windsor Mound
by Karin Anderson and
Michael Lindeen
edited by Karin Anderson
August 30, 1990
Archaeological Resources Management Service
Ball state University
--
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Mike Lindeen for providing me access to his data.
Thanks to Dr. Glenn of Ball state University for help with the
measurements and advice.
and guidance.
Thanks to Don Cochran for his patience
Special thanks to Jeff McCoy without whose
technical assistance this would have been handwritten.
Dallas Evans and Amy Johnson for their expertise.
i
Thanks to
-
Table of contents
Introduction - Windsor Mound
1
Historical Background
2
Methodology
3
cranial Descriptions
5
Summary of Cranial Descriptions
16
Conclusion
17
References Cited
19
Appendix A Blank Data Form
21
Appendix B Cranial Measurements
Cranial Indices
Cranial Observations
Table 1. Sex and Age
32
36
Appendix C Photographs
38
Appendix D Ceramic Analysis
Illustration
45
46
Appendix E Faunal Analysis
48
Appendix F Lithic Analysis
50
27
29
ii
Windsor Mound (12-R-1) is presently located in a small
wooded area, surrounded by agricultural lands.
It is one of the
largest mounds in east-central Indiana, fifteen feet high and
over 100 feet across the base (Cochran field notes on file,
ARMS).
Approximately one-third of this impressive and important
mound remains unexcavated, to date.
This report is an attempt to extract information from the
Windsor materials on loan to Ball State University's
Archaeological Laboratory.
To this end, the human skeletal
material was inventoried and measurements, observations and
photographs were taken.
The ceramics were inventoried,
identified and illustrated where necessary.
was identified where that was possible.
The faunal material
Last, the lithics were
inventoried and identified as to type and raw material.
I have
also included some of the field observations of Donald Cochran,
the Laboratory's director.
One of the biggest problems in archaeology today is the
difficulty in obtaining funds to complete analyses after
excavation.
Similarly, many projects go unpublished and thus are
not integrated with related regional information.
In this
manner, much knowledge is "lost" in the archives of our own
institutions.
It is my hope that this report is one small step toward the
complete analysis and integration of all the materials that Ball
State University holds.
I have included the raw data in the
report, unmanipulated, so as to allow for easy comparison and
compilation with other regional reports.
Although the Windsor
crania Series is not large enouh to create a valid statistical
1
sample, it could, perhaps, become an important part of a regional
database for prehistoric sites known to be contemporary and
related in east-central Indiana.
Historical Background
A carbon sample taken from the bottom of the mound
a date of 70 B.C.
associated
windsor
is
with
+/- 70 (Beta 25224).
windsor
has led Mr.
revealed
This, and the artifacts
Cochran
to
assert
one of several east-central Indiana sites
that
part of regional expression of two prehistoric cultures,
and
"Hopewell"
description
(Cochran
1990).
The
following
is
that
are
"Adena"
Cochran's
of the stratigraphy of the excavated portion of
the
mound (Cochran 1990):
At the bottom of the excavation within the mound at
or near the ori~inal ground surface are two distinct
la¥ers of ash w1th fragments of cremated human bone.
BU1lt on top of the upper ash layer is a rock mound with
an open center. In the center of the rock mound was an
extended burial with typical Adena artifact types,
including plain stone tablets. No ceramics were
associated with the burial. A radiocarbon sample
collected from the top of the ash layer immediately
below the burial produced a date of 70 B.C. +/- 70
(Beta-25224). When the rock mound was disassembled, at
least 35 human crania were found ~laced among the rocks
(Don Gleason, personal communicat10n 1988:89, Anderson
1990).
An intrusive burial was found near the crest of the mound
unassociated with the Adena burials.
It appears to be of Early -
Late Woodland (Intrusive Mound Culture) origin, given the
artifact types encountered (Cochran et al. 1988:116-117).
Although there is no other evidence of prehistoric activity,
there could, of course, be other intrusive burials as yet
uncovered.
2
After white settlement, Windsor Mound was disturbed further.
The excavators uncovered an early trench, documented in Cochran's
field notes.
Two horse skulls and other bones, decayed boards
and a square nail were recovered in a pit that extended from the
top to near the bottom of the mound.
pick marks were still
visible on the wall of the trench.
The most recent known disturbance to the mound has been the
collector's excavation.
This excavation has so far resulted in
several "test" units scattered over the mound and a deep trench
on the north slope, just east of the center (Cochran, field notes
on file, ARMS).
Methodology
The only artifacts available for study from Windsor are the
remains of approximately 35 Native Americans and those artifacts
that were inadvertently packed with the skeletal material.
The
skulls were in plastic bags, packed with the soil that surrounded
them, when they arrived at Ball State University.
These had been
placed in large boxes, with no packing between the skulls.
The
skulls were cleaned, reconstructed where possible, assigned
ascession numbers, and analyized by Michael Lindeen.
The first
shipment of 22 skulls was given ascession number 87.17.
After
the ascession number is an arbitrary number for the individual
skull; thus, they are numbered 87.17.1, 87.17.2 and so on.
to a cataloging error there is no number 87.17.11.
Skull number
87.17.22 is from the intrusive burial and although it is not
included in the data sheets, not being a valid member of the
series, it will be discussed at the end of the cranial
3
Due
descriptions section.
The second shipment of skulls was assigned ascession number
88.65.1.
on.
Thus, they are numbered 88.65.1.23, 88.65.1.24 and so
There are 32 "whole" skulls in all, although they are
numbered to .34 due to the discrepancies above.
There are three
partial skulls, numbered from 88.65.1.35, that may represent more
than three additional individuals.
This shipment was cleaned,
reconstructed and analyized by the author.
I contacted Mike Lindeen to get his data of the first group
of skulls.
He sent a text describing individual characteristics
of the skulls (a format I have imitated in my analysis of the
last nine skulls) and the cranial observations for the first
group.
The cranial measurements and most of the indices were not
available.
skulls.
I completed the measurements and indices for all the
The measurements were taken with standard anthropometric
instruments, spreading, sliding and coordinating calipers.
The
indices were derived from standard anthropometric formulae, using
the measurements above.
A.
The charts referred to are in Appendix
The data collected is in Appendix B.
Photographs of
characteristics common to the series and special instances of
trauma and pathology are in Appendix c.
The few artifacts that arrived with the skulls, were given
the number of the skull with which they were associated.
Where
this was not known, they were simply labeled "Windsor".
Illustrations of the one piece of diagnostic pottery are included
in Appendix D, with the ceramic analysis.
by Amy Johnson.
by Dallas Evans.
The analysis was done
The faunal analysis is Appendix E and was done
The lithic analysis, Appendix F, was completed
4
by the author and checked by Donald Cochran.
The following discussion of the skeletal material is largely
Mike Lindeen's.
The introduction and summary have been edited to
reflect the additional data.
cranial Descriptions
The Windsor series contains remains from 32 seperate
individuals.
All were lacking the postcranial skeleton
(excluding the first two cervical vertebrae).
In every instance
some degree of cranial reconstruction (usually extensive) was
necessary before metrical analysis could be attempted.
The
basilar region was frequently impossible to reconstruct and
therefore data normally taken from this cranial region is scant.
Similarly, only one-fourth of the mandibles (or portions thereof)
were recovered in association with the skulls.
The first two
cervical vertebrae (the atlas and the axis) were found in
association with the crania in 40 percent of the cases.
The majority of the skulls exhibit some degree of verticooccipital ("cradleboard") deformation.
The crania are most
deformed upon the posterior halves of the parietals and upon the
most superior portion of the occipital.
The deformation is
commonly asymmetrical and often seems to produce a complex
lambdoidal suture.
Alveolar prognathism may be another byproduct
of the deformation process.
In a number of cases the deformation
might have been exagerated postmortem by earth pressure.
For
example, #87.17.4 has a cranial index of 110, perhaps the highest
index ever recorded.
In such instances it is difficult if not
impossible to distinguish between premortem and postmortem
5
cranial deformation.
Individual 1 appears to be a young adult female.
The
cranium is in a fair state of preservation, although the mandible
is missing.
The skull displays pronounced postmortem
deformation, resulting from each pressure (Photo 4).
This has
exaggerated the cranial length and has artificially compressed
the cranial breadth.
Relative to this population, brow ridges,
mastoid processes, and the general muscularity of this cranium
are all small.
Glenoid fossa depth and glenoid fossa size are
both exceptionally diminuitive.
shaped.
Incisors are moderately shovel-
No caries were detected upon the teeth of the upper jaw,
however teeth wear is pronounced for an individual of this age
indicating a diet consisting of a high proportion of grit.
Individual 2 has been categorized as a male of middle age.
Preservation is fair but postmortem warpage has prevented proper
reconstruction.
Moderate "cradleboard" deformation is visible
upon the squamous portion of the occipital and upon the posterior
right parietal surface.
The vault of the skull is hypsicranial
and the base and temporal regions are unusually narrow.
The
zygomatics are heavy and stout yet the remainder of the features
of this cranium are medium in size.
The body of the mandible is
thick and markedly tall throughout its length.
The right condyle
is twisted toward the midline corresponding to the unusual angle
of the glenoid fossas.
Teeth size is large and the teeth are
absent of caries, yet wear is extreme.
Individual 3 is a robust midde to older aged male.
of this skull is unusually heavy.
6
Weight
Brow ridges are divided in
form and large in size.
Mastoids, although not massive, are
particularly elongated.
Temporal lines are pronounced and rough.
The occiput is undeformed, bun-shaped and heavily convoluted.
Parietal bossing is extensive.
The maxilla is wide, and teeth
are worn to the extent that virtually no enamel remains.
Molars
are elongated bucco-lingually, and are unusually narrow frontodistally.
Premolar and molar teeth have been blackened by food
consumed during life or by organic deposits postmortem.
Although incomplete, individual 4 exhibits an extreme degree
of occipital deformation (Photo 1), with a cranial index of 110
as reconstructed.
female.
This individual appears to be a young adult
Cranial breadth is 160mm, the greatest of this series.
Postorbital constriction is pronounced, with a minimum frontal
breadth of only 87.5mm.
small.
General muscularity of the skull is
Teeth wear is greatest on the first molars, but overall
wear is minimal for this population.
Individual 5 has been classified as a middle aged male.
Areas of muscle attachment, brown ridges, and mastoids are all
small to medium.
place antemortem.
Little to no deformation seems to have taken
Slight crowding of the teeth is notable on the
upper and lower jaws.
The mandible is wide bilateral in form and
chin projection is relatively great for a native American.
incisors are classically shovel-shaped.
Upper
Tooth wear is most
evident upon the first and second molars.
The preservation of individual 6 is good although the
mandible and much of the face are missing.
and is an older adult.
This specimen is male
Muscularity of the skull is very large,
specifically upon the occipital.
A single interparietal ("Inca")
7
bone is present.
supraorbital ridges are pronounced and the
malar bones are prominent.
thick.
The tympanic plate is exceptionally
Teeth are worn below the enamel level and are narrow
fronto-distally.
Individual 7 is a juvenile of about 11 years of age (Photo
5).
Preservation is fair, but occipital deformation has resulted
from earth pressure.
shaped.
Upper incisors are classically shovel-
Second premolars are extensively worn despite the young
age of the skull.
upper canines and second molars had not
erupted at the time of death.
Individual 8 appears to be a middle-aged female and is in a
good state of preservation.
Occipital deformation is pronounced
producing a cranial index of 92.5 (Photo 2).
The face is
distinctively broad and flat, with a moderate degree of alveolar
prognathism.
the first molars are carious and greatly worn.
Upper and lower third molars are somewhat reduced.
The external
cranial vault is blackish in coloration, due either to the
context of the burial (organic deposits) or to intentional
painting.
The forehead is prominent and the basilar region is
high.
Individual 9 is very fragmentary, consisting of the
occipital, the mastoids, portions of the parietals, and the
maxilla.
Deformation is evident upon the posterior right
parietal and upon the right half of the occipital.
occipital
muscular relief and mastoid size indicate this individual to be a
male of middle age.
There are no caries present in the upper
teeth, and the first molars are markedly worn.
8
Third molars are
greatly reduced.
Individual 10 is a robust middle-aged male and is well
preserved.
Cheekbones are high and orbits are relatively small.
Alveolar prognathism is exceptional in this specimen.
occipital
deformation is minimal (slight flatttening at lambda).
This
individual has a tripartite epactal ("Inca") bone (Photo 12).
Lambdoidal serration is complex.
pronounced.
Shoveling of the incisors is
Upper third molars are reduced and their mandibular
counterparts are crowded.
There is marked tooth wear but an
absence of caries.
Individual 12 appears to be a young adult female.
The
morphology of the face is slender and delicate, particularly so
with respect to the zygomatic processes.
Borders of the orbits
are relatively sharp, as are the nasal sills.
cranial form is
spheroid, accentuated by "cradleboard" deformation.
No cavities
are visible on the teeth of the maxilla, but peculiar and
pronounced wear of the central incisors is notable.
Individual 13 is a robust middle-aged male with a flat broad
face and quadrangular orbits.
Cranial preservation is very good.
The occipital exhibits pronounced deformation (Photo 3), and is
composed of areas of rugged muscle attachments.
The greatest
amount of deformation (a depression in fact) occurs just above
the intersection of the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures.
In the
postcoronal region of the left parietal there is evidence of a
partially healed trauma, apparently from a gouge-type wound
(Photo 6).
Cranial form is spheroid.
Coloration of the skull
matches that of individual 1.
Individual 14 appears to be a middle-aged male.
9
preservation is fair.
Weight of the skull is heavy.
Pronounced
asymmetrical deformation exists upon the occipital and left
parietal, asymmetry that may have been exacerbated by earth
pressure.
styloids are large.
of the maxilla.
There is pronounced prognathism
Brow ridges are large and divided, yet the
mastoids are only medium in size.
Because of the deformation,
the apex of the skull is located near bregma.
remains on the teeth.
Little enamel
Chin form is narrow bilateral and chin
projection is large for an aboriginal American.
Individual 15 is a young to middle-aged male.
The face is
large and broad, with prognathism of the upper jaw.
zygomatics and mastoids are large.
The
Deformation has primarily
occurred in the region just superior to lambda.
The right
glenoid fossa is somewhat larger than its counterpart on the
left.
As is the case with most of this series, tooth wear is
greatest on the lingual side of the teeth.
Tooth wear has
occurred less upon the surfaces of the incisors and canines as
compared to most of this population.
Individual 16 is an older adult, presumably a male.
Earth
pressure has artificially compressed the height of the skull.
A
moderate degree of occipital deformation has taken place
antemortem.
Most of the features of the cranium (including the
mastoids, brow ridges, and zygomatics) are medium in size.
sills are sharp.
Nasal
The upper jaw has been devastated by abscesses
and all that remains of the teeth are the roots.
In contrast,
the mandible is the most massive of this population, and the
teeth are in very good condition.
10
Chin form is wide bilateral
and chin projection is relatively great for a native American.
The gonial angle is 124 degrees, the most obtuse of this series.
Individual 17 appears to be a middle-aged female.
Preservation is fair.
There is pronounced occipital deformation.
Brow ridges are divided in form and large in size.
medium.
sharp.
Mastoids are
The orbits are somewhat rounded and the nasal sills are
Glenoid fossa depth is small.
anteriorally.
extensive.
The malars project
The temporal lines are pronounced.
Tooth wear is
Chin form is wide bilateral and the chin is
moderately projecting.
Individual 18 is a middle-aged male in a fair state of
preservation.
Muscularity of the skull is large, particularly so
upon the occipital region.
Deformation appears to have flattened
the posterior halves of the parietals, forcing the intersection
of the coronal and sagittal sutures upward.
and brow ridges are medium in size.
shovel-shaped.
Mastoids are large
Incisors are moderately
The greatest wear on the upper teeth occurs upon
the first molars.
The third molars are reduced to the shape and
size of the premolars.
Individual 19 is a robust middle to older aged adult male in
a fair state of preservation.
forward.
The face is wide yet also projects
Supraorbital ridges, mastoids, and muscular relief are
all medium.
vertico-occipital deformation approximates a 90
degree angle relative to the horizontal plane.
elevation is pronounced.
Sagittal
Genoid foss as are wide and fairly deep.
There has been a large degree of resorption in the maxilla.
thickness and the weight of the skull is heavy.
Individual 20 is a poorly preserved middle-aged female.
11
Bone
This skull has undergone pronounced occipital deformation.
ridges are small and divided.
be small.
Brow
The fragmentary mastoids appear to
General muscularity is medium.
Chin form is narrow
bilateral with only a small degree of projection.
teeth exhibit both extensive wear and caries.
The mandibular
In this instance
teeth wear is greatest upon the buccal surfaces of the molars.
Individual 21 is a very robust male and has been placed in
the older age category.
large.
Both mastoids and muscularity are very
Pronounced occipital deformation has rendered a cranial
index of 97.48.
Weight of the skull is very heavy.
foss as are very deep and wide.
Glenoid
Molars are high and stout.
In
the upper jaw, tooth wear is marked and caries are present.
Individual 88.65.1.23 is poorly preserved middle-age male.
Only portions of the cranium could be reconstructed.
itself is rapidly disintegrating.
The bone
Whether this is due to a bone
disease in life or environmental exposures post-mortem is
difficult to assess.
The skull is large and heavy with massive
occipital muscle attachments.
Mastoids are also large.
wear is heavy but not extreme; it is to the lingual side.
is a large cavity in the upper left second molar.
Teeth
There
Of note is an
eroded abscess on the right half of the interior frontal (Photo
10).
deep.
The dimensions of the abscess are 41mm by 28mm, and 6-8mm
According to Dr. Elizabeth Glenn of Ball state University
it is the probable cause of death.
Individual 88.65.1.24 appears to be an older adult male.
Preservation is poor.
of the basilar region.
Skull consists of the calva and a portion
Mastoids and styloids are medium.
12
Muscularity is large.
sutures are very nearly closed.
Individual 88.65.1.25 is extremely well preserved with
little or no deformation.
It appears to be a male although not
as heavily muscled as the rest of the males in the series.
occipital muscle attachments, mastoids and zygomatics are all
medium in size.
The sagittal suture is slightly raised.
the maxilla and mandible are missing.
is difficult.
Both
Therefore, age estimation
The sutures are not yet closed, but are nearly so,
in several places.
The individual was probably middle-aged at
the time of death.
Individual 88.65.1.26 is a young adult female in a fair
state of preservation.
The skull exhibits earth pressure and
"cradleboard" deformation.
A single "Inca" bone is present.
mastoids are medium in size.
The zygomatics are slender and
occipital muscle attachments are slight.
small.
The
The brow ridges are
The orbits are small as well and the edges are sharp.
Nasal openings are smooth and large.
There are large parietal
protuberances, probably due to wrapping.
are also visible on the frontal.
Smaller protuberances
Teeth are large and wear is
obvious but not extreme; enamel is present everywhere.
Of note
are several small abscesses on the interior of the frontal bone.
Individual 88.65.1.27 is in a fair state of preservation
after extensive reconstruction.
middle-aged adult male.
The skull appears to be a
Although the lower occipital is missing,
there are no obvious signs of muscle attachments.
least one "Inca" bone present.
medium in size.
The fragmented mastoids are
The zygomatics are large and the arch extends
well beyond the auditory meatus.
-
There is at
13
The sagittal suture is raised
somewhat.
The brow ridges are massive; the forehead is low.
lower nasal openings are flat.
as do the incisors.
The
Second molars show extreme wear
otherwise, wear is lingual and moderate.
This skull shows few signs of head binding as reconstructed.
Individual 88.65.1.28 is a young to middle aged adult male.
Preservation is fair (after considerable basilar reconstruction).
The zygomatics and mastoids are medium in size.
are prominent.
The brown ridges
The orbits are large and their edges are rounded.
Nasal sills are smooth.
relatively slight.
"Cradleboard" deformation present is
Although the muscle attachments on the
occiptal are small, there are prominent attachments on the
parietal.
The sagittal suture is lightly elevated.
On the left
parietal, near the apex, is a partially healed gouge-type wound
about 15mm in diameter (Photo 7).
shovel-shaped.
The incisors are prominently
Again most teeth wear is on the second molars;
the left has a large cavity.
The other teeth have moderate wear
to the lingual side.
Individual 88.65.1.29 is an older adult female.
The
preservation is fair but earth pressure deformation is extreme.
There are two Wormian bones in the complex lambdoidal suture.
The mastoids and zygomatics are small.
attachments are slight.
and smaller frontal ones.
edges are sharp.
There are large parietal protruberences
The orbits are of medium size and the
The brow ridges are small.
extreme, and to the lingual side.
large caries.
Occipital muscle
Teeth wear is
Both upper second molars have
There is a lare abscess in the right maxilla
around the canine.
14
Individual 88.65.1.30 is an older adult male in a good state
of preservation.
Musculature is heavy.
zygomatics are large.
styloids are median, curved anteriorly.
cradleboard deformation is present.
raised.
The mastoids and
Nasal sills are sharp.
The sagittal suture is
The forehead is high.
wear is extreme to the lingual side.
Teeth
There are caries in the
first and second upper right molars, and two large abscesses in
the left maxilla.
Individual 88.65.1.31 is a middle to older age adult male.
Preservation is poor; the lower portion of the face, maxilla and
mandible are missing.
The mastoids and zygomatics are large, as
are the occipital muscle attachments.
very complex (Photo 11).
the auditory meatus.
heavy.
The zygomatic arch extends well beyond
Orbits are wide set and the brow ridges are
The forehead is high.
closed in places.
The lambdoidal suture is
The coronal suture is nearly
Supraorbital ridges are rounded; there is a
chip 12mm long on the left one that could be premortem.
A barely
healed gouge-type wound, 16mm by 12mm is present in the middle of
the left parietal (Photo 9).
Upon arrival at Ball State, a thin
sheet of bone was present over the wound, but disentegrated.
The
individual also exhibits "cradleboard" deformation.
Individual 88.65.1.32 is a young adult male in a poor state
of preservation.
The left half of the face, right parietal,
mastoids and zygomatics are missing.
heavy.
The skull is large and
The mastoids appear to have been large.
attachments are median to large.
nasal sills present.
caries present.
Occipital muscle
There appears to have been
Teeth wear is slight and there are no
The skull is decaying in the same manner as
15
88.65.1. 23.
Individual 88.65.1.33 appears to be female.
poor, and age is uncertain.
Preservation is
The zygomatics are small, as are the
mastoids, and the muscularity is slight.
large protuberences on the frontal.
There are relatively
supraorbital ridges are
sharp.
Individual 88.65.1.34 is extremely fragmentary, consisting
mainly of the calva.
brow ridges.
Frontal eminences are prominent as well as
There is a significant post-coronal depression.
"Trauma" to the left parietal (Photo 8) may be congenital or may
have occured at birth.
This is suggested due to the fact that
the depression is also appearent on the interior of the skull as
well.
The individual had slight muscularity and exhibits
"cradleboard" deformation.
Individual 22 is an intrusive burial and thus should not be
thought of as a valid member of this series.
This specimen is
the only individual to have postcranial remains recovered along
with the skull.
age.
This individual is a male of young to middle-
Brow ridges are large and median in form.
undeformed.
The occiput is
The zygomatics are high and project anteriorally.
Summary of Cranial Descriptions
The average individual of this series is
hyperbrachycephalic.
The population may be genetically
predisposed to brachycephaly but the compression caused by head
binding is undoubtedly the major factor responsible for the
prevailing head shape.
The skulls of this series are very
comparable to the Kentucky Adena crania, with the only notable
16
-
APPENDIX A
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS, INDICES, AND OBSERVATIONS
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES
Cat. No. _ _ _-'Field No.
Age _ _ _ Sex _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Site _ _ _ _ _C.ulture _ _ _ _ _ __
Date_ _ _ Observer_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MEASUREMENTS
Capacity :--_--::,.-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mean Thick. L. Par.
Glabella-Occipital Length
L
Maximum Breadth
B
Minimum
Frontal
Breadth
MF
Frontal Chord
FC
Basion-Bregma Height
H
Porion-Apex Height
-PAH
Pasion-Porion
Height
BPH
Length of C:ranial Base _
LB
TFB
Total Facial Breadth
Midfacial Breadth
MFB
Total Facial Height
TFH
Upper Facial Height
UFH
IOB Internal Orbital Breadth
SlOB Subtense Orbital Breadth
Biorbital l3xeadth
BOB
AlB
Ant. lntero:rbital Breadth
LOBM Left Orbital Breadth (rof)
LOBD Left Orbital Breadth (d) Left Orbital Height
LOH
Nasal Heigh'~
NH
Nasal Breadj~h
NB
Dacryal Chord
DC
Dacryal Subtense
DS
Minimum Nasal Breadth
MN
Subtense Nasal Breadth- _ _ _ _ _
SMN
BNB
Breadth of Nasal BridgeHeight of Nasal Bridge HNB
Maxilla-Alveolar LengthML
Maxilla-Alveolar BreadthMB
Facial Length (ba-pr)
- ---FL
Facial Length (ba-alv. pt. ) _ _ __
FIA
Height of M€,nd. Symphysis _ _ _ __
SH
Bigonial Breadth -,..,,--_ _ _ _ _ __
BA
RL
Minimum Ramus Length
Length of Ms.ndible
- - _____
1M
Bicondyloid
Breadth
_
_ _ _ _ __
BCB
Left Gonial Angle _ _ _ _ _ _ __
FP
C
TP
INDICES
L+B+H/3 Cranial Module
B/L
Cranial .~...,...,,.-_ _ _ _ _ _ __
H/L
Length-Height _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
H/B
Breadth-Height _ _ _ _ _ _ __
H/(L+B/2)Mean Height -:-_ _ _ _ _ _ __
PAH/L
Length-Auricular _ _ _ _ _ __
BPH/H
Flatness Cran. Base
MF/B
Trans. Franta-Par. _ _ _ _ __
TFH/TFB Total Facial _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
UFH/TFB Upper Facial _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
UFH/MFB Midfacial -:---::=--.,....-:,--_ _ _ __
TFB/B
Trans. Crania-Facial
MF/TFB
Zygo-Frontal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
SlOB/lOB Facial Flatness ,,-_ _ _ _ _ __
AlB/BOB Ant. Interorbital _ _ _ _ _ __
LOH/LOBM Left Orbital (mf) _ _ _ _ _ __
LOH/LOBD Left Orbital (d) _ _ _ _ _ __
NB/MH
Nasal
DS/DC
NasalR
=-oot"""""7H'-e";""ig""":h"""t--- - - - SMN/MN
Nasal Bone Height _ _ _ _ _ __
HNB/BNB Nasal Bridge Height _ _ _ _ __
MB/ML
Maxilla-Alveolar _ _ _ _ _ __
BA/MF
Franta-Mandibular _ _ _ _ _ __
BA/TFB
Zygo-Mandibular _ _ _ _ _ _ __
1M/BCB
Mandibular _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
HC
SA
TA
TB
GL
MP
AP
N
A
B
21
Horizontal Circumf.
Sagittal Arc
Transverse A r - c - - - - - - - Trans. Arc/Bregma _ _ _ _ _ __
CRANIAL OBSERVATIONS
Catalogue Number_ _ _ _~
Card Number _ _ _ _-,:Site.--=--:--:::-::--,::-..--.__- - Culture
Variety
Sex(M, M?, F, F?, C). Age _ __
1. Description
O. Cranium
1. Calvarium
2. Calvaria
3. Calva
2. Preservation
O. Poor
1. Fair
2. Good
3. Muscularity
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
3. V. large
4. Weight
O. Light
1. Medium
2. Heavy
5. Deformation
O. None
1. Occipital
2. Lambdoid
3. Fronto-occ.
4. Fr.-vert.-occ.
5. Par.-fr.-oc:c.
6. Bil.-fr.-occ.
7. Annular
8. Pathological
9. Earth Pressure
6. Degree of deform.
O. None
1. Trace
2. Small
3. Medium
4. Pronounced
7. Form
O. Ellipsoid
1. Ovoid
2. Spheroid
3. Pentagonoid
4. Rhomboid
5. Sphenoid
6. Birsoid
8. Dental age. _ __
9. Epiphyseal age
.
10. Pubic age
-.11. Suture age---Frontal region
12. Brow ridges
O. Median
1. Divided
2. Continuous
3. Torus
13. Brow ridge stze
O. None
1. Trace
2. Small
3. Medium
4. Large
5. V. large
14. Glabella
O. Flat
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large
4. V. large
15. Frontal height
O. V. low
1. Low
2. Medium
3. High
4. V. high
16. Frontal slope
O. Bulging
1. None
2. Slight
3. Medium
4. Pronounced
5. V. pronounced
17. Postorb. constr.
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
18. Eminence
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
19. Median crest
O. None
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large
20. Breadth
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
Parietal region
21. Sagittal elevation
O. None
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large
4. V. large
22. Eminences
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
23. Postcoronal depres.
O. None
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large
Teoral region
2 . Fullness
O. Flat
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large
25. Mastoids
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
3. V. large
26. Supramastoid crest
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
27. Sphenoid depres.
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
Occipital region
28. Curve
O. None
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
29. Occipital position
O. High
1. Medium
2. Low
30. Occipital breadth
O. Bun
1. Narrow
2. Medium
3. Wide
31. Ext. occ. protub.
O. None
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large
32. Torus
O. Absent
1. Small ridge
2. Medium ridge
3. Large ridge
4. Small mound
5. Medium mound
6. Large mound
2.
33.
34.
Lambdoid flat.
O. None
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
Lamb. serration
43.
44.
O. ?
35.
1. Simple
2. Submedium
3. Medium
4. Pronounced
5. V. pronounced
Cor. serration
O. ?
36.
37.
38.
1. Simple
2. Submedium
3. Medium
4. Pronounced
5. V. pronounced
sag. serration
O. ?
1. Simple
2. Submedium
3. Medium
4. Pronounced
5. V. pronounced
Os Incae
O. None
1. Single
2. Multipartite
3. Os apicis
4. Sut. mendosa
5. Temporo- occ.
6. Par. notch bone
Wormian bones lam.
O. 0
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
1. 1
2. 2
3· 3
4. 4
51.
5· 5
6. 6
7· 7
8. 8
52.
9· 9+
39. Platybasia
O. Absent
1. Present
40. Condyle elev.
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
41. Basion
O. Low
1. Medium
2. High
42. Styloids
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
53.
54.
Pharyngeal fossa
O. None
1. Submedium
2. Medium
3. Large
Glen. fossa depth
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
Postglen. proc.
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
Tympanic plate
O. Thin
1. Medium
2. Thick
3. V. thick
AuditoFJ meatus
O. Round
1. Oval
2. Ellipse
3. Slit
Ext. ptery. plate
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
Face size
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
3. V. large
Orbit shape
O. Oblong
1. Rhcmboid
2. Square
3. Ellipse
4. Round
Orbit inclin.
O. None
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
Supra orb . notch
O. Absent
1. Present, bilat.
2. Present, left
3. Present, right
Supraorb. foram.
O. Absent
1. Present, bilat.
2. Present, left
3. Present, right
Sub orb . fossa
O. Absent
1. Slight
2. Medium
3. Deep
23
55. Os
O.
1.
2.
japanicum
Absent
Present
Trace, med.
56. Zygcmatics, size
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
3. V. large
57. Zygon. bone ht.
O. Low
1. Medium
2. High
58. Infrazygom. notch
O. Absent
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large
59. Zyg., lat. proj.
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
3. Diag. flat.
60. Zyg., ant. proj.
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
61. Marginal process
O. Absent
1. Submedium
2. Medium
3. Large
62. Zyg. proc. thickn.
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Pronounced
Nasal Bones
63. Size
O. Small
1. Nedium
2. Large
64. Root height
O. Very low
1. Low
2. Medium
3. High
4. V. high
65. Root breadth
O. V. Small
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large
4. V. large
66. Bridge breadth
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
3·
-
67. Bridge height
O. V. low
1. Low
2. Medium
3. High
4. V. high
68. Profile
O. Concave
1. Straight
2. Sl. conc-conv.
3. Conc-conv.
4. V. conc-com·.
69· Nasion depres.
O. Absent
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Deep
70. Naso-frontal Sl:.t.
O. Pointed
1. Gabled
2. Dome
3. Arched
4. Clubed
5. Squared
71. Constriction
O. Absent
1. Slight
2. Medium
3. Marked
4. V. marked
72. Lower margin
O. Indented
1. Arched
2. Tipped
73· Nasal spine
O. Absent
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Rt. angle
4. Large
74. Nasal sills
O. Absent
1. Dull
2. Medium
3. Sharp
75· Subnasal grooves
O. Absent
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
4. Sulci
76. Mid facial Progn.
O. Absent
1. Slight
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
77. Alveolar Progn.
78.
79·
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
O. Absent
1. Slight
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
Total Progn.
O. Absent
1. Slight
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
Alv. border absorp.
O. None
1. Slight
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
Alv. border pres.
O. Poor
1. Fair
2. Good
3. Perfect
Palate shape
O. Parabolic
1. Hyperbolic
2. Elliptical
3. Small "u"
4. Large "u"
Palate height
O. Low
1. Medium
2. High
3. V. high
Palatine torus
O. Absent
1. Small ridge
2. Medium ridf!;e
3. Large ridge
4. Small mound
5. Medium mound
6. Large mound
Mandible Size
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Large
3. V. large
Chin form
O. Nar. bilat.
1. Wide bilat.
2. Intermediate
3. Median
Chin proj.
O. Negative
1. Neutral
2. Small
3. Medium
4. Large
24
87. Alv. progn. mand.
O. None
1. Slight
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
88. Genial tubercles
O. Pit
1. Absent
2. Small
3. Medium
4. Large
89· Mylohyoid arch
O. Absent
1. Right
2. Left
3. Bilateral
90· Pterygoid attach.
O. Small
1. Medium
2. Pronounced
3. V. pronounced
91. Gonial ang. evers.
O. None
1. Small
2. Medium
3· Pronounced
92. Tooth eruption
O. Incomplete
1. Complete
2. 3rd Molar suppr.
Teeth
lost, ante93.
mortem
94. Teeth lost, postmortem
Mandibular
torus
95.
O. Absent
1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large
96. Teeth wear
O. None
1. Slight
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
4. V. pronounced
97. Carious teeth
98. Abscesses
O. None
1. Pyorrhea
2. Small-few
3. Medium, several
4. Large, many
99· Shovel incisors
O. Absent
1. Slight
2. Medium
3. Pronounced
4.
-
100. Bite
O. Under
1. Edge
2. Slight Over
3. Medium Over
4. Pronounced Over
101. Crowding
O. Absent
1. Slight
2. Mesio-palatal Torsion
3. Medium
4. Pronounced
102. Molar Cusps, Upper
o. 4-4-4
1. 4-4-3
2. 4-4-2
3. 4-3-2
4. 4-3-1
5. other
103. Molar Cusps, Lower
O. 5-5-5
1. 5-5-4
2. 5-4-4
3. 4-4-4
4. 4-4-3
5. other
104. Stature _ _ _ __
25
APPENDIX B
-
-
Page No.
08/16/90
CRANIAL INDICES
INDICES
.1
L+B+H/3
103.7
71.3
74.4
1.05
87.25
B/L
H/L
H/B
Hf(L+B!2)
PAH/L
BPH/H
HF/B
HH/HB
UFH/HB
UHF/HFB
HB/B
HF/TFB
SIOB/IOB
AlB/BOB
LOH/LOBM
LOH/LOBD
NB/NH
DS/DC
SMN/MN
HNB/BNB
HB/ML
BA/HF
BA/HB
LM/BCB
.2
.3
.4
(153.2)
1.10
.716
(.6n)
( .9455)
(.789)
(.6734)
(.1182)
.5469
.6763
73.3
.5
.6
(148.7)
( .8284) .7953
.81
(.9786)
( .8867)
.80
.1314
( .6572) .7042
.7
.8
( .839)
.6769
( .63)
.5m
(.77)
( .65)
( .9789) .7461
(.7194) .9072
.1494
.1553
.964
( .262)
.248
.30
.919
.9135
(.9016)
.268
.9674
(.875)
.9818
.689
.1683
.2424
.7895
.7895
(.875)
(.625)
.148
(.2553) (.2136)
(.8974)
.8947
.9189
(.521)
.3158
(1.35)
1 .15
(.791 )
(.713)
.506
.2272
1.34
(1.2)
1.38
.752
29
.9
159.3
.7926
.75
1.057
.8368
.743
.1348
.604
153.3
.925
.95
1.03
.987
.94
.145
.6149
.888
.5224
.7368
.9054
.6791
.137
.2292
.8488
.5149
.6765
.8993
.6716
.1263
.234
.5385
.5676
(.4898)
.561
.4286
.4
1.27
1.082
.735
.8559
.10
1.17
.9008
.12
.13
.14
.15
.883
.8372
.5894
.67
(148.5)
( .843)
.747
( .8862)
( .8107)
.74
.1362
( .6276)
.1524
(.2255)
( .8)
.583
156.7
.8929
.9048
1.013
.956
.8887
.1875
.627
.917
1.571
.1359
.245
.825
.5885
(.7083)
.87
.7231
.155
.2708
.8293
( .5373)
.72
( .8874)
( .6642)
.167
.2473
.972
.5053
.6875
.9826
.6784
.18
.2449
.8919
.4483
.6098
.5094
.4286
.3443
1.196
.3636
.3385
1.18
1.107
(.735)
.8926
.4286
.356
1.12
.9172
.16
1.22
.85
Page No.
08/16/90
CRANIAL INDICES
"'" INOICES
.17
.18
.19
.8876
.9509
( .7627)
L+B+H/3
B/l
H/l
H/B
H/(l+B/2)
PAH/l
BPH/H
MF/B
TFH/TFB
UFH/TFB
UHF/MFB
TFB/B
MF/TFB
SIOB/IDB
AlB/BOB
lOH/lOBM
LOH/lOBD
HB/NH
DS/DC
SMH/MN
HNB/BNB
MB/Ml
BA/MF
BA/TFB
"..- lM/BCB
.6133
.6387
.907
.6765
.1856
.2474
.8933
.1617
.2121
.825
.5
.463
(.69)
(1.03)
(.669)
.153
.20
.21
(155.3)
.9748
(.956)
(.9806)
( .9682)
(.9468)
(.1382)
( .6479) .6258
.1368
.23
160
.8535
.8507
.9967
.9179
.7831
.39
.59
.24
.25
.8448
.653
(1 )
.9175
(.6258) .6439
( .0762)
.2336
155
.8136
.8136
1
.8972
.804
.1528
.6736
.26
.27
.28
.29
.6943
1.012
.9509
.7784
.6716
(1.028)
(.6554)
.167
.14
.225
(.2308)
.8718
.9487
1.057
.5536
.6387
.1617
.2121
.825
.6715
.927
.7244
.1397
.25
.8919
.463
.30
.31
.32
158.3
.89
.8555
.96
.9052
.8428
.1723
.6429
153
.89
.89
(158)
( .867)
.8728
(1 )
( .935)
.8595
.1722
(.57)
.5481
.7048
.8766
.73
.1942
.2475
.9024
.925
.4717
.9423
.88
.1565
.6463
( .9864)
( .6552)
.18
.1443
.2871
.8919
.917
.5
.375
.4
.389
( .3636)
.33
.45
.3509
1.28
.3
.4
.36
.3692
.3
1.36
30
.5
.5
Page No.
08/16/90
Cranial Observations
-
OBSERVATI()IjS
.1
.2
.3
Description
Preservation
Muscularity
Weight
Deformat i on
Degree of Deform.
Form
Dental Age
Epiphyseal Age
Pubic Age
Suture Age
Brow Ridges
Brow Ridge Size
Glabella
Frontal Height
Frontal Slope
Postorb. Constr.
Eminence
Median Crest
Breadth
Sagittal Elevation
Eminences
Postcoronal Depres.
Fullness
Mastoids
Supramastoid Crest
Sphenoid Oepres.
Curve
Occipital Position
Occipital Breadth
Ext. Dcc. Protub.
Torus
lambdoid Flatness
larnd. serration
Cor. serration
Sag. serrat i on
Os Incae
Wormian Bones, lam.
Platybasia
Condyle Elevation
Basion
Styloids
Pharyngeal Fossa
Glen. Fossa Depth
Postglen. Process
Tympanic Plate
Auditory Meatus
Ext. Ptery. Plate
Face Size
Orbit Shape
Orbit Inclination
Supraorb. Notch
o
o
o
o
1
o
o
9
4
4
o
2+
1
2
3
2
0
1
0
4
0
2
1
0
1+
1
2
2
2
0
0
2
3
2
0
6
2+
2
2
!
0+
!
0+
1+
.6
.7
o
o
o
o
2
2+
0+
o
o
4
3
5
4
3
3
1+
1
2+
1
3
1+
0+
0+
2
2
2
2
2
3
o
o
2
2
3
4
2
2
4
o
1
1
o
3
1+
2+
3
6
o
4
3
2+
3
o
o
4
9
o
1+
3
2
3
o
.9
o
9
4
5
11
1
4
.12
o
o
2
1+
1+
1+
4
o
o
5
o
o
o
3+
1+
1+
3
.10
o
o
o
o
1
1+
1
1
2
3
0+
2
1+
o
2+
o
o
2
1
2
o
0+
1
2
o
o
1+
1
3
2
2
5
2
2
o
o
3
2
o
1+
2
2
2
4
3
3+
3+
3
2
3
3
o
o
o
9
4
6
o
9
o
o
o
0+
2
4
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1+
0+
1
2
2
0+
1
1+
1
1
1
1+
2
2
3
2+
4
2
3
2
1
5
3
3
3
2+
3+
1+
4
3
2
2
9
o
7
o
1+
o
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
5
4
2
3
2
2
2
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
o
o
o
2
2
o
o
7
4
2
4
3
2
o
o
1+
1+
1+
0+
2
2
2
1
1
2
o
o
2
1
1
1
3
o
1
1
0+
2
2
1+
1
1+
1+
2
o
2
2
0+
1+
2
3
2
2
1+
1
2
1
2
2
2
o
3
1+
1
2
2
1
2
0+
2
1
0=
1=
2
1+
2
4
4
2
1
1
'0
o
0+
1+
1
o
4
1
o
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
o
2
3
1
3
2
o
32
1+
1+
1+
1+
1
2
1
o
2
1
1
o
o
2
1
1+
2
3
2
1+
o
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
o
2
1
0+
2
4
5
1
1+
2
2
2
4
3
3
1+
0+
3
1+
2+
1
o
o
o
2
0+
1+
1+
2
5
2+
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
5
4
4
1
5
3+
2
3
0+
1
2=
2+
6
2
3
3
3
o
2
2
2
1
o
o
1
2
2
3
o
3
3
2+
3
2
2
3
3
2
8
o
1
2
1
2
1+
1+
2+
1
2+
o
2
o
o
o
2+
o
5
1
1
o
2
o
2
o
2
o
1+
.17
4
2+
3
1+
2
.16
4
4
o
.15
4
5
2
.14
0+
0+
1
3
2
.13
2
1+
2
2
2
2
2
.8
2
2
o
2
3
.5
o
o
1
2
2
.4
2
1
1+
2
o
-
-
-
Page No.
08/16/90
CraniaL Observations
OBSERVATIONS
.18
.,19
.20
.21
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
Description
Preservation
Musculari ty
\Jeight
Deformation
Degree of Deform.
Form
Dental Age
Epiphyseal Age
Pubic Age
Suture Age
Brow Ridges
Brow Ridge Size
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
3
o
2
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
3
2
2
2
1+
1
2
2
o
o
2
9
3
4
5
Glabella
1+
Frontal Height
Frontal Slope
Postorb. Constr.
Eminence
Median Crest
Breadth
Sagittal Elevation
Eminences
Postcoronal Oepres.
Fullness
Mastoids
Supramastoid Crest
Sphenoid Oepres.
Curve
Occipital Position
Occipital Breadth
Ext. Occ. Protub.
Torus
Lambdoid FLatness
lamd. serration
Cor. serration
Sag. serration
Os Incae
Wormian Bones, Lam.
PLatybasia
Condyle Elevation
Basion
Styloids
PharyngeaL Fossa
Glen. Fossa Depth
Postglen. Process
T~anic Plate
Auditory Meatus
Ext. Ptery. Plate
Face Size
Orbi t Shape
Orbit Inclination
Supraorb. Notch
3
5
1
0
3
2
2
0+
1+
o
1
o
o
4
2
2
3
2
1
4
4
9
4
5
5
5
o
2
o
3
1
2
2
1+
0
3
4
0+
2
3
1
2
2
0+
2
2
o
3
2
2
o
3
3
5
5
6
5
4
3
1
4
3
2
4
4
2
2
3
5
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
o
3
2
3
3
o
2+
4
2
o
o
o
o
1
o
o
1
2
2
1+
1+
2
2
2
2
2
3
1+
2
2
o
o
3
o
o
2
2
o
1
1
2
o
2
2
2
2+
o
2
2+
2
1
2
2
1
o
o
o
o
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
o
o
o
3
2
3
2
o
o
9
4
2
3
o
o
o
2
1
2+
2+
3
9
4
o
2
o
o
o
o
1
o
o
1
9
2
2
4
o
o
3+
2
4
2
5
5
5
3
3
3
2
o
1
1
o
o
o
o
2
3
2
3
2
3
4
o
o
o
3
2
3
2
2
3
o
o
o
o
o
o
3
2
2
1
2
1
o
1
o
o
o
1
o
2+
o
1=
1
o
o
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
3
3
o
2
2
2
o
2
2
1+
2
o
o
2
o
1+
2+
2
2
2
1
1
1
o
5
2
2+
3
5
2
2
o
0+
o
o
o
1
2
1
o
1
1
1
o
0+
2
o
2
o
o
o
2
o
2
2
2
3
3
3
3+
3
4
4
2
3
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
o
o
2
3
o
o
o
o
2
2
3
2
1
2
4
3
2
4
7
o
o
o
o
6
2
5
o
2
o
o
3
3
2
2
4
2
3
1
1
o
3
o
o
1
2
1
1+
2
3
2
1=
0+
2+
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1+
o
2
o
2
3
o
o
o
o
o
o
1
o
o
1+
o
2
2
2
o
o
o
o
0+
o
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
o
o
o
1
2
o
o
o
o
2
o
1
2
2
2
o
o
1
3
o
1+
2
o
o
2
2
2
3
2
o
o
o
1
o
1+
2
2
5
2
2
o
o
o
1+
2
2
1
2
1
3
2
o
-
-
Page No.
08/16/90
2
Cranial Observations
.4
.5
3
o
o
1
3
OBSERVATIONS
.1
.2
Supraorb. Foram.
Suborb. Fossa
as Japanicum
Zygomatics, Size
Zygon. Bone Ht.
Infrazygom. notch
Zyg., Lat. Proj.
Zyg., Ant. Proj.
Marginal process
lyg., Proc. Thickn.
Size
Root Height
Root Breadth
Bridge Breadth
Bridge Height
Profile
Nasion Depres.
Naso-frontal Suture
Constriction
Lower Margin
Nasal Spine
Nasal Sills
Slbnasal Grooves
Mid-facial Progn.
Alveolar Progn.
Total Progn.
Alv. Border Absorp.
Alv. Border Pres.
Palate Shape
Palatine Height
Palantine Torus
Mandible Size
Chin Form
Chin projection
Alv. Progn. Mand.
GeniaL Tubercles
MyLohyiod Arch
Pterygoid Attach.
GoniaL Ang. Evers.
Tooth Eruptlon
Teeth Lost, AnteTeeth Lost, PostMandibular Torus
Teeth Wear
Carious Teeth
Abscesses
Shovel Incisors
Bite
Crowding
MoLar Cusps,Upper
Molar Cusps, Lower
Stature
2
3
0
1
o
.3
o
o
o
1+
0+
1+
0+
2
0
2
o
1
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
2
1+
3
1
1
1+
3
3
1+
1
2+
2
2
2
3
.6
.7
.8
3
2
o
3
o
o
o
o
2
2+
2
2
3
1
2
2
2
2
o
o
1
2
.10
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
2
3
o
o
2
3
2
3
o
o
o
o
2
2
o
1+
2
1+
2
1+
2
0+
0+
1+
1
1+
2+
2
2
2+
1
0+
1
o
o
2
1
2
1+
2
1
1+
o
1+
1+
2
0+
2
2
2
2+
2+
o
3
2
2
2+
2
4
2
2
2
2
2+
2
2
3
3
2+
2+
2+
1
1+
3
2
o
2
o
2
o
2
1
o
2
2
3
2
2
2
1+
5
o
5
1
o
1+
2
2
o
4
2
1
2
1+
2
2
1
2+
2+
2
2
2
4
1
4
2
2
2
2+
2
2
3
2+
1
2
2
1
o
2
4
2
2
2
2+
2
3
2+
3
4
3
3
o
o
2
1+
2+
1+
1+
2
2
o
2
2
2+
2
4
2
3
2
2
3
3
1
2+
2
2
0+
o
2
o
1
2
3
3
5
4
2
1+
2
2
2
3
2
2+
3
3
3
3
2
2
1+
2
1
1
2
2
5
2
3
2
4
3
2
1
6
3
2
2+
2+
2+
3
o
o
0+
1
1+
2+
o
2
2
2
1
3
4
2
2
2
2+
2
2
2
o
2+
5+
1
2
o
o
3
3+
4
3
2
1
3
2+
3
4
3
3
1+
2
3
1+
2
3
1+
2
1
2+
3
0+
1
3
2
3
3
3
o
2
2
2+
2+
1
1
4
3
2+
2+
3
3
3
2+
2
3
2+
2+
1
3+
1
2
3
o
1
2
4
o
3
2
2
4
o
2
1+
2
2
2
3
2
2
2+
1+
3
2
0
2
2
2
2
o
2
2
.9
o
34
4
o
3
4
4
3
3
3+
3+
o
o
o
o
,-
-
Page No.
08/16/90
2
Cranial Observations
OBSERVATIONS
.18
Supraorb. Foram.
Suborb. Fossa
Os Japanicum
Zygomatics, Size
Zygon. Bone Ht.
Infrazygom. notch
Zyg., lat. Proj.
Zyg., Ant. Proj.
Marginal process
1yg., Proc. Thickn.
Size
Root Height
Root Breadth
Bridge Breadth
Bridge Height
Profile
Nasion Oepres.
Naso-frontal Suture
Constriction
lower Margin
Nasal Spine
Nasal Sills
subnasa 1 Grooves
Mid-facial Progn.
Alveolar Progn.
Total Progn.
Alv. Border Absorp.
Alv. Border Pres.
Palate Shape
Palatine Height
Palantine Torus
Mandible Size
Chin Form
Chin Projection
Alv. Progn. Mand.
Genial Tubercles
Mylohyiod Arch
Pterygoid Attach.
Gonial Ang. Evers.
Tooth Eruption
Teeth lost, AnteTeeth lost, PostMandibular Torus
Teeth Wear
Carious Teeth
Abscesses
Shovel Incisors
Bite
Crowding
Molar Cusps,Upper
Molar Cusps, lower
Stature
3
0
1
2
.20
.21
2
2
o
3
o
o
o
o
1+
1+
1+
2
o
o
2
2
2+
0+
2
2
2
2
2+
1+
.25
.26
1
3
o
o
1+
1+
3
1
o
4
3
4
2
2
2
1
1
o
o
o
2
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
4
2
3
o
o
2
2
2
2
o
o
1
3
2
o
2
3
o
o
o
o
3
o
2
o
o
2
.32
o
o
2
3
2
o
.31
o
1
2
2
2
3
.30
o
1
3
o
o
o
2
3
2+
0+
3
4
o
o
2
o
o
.29
o
o
o
.28
2
3
2
2
.27
2
1
3+
4
3
2
2
.24
2
1+
1+
3
2
.23
1+
3
o
o
o
o
2
2
3
2
2+
1
o
o
o
o
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
o
3
2+
2
2
2
3
2
o
o
o
2
2
2
2
2
0
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
1+
1+
4
o
1
2
o
1
1
3
2
2+
1+
2
2
2
2+
1
2
o
o
o
o
0+
3
2
2
o
1
o
2+
4
3
o
o
1
0+
0+
o
2
2
4
1
o
o
o
3
1+
0+
1
o
4
2
2+
3
3
2
2
3
2
2+
4
4
4
2+
3
3
2
3
o
o
35
o
.34
o
1+
1
4
.33
o
-
TABLE 1SEX AND AGE
SEX
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
F
F
M
F
M
M
unknown
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
SEX
AGE
Young
Middle age
Mid-old age
Young
Middle age
Old
11
Middle age
Middle age
Middle age
Young
Middle age
Middle age
young-mid age
Old
Middle age
-
36
.18
.19
.20
.21
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
AGE
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
unknown
Middle age
Mid-old age
Middle age
Old
Middle age
Old
Middle age
Young
Middle age
Young-mid age
Old
Old
Mid-old age
Young
unknown
unknown
>
-
-
APPENDIX C
)
Photos 1-3 are examples of the
extrerre "cradleboard" defonnatian COIIIrOn in the Windsor
series.
Photo 1.
left side.
Individual 87.17.4.
Photo 2. mdividual 87.17.8 is
me of the fEW with the mandible
present and intact.
)
Photo 4. Individual 87. 17 . l.
exhibits the earth pressure
defo~matian characteristic of
the series.
Photo 3 •
W
\D
Individual 87.17.13.
Photo 5 • Individual 87.17. 7.
The only child of the series.
(11 years.)
Photos 6-9 are all of the examples
of trauma. All four occur on the
left parietal.
Photo 6 •
Individual 87.17.13.
40
Photo 7.
Individual 88.65.1.28.
Ihoto 8. Individual 88.65.1.34.
Tratnna extends into tenq;>oral and
is evident on the intenor surface
as well.
41
-
Photo 9.
-
Individual 88.65.1.31.
Photo 10. Individual 88.65.1.23.
Eroded abscess, right frontal,
interior surface.
42
Photo 11. Individual 88.65.1.31.
Complex lambdoidal suture from
wrapping, common to the series.
--Photo 12.
Individual 87.17.10.
Example of the "Inca" bone trait,
which occurs in four cases in this
series.
APPENDIX D
CERAMIC ANALYSIS
by Amy Johnson
Few
ceramic
artifacts
were
recovered
with
the
skeletal
material. Several of the rim sherds were diagnostic quality, but,
being unique in the region, they could not be dated precisely.
The
plain
Incised.
body sherds are either Adena plain or New
They
fall in the thickness range of both
Castle
types.
As
they are unmarked and fragmented, it is difficult to say more.
The rim sherds resemble the New Castle Incised rims,
thickness
and shape.
The only difference between them
both in
is
the
notching on the lips of the Windsor sherds (fig. 1 & 2).
88.65.1.29 - 4 plain body sherds, two thicknesses.
88.65.1.32
- 1
rim
sherd
(same
vessel
as
88.65.1.35),
2 plain body sherds.
88.65.1.35 - 2 rim sherds (same vessel, fig. 1 & 2), 1 plain
body sherd.
88.65.1.37
-
1 rim sherd,
88.65.1.38
-
1 plain body sherd.
88.65.1. 39
-
3 plain body sherds.
88.65.1.40
-
1 plain body sherd.
87.17.17
- 11 plain body sherds, two thicknesses.
"Windsor"
- 4 plain body sherds, two thicknesses.
3 plain body sherds.
Totals: 4 rim sherds, 30 plain body sherds.
45
Fig. 1.
New Castle-like rim sherd.
Exterior surface
a
Associated with
partial skull 88.65.1.35.
Fig. 2.
Interior surface.
46
--.
APPENDIX E
-
Faunal Analysis
by Dallas Evans
Most of the faunal material available,
nondiagnostic.
burned.
like the ceramics, is
Many of the bones are extremely fragmented and/or
Most of the skulls in the second group were
by burned fragments of mammalian long bones.
accompanied
However,
the those
listed below do not exhibit any cut or burn marks.
88.65.1.26 - Oppossum.
88.65.1.37 - Turkey.
Beaver.
Didelphis marsupialis.
Meleagris gallopavo.
castor canadensis (incisor).
Woodchuck.
Marmota monax.
88.65.1.39 - White-Tailed Deer.
Horse.
Equus
Odocoileus virginianus.
caballus.
(from early
disturbance) .
Avian
long bone shaft (2).
48
Caucasian
-
-
APPENDIX F
,Lithic Analysis
by Karin Anderson
87.17.17 - 4 broken flakes;
(2) Wyandotte, heat-treated
Laurel, unknown.
1 edge modified flake; Glacial.
87.17.1
- 3 broken flakes; Wyandotte, unknown, heat-damaged
Wyandotte.
1 primary flake; Wyandotte.
1 secondary flake; unknown.
88.65.1.37 - 3 edge modified flakes; Laurel,
-
Wyandotte, unknown.
2 biface fragments; Glacial, Attica.
1 retouched flake; heat-treated Laurel.
3 broken flakes; Wyandotte, Laurel, Glacial.
88.65.1.38 - 1 retouched flake; Glacial.
1 adze fragment, bit.
88.65.1.39 - 2 broken flakes; Upper Mercer, heat-treated
Laurel.
1 unifacial retouched flake; Glacial.
1 primary flake; Upper Mercer.
1 edge modified flake; heat-treated unknown.
88.65.1.40 - 1 primary flake; Wyandotte.
,50