo`.' `mbmM emoY{Z~§Y, à~§Y, àH$ën qH$dm g§emoYZna boI Ago åhUVmV. `m boImVyZ e¡j{UH$ boIZm{df`r doJdoJiçm A§JmZr gd©gmYmaU _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a H$moUË`m àH$maMo gm{hË` (Resources)dmnê$Z boIZmVrb Amnbo _V H$go _m§S>mdo, Ë`mM~amo~a g§emoYZ Ahdmb qH$dm e¡j{UH$ boIZ H$em àH$mao H$aVmV, Vo H$aVo doir H$moUH$moUVr H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho `m{df`r _m{hVr `m boImVyZ {_iUma Amho. àñVmdZm g§emoYZ åhUOo nwZ…nwÝhm emoY KoUo qH$dm Amho Ë`m Jmoï>rMm emoY KoUo. g§emoYH$mbm {ZXe©Zmg Ambobr Jmoï> g_mOmbm H$iÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMo boIZ H$aUo åhUOoM g§emoYZ Ahdmb boIZ hmo`. Aem àH$maMo g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU Omo {df` {ZdS>Vmo Vmo {df` ñdV:bm gwMbobm Agmdm. BVam§Zr gwM{dbobm {df` g§emoYZmgmR>r KoD$ Zò. Vo EH$ àH$mao bmXbobo H$m_ Amho Ago dmQ>Vo d Ë`m {df`mbm AmnU `mo½` Ý`m` XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. AmnU Á`m doir g§emoYZmbm gwédmV H$aVmo, qH$dm H$mhr e¡j{UH$ nXdrÀ`m nyV©VogmR>r g§emoYZ hmVr ¿`mdo bmJVo, Ë`m doir Ë`mM {df`mVrb nydu Pmbobo g§emoYZ qH$dm doJdoJiçm {Z`VH$m{bH$m§VyZ àH$m{eV hmoUmao {df`mer g§~§{YV g§emoYZmda boI `m§Mo dmMZ Ho$ë`mZo Amnë`mbm Amnbm {df` gwMy eH$Vmo. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 39 Aem àH$mao ñdV:bm gwMboë`m {df`mda g§emoYZ Ho$bo Va g§emoYZ Mm§Jë`m [aVrZo nyU©Ëdmg òD$Z g§~§{YV {df`mbm `mo½` Ý`m` {_iVmo. AmnU Á`m {R>H$mUr H$m_ H$aVmo Ë`m {R>H$mUr AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m g_ñ`m AgVmV. CXmhaUmW©, J«§Wmb`mV H$m_ H$aVo doir dmMZ gm{hË` IaoXr, CnbãY dmMZ gm{hË`mMm dmna `m Jmoï>rH$S>o J«§Wnmbm§Zr bj XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU J«§Wmb`mMm àH$ma, Ë`m {R>H$mUMm dmMH$ dJ©, Ë`m§Zm bmJUmar _m{hVr hr H$moUË`m ñdê$nmVrb gmYZm_Üò Agob `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`mMr IaoXr H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`mM~amo~a EImÚm J«§Wmb`mV dmMZ gm{hË` ânya Amho, Cn`moOH$ / dmMH$ / g§emoYH$ Ë`mMm dmna H$aVmV qH$dm Zmhr, gm{hË`mMm dmna H$aVo doir AÚ`mdV _m{hVrMm dmna H$aVmV H$s OwÝ`m _m{hVrMm dmna H$aVmV, Am°ZbmB©Z gm{hË`mMm dmna H$aVmV H$s N>mnrb (print) ñdê$nmVrb gmYZmMm dmna H$aVmV. `mMm XoIrb {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Á`m doir Aem {dMmam§Zm MmbZm {_iVo Ë`mM jUmbm Amnë`mbm g§emoYZmMm {df` {_imbobm AgVmo. darb CXmhaUmÀ`m ~m~VrV Amnë`mbm `wO ñQ>S>r Am{U `wOa ñQ>S>rdarb gm{hË`mMo dmMZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. gmYZm§Mr AmoiI Am{U _yë`_mnZ (Identifying and Evaluating Resources) EH$Xm Amnë`m g§emoYZmÀ`m doJdoJiçm ^mJm§Zwgma / AmamIS>çm§Zwgma Ë`mMm AmH¥${V~§Y R>abm, Va Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmar gmYZo H$moUVr Am{U Ë`mMo _yë`_mnZ ho H$m_ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. g§emoYZmbm gwédmV Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmao nwamdo, g§~§{YV boIZ, AmH$S>odmar Am{U BVa _m{hVr Jmoim H$aUo gmono hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m {df`mdarb Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Cn {df`mdarb J«§W, {Z`VH$m{bHo$ `m§Mo gd©ojU H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`m_wio ñdV:Mo g§emoYZ `mo½` _mJm©Zo H$aVm òVo. Aer gmYZo qH$dm nwamdo `m§Mr Amnë`m boIZmV JaO AgVo d Ë`m_wio ñdV:Mo g§emoYZ `mo½` _mJm©Zo H$aVm òVo. `m H$m`m©VyZ Amnë`mbm nyd©gm{hË`mMm emoY KoVm òVmo Am{U AmnU {ZdS>boë`m g§emoYZ {df`mda nydu g§emoYZ Pmbo Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho H$iVo. Ë`m~amo~a AmnU H$aV Agboë`m g§emoYZmV {ÛéŠVr Va hmoV Zmhr `mMr ImÌr hmoVo. nyd© gm{hË`mMm emoY KoVo doir Ë`mMr `mXr V`ma H$amdr. ho H$m_ H$aVo doir nwT>rb Jmoï>r {dMmamV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 40 (1) AÚ`mdV J«§W Am{U {Z`VH$m{bHo$ `mda bj R>odUo. (2) Aem àH$maÀ`m gmYZm§Mr gyMr nmhUo Am{U Amnë`m {df`mer g§~§{YV Cn`moJr gm{hË`mMr `mXr H$aUo. (3) Ë`m g§emoYH$mMm g§emoYZm_mJrb CÔoe / hoVy / à`moOZ H$m` Amho ? Ë`m {df`mbm Ë`m§Zr `mo½` Ý`m` {Xbm Amho H$m ? `mMm H$miOrnyd©H$ {dMma H$amdm. (4) {ZdS>H$ gm{hË`mMo dmMZ H$ê$Z WmoS>Š`m Am{U _moOŠ`m eãXm§V {Q>nUo qH$dm Q>mMUo {bhyZ R>odUo. (5) CnbãY dmMZ gmYZm_Üò H$mhr _VôX qH$dm VÁkm§Mr _Vo Am{U _V{^ÞVm `m§Mr {Q>nUr H$mT>Uo ho Amnë`m {df`mÀ`m boIZmgmR>r `mo½` AgVo. (6) g§~§{YV dmMZ gm{hË`mMr AmoiI Am{U _yë`_mnZ `mMm H$mbmdYr R>adyZ ¿`m. `m_wio Amnë`m g§emoYZmVrb nyd© gm{hË`mMm emoY (Review of Literature) hm ^mJ nyU© hmoB©b Am{U Amnë`m boIZmbm doioV gwédmV H$aVm òB©b. dmL²>_` Mm¡`© Q>mim Am{U gmYZm§Mr ViQ>rn Úm (Avoiding Plagiarism and Quoting Sources) g§emoYZmVrb {bImU H$aVo doir AZoH$ doim g§emoYH$mH$Sy>Z gai-gai _w»` boIH$mÀ`m nwñVH$mVrb qH$dm boImVrb H$mhr ^mJ OgmÀ`m Vgm KoÊ`mH$S>o H$b AgVmo. g§emoYH$mbm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, ho BVa dmMH$m§Zm H$iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Zmhr åhUyZ Aem àH$maMo H¥$Ë` Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Aem àH$mao gaigai Z¸$b H$aUo d Vo ñdV:Mo {bImU Amho Agm ~hmUm H$aUo `mbmM dmL²>_` Mm¡`© (Plagiarism) Ago åhUVmV. Aem àH$mao EImÚmÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nÎmrMr Mmoar H$aUo ho `mo½` Zmhr. Agm àH$ma CKS>H$sg Ambm Va Ë`mda Jm§^r`m©Zo JwÝhm XmIb hmoVmo. ho Q>miÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYH$mZo Aem _mohmV Z nS>Vm `mo½` nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z dmL²>_` Mm¡`m©gmaIo H¥$Ë` Q>miVm òVo. åhUOoM {bImUm_Üò Á`m Á`m {R>H$mUr BVa boIH$mMo gm{hË` dmnabo Agob Ë`m-Ë`m nmZmda qH$dm Ë`m-Ë`m àH$aUmÀ`m eodQ>r ViQ>rn XoUo qH$dm g§X^© XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. VgoM BVa boIH$mMo {bImU g§emoYH$m§Zr ñdV:À`m eãXm§V {b{hbo Agob VarXoIrb `mo½` nÕV dmnê$Z Ë`mMm g§X^© Úmdm. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 41 CX²Y¥V H$m Am{U H$go H$amdo ? (Why and How should Quote?) AmnU Oa EImÚmbm CX²Y¥V H$aUma Agmb Va Ë`mMo OgoÀ`m Vgo eãX Amnë`m boIZmV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. CX²Y¥V H$aVo doir _yi boIH$mbm H$m` åhUmd`mMo Amho ? Vmo _hÎdmMm ^mJ eŠ`Vmo WmoS>Š`mV {bhm. AmnU EImÚm boIH$mMo {bImU Amnë`m {bImUmV KoVo doir Ë`m boIH$mMo åhUUo à^mdr, `mo½`, gd©g_mdoeH$, H$ënH$, Vo dmXJ«ñV Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho nmhþZM Amnë`mbm `mo½` dmQ>ob Am{U Amnë`m {df`mer g§~§{YV Agob AemM gm{hË`mVrb eãX qH$dm H$mhr ^mJ ¿`mdm Am{U Ë`m{df`r Ë`mMr ViQ>rn qH$dm g§X^© Úmdm. Ë`m_wio boIH$mMm qH$dm BVa dmMH$m§Mm J¡ag_O hmoUma Zmhr. AWm©ZwdmX (Paraphrasing) CX²Y¥V H$aUo åhUOo BVa boIH$mMo {bImU Amnë`m g§emoYZmV OemÀ`m Vem eãXm§V dmnaUo. AWm©ZwdmX åhUOo "BVa boIH$mÀ`m nwñVH$mVrb qH$dm boImVrb H$mhr ^mJ AW© Z ~XbVm Amnë`m eãXmV _m§S>Uo' Aem nÕVrMo {bImU ho Amnë`m g§H$ënZoÀ`m qH$dm g§emoYZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ñdV:À`m nÕVrZwgma {b{hUo \$m`Xoera AgVo. Aem nÕVrZo AWm©ZwdmX H$aVo doir Vo `mo½` nÕVrZo hmoVo Amho qH$dm Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU Amnbo {bImU ho dmL²>_` Mm¡`© Amho Agm g§e` òD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m-Ë`m {R>H$mUr g§X^© qH$dm ViQ>rn XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. AWm©ZwdmXmÀ`m H$mhr nÕVr AmhoV Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo · boImVrb qH$dm J«§Wm_Yrb CVmam H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMm. boIH$mbm H$m` åhUm`Mo Amho Vo bjmV ¿`m. · dmMboë`m CVmè`mVrb _w»` _wÔo ñdV§Ì nmZmdaVr {bhm. Ë`m doir Vmo CVmam H$moUË`m J«§WmVrb qH$dm {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb Amho `mMr J«§WgyMr` _m{hVr Ë`mM nmZmda {bhÿZ R>odm. · Vwåhr H$mT>bobo _wÔo / {Q>nU Am{U _yi CVmam `mMr VybZm H$am. Ë`mVrb _hÎdmMo gd© _wÔo KoVë`mMr ImÌr H$am. · boIH$mÀ`m CVmè`mVrbM _wÔo AmhoV, Ë`mV ñdV:Mo _wÔo ZmhrV `mMr ImÌr H$am. · boIH$mbm H$m` gm§Jm`Mo Amho ho Vwåhr Vw_À`m eãXm§V AW© Z ~XbVm gmXa H$am. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 42 Á`m {R>H$mUr AWm©ZwdmXmMm g§~§Y Ambobm Amho Ë`m-Ë`m {R>H$mUr g§X^©/ Vi{Q>nm {Xboë`m AmhoV `mMr ImÌr H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm {_imbobr _m{hVr H$moRy>Z {_imbr ho H$iÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. BVa boIH$mMo åhUUo Amho qH$dm {bImU Amho ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ _mJ© AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, AmnU åhUy eH$Vmo H$s {d{eï> boIH$mZo ì`ŠV Ho$ë`mà_mUo · {ZîH$f© H$mT>ë`mZwgma (Concluded) · {gÕ Ho$ë`mà_mUo (Confirms) · ì`ŠV Ho$ë`mà_mUo (Argues) · R>m_nUo _m§S>ë`mZwgma (Asserts) · ñnï> Ho$ë`mà_mUo (Explains) · _hÎd {Xë`mZwgma (Emphasizes) · {dídmgmZwgma (believes) · AZw_mZ H$mT>ë`mZwgma (Hypothesizes) · Xmdm Ho$ë`mZwgma (Claims) · {ZarjUmZwgma (Observes) · R>m_nUo åhQ>ë`mZwgma (Insists) · {ZX©oe Ho$ë`mà_mUo (Point out) · åhUÊ`mZwgma (Says) · {ZdoXZ Ho$ë`mà_mUo (States) `mM~amo~a Amnë`m boIZmV {d{eï> boIH$mÀ`m {bImUmMm C„oI H$aVo doir AmnU Agohr åhUy eH$Vmo. · 'X' À`m _Vo (According to 'X') · 'X' `m§À`m _VmZwgma / gëë`mZwgma (In 'X' opinion) · 'X' `m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma (In 'X' view) darb nÕVrZo BVa boIH$m§Mo åhUUo OgoÀ`m Vgo qH$dm AW© Z ~XbVm Amnë`m eãXm§V _m§S>ë`mZ§Va Vi{Q>nm_Üò J«§WmVrb qH$dm {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ XoUo JaOoMo AgVo. H$maU AmnU Ë`m g§X^© gm{hË`mVrb {d{eï> ^mJM KoVbobm AgVmo. J«§WgyMr_Üò _mÌ nyU© J«§WmMr qH$dm {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boImMr n¥ð>o ¿`mdr bmJVmV. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 43 _OHw$amVrb Am{U J«§WgyMrVrb g§X^© (Referencing in Texts and in Bibliographies) g§emoYZmda boIZ H$aVo doir Ahdmb boIZmVrb _OHw$am_Üò BVa boIH$mMr _Vo, {ZîH$f© OgoÀ`m Vgo qH$dm AW© Z ~XbVm Amnë`m eãXm§V {b{hbo OmVmV. Ë`mMr Vi{Q>no À`m ñdê$nmV Zm| X H$amdr bmJVo . `mbmM _OHw $amVrb g§X^© (Referencing in text) Ago åhUVmV. J«§WgyMr (Bibliography) hr Ahdmb boIZmÀ`m eodQ>r {Xbobr g§X^© gm{hË`mMr `mXr AgVo. `m `mXrVrb àËòH$ J«§W qH$dm boI g§emoYH$mZo dmMbobm AgVmo Am{U Ë`mVrb H$mhtMm Cn`moJ Ahdmb boIZmV Ho$bobm AgVmo. _OHw$amVrb g§X^© qH$dm J«§WgyMrVrb g§X^© H$go ÚmdoV `mgmR>r H$mhr {Z`_mdbr R>aboë`m AmhoV. Ë`m Amnë`m _mJ©Xe©H$mH$Sy>Z qH$dm {ejH$mH$Sy>Z H$moUË`m àH$maMr {Z`VnwpñVH$m (Style Manual) dmnamdr `m{df`r {ZpíMV Ago _mJ©Xe©Z {_iV AgVo. Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVboë`m {Z`_mZwgmaM g§X^© XoUo qH$dm J«§WgyMr ~Z{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r AmO CnbãY Agboë`m nwT>rb à_mU^yV {Z`_nwpñVH$m (Style Manual) AmhoV. · The American Chemical Society (ACS) Style. · The Associated Press Style Book. · The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). · Turabian Style. · The Elements of Style. · The Elements of Typographic Style. · The Modern Humanities Rsearch Association (MHRA) Style · · · · · Guide. Modern Language Association (MLA) The New York Times Manual of Style. Hart's Rules The Oxford Style Manual American Psychological Association (APA) AmOn`ªV OJmV CnbãY AgUmè`m darb nÕVrn¡H$s OmñVrV OmñV à_mUmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m APA, Chicago Am{U MLA `m AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m do~gmB©Q>da Ë`mMr Ë`m{df`rMr AÚ`mdV _m{hVr CnbãY Amho. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 44 Á`m doir AmnU e¡j{UH$ {Z~§Y (Academic Essay) boIZ H$aVmo, Ë`m doir dmL²>_` Mm¡`© hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ H$moUVr H$miOr ¿`mdr, Ë`mgmR>r H$m` H$amdo ho AmnU nm{hbobo Amho. EImÚm J«§WmVrb qH$dm boImVrb EImXm eãX, dmŠ`, ì`m»`m qH$dm H$mhr ^mJ KoUo ho Amnbo Amnë`m {bImUmVrb åhUUo nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r JaOoMo AgVo. Aem doir Vi{Q>nm {Xë`m OmVmV. Vi{Q>nm XoÊ`mMm XmoZ nÕVr AmhoV, hohr AmnU nm{hbo Amho. Vi{Q>nm XoVo doir VÌ¡d (Ibid) qH$dm C. {Z. (Op.cit.) `m eãXm§Mm dmna ~è`mM doim H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`mMr H$maUo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. Oa EImXm J«§W qH$dm {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boImMm dmna AmnU Amnë`m boIZmV Ho$bobm Agob Ë`mZwgma Ë`mMr ViQ>rn {Xbobr Agob Am{U naV Ë`mM J«§WmVrb qH$dm {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb Ë`mM n¥ð> H«$_m§H$mdarb doJiçm _m{hVrMm dmna Ho$bobm Agob Va ViQ>rn XoVo doir gd© J«§WgyMr` _m{hVr Z XoVm \$ŠV "VÌ¡d' EdT>mM C„oI H$amdm. Oa EImXm J«§W qH$dm {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boI VmoM Agob Am{U Ë`mVrb doJiçm n¥ð> H«$_m§H$mdarb _m{hVr KoVbobr Agob Va g§X^© XoVo doir boIH$mMo nyU© Zmd XodyZ Ë`mnwT>o "C.{Z.' Agm C„oI H$ê$Z n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ Úmdm. ([agdS>H$a, _. am. C.{Z. n¥.8) J«§WgyMr_Üò VÌ¡d qH$dm C.{Z. Ago C„oI H$ê$ ZòV. H$maU EImXm J«§W qH$dm {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boI `m§Mm C„oI J«§WgyMr_Üò EH$XmM H$aVmV. g§emoYZna Ahdmb boIZ H$aVo doir g§emoYZmMm {df` Ë`mgmR>r _m§S>bobr C{Ôï>o, J¥hrVHo$, g§emoYZ nÕVr d C{Ôï>mZwê$n _m{hVr g§H$bZmgmR>r dmnabobr V§Ìo Am{U gmYZo d _m{hVrMo {díbofU `mo½` àH$mao Pmbo Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho g§emoYH$mZo H$miOrnyd©H$ nm{hbo Va g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© ho `mo½` Am{U Amnë`m {df`mbm Ý`m` XoUmao AgVmV. Ë`mZwgma g§emoYH$mbm eodQ>r `mo½` Aem gyMZm Am{U Cnm` gyMdVm òVmV. g§emoYZna Ahdmb boIZ `mo½` àH$mao hmoÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmVrb àËòH$ Jmoï> CXmhaUmW©, g§emoYZmMm {df`, C{Ôï>o, J¥hrVHo$, g§emoYZ nÕVr, nyd© gm{hË`mMm emoY, _m{hVr g§H$bZmMr V§Ìo d gmYZo, _m{hVrMo {díbofU, {ZîH$f©, Cnm` qH$dm gyMZm `m gd© Jmoï>r gwg§JV[aË`m EH$_oH$m§da Adb§~yZ AmhoV ho g§emoYH$mZo H$m`_ñdê$nr bjmV R>odUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho. hr Jmoï> bjmV R>odbr VaM g§emoYH$ g§emoYZ {df`mbm `mo½` Ý`m` XoD$ eH$Vmo. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 45 g§X^©gyMr (1) AmJbmdo , àXrn (2000), "g§e mo YZ nÕVr emñÌ d V§ Ìo ', ZmJny a : {dÚmàH$meZ, n¥. 505 (2) JO|ÐJS>, ìhr.EZ. Am{U KwJao, Eg.~r. (1980), "g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVr', H$moëhmnya : gmYZm ~wH$ ñQ>m°b, n¥. 193 (3) MwZoH$a, gw. am. Am{U BVa (1983), "g§emoYZ ñdê$n Am{U nÕVr' g§J_Zoa : {ejU àgmaH$ g§ñWm, n¥. 130 (4) ^m§S>maH$a, nw. b. (1976), "gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr' ZmJnya : {dÚmnrR> J«§W{Z{_©Vr _§S>imgmR>r, n¥. 680 (5) g§V, Xw. H$m. (1985), "emoY {dkmZ H$moe gmYZ Am{U g§X^© J«§W' nwUo : nwUo {dÚmWu J¥h àH$meZ, n¥. 542 (6) gmo_U, _. am., (1984), "gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr' nwUo : nwUo {dÚmWu J¥h àH$meZ, n¥. 239 (7) Busha, Chowles H. & Harter, stephen P. (1980), 'Research Methods in Librarivanship : Techniques and Interpretation' San Diego : Academic Press, p. 417 ~w{Õ_§WZ : J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZmMo AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì àm. lr_Vr H$ënZm em_amd gmoZdUo J«§Wnmb, ^{JZr _§S>i MmonS>m g§M{bV g_mOH$m`© _hm{dÚmb`, MmonS>m àm. àXrn Vwieram_ nmQ>rb, J«§Wnmb A.`w.H$.Ho$. g§M{bV _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`, Ywio `m g§koMm eãXe: AW© ~w{Õ_§WZ Agm Amho. H$moUË`mhr g_ñòda Cnm` emoYUo `m V§ÌmV eŠ` hmoVo. ~w{Õ_§WZ ho g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mMo bmoH${à` V§Ì Amho. H$moUË`mhr g§ñWo_Üò Ë`mMà_mUo J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZo_Üò `m V§ÌmMm dmna AbrH$S>o gwê$ Pmbm Amho. X¡Z§{XZ àemgZm_Üò AZoH$Xm AMmZH$ g_ñ`m CX²^dVmV. Ë`m g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao OmD$Z Ë`mda VËH$mi Cnm` emoYÊ`mMo ho V§Ì Amho. `m V§ÌmMm à^mdrnUo dmna AmO àemgZm§_Üò H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amd`mg hdm, Ë`mMà_mUo J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZm_Üò `m V§ÌmMm à^mdrnUo dmna H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Keyword : Brainstorming H$ënZmH$„moi, ~w{Õ_§WZ, JwUdÎmm ì`dñWmnZ V§Ì Brainstorming àñVmdZm (Introduction) H$ënZm C\©$ g§H$ënZm H$er CËH«$m§V hmoVo `mMo V§Ì {dH${gV Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wio _mZdr {dMmaà{H«$òMm A{YH$ Mm§Jbm dmna H$aVm òUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s `m {H« $ò Mm gm_w Xm{`H$ dmna H$aÊ`mÀ`m V§ Ìmbm ~w {Õñ\$mo Q>Z Ago åhQ>bo OmVo . ì`pŠV_mZgmV {dMmam§Mo CËnmXZ hmoÊ`mMo Oo V§Ì kmV Pmbobo Amho, Ë`mMm dmna g_wXm`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mMm hm CnH«$_ Amho. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 46 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 47 A°boŠg E\$ Am°g~moZ© `m Om{hamV VÁkmZo 1953 _Üò Amnë`m "A°ßbmB©S> B_°{OZoeZ' : {àpÝgnb A°S> àmogrOa Am°\$ {H«$E{Q>ìh àmãbo_ gm°pëd¨J' `m J«§WmV ~w{Õ_§WZ `m V§ÌmMm àW_ nwañH$ma Ho$bm Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm ~w{Õ_§WZ V§ÌmMo OZH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. ~w{Õ_§WZ V§ÌmV gO©Zerb {dMmam§Mm ZdZdrZ H$ënZm§À`m _m§S>UrgmR>r dmna Ho$bm OmVmo ho gm_y{hH$ dmnamMo V§Ì AgyZ `mV H$_r doimV EImÚm {df`mda JQ>mH$Sy>Z OmñVrV OmñV H$ënZm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z KoVbr OmVo. `m_wio EImÚm g_ñòÀ`m hmVmiUrgmR>r H$ënH$VoÀ`m Omoamda {d{dY n`m©` nwT>o òVmV. `m n`m©`m_YyZ ì`dñWmnH$mbm Amnë`m g_ñòda `mo½` Vmo n`m©` {ZdSy>Z VmoS>Jm emoYVm òVmo. `m_wio {ZU©`à{H«$`m gmonr hmoVo. J«§Wmb`mVrb àíZm§À`m d g_ñ`m§À`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r ho V§Ì dmnaë`mg Vo AZoH$ n`m©` gwM{dUmao d J«§Wnmbm§Mr {ZU©`j_Vm gH$g H$aUmao R>ê$ eH$Vo. Am°g~moZ© `m§Zr hr {Z{_©Vrerb _ZmMr R>odU d gO©ZmMr à{H«$`m bjmV KoD$Z gm_wXm{`H$ gO©ZerbVm dmT>rbm bmdÊ`mMo EH$ V§ÌM V`ma Ho$bo Amho d Ë`mbm ~w{Õ_§WZ Ago Zmd {Xbo Amho. Brainstorming `m B§J«Or eãXmbm doJdoJiçm boIH$m§Zr _amR>rV doJdoJio à{VeãX dmnabobo AmT>iVmV. S>m°. Xw. H$m. g§V `m§Zr Amnë`m "emoY{dkmZ H$moe' `m J«§WmV ~w{Õ_§WZ hm eãX dmnabm Va gwf_m nm¡S>dmb `m§Zr _{V_§WZ, Va Or.E. ~wdm `m§Zr ~m¡{ÕH$ Ádm¡i hm à{VeãX dmnabm Amho. Va H$mhtZr H$ënZmH$„moi hm à{VeãX dmnabobm Amho. àñVwV boImV _mÌ ~w{Õ_§WZ Agm eãXà`moJ Ho$bobm Amho. emñÌr` nÕVrZo ì`dñWmnZ H$ê$Z godoV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~w{Õ_§WZ gma»`m V§ÌmMo J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZmV Cnm`moOZ hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. J«§Wmb`mVrb A{YH$ma g§X^m©V H$_©Mmè`mMo XmoZ JQ>m§V dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mV EH$mbm H$m`©àdU Ago åhUVmV. `mMm g§~§Y J«§Wmb`mVrb àË`j H$m`m©À`m CbmT>mbrV AgVmo. `mV J«§WnmbmnmgyZ Vo A§{V_ nmVirn`ªVMm H$_©Mmar dJ© AgVmo. Xwgam JQ> g„mJmam§Mm AgyZ `mVrb H$_©Mmar J«§Wmb`mÀ`m A§VJ©V H$m`m©Mo d ~mø n[apñWVrMo {díbofU H$ê$Z YmoaUmË_H$ {ZU©` KoÊ`mg _XV H$aUmao AgVmV. `m JQ>mV gm_mÝ` VÁk _§S>irMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m JQ>mbmM ~w{Õñ\$moQ>Z JQ> Ago åhUVmV. ~w{Õ_§WZ à{H«$`m (Process of Brainstorming) `m V§ÌmZwgma EH$m {d{eï> JQ>mbm EH$Ì ~mobmdyZ g_ñòMm gd© ~mOy§Zr {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mda doJdoJiçm H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m OmVmV. `m JQ>mV Xhm, n§Yam, drg kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 48 OUm§Mm dm WmoS>m H$_r-OmñV g§»òMm g_yh AgVmo. Vo gd©OU gh^mJr Pmbobo AgVmV, H¥${Verb AgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r àW_ EImXm ZoVm qH$dm àdŠVm hdm. Ë`mZo Amnë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m AmË_{dídmgmbm OmñVrV OmñV g§jon {Xbobm Agmdm d BVam§Zm OmñVrV OmñV àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mMr Ë`mMr _Zmod¥Îmr, ^y{_H$m hdr. Vmo nyU© V`mar H$ê$Z òB©b d àma§^r Amnë`m gh^mJr gXñ`m§Zm Amnbo C{Ôï> d Amnbr ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$ê$Z gm§Job d H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo gyÌrH$aU, g§Hw${MVnUm MM©oV òD$ Z XoÊ`mMm Ë`mMm gmnojr à`ËZ amhrb. Am°g~moZ©À`m _Vo ho gÌ XmoZ Vmgm§Mo Agmdo. ~¡R>H$sV H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm I§S> nS>Uma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoVbr Omdr H$s, `m H$mimV OodT>o gh^mJr gXñ` AmhoV Ë`mÀ`mnojm EH$ IwMu H$_rM R>odbr Omdr, Ago Vmo åhUVmo; åhUOo H$moUmbm Var Cô amhmdo bmJob åhUOo ~mobmdo bmJob. Aem [aVrZo MMm© gVV MmbVr R>odbr OmB©b. MMm© Mmby AgVmZm {dMma{H«$òÀ`m d C„oIboë`m Xwgè`m KQ>H$mbm àmYmÝ` Úmd`mMo Agë`mZo nwT>o Amboë`m H$ënZoda A{^àm` XoUo, {VMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo, {VÀ`mda {ZU©` XoUo ho nyU©nUo d H$Q>mjmZo Q>mibo OmVo. H$moUVrhr H$ënZm ewÐ AgUma Zmhr. {VÀ`mdê$Z Xwgar qH$dm {Vgar H$ënZm Aem H$ënZm gwM{dUoM _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmB©b. eodQ>r gm_mÝ` H$ënZodê$Z EImXr ZmdrÝ`nyU© H$ënZm CËH«$m§V Pmbobr AmT>iyZ òB©b. Aem [aVrZo EH$m _mUgmbm gwMUma Zmhr EdT>çm H$ënZm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU hmoB©b H$s Vmo gd© EH$ Zdm gm_wXm{`H$ gO©ZmË_H$ AZw^d Agob. ~w{Õ_§WZ à{H«$òMo nwT>rb nmM Q>ßno _mZVm òVrb. · g_ñòMr _m§S>Ur · g_ñ`m {dYmZmMr {ZdS> · V`mar gÌ / CÎmoOZm gÌ · H$ënZm{dîH$ma gÌ · H$ënZm§Mr {ZdS> ~w { Õ_§ W Z à{H« $ ò V ì`dñWmnH$mbm H$mhr nÏò nmimdr bmJVmV Vr Imbrbà_mUo· H$moUË`mhr H$ënZoda Q>rH$m H$amd`mMr Zmhr. · OmñVrV OmñV A\$bmVyZ H$ënZm _m§S>m`À`m. · H$ënZm g§»òZo {OVŠ`m OmñV {VVŠ`m Mm§Jë`m, Ë`m Ñï>rZo MMm© H$am`Mr. · EH$mZo _m§S>boë`m H$ënZoV Xwgè`mZo gwYmaUm gwMdm`Mr. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 49 · · · H$ënZm§Mo _yë`_mnZ d N>mZZr H$ê$ Zò. H$moUVrhr H$ënZm ZJÊ` qH$dm aÔ~mVb R>ady Zò, Vr {OVH$s ^ÞmQ> Agob, {VVHo$ {VMo _yë` OmñV AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. H$ënZm§Mr ga{_gi Zì`m H$ënZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo JQ>mbm gVV CÚwŠV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ~w{Õ_§WZ V§ÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristic) (1) gO©ZerbVobm CÎmoOZ : g_ñòMm gd©M KQ>H$m§da gd©Xya {dMma H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. Ë`m_wio JQ>mVrb ì`ŠVtZm g_ñòÀ`m H$jo~mhoa {dMma gwMVmV. (2) ânya H$ënZm : ~¡R>H$sV doJmZo ânya H$ënZm {Z_m©U hmoVmV. _ZmVë`m gd© H$ënZm§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$Z MQ>H$Z gmXa H$aÊ`mg CÎmoOZ {_iVo. (3) g_mZ `moJXmZ : `mV JQ>mVrb gd©M ì`ŠVtMo gmaIoM `moJXmZ AgVo. H$ënZm gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r JQ>mVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVr CÎmoOZ XoVmo. gd© H$ënZm {bhÿZ R>odë`m OmVmV. (4) MM©oÀ`m A{YH$mamMr OmUrd : JQ>mVrb gd© ì`ŠVr `m à{H«$òV gh^mJr hmoVmV, Ë`m_wio àËòH$mg AmnUhr MM©oV ^mJ KoVbm nm{hOo d H$ënZm gwM{dë`m nm{hOo Aer OmUrd hmoVo. (5) BVa gmYZm§Zm {_iUmar eŠVr : `m JQ>mV ì`ŠVr H$m_ H$aV AgVmZm {_imboë`m H$ënZm§daXoIrb gwYmaUm gwM{dVmV. Ë`m_wio g_ñòda Cnm` gwM{dÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m BVa gmYZm§Zm AmnmoAmn ~iH$Q>r {_iVo. ~w{Õ_§WZ V§ÌmMo {Z`_ (Rules of Brainstorming) d¡`pŠVH$ H$ënZm KS>dyZ JQ>mVrb ~mH$sÀ`m ì`ŠVrg_moa {eñV~Õ nÕVrZo g_ñòda Cnm` gmXa H$aUo hm ~w{Õ_§WZ V§ÌmMm _w»` hoVy Amho. `m_wio JQ>mVrb ì`ŠVrMo OwZo d {ZaW©H$ {dMma H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mg _XV hmoVo. ho _wŠV d MH«$mH$ma V§Ì ZdrZ {dMmam§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVo. · àËòH$ ì`ŠVrZo MM©oM ^mJ KoD$Z ZdrZ {dMma gmXa H$am`Mo. · EH$mZo gmXa Ho$boë`m H$ënZoda Xwgè`mZo Q>rH$m {Q>ßnUr H$am`Mr Zmhr. · EH$mZo gmXa Ho$boë`m H$ënZoda Xwgè`mZo gwYmaUm gwMdm`Mr. · JQ>mVrb ì`ŠVtZm H$ënZm gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r 5 Vo 15 {_ZrQ> H$mbmdYr AgVmo. · H$ënZm JQ>mVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm g_OVrb Aem ñnï> Agmì`mV. · gmXa Pmboë`m H$ënZoMm BVa H$ënZm§er nañnag§~§Y emoYbm OmVmo. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 50 ~w{Õ_§WZ nÕVr (Brain Storming Approach) (1) g§»òda â (Focus of quantity) : `m nÕVrZo g_whmÀ`m JUm§Zm g§»òda A{YH$ à_mUmV â XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. OmñVrV OmñV VÁk bmoH$m§Mr EImÚm g_ñòda _Vo AO_mdyZ Ë`m g_ñòda à^mdrnUo Cnm` emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m nÕVr_Üò AgVmo. (2) g_rjm ZgVo (Withhold criticism) :`m nÕVrV VÁk bmoH$m§À`m _Vm§da g_rjm H$aÊ`mV òV Zmhr, Ë`mMm _Vm§Zm nyU© dmd AgVmo, Ë`mMà_mUo VÁk bmoH$m§À`m _Vm§da H$moUmMm Amjon ZgVmo. (3) Agm_mÝ` H$ënZm§Mo ñdmJV (Unusual idea are welcome) : `m nÕVrV VÁkm§H$Sy>Z, JQ>mVrb bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z òUmè`m H$ënZm§Mo ñdmJV H$aÊ`mV òVo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§À`m H$ënZm§Zm, {dMmam§Zm A{YH$ MmbZm XoÊ`mV òD$Z g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m _Vm§Zm, {dMmam§Zm A{YH$ _hÎd `m nÕVrV XoÊ`mV òVo. (4) H$ënZm§Zm MmbZm XoUo (Combine and improve idea) : `m nÕVrV VÁk bmoH$m§À`m H$ënZm§Zm MmbZm XoÊ`mV òVo. Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Zm gm_mÝ`nUo A{YH$ dmd XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV òVmo. _Vm§Zm nyU©nUo AmO_mdyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV òVmo. ~w{Õ_§WZ nÕVrMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo (Outline of Brainstorming Method) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) g_ñ`m {ZpíMV H$aUo (Set the Problem) nmíd©^y_r V`ma H$aUo (Create a background) ^mJrXma {ZdS>m (Select participant) àíZm§Mr H«$_dma _m§S>Ur H$aUo (Create a list of lead of question) MMm©gÌ Am`mo{OV H$aUo (Session Conduct) {d{dYVm (Variation of Brainstorming) (1) gm_mÝ` g§KV§Ì hm ~w{Õ_§ WZ V§ÌmMm EH$ àH$ma Amho. n°Zb_Yrb VÁk bmoH $m§ Mr _Vo AO_mdÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`m§Mr H«$_dma _m§S>Ur Ho$br OmVo. `m g_ñòMm àmYmÝ`H«$_ kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 51 gm_mÝ`nUo CVaË`m H«$_mZo _m§S>bm OmVmo. n°Zb_Yrb VÁk bmoH$m§Zm Amnbr _Vo AmO_mdÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xbr OmVo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`mg§~§Yr Ë`m§Zm Amnbo {dMma ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMo nyU© ñdmV§Í` AgVo. na§Vw AndmXmË_H$ n[apñWVr_Üò Vr H$ënZm A_mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amë`mg Ë`mgmR>r nwÝhm n°Zb V`ma H$aÊ`mV òVo. (2) g§KH$ënZm ~w{Õ_§WZ ho V§Ì gm§{KH$[aË`m nma nmS>Ê`mMo V§Ì AmhoV. Ë`m V§Ìm_Üò gm_y{hH$ gh^mJrXmarÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_ñòda à^mdrnUo Cnm` emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo. hr à{H«$`m gwê$ hmoVo, Vr g_ñòÀ`m {díbofUmVyZ VÁk ì`ŠVtMr _Vo AO_md`mMm à`ËZ `m V§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$aVmV. Ë`m _Vm§da Omon`ªV EH$dmŠ`Vm òV Zmhr Vmon`ªV hr à{H«$`m H$m`©aVM AgVo. (3) g_yhV§Ì g_yhV§Ìm_Üò AgUmè`m àËòH$ VÁkm§Mr _Vo g_ñòda, àíZm§da AO_mdÊ`mV òVmV. Aem àH$mao hr EH$ gmIir V`ma H$aÊ`mV òVo. `m g_yhm_Üò AgUmè`m àËòH$ VÁkm§Zm Amnbr _Vo _m§S>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV òVmo. g_yhV§ÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ë`m g_ñòda, àíZmda MMm© H$ê$Z Vr gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo. (4) BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ gmYZm§À`m AmYmao ~w{Õ_§WZ `m V§Ìm_Üò B©-_ob, \°$Šg, Q>obrJ«m_, ^«_UÜdZr `m _mÜ`_m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo VÁkm§Zm àíZmdbr qH$dm g_ñ`m nmR>{dÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`m g_ñòda _Vo AO_mdÊ`mMm à`ËZ JQ>mMm MoAa_Z H$aVmo. `m V§ÌkmZmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z g_ñòda ËdarV, à^mdrnUo Cnm` emoYVm òVmo, {edm` H$_r doioV ObX JVrZo g_ñ`m gwQ>Vo. ~w{Õ_§WZ V§ÌmMm J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZmV Cn`moJ (Brainstorming technique use in library) J«§Wmb` hr EH$ g§ñWm Amho. VgoM J«§Wmb` ho g_mO, {ejU g§emoYZ, CÚmoJ ì`dgm` Aem {Z{_©Vrj_ joÌm~amo~a AZwËnm{XV joÌmer g§~§{YV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb`mMo ì`dñWmnZ AZoH$ g_ñ`m CX²^dy eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio ~w{Õ_§WZ V§ÌmMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr àm. Or.E. ~wdm `m§Zr nwT>rb ~m~r gm§{JVë`m AmhoV. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 52 · · · · · · · · · · · · · J«§Wmb` H$moR>o ñWmnZ H$amdo Ë`mMo n[ajoÌ d OmJoMr {ZdS> J«§Wmb`mMo _Zwî`~i, ~mø ì`dñWmnZ òmoV d Am{W©H$ ~m~r, BË`mXr g_ñ`m J«§Wmb`m_Üò {Xë`m OmUmè`m godm dmMH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m d Ë`m~m~VMo Cn`moOZ J«§Wmb`mVrb dmMZgm{hË` {ZdS> d {dH$mg g§emoYZ J«§Wmb`mVrb {deof XOm©Mm godm, Ë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur d CnbãYVm J«§Wmb`mH$[aVm A{YH$mA{YH$ gj_, Cn`wŠV V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ J«§Wmb` àemgZm_Üò JwUdÎmm J«§Wmb`mMm ^m¡{VH$ {dñVma J«§Wmb` godm§Mm {dñVma J«§Wmb`mÛmao am~{dbo OmUmao CnH«$_, Ë`m§Mo Am`moOZ d d¡{dÜ` BË`mXr. {dH${gV Pmbobo g§JUH$ d _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ joÌ V§ÌkmZ godoVrb g_ñ`m Aem AZoH$m§Jr g_ñ`m§À`m CH$brH$[aVm ~w{Õñ\$moQ>Z V§ÌmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. {ZîH$f© (Conclusion) ~w{Õ_§WZ ho ~hþAm`m_r Am{U à^mdembr V§Ì Amho. gm§{KH$ nÕVrZo H$ënZm§Mr KwgiU H$ê$Z g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aUmao ho AË`§V bdMrH$ Ago V§Ì Amho. H$ënZm{dídmV a_yZhr ì`dñWmnH$m§Mo dmñVdmer ZmVo OmoS>Umao ho à^mdr gmYZ Amho. `m V§ÌmMm dmna H$aUmè`m ì`dñWmnH$mH$S>o ZoV¥ËdJwU, AXå` AmË_{dídmg, gigiVm CËgmh, Y¡`©, {MH$mQ>r, {eñV VgoM {dZmoX~wÕrhr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mhr nbrH$S>o OmD$Z ñd¡ a H$ënZm§ Mr eŠVr Amo iIy Z Aem H$ënZm {Z{_© VrMr j_Vm Oa ì`dñWmnH$mH$S>o Agob Va ~w{Õñ\$moQ>ZmMr à{H«$`m A{YH$ èñdr hmoB©b. g§X^© (Reference) (1) ~wdm, Or. E. (2007), ~m¡{ÕH$ Ádm¡i, kmZJ§JmoÌr, 7(4) (2) Osborn, A. F. (1963), Applied Imagination, Principles and Procedures of Creative Problem Solving. Newyork. Charles Scribners sons. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 53 (3) Podwal, Sushma (2001), Brainstorming in Libraries, University News, 39(5) (4) nm¡S>dmb, gwf_m (2007), _{V_§WZ : gO©H$ A{dîH$mamMo V§Ì, kmZJ§JmoÌr, 8(2) (5) Rolinson, G. (1989), Creative Thinking and Brainstorming, Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUH$[aVm amï´>r` ñVamda Ho$bobm EH$ _hÎdmH$m§jr CnH«$_ NPTEL : àm. àH$me ~moS>Ho$ / lr. _§Xma Omoer Eldershot, Wild wood house. (6) g§V, Xw. H$m. (1985), emoY{dkmZ H$mof : gmYZ d g§X^© J«§W, nwUo, nwUo {dÚmWu J¥h àH$meZ (7) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (8) www.nationalbrainstorm.org (9) www.scottberkun.com/essays/essay34.htm (10) www.winstonbrill.com àñVmdZm XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r V§Ì{ejUmMr ^y{_H$m A{Ve` _hÎdmMr AgVo. gd© nm`m^yV godm-gw{dYm øm AmO V§Ì{ejUmda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r OJmV AZoH$ doJdoJio CnH«$_ AhmoamÌ AmIbo OmVmV d Ë`m§Mr àË`j A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br OmVo. Ë`mgmR>r ApñVËdmV Agboë`m godm-gw{dYm§Mm gImob Aä`mg H$aUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r JwUd§V {ejH$, g§ñWm, à`moJemim d J«§Wmbò øm§Mm _hÎdmMm gh^mJ AgVmo. AmOÀ`m J«§Wmb`m§_Üò "ìhÀ`©wAb bm`~«ar' (Virtual) hr g§km Amë`m_wio nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`mg nyaH$ d àoaH$ (Supplementary as well as complemantory) B©-J«§Wmbò AmO {dH${gV hmoV Amho. gXa boIm_Üò ^maV gaH$maÀ`m _Zwî`~i g§gmYZ d {dH$mg _§Ìmb`mÀ`m nwT>mH$mamZo AgmM EH$ _hÎdmH$m§jr àH$ën hmVr KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. d Ë`mbmM NPTEL Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. `m CnH«$_m{df`r Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Cn`wŠVVo{df`r _m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. (1) NPTEL : National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning NPTEL hm àH$ën ^maV gaH$maÀ`m _Zwî`~i g§gmYZ d {dH$mg _§Ìmb`mÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo àW_V: 1999 gmbr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m_Üò ^maVmVrb gd© IITIndian Institute of Technology, IISC- Indian Institute of Sciences øm§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVbo Jobo. gXa g§ñWm§_Yrb Zm_d§V àmÜ`mnH$m§À`m kmZmMm \$m`Xm ^maVmVrb ehar d J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {ejH$ d {dÚmÏ`mªZm ìhmdm `m CÔoemZo àËòH$ {df`mZwgma ÑH$-lmì` (Audio / video) _mÜ`_mÛmao Vm{gH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gXa ÑH$-lmì` _mÜ`_mVrb Ame` g§Ho$VñWimda CnbãY H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m CnH«$_m g§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr Imbrbà_mUo CnbãY Amho. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 54 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 55 · · Computer applications include : åhUOoM g§JUH$mMr _XV KoD$Z Ame` {eH$dUo. Ogo, Network Class Room, electronic mail, computer conferencing, discussion boards, world-wide web (www) applications. Voice (lmì` _mÜ`_) : AmdmOmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {eH$Ê`mMo V§Ì AmË_gmV H$aUo, øm_Üò Audio conferencing, tapes, ao{S>Amo, BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. · Video (ÑH$ _mÜ`_) : pìh{S>Amo VWm MMm©gÌmÀ`m _mÜ`_mÛmao AmH¥$Ë`m, slide B_oOog, J«m\$ EH$ AWdm Xwæ`_ nÕVrZo _m{hVrMr XodmU-KodmU (Ogo dJm©V àíZ {dMmabo OmVmV Vgo) · Print (_wÐU _mÜ`_) : gyMZm§Mo nmbZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM H«${_H$ nwñVH$m§Mm H$mhr ^mJ, _mJ©Xe©H$mÀ`m ZmoQ>g², dH©$~wH$ d dJm©Vrb BVa Aä`mgmMo gm{hË` `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. NPTEL _Üò darbà_mUo gd© ~m~tMm {dMma H$ê$Z V§Ì{ejU Mm§Jë`m àH$mao H$go {eH$dbo OmB©b AWdm H$go {eH$dbo nm{hOo ømMm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. MPTEL (under graduate) `m CnH«$_mMm à_wI CÔoe åhUOo XoemVrb A{^`m§{ÌH$s {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V nmR>çH«$_mda AmYm[aV JwUdÎmmnyU© pìh{S>Amo Am{U do~ H$m`©H«$_m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo. NPTEL Mr aMZm H$aVmZm ^maVmVrb A{^`m§{ÌH$sÀ`m gd© Aä`mgH«$_m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. AmO ^maVmV AZoH$ {dÚmnrR>m§_Üò A{^`m§{ÌH$sMm Aä`mgH«$_ H$_r-A{YH$ à_mUmV gmaImM Amho. Ë`m_wio gXa àH$ën V`ma H$aVmZm gd©g_mdoeH$ d ì`mnH$Vm `m§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr {dÚmnrR>mV A{^`m§{ÌH$sMo {ejU KoÊmmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm `m àH$ënmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {_iUmè`m _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ hmoV Amho. (2) NPTEL _Yrb e¡j{UH$ gmYZgm_J«r A{^`m§{ÌH$sÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mg nyaH$ Aem 110 Aä`mgH«$_m§Mr A§{V_ (Digital) ñdê$nmV _m{hVr V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Ë`mgmR>r gmV (7) AmÀm`Q>r d ~§Jbmoa òWrb Am`.Am`.Eñgr. øm g§ñWoMo _mJ©Xe©Z KoVbo Amho. gXa àH$ënm_Üò Web Material d Video material `m XmoÝhr Jmoï>tMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 56 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) {eH$dVmZm ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarb CXmhaUm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. eãX, ì`wËnÎmr, ì`m»`m, gyÌo øm§nmgyZ {df`mg gwédmV Ho$bobr Amho. Ho$g ñQ>S>r d gmÜ`m CXmhaUm§Mm dmna. N>moQ>çm ñdê$nmVrb àíZmdbrMm dmna. {df`mÀ`m gImob AÜ``ZmgmR>r Cn`wŠV J«§Wm§Mr `mXr {Xbobr Amho. VgoM {df` g_OmdÊ`mgmR>r gmoß`m B§J«Or ^mfoMm dmna Ho$bobm Amho. (6) {df`m g§~§{YV Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm / nmíd©^y_r {deX Ho$bobr Amho. (7) {dÚmÏ`mªer g§dmX gmYÊ`mgmR>r E-mails, Bulletin Board, FAQ(Frequently Asked Questions) ømMm g_mdoe Amho. (8) darb gd© _Q>o[a`bMr {àÝQ> H$mT>Vm òB©b Aer ì`dñWm Ho$bobr Amho. 2.1 pìh{S>Amo _Q>o[a`bMr d¡{eîQ>ço (1) (2) (3) (4) EH$m H$mog©gmR>r 4 Vm{gH$m (Video lectures) EH$ Video Lecture EH$ KS>çmir Vmg ho à_mU Amho. Video Lecture _Üò _w»` {df`mÀ`m Jm^mMm A§V^m©d Ho$bobm Amho. gXa pìh{S>Amo V`ma H$aVmZm ISy>-\$im, Tablet writing, Power point, Animations, Interactive codes, `m V§Ìm§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. (5) gXa Video V`ma H$aVmZm, H$moUVmhr ^mJ (Topic) _mJo-nwT>o H$aVm òVmo, Ë`m_wio {eH$Ê`mgmR>r A{Ve` gmonm Amho. 2.2 {df`mÝdò CnbãY Lectures Mr gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr NPTEL àH$ënm§VJ©V A{^`m§{ÌH$s {ejUmÀ`m nmM emIm§da AmYm[aV Video Lectures d Web Materials Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. gÜ`m CnbãY Agboë`m Lectures Mr g§»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Amho. A.H«$. 1 2 3 4 5 6 {df` do~ pìh{S>Amo Core Civil Computer Electrical Electronics Mechanical 17 26 23 16 21 26 14 19 17 18 21 21 Total 129 110 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 57 (3) Amdí`H$ AgUmao hmS>©doAa d gm°âQ>doAa (5) g_mamon 3.1 ZoQ>dH©$ V§Ì{ejU XoUmè`m gd© g§ñWoÀ`m J«§Wmb`mV NPTEL CnH«$_m§VJ©V CnbãY hmoUmao gm{hË` AWdm Offline AgUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho. `m àH$ënm§VJ©V V§Ì{ejUmÀ`m _yi g§H$ënZm, ì`mßVr, ì`mnH$Vm, {dH$mg d Ë`mMm àË`j X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV dmna øm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Agë`m_wio _m{hVr àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`mH$S>o dmMH$m§Mm AmoK dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoB©b. `m{edm` V§ Ì {ZHo $ VZ d A{^`m§ { ÌH$s hr _m{hVr àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR> r _hm{dÚmb`m§À`m J«§Wmb`m§Zm DTE, AICTE, NBA BË`mXr g{_Ë`m Zoh_r ôQ> XoV AgVmV. Aem doir J«§Wmb`mV NPTEL Mr Lectures Agë`mMr ImVaO_m øm g{_Ë`m H$arV AgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r XoIrb J«§Wmb`mV NPTEL Mr Lectures AgUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. naXoer nwñVHo$ d {Z`VH$m{bHo$ øm§À`m {H$_Vr dmT>ë`m_wio gd©M J«§Wmb`m§Zm ho gm{hË` {dH$V KoUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. Aem gd© J«§Wmb`m§Zm NPTEL hm EH$ ñdñV d XO©oXma n`m©` CnbãY Pmbobm Amho. NPTEL àH$ënm§VJ©V CnbãY Video Lectures Am{U Web Material ~KÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$b E[a`m ZoQ>dH©$ (LAN) àH$mamVrb B§Q>aZoQ> H$ZoŠeÝg JaOoMo AgyZ Ë`mMm ñnrS> H$_rV-H$_r 100mbps BVH$m Agmdm qH$dm \$m`~a-Am°pßQ>H$b Ho$~b àH$mamVrb 200 nodes Vo 500 nodes BVH$s B§Q>aZoQ> H$ZoŠeÝgMr gw{dYm AgUo JaOoMo Amho. 3.2 hmS>©doAa NPTEL àH$ënm§VJ©V CnbãY gm{hË`mÀ`m Cn`moJmgmR>r g§JUH$ gìh©aMr j_Vm hr 4GB Vo 8GB RAM BVH$s Agmdr. g§JUH$mMr gmR>dU j_Vm hr H$_rV-H$_r 2 terabyte BVH$s qH$dm Ë`mhÿZ A{YH$ AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mIoarO g§JUH$mV SATA - (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) Mr gw{dYm Agmdr. SATA _Üò 250 GB Vo 750GB Mr hmS>© {S>ñH$ ì`dpñWV Mmby eHo$b. øm ì`{V[aŠV 2-4KVA j_VoMm UPS Agmdm. 3.3 gm°âQ>doAa (6) g§X^© (1) http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/pdf/NPTEL%20 Document.pdf g§JUH$mV Windows, Linux, Solaris, Mac øm àH$mam§n¡H$s EH$ Am°naoqQ>J {gpñQ>_ Agmdr. àH$ënmVrb Video Lectures ho MPEG-4 `m àH$mamVrb Agë`m_wio g§JUH$mV Streaming Video Server bmJVmo. Vmo Oa g§JUH$mV CnbãY Zgob Va real player, VLC, Fash player, Mathml Player `mn¡H$s EH$ Install H$amdm. OoUo H$ê$Z Mb{MÌ, pìh{S>Amo nmhVm òVrb. accessed on 13th Oct.2012. (2) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPTEL accessed on 15th Oct.2012. (3) http://www.aicte-india.org accesseed on 15th Oct.2012 (4) {dVaU ì`dñWm NPTEL àH$ënm§VJ©V V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m Video lectures d Web Materials, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Zm AË`ën XamV CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. gXa Materials CD/DVD VgoM hmS>© {S>ñH$ ñdê$nmV CnbãY AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m {dVaUmMr d {dVaUmZ§Va CX²^dUmè`m Vm§{ÌH$ g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar "Bodh Bridge Education Services Pvt. Ltd. Madras (Chennai)" øm ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWoH$S>o gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr Amho. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 58 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 59 J«§Wmb` _m{hVrÀ`m gmjaVoMm Vmg KoUo : EH$ gwIX AZw^d lr. Kmobn ìhr.ìhr. J«§Wnmb, emgH$s` {Zdmgr _{hbm V§Ì{ZHo$VZ, bmVya àñVmdZm gÜ`mÀ`m _m{hVr `wJmÀ`m H$mimV _moR>çm à_mUmV _m{hVr CnbãY hmoV Amho. _m{hVr gmR>dUwH$sgmR>r J«§W, {Z`VH$m{bHo$ `m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV Ago. gÜ`mÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ `wJmV AZoH$ ZdZdrZ emoY bmJë`m_wio _m{hVrMm àM§S> gmR>m {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. `m _m{hVrÀ`m gmR>çmH$[aVm âbm°nr, grS>r, g§JUH$ `mgma»`m gmYZm§~amo~aM B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Va àM§S> à_mUmV _m{hVrMm gmR>m g_moa {XgV Amho. Aem CnbãY Agboë`m dmMZ gm{hË`mVyZ dmMH$mbm Zo_Ho$ dmMZ gm{hË` CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo hr J«§Wnmb d J«§Wmb` H$_©Mmè`m§Mr H$gmoQ>rM AgVo. B§Q>aZoQ>da hdr AgUmar _m{hVr Q>mB©n Ho$ë`mg hOmamo, bmImo gM© nmZo Ë`mÀ`m g_moa ñH«$sZda {XgVmV. 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Ë`m doir gd© dmMH$ CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vrb H$m ? ì`m»`mZ R>odë`mg Ë`m ì`m»`mË`mMo _mZYZ, òÊ`mOmÊ`mMm IM©, BË`mXr H$moUr H$amd`mMm ? Ë`mgmR>r VaVyX Amho H$m ? Agë`mg {H$Vr ? gXa VaVwXrV Vo ì`m»`mVo òD$ eH$VmV H$m ? Aem AZoH$ àíZm§Mr _m{bH$m g_moa C^r amhVo. Ë`m_wio ì`m»`mZ, MMm©gÌo, H$m`©emim hm _mJ© Adb§~mdm Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. _m{hVrÀ`m gmjaVoH$[aVm J«§Wmb` _mJ©Xe©H$ nwpñVHo$Mm dmna H$aVm òD$ eH$Vmo. na§Vw hr nwpñVH$m dmMbr Va dmMH$mÀ`m _m{hVr gmjaVoH$[aVm `m nwpñVHo$Mm A{Ve` H$_r à_mUmV Cn`moJ hmoD$ eHo$b. AÝ`Wm `mdahr _`m©Xm òVmV. VrM JV J«§WàXe©Z, B§Q>aZoQ> `m n¡by§À`m ~m~VrV hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r gdmªV gmonm, A{O~mV IM© H$amdm bmJUma Zmhr Agm J«§Wmb` _m{hVr gmjaVoMm _mJ© åhUOo àËòH$ dJm©da OmD$Z àË`j Vmg KoUo, {eH${dUo. dJm©da Vmg {_idÊ`mH$[aVm à`ËZ J«§Wmb` _m{hVr gmjaVoMo AZoH$ n¡by VÁkm§Zr gwM{dbobo AmhoV. H$m`©emim KoUo, J«§WàXe©Z â{dUo, B§Q>aZoQ> gw{dYm XoUo, ì`m»`mZ, MMm©gÌo Am`mo{OV H$aUo, gÚ…pñWVrV J«§Wnmb dJm©da OmD$Z àË`j Vmg KoVmV Ago H$moR>ohr Eo{H$dmV Zmhr AWdm _mÂ`mhr nmhÊ`mV Zmhr. VWm{n H$mhr {R>H$mUr `m~m~VMo à`ËZ Oê$a Pmbobo AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm òV Zmhr. dJm©da Vmg {_idÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWm à_wI åhUOoM àmMm`©, {d^mJà_wI Am{U g§~§{YV àmÜ`mnH$ `m§Mr nadmZJr Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`m§Mr _mÝ`Vm {_i{dVmZm dJm©da Joë`mda _wbm§Zm H$m` _m{hVr XoUma AmhmV Ë`mMr AJmoXa V`mar H$ê$Z Vr _m{hVr àmMm`©, {d^mJà_wI `m§Zm gm§JyZ Ë`m§Mr g§_Vr KoUo, J«§Wmb`mMm H$gm Cn`moJ H$amdm, ho e¡j{UH$ H$m`© H$go _hÎdmMo Amho Vo gm§JyZ BVa H$m_H$mOmV AS>Wim òUma Zmhr `mMr ImÌr XoUo. hr _m{hVr g§~§{YV àmMm`©, {d^mJà_wI Am{U àmÜ`mnH$ `m§Zm {Xë`mZ§Va Vo AmnUmg EH$ Vmg KoÊ`mH$[aVm Z¸$sM _mÝ`Vm XoVmV. J«§Wmb` _m{hVr gmjaVoMr `moOZm àW_ gwê$ H$aVmZmM \$ŠV kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 60 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 61 J«§Wmb` _m{hVr gmjaVoMo n¡by `m AS>MUrda _mV H$amdr bmJVo. EH$Xm dJm©da Vmg KoV AmhmoV ho _m{hVr Pmbo H$s àËòH$ dfu AmnbmM Vmg R>odÊ`mMr _mJUr òVo. hr ~m~ _r AZw^dbr Amho. H$m_ dfm©Zwdf© MmbV amhVo. nwT>o H$Yrhr AS>MU òV Zmhr. Amnbr ~Xbr Pmbr Varhr AS>MU òV Zmhr, Amnbo H$m_ gwê$M amhVo. J«§Wmb` _m{hVr gmjaVoÀ`m dJm©da OmD$Z Vmg KoÊ`mg Á`m dfu gwédmV H$ê$ Ë`mM dfu gwédmVrbm àW_ dfm©À`m dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`m©da Vmg ¿`mdm. Ë`m§Mr à{V{H«$`m bjmV KoD$Z Amdí`H$ VoWo _m{hVrV ~Xb H$amdm. Ë`mZ§Va Xwgè`m dfm©À`m {dÚmÏ`m©da Vmg ¿`mdm. Ago H$aV H$aV daÀ`m dJm©da Vm{gH$m ¿`mì`mV. Aer nÕV R>odmdr. nwT>rb dfu \$ŠV n{hë`m dfm©À`m dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`m©daM AJXr gwédmVrbmM Vm{gH$m ¿`mdr. Xwgè`m qH$dm Ë`m daÀ`m dJm©da Vm{gH$m KoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. H$maU ho H$m_ Joë`mdfuM nyU© Ho$bobo Amho. àW_ dfm©Mo àdo{eV {dÚmWu ho AmQ>©g², gm`Ýg, H$m°_g© `m \°$H$ëQ>rMo AgVrb AWdm B§{OZr`[a¨JÀ`m nXdrMo AgVrb AWdm nX{dHo$Mo AgVrb. Á`w{Zà _hm{dÚmb` Agob Va \$ŠV AH$amdr_Üò àdoe Pmboë`m {dÚmÏ`mªdaM Vm{gH$m ¿`mdr. àË`j dJm©da Joë`mda dmMH$m§Zm H$m` _m{hVr Úmb ? dJm©da OmD$Z Vmg ¿`md`mMm Pmë`mg Imbrbà_mUo H$mhr _wÚm§Mr V`mar H$amdr. `m _wÚm§À`m AZwf§JmZo dJm©V {dÚmÏ`mªZm _m{hVr Úmdr. (1) àW_ gd© {dÚmÏ`m©er g§dmX gmYUo (2) Amnë`m J«§Wmb`mV CnbãY AgUmè`m dmMZ gm{hË`mMr _m{hVr XoUo. (3) Encyclopedia, Handbooks, Indian Standards, Almanaks, Transparancies, Video Cassettes, CD , CnbãYVoMr _m{hVr XoUo. (4) dmMZ gm{hË` dmMH$m§Zm {_iÊ`mgmR>r CnbãY AgUmè`m doJdoJiçm ñH$s_Mr _m{hVr XoUo. CXmhaUmW©, ~wH$~°H$ `moOZm, Kar Aä`mgmgmR>r {_iUmè`m R>amdrH$ {Xdgm§À`m _wXVrdarb nwñVH$mMr XodKod, AmoiInÌmdarb XodKod, àËòH$ dfu àW_ òUmè`m {dÚmÏ`m©gmR>r AgUmar gdbV `moOZm, BË`mXr. (5) J«§ Wmb` joÌmVrb {ejUH« $_m~Ôb _m{hVr Xo Uo . CXmhaUmW© , LT.C., BL.I.SC., ML.I.SC. etc. ho {ejU KoÊ`mH$[aVm bmJUmar e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm `m_wio J«§Wnmbm§Mm XOm© {ejH$mMmM Amho ho {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m bjmV òVo. (6) J«§Wmb`mVyZ {Xë`m OmUmè`m doJdoJiçm godm H$moUË`m AmhoV ? Ë`m§Mm bm^ H$gm H$ê$Z ¿`mdm Ë`m~m~V _m{hVr gm§JUo. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 62 (7) EImXm J«§W gŠ`w©boeZ_Üò am{hë`mg gd©M dmMH$m§Zm `mMm H$gm Cn`moJ hmoB©b hr _m{hVr XoUo. (8) J«§Wmb`mMo H$m°åß`wQ>am`PoeZ Pmbobo Agë`mg (H$m°åß`wQ>am`PoeZ H$amdoM) nwñVH$ H$go emoYmdo Ë`m~m~V _m{hVr XoUo. CXmhaUmW©, search by title, search by author, search by publisher, search by subject, search by ISBN etc. (9) J«§Wmb`mÀ`m {Z`_mdbrMr _m{hVr XoUo. (10) J«§Wmb` g§JUH$ àUmbrV dmMH$m§Mr _m{hVr âÊ`mH$[aVm Amdí`H$ Agboë`m _m{hVrMm EImXm \$m°_© V`ma H$aUo. Vmo Šbmgê$__Üò dmQ>n H$aUo, ^ê$Z Pmë`mZ§Va J«§Wmb`mV O_m H$aÊ`mg gm§JUo. (11) Šbmgê$_da Vmg KoVë`mZ§Va gd© {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m gøm ¿`mì`mV. åhUOo gøm§Mm EH$ Z_wZm AmnUmH$S>o CnbãY hmoD$ eHo$b. d¡`pŠVH$ S>mQ>m CnbãY amhrb. (12) gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZm J«§Wmb`mV KoD$Z `mdo. Ë`m§Zm gd© J«§Wmb` ñdV: {\$ê$Z nmhÊ`mMr _w^m Úmdr. Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao J«§W H$moR>o R>odbobo AgVmV ho Ë`m§Zm nmhVm òB©b. Ë`m§Mm AmË_{dídmg dmT>rg bmJob. J«§Wmb`m~Ôb AmË_r`Vm {Z_m©U hmoB©b. (13) J«§Wmb` g§JUH$ àUmbrda gM©~m~VMo àmË`{jH$ XmIdmdo. ( OPAC Online Public Access Catalogue) (14) J«§Wm{df`rMr H$moUH$moUVr _m{hVr g§JUH$mV {\$S> Ho$bobr AgVo. 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(16) J« § W mb`mVrb nw ñVH$m§ Mr _m§ S>U r gr.gr. qH$dm {S>.{S>.gr. n¡ H $s Á`m dJuH$aUmà_mUo Ho$bobr Agob Ë`m§Mr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr Úmdr. `m dJuH$aUm_wio àËòH$ nwñVH$ Ë`m-Ë`m {df`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr R>odbo OmVo, hr _m{hVr Úmdr. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 63 (17) J«§Wmb`mV gH$miÀ`m doioV AmoiInÌ O_m H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. {XdgâmV Ë`mda ~maH$moS> {MH$Q>dmdoV. gm`§H$mir gXaMo AmoiInÌ {dÚmÏ`mªZm KoD$Z OmÊ`m~m~VMr gyMZm Úmdr. (18) ~maH$moS> bmdboë`m AmoiInÌmMm dmna H$gm H$amdm Ë`m~m~VMr _m{hVr Úmdr d Ver gyMZm ZmoQ>rg ~moS>m©da bmdmdr. dJm©da Vmg KoVë`mZo hmoUmao \$m`Xo àË`j dJm©da OmD$Z Vmg KoVë`mZo VmoQ>m H$mhrhr hmoV Zmhr. CbQ> Pmbo Va \$m`XoM \$m`Xo hmoVmV. Ë`mVrb H$mhr {ZdS>H$ \$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb. (1) J«§Wmb`mH$[aVm Ho$boë`m Jw§VdUwH$sMm åhUOoM J«§Wmb`mMm OmñVrV OmñV Cn`moJ (Utilization of library) hmoVmo. (2) gd©M dmMH$ J« §Wmb`m~m~VrV {Z^©` amhVmV. Ë`m§À`m AS>rAS>MUrV J«§Wmb`mVyZ _XV {_iVo hm gX²^md Ë`m§À`m _ZmV {Z_m©U hmoVmo. (3) J«§Wmb`rZ {Z`_mMo gd©M dmMH$ nmbZ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio gd©M dmMH$m§Zm Ë`mMm H$gm bm^ hmoVmo ho Ë`m§Mo Ë`m§ZmM g_OVo. (4) dJm©da Vmg KoUo `m nÕVr_wio J«§Wnmbm{df`r d J«§Wmb`m{df`r {dÚmWu dmMH$m_Üò AmXa`wŠV ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. (5) g§ñWm à_wI åhUOo àmMm`©, {d^mJà_wI, àmÜ`mnH$ `m§Mr _mÝ`Vm KoVë`m_wio `m H$m`m©V Ë`m§Zmhr g_m{dï> H$ê$Z KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m~Ôb AmnU AmXa ì`ŠV H$aVmo. (6) àmMm`©, {d^mJà_wI, àmÜ`mnH$ `m§À`m gh^mJm_wio Vo Oar Vmgmbm CnpñWV amhV Zgbo Varhr gd©M {dÚmWu Amnë`m Vmgmbm H$go CnpñWV amhVrb ho d[að> nmVirda nm{hbo OmVo. (7) gd©M dmMH$m§À`m CnpñWVr_wio J«§Wmb`mÀ`m _m{hVr gmjaVoMm {df` gdmªn`ªV ObX JVrZo nmohmoMVmo. (8) J«§Wnmb hm {ejH$ Amho Ago Oar emgZmZo åhQ>bobo Agbo Var darb Vmg KoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr_wio emgZmÀ`m åhUÊ`mg Amnë`m dmJÊ`mVyZ XwOmoam {_iVmo. àË`j {dÚmÏ`mªZmgwÕm AmnU {ejH$ Agë`mMo g_OVo. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 64 g_mamon darb gd© ~m~r `Wmgm§J nma nmS>ë`mZ§Va df© qH$dm XmoZ dfo© nyU© Pmë`mda XaamoOMr gm§p»`H$s` _m{hVr nm{hë`mZ§Va J«§Wmb`mÀ`m bm^mWuMr g§»`m dmT>bobr {XgyZ òVo. J«§Wmb`mMm dmna dmT>bobm {XgyZ òVmo. J«§Wmb`mMr nyU© _m{hVr dmMH$m§Zm Pmë`m_wio dmMH$ H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo J¡aH¥$Ë` H$arV ZmhrV. gd©M dmMH$ nwñVHo$ ì`dpñWV hmVmiVmV. {Z`{_V XodKod H$aVmV. gd©M dmMH$m§Mr J«§Wmb`m~Ôb daÀ`m ñVamdarb d¡Mm[aH$ nmVir {Z_m©U Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo. dmMH$m§Mr J«§Wmb`mV gVVMr dX©i am{hë`m_wio J«§Wmb`mVrb ñdÀN>VoÀ`m H$m_H$mOmV gwYmaUm Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo. Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb`mVrb dmVmdaU ñdÀN> Am{U àgÞ Pmbobo {XgyZ òVo. gd©M H$_©Mmè`m§À`m J«§Wmb`mà{V {Zð>m ì`ŠV hmoVmV. A{Ve` _hÎdmMm d {OìhmiçmMm _wÔm åhUOo J«§Wnmb hmhr EH$ {ejH$M Amho ho H¥$VrÛmao {gÕ hmoD$ eH$Vo. g§X^© gyMr (1) IoaS>o, _mohZ (2006), _hm{dÚmb`rZ J«§Wmb`mV _m{hVr gmjaVm. kmZJ§JmoÌr OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ>, A§H$ 6, n¥ð> 11. (2) ~mhoVr, Eg.Ama. (2006), _hm{dÚmb`rZ J«§Wmb`m_Üò _m{hVr gmjaVm H$m`©H«$_, kmZJ§JmoÌr, gßQ>|.-Am°ŠQ>mo.- Zmoìh|.- A§H$ 2, n¥ð> 10 (3) OmYd, E_.Eg., B_mZXma, Eg.E.EZ. (2008), _m{hVr gmjaVoMo {d{dY n¡by. kmZJ§JmoÌr, gßQ>|.2008 Vo \o$~«w. (2, 3) n¥ð> 27 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 65 ñ_a{UH$m g§nmXZ : H$bm d emñÌ àm. {dO`Hw$_ma nmB©H$amd ghm`H$ àmÜ`mnH$, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm øm§À`m OrdZmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m àg§Jr ñ_a{UH$m àH$m{eV Ho$br OmVo. ì`ŠVr Am{U g§ñWm Á`m joÌmV H$m`m©Z§X H$aVmV, Ë`m joÌmZwgma, Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Zwê$n ñ_a{UHo$À`m ñdê$nmV ~Xb hmoVmo. _hÎdnyU© àg§Jr H$m`m©Z§XmMm Jm¡ad H$ê$Z g_mO Ë`m§À`m{df`r H¥$VkVmM ì`ŠV H$arV AgVmo. C{MV àg§Jr g§ñWm Amnë`m dmQ>MmbrVrb _hÎdnyU© àg§Jr Amnbr H$m_{Jar Am{U èg§nmXZ `m§Mm AmboI OZ_mZgmnwT>o R>odVo. ho H$m`© d è bjdoYr ñdê$nmV g_mOmg_moa ñ_a{UHo$À`m qH$dm Jm¡a{dHo$À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XrK©H$mi OVZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. hm Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© J«§W g§nmXZ H$aVmZm g§nmXH$mZo H$bmË_H$Vm d emñÌr` OmU nUmbm bmdmdr. ñ_a{UHo$Mo gwñdê$n ñ_a{UHo$Mo, Jm¡a{dHo$Mo, ñ_¥{V_§OyfoMo {ZpíMV Ago gwñdê$n ZgVo. ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm d g_yhmÀ`m H$m`m©Z§ XmZwgma Am{U àg§JmZwgma Vo ~XbVo . Ë`mM~amo~a g§nmXH$mZwgmagwÕm Vo ~Xby eH$Vo. Ë`mV H$ënH$Vm d àg§JmdYmZ Am{U CnbãY ^m¡{VH$ _mZdr gw{dYm øm§Mm g_mdoem_wio ñ_a{UHo$Mo nma§n[aH$ ñdê$n ~XbyZ Q>mH$Vm ò V o . Ho $ di ì`ŠVrÀ`m, g§ ñ Wo À `m n[aM`mEo d Or, do J do J içm g{_Ë`m§ À `m Zm_m{^YmZmEodOr EImÚm {df`mdarb boIê$n n[ag§dmX, ì`mg§Jr Aä`mgH$m§Mo boI, BË`mXrMm g_mdoe H$ê$ eH$Vmo. amhmdr Aer Anojm AgVo. n¥ð>o àm_w»`mZo 75 Vo 150 n`ªV AgVmV _mÌ g§ñWm / _§S>imMm Am{W©H$ ñVa bjmV KoD$Z Ë`mV ~Xb hmoD$ eH$Vmo. (2) _wIn¥ð> d _bn¥ð>o _wIn¥ð> AmH$f©H$ d gwQ>gwQ>rV AgVo. Ë`mV ì`ŠVr / g§ñWoMm \$moQ>mo, àg§J d àH$meZ gmb, C{MV Zmd / erf©H$ {Xbobo Agmdo. _bn¥ð> H«$. EH$, XmoZ d VrZ da ~hþYm Om{hamVr N>mnÊ`mMm àKmV Amho. hr n¥ð>o àW_Xe©Zr ZOaoV âVmV d hmVmibr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mdarb Om{hamV AmVrb n¥ð>m§darb Om{hamVrnojm A{YH$ XamMr AgVo. gOmdQ>rgmR>r _OHy$a AmQ>monera d {MÎmdoYH$ Agmdm. (3) erf©H$ n¥ð> erf©H$ n¥ð> åhUOo AmVrb Xe©Zr n{hbo n¥ð> hmo`. Ë`mda ñ_a{UHo$Mo Zmd, Á`m§À`m Jm¡admW© ñ_a{UH$m H$mT>br OmV Amho. Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo / g§ñWoMo Zmd, {Z{_Îmm{df`r, àg§Jm{df`r Vn{ebmMr EImXr Amoi, g§nmXH$ d g§nmXZ _§S>i gXñ`m§Mr lo`Zm_mdbr Úmdr. (4) erf©H$ n¥ð>mMr _mJrb ~mOy `m n¥ð>mda àH$meH$mMo Zmd d nÎmm, _wÐH$mMo Zmd d nÎmm, _wIn¥ð> V`ma H$aUmè`m {MÌH$ma H$bmd§VmMo Zmd, _OHw$amMr _m§S>Ur H$aUmè`mMo Zmd, _OHw$amÀ`m nwZ_©wÐUmMo h¸$, BË`mXtMm C„oI Agmdm. VgoM boImVrb _Vm§er g§nmXH$, g§ñWm gh_V AgVrbM Ago Zmhr. Vr _Vo g§~§{YV boIH$m§Mr AmhoV. `m~ÔbMo {ZdoXZ Am{U Ho$di ImOJr {dVaUmW© (For Private Circulation Only) øm Zm|Xr Amdí`H$ AgVmV. (5) AZwH«$_{UH$m H$mhr ñ_a{UH$m§_Üò AZwH«$_{UH$m {Xbobr AgVo, nU Vr {XbrM nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ Zmhr. boIm§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Agë`mg AZwH«$_{UH$m XoUo Cn`wŠV AgVo. Ë`m_Üò boImMo erf©H$, boIH$mMo Zmd Am{U n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ Úmdm. (1) AmH$ma d n¥ð>o (6) g§Xoe gm_mÝ`nUo Zoh_rÀ`m _m{gH$mEdT>m AmH$ma AgVmo. nU AZoH$Xm hm AmH$ma doJdoJim à`ËZnyd©H$ R>odbm OmVmo. ñ_a{UH$m AmH$f©H$ {Xgmdr, Vr MQ>H$Z bjmV _hÎdmÀ`m ì`ŠVtMo ew^g§Xoe ñ_a{UHo$V N>mnÊ`mMr àWm Amho. `m_Üò g§Xoem~amo~aM Ë`m§Mo \$moQ>mo, amO_wÐm, ñdmjargh N>nmB© Ho$br OmVo. kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 66 kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 67 (7) g§nmXH$s` g§ nmXH$mZo ò Wo AJXr g§ {jßV eãXm§ V _Zmo J V, ñ_a{UHo $Mr ^y {_H$m, A§Va§Jm{df`r, boIm{df`r _m{hVr Am{U g§nmXZmgmR>r Á`m§Mo ghH$m`© bm^bo Ë`m§Mm F$U{ZX}e H$amd`mMm AgVmo. `mV nmëhminUm ZH$mo, AmQ>moneranUm hdm. (8) boIm§Mo ñdê$n ñ_a{UH$m Á`m ì`ŠVr d g§ñWm, joÌmer g§~§{YV Agob Ë`mZwgma boIm§Mo ñdê$n {ZpíMV hmoVo. ñ_a{UH$m EImÚm ì`ŠVrÀ`m Jm¡adm{Z{_Îm àH$m{eV hmoV Agë`mg ì`ŠVrÀ`m amOH$s` H$m`m©Mo, gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©Mo, Ym{_©H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m`m©Mo, dmL²>_`{Z{_©VrMo AmboIZ H$aUmao boI, BË`mXrMm g_mdoe Agmdm. Ë`mM~amo~a gËH$ma_yVu ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm n[aM` KS>dyZ XoUmam, {VMr OrdZaoIm {M{ÌV H$aUmam Agm boIhr Ë`mV Agmdm. gm§ñH¥${VH$-gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVyZ àH$Q> hmo Umè`m ì`pŠV_Îdmnojm _mUgmMo Hw$Qw>§~mV, {_Ìn[admamV àH$Q> hmoUmao ì`pŠV_Îd doJio Am{U {XbIwbmg AgVo. Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm d {_ÌñZohrOUm§Zm Vo Mm§Jbo _m{hVr AgVo. H$mhr boImV Jm¡ad_yVuÀ`m nydm©`wî`mVrb g§ñ_aUr` jU, AmR>dUtÀ`m ê$nmZo gmH$ma H$aVmV. ñ_a{UH$m ñ_aUr` Va ìhmdrM, nU Vr g§J«{hH$m åhUyZhr amhmdr, g§X^© J«§W åhUyZ Amnbo doJionU {Q>H${dUmar ìhmdr Ago H$mhtZm dmQ>Vo. åhUyZ _hÎdnyU© {df`mda {b{IV n[ag§dmX Ho$bm OmVmo qH$dm EImÚm gyÌm~ahþHy$_ boI à{gÕ Ho$bo OmVmV. (9) H$m`©ZrVr, {Z`moOZ d H$m`©H$V} AmoiI ñ_a{UH$m Á`m {Z{_ÎmmZo àH$m{eV hmoVo Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n ~aoM ì`mnH$ Am{U âJÀM AgVo. H$m`©H$mar g{_Vr, AÝ` g{_Vr, Cng{_Vr, Zm_mdbr hm F$U{ZX©oemMm àH$ma AgVmo. (10) àH$me{MÌo àH$me{MÌo (\$moQ>mo) ñ_a{UHo$Vrb AË`§V _hÎdnyU© ^mJ hmo`. g§ñWmnH$, nXm{YH$mar, H$m`©H$mar _§S>irMo \$moQ>mo ñ_a{UHo$V XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. VgoM g§ñWogmR>r Á`m§Zr VZ_Z doMbo Ë`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªMr, Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr ^{dî`mVrb {nT>çm§Zm hr àH$me{MÌo H$ê$Z XoV AgVmV. g§ñWoMr dmñVy, g§ñWm§VJ©V {d{dY XmbZo, `§Ìgm_J«r, kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ - Zmoìh|~a 2012 … 68 Wmoam_moR>çm§Zr g§ñWog {Xboë`m ôQ>r, gmOao Pmbobo {d{dY g_ma§^ `m§Mohr \$moQ>mo ñ_a{UHo$V Amdí`H$ AgVmV. `m_wio g§ñWoÀ`m B{VhmgmMm nQ>M CbJS>bm OmV AgVmo. àH$me{MÌm§_wio _OHw$ambm AW©nyU©Vm òVo. Ë`m§Mr AmH$f©H$ _m§S>Ur, eoOmar _moOŠ`m eãXm§V {Xbobr doYH$ _m{hVr ñ_a{UHo$bm ^maXñV ì`pŠV_Îd àmßV H$ê$Z XoVo. (11) Om{hamVr kmZ-{dMmaàmßVr~amo~aM AW©àmßVrhr {VVH$sM _hÎdmMr Agë`mZo {d{dY g§ñWm Am{U H$maImZo `m§À`m Om{hamVr ñ_a{UHo$V XoVmV. Xambm emoôb Agm H$mJX, _OHw$amMr AmH$f©H$ _m§S>Ur, _moOŠ`m eãXm§Vrb AW©nyU© Ame`, ew^qMVZ, A{^ï>qMVZ, BË`mXrMm Ë`mV g_mdoe Agmdm. (12) g§nmXZ H$m`m©Z§XmMo ñdê$n ñ_a{UHo$Mo g§nmXZ ho ~hþAm`m_r H$m`© Amho. boIZ-dmMZmMr, AmdS>, gm{hË`mMr OmU, ^mfoda à^wËd, gm¢X`©Ñï>r, OZg§nH$m©Mr AmdS> Am{U H$m¡eë`, _wÐUmMr _m{hVr, ~hþlwVVm `m§_wio g§ñWoÀ`m Üò`YmoaUm§À`m Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZhr ñ_a{UHo$Mr d¡{eîQ>çnyU©Vm, H$m¡eë` nyU©nUo {Q>H$dVm òVo. EImÚm Jmoï>tMm g§`_erb d¥ÎmrZo nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr ho JwU g§nmXZmMr C§Mr dmT>dVmV. CnbãYVm {ZYr, n¥ð>g§»`m, Om{hamVr, BË`mXr _m{hVr EH${ÌV H$ê$Z ¿`mdr. boIm§Mr g§»`m, boIH$ d Ë`m§Zm Úmd`mMr {dZ§Vr nÌo, eodQ>Mr VmarI, eãX_`m©Xm, BË`mXr _m{hVr Úmdr. Om{hamVrMo XanÌH$ V`ma H$ê$Z ì`pŠVe: AWdm nÌmÛmao nmR>nwamdm H$amdm. eŠ` Agë`mg Om{hamV g§H$bZ {ZYr g{_Vr ñWmnmdr. _m{hVr g§H$bZ, dJuH$aU, _ZmoJV, {MÌo d AÝ` C„oIZr` g§X^© Jmoim H$amdoV. Ë`m_wio g§X^©_yë` dmT>Vo. boImV àjmo^H$, {ZXmì`§OH$, {dYmZo MwHy$Z / AmoKmV Ambr Agë`mg Vr JmiUo. {MÌH$mam§er MMm© H$ê$Z _wIn¥ð>mMo ñdê$n {ZpíMV H$aUo. _wÐUàV {ZpíMV H$aUo. 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A{hao S>m°. amO|Ð {d. {MH$Q>o H$ënZm em_amd gmoZdUo/ àXrn Vwieram_ nmQ>rb àH$me ~moS>Ho$ / _§Xma Omoer 31 39 Kmobn ìhr. ìhr. àm. {dO`Hw$_ma nmB©H$amd ho_§V eoQ>ço AemoH$ b. H$mob§~rH$a 60 66 71 74 47 55 nÌì`dhmamMm nÎmm dJ©Ur d ì`dñWmnZ - S>m°. _YwH$a eodmio, Cn-J«§Wnmb d à_wI, J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVròmoV H|$Ð, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ - 422 222. g§nmXH$s` (gm{hË` nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r) - S>m°. _YwH$a eodmio, Cn-J«§Wnmb d à_wI, J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVròmoV H| $Ð, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ - 422 222.  `m A§H$mV ì`ŠV Pmboë`m _Vm§er g§nmXH$ d g§nmXH$ _§S>i gh_V AgobM Ago Zmhr.

BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ : g§nmXH$s` JaO Am{U n[anyVu aUOrV Y_m©nwarH$a, _m{hVr emñÌk

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BboŠQ´&gt;m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ : g§nmXH$s` JaO Am{U n[anyVu aUOrV Y_m©nwarH$a, _m{hVr emñÌk

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BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ : g§nmXH$s` JaO Am{U n[anyVu aUOrV Y_m©nwarH$a, _m{hVr emñÌk