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This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been
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Technical Coordinators
Susan J. Frankel is Sudden Oak Death Research Program Manager, USDA Forest Service,
Pacific Southwest Research Station, 800 Buchanan Street, West Annex Building,
Albany, CA 94710-0011 (e-mail address: sfrankel@fs.fed.us).
Patrick J. Shea is Emeritus Research Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 800 Buchanan Street, West Annex Building,
Albany, CA 94710-0011 (e-mail address: pjshea@davis.com).
Michael I. Haverty is Emeritus Research Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Research Station, 800 Buchanan Street, West Annex Building,
Albany, CA 94710-0011 (e-mail address: mhaverty@fs.fed.us)
Proceedings of the
Sudden Oak Death
Second Science Symposium:
The State of Our Knowledge
January 18-21, 2005 Monterey, California
Susan J. Frankel, Patrick J. Shea, and Michael I. Haverty
Technical Coordinators
Conference Sponsors
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station
University of California, Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program,
Center for Forestry, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Berkeley, California
California Oak Mortality Task Force
Additional Funding Support
Exotic/Invasive Pests and Diseases Research Program in the University of California
Statewide IPM Program and UC Riverside Center for Invasive Species Research, funded
by USDA/CSREES Special Research Grant “Exotic Pests and Diseases (CA).”
Acknowledgement
Thanks to John Muir Laws, California Academy of Sciences, for the use of his original
illustrations. His work is supported by the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund.
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-196
Abstract
Frankel, Susan J.; Shea, Patrick J.; and Haverty, Michael I., tech. coords. 2006.
Proceedings of the sudden oak death second science symposium: the state of our
knowledge. 2005 January 18-21; Monterey, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-196. Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture;
p. 571.
The Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium provided a forum for current
research on sudden oak death, caused by the exotic, quarantine pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. Ninety papers and forty-six posters on the following sudden oak
death/P. ramorum topics are included: biology, genetics, nursery and wildland management, monitoring, ecology, and diagnostics. Several papers on P. kernoviae and
other forest Phytophthora species are also presented.
Key words: sudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum, invasive species, tanoak,
coast live oak
ii
Proceedings of sudden oak death second science symposium: the state of our knowledge
Contents
1 Keynote Address and Overviews
3 Keynote Address Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium, Monterey, California, January 19, 2005
Representative Lynn Woolsey, California’s 6th Congressional District
7 USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station Sudden Oak Death
Program: 2001-2005
Patrick J. Shea
11 Understanding Sudden Oak Death: A Model of Partnership and Collaboration
Jimmy L. Reaves
17 History and Background of the California Oak Mortality Task Force (COMTF)
Mark R. Stanley
21
Research on the Epidemiology, Ecology and Management of Phytophthora ramorum in California forests
David M. Rizzo
27
Epidemiology of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon
E.M. Hansen, A. Kanaskie, E.M. Goheen, N. Osterbauer, and W. Sutton
31
Sudden Oak Death: Recent Developments on Trees in Europe
Clive Brasier, Sandra Denman, Joan Webber, and Anna Brown
35 Phytophthora ramorum in Nurseries
37
Review of Phytophthora ramorum in Europe and North American Nurseries
Janice Alexander
41 Phytophthora ramorum—Economic Impacts and Challenges for the Nursery Industry
Karen Suslow
45
APHIS Phytophthora ramorum Regulatory Strategy for Nurseries
Jonathan M. Jones
47
Update on Diagnostics for Phytophthora ramorum
Philip Berger
51 Update on European Union and United Kingdom Legislation for Phytophthora ramorum
Stephen Hunter
55 Biology I
57 Phytophthora Species Associated With Forest Soils in Central and Eastern U.S. Oak Ecosytems
Y. Balci, S. Balci, J. Eggers, W.L. MacDonald, K.W. Gottschalk, J. Juzwik, and R. Long
61 The Effects for Girdling on the Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Associated With Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus)
Sarah Bergemann, Nicholas Kordesch, Matteo Garbelotto, and Timothy Metz
iii
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-196
63
Phytophthora Species From Oak and Tanoak Forests in California and Oregon
Everett Hansen, David Rizzo, and Matteo Garbelotto
67
Isolation and Characterization of Phytotoxins Secreted by Phytophthora ramorum
Daniel K. Manter, Rick G. Kelsey, and Joseph J. Karchesy
69 Incidence of Phytophthora ramorum, P. nemorosa and P. pseudosyringae in Three Coastal California Forest Communities
Shannon K. Murphy and David M. Rizzo
73 Ecology of Phytophthora nemorosa and Phytophthora pseudosyringae in Mixed-
Evergreen Forests
Allison C.Wickland and David M. Rizzo
77
Susceptibility of Conifer Shoots to Infection by Phytophthora ramorum
G.A. Chastagner, E.M. Hansen, K.L. Riley, and W. Sutton
79 Susceptibility Levels of Rhododendron Species and Hybrids to Phytophthora ramorum
Isabelle De Dobbelaere, Kurt Heungens, and Martine Maes
83 Variation in Phenotype for Resistance to Phytophthora ramorum in a Range of Species and Cultivars of the Genus Viburnum
Niklaus J. Grunwald, E. Anne Davis, and Robert G. Linderman
87
91
Variation in Susceptibility of Umbellularia californica (Bay Laurel) to Phytophthora ramorum
Matthew Meshriy, Daniel Hüberli, Tamar Harnik, Lori Miles, Keefe Reuther, and Matteo Garbelotto
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of Oak Trees Infected With Phytophthora ramorum to Determine Potential Avenues of Infection in Bark
Edwin R. Florance
1 01 Adaptive Differences Between Phytophthora ramorum Isolates From Europe and North America: Evidence for Separate Subspecies?
Clive Brasier, Susan Kirk, and Joan Rose
1 05 Distribution and Etiology of Aerial Stem Infections of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae at Three Woodland Sites in the U.K.
Anna Brown, Clive Brasier, Sandra Denman, Joan Rose, Susan Kirk, and
Joan Webber
1 09 Comparative Host Range and Aggressiveness of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae sp. nov. on North American and European Trees
Clive Brasier, Joan Rose, Susan Kirk, Sandra Denman, and Joan Webber
1 13 The Search for the Origin of Phytophthora ramorum: A First Look in Yunnan
Province, People’s Republic of China
Ellen Michaels Goheen, Thomas L. Kubisiak, and Wenxia Zhao
117 Genetics
1 19 Does Stand Density Affect Mating System and Population Genetic Structure in Coast Live Oak?
Kathryn Beals and Richard S. Dodd
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Proceedings of sudden oak death second science symposium: the state of our knowledge
1 23 Genetic Hitch-Hiking Extends the Range of Coast Live Oak
Richard S. Dodd, Zara Afzal-Rafii, and Wasima Mayer
1 25
Seasonal Trends in Response to Inoculation of Coast Live Oak With Phytophthora ramorum
Richard S. Dodd, Daniel Hüberli, Tamar Y. Harnik, Brenda O’Dell, and Matteo Garbelotto
1 29 Potential for Sexual Reproduction of Phytophthora ramorum in Washington State Nurseries
Matteo Garbelotto, Kelly Ivors, Daniel Hüberli, Peter Bonants, and Art Wagner
1 31 Phenotypic Variation Among Phytophthora ramorum Isolates From California and Oregon
Daniel Hüberli, Tamar Harnik, Mathew Meshriy, Lori Miles, and Matteo Garbelotto
1 35 Molecular Identification and Detection of Phytophthora ramorum
Peter Bonants, Els Verstappen, Ineke de Vries, Katarzyna Wiejacha, and Kelly Ivors
1 39 Molecular Detection of Phytophthora ramorum by Real-Time PCR Using Taqman, SYBR® Green and Molecular Beacons With Three Genes
G.J. Bilodeau, C.A. Lévesque, A.W.A.M. de Cock, C. Duchaine, G. Kristjansson, and R.C. Hamelin
1 41 Using Single Strand Conformational Polymorphisms (SSCP) to Identify Phytophthora Species in Oregon Forests Affected by Sudden Oak Death
E. Hansen, C. Hesse, P. Reeser, W. Sutton, and L. Winton
1 43 Application of Rapid Onsite PCR (Taq Man®) for Phytophthora ramorum Under U.S. Conditions
Kelvin Hughes, Jenny Tomlinson, Neil Boonham, Kelly Ivors, Matteo Garbelotto, and Ian Barker
1 45 Use of Microsatellite Markers Derived From Whole Genome Sequence Data for
Identifying Polymorphism in Phytophthora ramorum
Kelly Ivors, Matteo Garbelotto, Ineke de Vries, and Peter Bonants
147 Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism Analysis of Ribosomal DNA for Detection of Phytophthora ramorum Directly From Plant Tissues
Ping Kong, Patricia A. Richardson, Chuanxue Hong, and Thomas L. Kubisiak
1 49 AFLP Analysis of Phytophthora nemorosa and P. pseudosyringae Genetic Structure
in North America
Rachel Linzer, David Rizzo, and Matteo Garbelotto
1 53 Molecular Markers for Identification of P. ramorum and Other Phytophthora Species
From Diseased Tissue
Frank N. Martin and Paul W. Tooley
1 57
Genome Sequence of Phytophthora ramorum: Implications for Management
Brett Tyler, Sucheta Tripathy, Nik Grunwald, Kurt Lamour, Kelly Ivors, Matteo Garbelotto, Daniel Rokhsar, Nik Putnam, Igor Grigoriev, and Jeffrey Boore
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-196
159 Biology II
1 61 The Importance of Humans in the Dispersal and Spread of Phytophthora ramorum at Local, Landscape, and Regional Scales
J. Hall Cushman and Ross Meentemeyer
1 65 Summer Survival of Phytophthora ramorum in Forest Soils
Elizabeth J. Fichtner, Shannon C. Lynch, and David M. Rizzo
1 67 Monitoring of Natural Outbreaks of Phytophthora ramorum in the United Kingdom
Judith Turner, Alex Appiah, Philip Jennings, Gilli Humphries, Debbie Liddell, Sam McDonough, Jackie Stonehouse, David Lockley, and Stephen Eales
1 69 Examining the Relationship Between Fire History and Sudden Oak Death Patterns: A
Case Study in Sonoma County
Max A. Moritz and Dennis C. Odion
1 79 Forecasting the Future of Coast Live Oak Forests in the Face of Sudden Oak Death
Letty B. Brown and Barbara Allen-Diaz
1 81 Etiology and Evidence of Systemic Acidification in SOD-Affected Forests of California
Lee Klinger and Ralph Zingaro
1 83 Progress Report on the Evaluation of the Susceptibility of the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) Forest Ecosystem to Phytophthora ramorum
Eduardo Moralejo and Enrique Descals
1 85 A Spatial Analysis of Phytophthora ramorum Symptom Spread Using Second-Order Point Pattern and GIS-Based Analyses
Mark Spencer and Kevin O’Hara
1 87 Residual Tree Response to Tanoak Decline in California
Kristen M. Waring and Kevin L. O’Hara
1 91 SOD-Induced Changes in Foraging and Nesting Behavior of Insectivorous, Cavity-Nesting Birds
Kyle Apigian and Barbara Allen-Diaz
1 93 Patterns of Tanoak Acorn Production in Phytophthora ramorum Infested and Uninfested Stands in Big Sur, California, With Insights From Girdled Tanoaks
Leila Hadj-Chikh, Kerri Frangioso, Keyt Fischer, Sarah Bergemann, and
Ebba Peterson
1 95 Potential Effects of Sudden Oak Death on the Oak Woodland Bird Community of Coastal California
William B. Monahan and Walter D. Koenig
2 11 Vegetation and Small Vertebrates of Oak Woodlands at Low and High Risk for Sudden Oak Death in San Luis Obispo County, California
Douglas J. Tempel, William D. Tietje, and Donald E. Winslow
2 33 Potenital Effects of Sudden Oak Death on Small Mammals and Herpetofauna in Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) Woodlands
Douglas J. Tempel and William D. Tietje
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Proceedings of sudden oak death second science symposium: the state of our knowledge
237 Management
2 39 Effectiveness of Fungicides in Protecting Douglas-fir Shoots From Infection by Phytophthora ramorum
G.A. Chastagner, E.M. Hansen, K.L. Riley, and W. Sutton
2 41 Fungicide Control of Phytophthora ramorum on Rhododendron
Kurt Heungens, Isabelle De Dobbelaere, and Martine Maes
2 59 Effects of Phosphonate Treatments on the Growth of Phytophthora ramorum in Tanoak Stems
Alan Kanaskie, Everett Hansen, and Wendy Sutton
2 63 Effects of Phosphonate Treatments on Sudden Oak Death in Tanoak and Shreve’s Oak
Doug Schmidt, Matteo Garbelotto, Dave Chambers, and Steve Tjosvold
2 65 Evaluation of Chemical and Biological Agents for Control of Phytophthora Species on Intact Plants or Detached Leaves of Rhododendron and Lilac
R.G. Linderman and E.A. Davis
2 69 Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Phytophthora ramorum Infecting Rhododendron, Camellia, Viburnum, and Pieris
S.A. Tjosvold, D.L. Chambers, and S. Koike
2 73 Chemical Control of Phytophthora ramorum Causing Foliar Disease in Hardy Nursery Stock in the United Kingdom
Judith Turner, Philip Jennings, Sam McDonough, Debbie Liddell, and Jackie Stonehouse
2 75 Phytophthora ramorum Infection in Coast Live Oaks and Shreve’s Oaks Treated With Insecticide to Prevent Beetle Colonization
Brice A. McPherson, David L. Wood, David M. Rizzo, Pavel Svihra, Steve Tjosvold, Andrew J. Storer, and Richard B. Standiford
2 79 Effects of Sanitary Measures on the Survival of Phytophthora ramorum in Soil
M.M. Aveskamp, P.J.M. van Baal, and J. de Gruyter
2 85 Thwarting Phytophthora ramorum: A Proposed Disease Cycle With Mitigation Measures
Betsy Randall-Schadel and Scott Redlin
2 87 Introduction of Filtration Systems in Container Nurseries for Nonchemical `
Elimination of Phytophthora spp. From Irrigation Water
Thorsten Ufer, Heinrich Beltz, Thomas Brand, Katrin Kaminski, Ralf Lüttmann,
Martin Posner, Stefan Wagner, Sabine Werres, and Hans-Peter Wessels
2 91 Phytophthora ramorum Disease Transmission From Artificially Infested Potting
Media
Jennifer L. Parke, Melody L. Roth, Carrie Lewis, and Caroline J. Choquette
2 95 Pathways of Infection for Phytophthora ramorum in Rhododendron
Carrie D. Lewis and Jennifer L. Parke
2 99 Survival of Phytophthora Species and Other Pathogens in Soilless Media Components or Soil and Their Eradication With Aerated Steam
R.G. Linderman and E.A. Davis
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-196
303 Ecology and Monitoring
305 Potential Effects of Sudden Oak Death on Birds in Coastal Oak Woodlands
Donald E. Winslow and William D. Tietje
3 29 Climate-Host Mapping of Phytophthora ramorum, Causal Agent of Sudden Oak Death
Glenn Fowler, Roger Magarey, and Manuel Colunga
3 33 Modeling Risk for SOD Nationwide: What Are the Effects of Model Choice on Risk Prediction
M. Kelly, D. Shaari, Q. Guo, and D. Liu
3 45 Aerial and Ground Surveys for Mapping the Distribution of Phytophthora ramorum in California
Jeffrey A. Mai, Walter Mark, Lisa Fischer, and Amy Jirka
3 61 Early Detection Monitoring of Phytophthora ramorum in High-Risk Forests of California
Ross Meentemeyer, Elizabeth Lotz, David M. Rizzo, Kelly Buja, and Walter Mark
3 65 Phytophthora ramorum Detection Surveys for Forests in the United States
S.W. Oak, W.D. Smith, and B.M. Tkacz
3 67 Phytophthora ramorum Experience and Approach in the Netherlands
M.H.C.G. Steeghs and J. de Gruyter
3 71 Pre-epidemic Mortality Rates for Common Phytophthora ramorum Host Tree Species in California
T.M. Barrett
3 79 Sudden Oak Death Disease Progression in Oaks and Tanoaks
Brice A. McPherson, Sylvia R. Mori, David L. Wood, Andrew J. Storer, Pavel Svihra, N. Maggi Kelly, and Richard B. Standiford
3 83 Disease Risk Factors and Disease Progress in Coast Live Oak and Tanoak Affected by Phytophthora ramorum Canker (Sudden Oak Death)
Tedmund J. Swiecki and Elizabeth Bernhardt
4 13 Surveying and Monitoring Sudden Oak Death in Southwest Oregon Forests
Ellen Michaels Goheen, Alan Kanaskie, Mike McWilliams, Everett Hansen, Wendy Sutton, and Nancy Osterbauer
417 Management II
419 The Response of Saprotrophic Beetles to Coast Live Oaks Infected With Phytophthora ramorum
Brice A. McPherson, Nadir Erbilgin, David L. Wood, Pavel Svihra,
Andrew J. Storer, and Richard B. Standiford
4 23 Chemical Ecology of Sudden Oak Death/Ambrosia Beetle Interactions
Frances S. Ockels, Pierluigi Bonello, Brice McPherson, and David L. Wood
4 27 Relationships Between Phytophthora ramorum Canker (Sudden Oak Death) and Failure Potential in Coast Live Oak
Tedmund J. Swiecki, Elizabeth Bernhardt, Christiana Drake, and Laurence R. Costello
4 55 The Current Situation With Phytophthora ramorum in England and Wales
David Slawson, Lynne Bennett, Nicola Parry, and Charles Lane
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Proceedings of sudden oak death second science symposium: the state of our knowledge
4 59 Epidemiology of Phytophthora ramorum Infecting Rhododendrons Under Simulated Nursery Conditions
S.A. Tjosvold, D.L. Chambers, S. Koike, and E. Fichtner
4 63 Converting Biology Into Regulations: U.S. Phytophthora ramorum Quarantine as a Case Study
Susan J . Frankel and Steven W. Oak
4 65 Who Pays for Sudden Oak Death? An Economic Investigation of the Impact of an Emerging Pathogen on California Nurseries
J.K. Gilless, J. Tack, and A. Peterson Zwane
4 67 Understanding the Disposal and Utilization Options for Phytophthora ramorum
Infested Wood
John Shelly, Ramnik Singh, Christine Langford, and Tad Mason
4 83 Extended Abstract on the Potential for Phytophthora ramorum to Infest Finished Compost
Steven Swain and Matteo Garbelotto
4 87 Ecological Evidence of Intensive Cultivation of Oaks by California Indians: Implications for the Treatment of Sudden Oak Death
Lee Klinger
4 89 Eradication of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon Forests—Status After 3 Years
Alan Kanaskie, Nancy Osterbauer, Michael McWilliams, Ellen Goheen, Everett Hansen, and Wendy Sutton
491 Posters
4 93 Trace Forward, Perimeter, and National Nursery Surveys for Phytophthora ramorum in Texas
D.N. Appel, T. Kurdyla, R.F. Billings, K.S. Camilli, and A. Purdy
4 94 Small Mammal and Herpetofaunal Abundancy and Diversity Along a Gradient of Sudden Oak Death Infection
Kyle Apigian, Letty Brown, Jenny Loda, Sarah Toas, and Barbara Allen-Diaz
4 95 Pacific Yew as a Host for Phytophthora ramorum in California Forests
J.C. Bienapfl, J.W. Zanzot, and D.M. Rizzo
496 First Report of Pyracantha koidzumii as a Host for Phytophthora ramorum
Stephan C. Briere, Sarah Llewellyn, and Gary Kristjansson
4 97 Predicting the Potential for Establishment of Phytophthora ramorum in the Oak
Forests of the North Central States, USA
S.D. Cohen and R.C. Venette
500
Mechanisms Underlying Differences in Inoculum Production by Phytophthora ramorum in Mixed-Evergreen Versus Tanoak-Redwood Forest in California
Jennifer M. Davidson, Elizabeth J. Fichtner, Heather A. Patterson, Kristin R. Falk, and David M. Rizzo
5 01 Detection and Distribution of Phytophthora ramorum in Soils
Elizabeth J. Fichtner, Shannon C. Lynch, and David M. Rizzo
5 02 Progress Toward the Development of a Model to Quantify the Efficacy of Detection Strategies for Phytophthora ramorum
Yashika Forrester, Betsy Randall-Schadel, Allan Hogue, David Oryang, and Robert McDowell
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-196
5 03 A Case Study to Evaluate Ground-Based, Wildland Survey Methods for Phytophthora ramorum in Coast Live Oak Stands in California
Susan J. Frankel, Sylvia Mori, Janice Alexander, Don Owen, Jennifer Davidson,
and David M. Rizzo
5 09 Addressing Phytophthora ramorum in California: Programs of the USDA Forest
Service and California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
Susan J. Frankel and Mark Stanley
5 12 Anatomical Examination of Phytophthora ramorum Infection in Camellia
Elizabeth Geltz, Jessica McHugh, Lisa Baird, Sibdas Ghosh, Peter Thut, and
Mietek Kolipinski
5 13 Application of Fungicides to Protect Four Hosts From Foliar Infection by Phytophthora ramorum in Curry County, Oregon
Ellen Michaels Goheen, Alan Kanaskie, Jennifer Parke, Melody Roth, Nancy Osterbauer, and Aaron Trippe
5 15 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Assessment of Population Diversity in California Bay Laurel (Umbellularia californica)
Sarah Gordon, Richard Whitkus, Ross Meentemeyer, and Brian Anacker
5 16 Persistence of Phytophthora ramorum After Eradication Efforts in Oregon Tanoak Forests
E.M. Hansen and W. Sutton
5 17 Effect of Chemicals on Hyphal Growth, Sporangia Production and Zoospore Germination of Phytophthora ramorum
Tamar Y. Harnik and Matteo Garbelotto
518 Quantitative Resistance to Phytophthora ramorum in Tanoak
Katherine Hayden and Matteo Garbelotto
5 19 Distribution and Pathogencity of Phytophthora nemorosa and P. pseudosyringae in Coastal Forests of California
Camille E. Jensen, Allison C. Wickland, and David M. Rizzo
520 Inoculation Trials With Phytophthora ramorum on Moorland Species
Stefan Wagner, Katrin Kaminski, and Sabine Werres
5 23 Infectivity and Survival of Phytophthora ramorum in Recirculation Water
Heinrich Beltz, Thomas Brand, Katrin Kaminski, Dankwart Seipp, Stefan Wagner, and Sabine Werres
5 26 Ectomycorrhizal Diversity Associated With Tanoaks (Lithocarpus densiflorus)
Nicholas Kordesch, Sarah Bergemann, and Matteo Garbelotto
5 27 Epidemiological Aspects of Phytophthora ramorum in Redwood Forests of the Coast
Range of California: A 3-Year Look
Patricia E. Maloney, Shannon C. Lynch, and David M. Rizzo
5 28 Sensitivity and Specificity of Inspection and Testing Procedures for Phytophthora ramorum on Nursery Stock
Robert McDowell, Betsy Randall-Schadel, and Shawn Robertson
5 29 Survival of Phytophthora ramorum in Tanoak and Rhododendron Leaves
I. McLaughlin, W. Sutton, and E. Hansen
Proceedings of sudden oak death second science symposium: the state of our knowledge
530 Multihyphal Structures Formed by Phytophthora ramorum on Inoculated Leaves of
Mediterranean Shrubs
Eduardo Moralejo and Enrique Descals
5 31 Monitoring Phytophthora ramorum Distribution in Streams Within Coastal California Watersheds
Shannon K. Murphy, Chris Lee, John Bienapfl, Yana Valachovic, and David M. Rizzo
532 Monitoring of Phytophthora ramorum in the North Central United States
Frances S. Ockels, Pierluigi Bonello, and Manfred Mielke
5 33 Genotyping Phytophthora ramorum Isolates From Nurseries in the United States Using PCR-RFLP and Microsatellite Analyses
Rodrigo Olarte, Matteo Garbelotto, and Kelly Ivors
5 34 Surveying for Phytophthora ramorum in Urban and Wild Forests Throughout Western Oregon
N. Osterbauer, A. Trippe, S. Suttle, M Boschee, A. Kanaskie, and L. Bauer
5 35 Detached-Leaf Assays With Phytophthora ramorum: Are They Valid?
Jennifer L. Parke, Melody L. Roth, and Caroline J. Choquette
536 Low Genotypic Diversity of Phytophthora ramorum in North America Revealed by Microsatellite Markers
S. Prospero, E.M. Hansen, and L.M. Winton
538 Nursery Cultural Practices and Physiological State of Nursery Stock
on Susceptibility of Phytophthora Species, Including P. ramorum
Steven J. Scheuerell, Robert G. Linderman, Niklaus J. Grunwald, and E. Anne Davis
5 39 Environmental Limits to Infection by Phytophthora ramorum in Tanoak and
California Bay Laurel
Lilly Schinsing, Katherine Hayden, and Matteo Garbelotto
5 40 Evaluating the Survival of Phytophthora ramorum in Firewood
John Shelly, Ramnik Singh, Christine Langford, and Tad Mason
5 41 Development of Detection Methods for Phytophthora ramorum in Georgia
Pauline Spaine, William Otrosina, and Stephen Fraedrich
5 42 Sudden Oak Death Bike Tire Scrubber
Peter Thut, Rocky Chavez, Desaree Williams, Sibdas Ghosh, Lisa Baird, Mietek Kolipinski, and Bruce Badzik
5 43 Phytophthora ramorum Research and Control in North Coastal California
Yana Valachovic, Chris Lee, Dave Rizzo, Jack Marshall, John Bienapfl, and
Shannon Murphy
5 45 Characterization of European and American Phytophthora ramorum Isolates Due to Their Morphology and Mating Behavior in vitro With Other Heterothallic Phytophthora Species
Sabine Werres and Katrin Kaminski
548 Surveying for Phytophthora ramorum in Ornamental Nurseries, Home Landscapes, and Forests in Georgia, USA
Jean L. Williams-Woodward
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-196
549 Plotless Evaluation of Phytophthora ramorum Incidence in Oaks and Tanoaks in Two
Different Forest Types in California
Brice A. McPherson, David L. Wood, N. Maggi Kelly, Andrew J. Storer, and Richard B. Standiford
552 Thwarting Phytophthora ramorum: An Interactive Poster on Breaking the Disease Cycle
Betsy Randall-Schadel and Scott Redlin
553 Phytophthora ramorum on Calluna vulgaris, Photinia fraseri, and Pieris japonica in Poland
Leszek B. Orlikowski, Aleksandra Trzewik, and Grazyna Szkuta
5 54 Comparative Evaluation of Real-Time PCR (TaqMan®) With Isolation for Diagnosis of Phytophthora ramorum
Kelvin Hughes, Ruth Griffin, Jenny Tomlinson, Neil Boonham, Victoria Barton,
Patricia Giltrap, Ellie Hobden, Lynn Walker, Gilli Humphries, Ann Barnes, Paul Beales, Alan Inman, and Charles Lane
5 56 Development of Molecular Diagnostics for Phytophthora kernoviae a New Phytophthora Threatening U.K. Trees, Woodlands, and Ornamental Plants
Kelvin Hughes, Ruth Griffin, Neil Boonham, and Alan Inman
558 Isozyme Genotyping of Phytophthora ramorum Reveals Fixed Heterozygosity at Three Loci Suggesting a Hybrid Origin
Willem A. Man in‘t Veld
559 The Effects of Sudden Oak Death on Wildlife–Can Anything Be Learned From the
American Chestnut Blight?
William D. Tietje, Donald E. Winslow, and Douglas J. Tempel
560 Elimination of Phytophthora ramorum in the Tunnel Composting Process
Maikel Aveskamp and Johanneke Wingelaar
565 Index
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