Vidya Pratishthan’s
College of Engineering Baramati
(Formerly Vidya Pratishthan’s, Institute of Information Technology)
‘A’ Grade by Govt. of Maharashtra, ISO 9001:2000 Certified Engineering College
Vidyanagari, Bhigwan Road, Baramati, Pune – 413133 Maharashtra State
Tel. No. 02112-239500, 239503 Fax No. 239514
Email: principal@vpcoe.org Web: www.vpcoe.org
IEEE Student Branch VPCOE Baramati
Student Branch Code: STB17071
School Code: 60101782
Report
of one day workshop on
“Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic in Mumbai”
08th March, 2015
Venue: P C Saxena Auditorium, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Organized by
Submitted by
Prof. Dhondiram M. Kakre
Branch Counselor
ieee@vpcoe.org
Report of one day workshop on “Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic in Mumbai”
March 08, 2015
Workshop Schedule
10:00
Registration and Tea
10:15
Welcome
10:30
Introduction to the Workshop -- Vinit Kotak, IEEE Bombay Section
10:45
Energy Scenario and Solar Photovoltaics in India -- Juzer Vasi, NCPRE, IIT Bombay
11:15
Rooftop Solar PV Systems -- Chetan Solanki, NCPRE, IIT Bombay
11:45
Informatics for Energy -- Krithi Ramamritham, C-USE, IIT Bombay
12:15
Mumbai Solar Mission -- Rishi Aggarwal, Observer Research Foundation
12:45
Lunch
13:45
Methodology of Assessing Solar Potential -- Akhilesh Magal, Bridge to India and
Vivek Kuthanazi, IIT Bombay
14:15
GIS Mapping Demonstration -- Akhilesh Magal, Bridge to India and Vivek Kuthanazi,
IIT Bombay
15:00
Tea Break
15:30
Site Survey Protocols -- Akhilesh Magal, Bridge to India and Vivek Kuthanazi, IIT
Bombay
16:30
Way Forward
17:00 End
© IEEE Student Branch, VPCOE, Baramati – 413 133
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Report of one day workshop on “Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic in Mumbai”
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INTRODUCTION
Solar Energy has attracted a lot of attention, and India’s new target of achieving 100 GW of
installed solar energy by 2022 has created a great deal of excitement. Such a target is
feasible only if rooftop potential in all cities and towns, as well as rural areas is fully
exploited. Accordingly, a project is under way to explore the possibility of generating solar
energy in Mumbai’s residential, commercial and industrial complexes.
A team of four leading organizations has got together to assess Mumbai’s solar potential –
IEEE Bombay Section, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), Bridge to India (BTI) and Observer
Research Foundation (ORF). At IIT Bombay, two complementary Centres – the National Centre
for Photovoltaic Education and Research and the Centre for Urban Science and Engineering
– are involved in this project.
Students from IEEE Student Branches in Mumbai were invited to participate in this program,
which will consist of a GIS mapping of the city, together with selected site visits..
The Workshop will expose the students to the basics of solar energy and photovoltaics, as
well as the methodology to assess Mumbai’s solar energy potential.
© IEEE Student Branch, VPCOE, Baramati – 413 133
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Report of one day workshop on “Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic in Mumbai”
March 08, 2015
IIT Bombay
National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and Education (NCPRE)
The National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and Education (NCPRE) at IIT Bombay was
launched in 2010 and is a part of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission of the
Government of India.
The objective of the centre is to be the one of the leading Photovoltaic (PV) research and
education centres in the world within the next decade. NCPRE aims to create and execute
the blueprint for human resource development for PV in India.
The centre envisages both basic and applied research activities. The basic research activities
include silicon solar cell fabrication, characterization, energy storage, new materials and
novel PV structures. Development of power electronic interfaces for solar PV systems, new
product
designs,
technology
assessment
and
broader
issues
like
sociological
and
environmental impact are an important part of the activities of the centre.
Eventually, NCPRE aims to make solar PV a cost-effective and relevant technology for
meeting a significant part of the energy needs of India.
Objectives:
The NCPRE will focus broadly on education and research in the area of solar Photovoltaics.
The objectives of NCPRE are categorized in three themes:
1. Education and Training including INPUP
For the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) to succeed, the availability of
trained manpower is a prerequisite. NCPRE aims to provide the framework to meet this
need.

Design and run appropriate post-graduate programmes in PV at IIT Bombay

Design and offer appropriate undergraduate programmes and courses in Energy at
IIT Bombay

Create appropriate course modules, including laboratory modules, which can be
replicated at other institutions and universities

Train teachers at other institutions and universities

Offer IITB's courses through distance education channels

Design and
run special
programmes (including certificate-level
and diploma
programmes) for industry personnel on a part-time basis

Run short-term continuing education programmes for industry personnel
© IEEE Student Branch, VPCOE, Baramati – 413 133
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Report of one day workshop on “Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic in Mumbai”
March 08, 2015

Train master trainers for teaching technicians

Provide access to a running fabrication and characterization facilities for researchers
and industry users
2. Research
The broad objectives are the following:

Setting up full-fledged facility for fabrication of c-Si solar cells

Fabrication of c-Si solar cells with more than 20% cell efficiency

At least one technology transfer to industry leading to enhancement of production
level cell efficiency

Development of innovative concepts in thin film photovoltaic technology for
production cost reduction and enhanced reliability.

Enhanced efficiency (~ 5-6%) on Semiconductor Sensitized Solar Cells is anticipated.

Good understanding the material-method relationship in 3rd Generation solar cell is
expected.

Near unity power factor Grid Connected Solar PV system with MPPT

Deployment in rural areas

Assessment of PV technologies and foresight
3. Characterization, Simulation and Modeling
The objective of proposed theme is to provide infrastructural support to accelerate
photovoltaic research and development at material, cell, and module and system level by
modeling, simulation and characterization.
Characterization is major part of this theme, which is required in following role

Determination of the causes of problems

Increasing yield

Optimization of processes for reducing cost and process time

Increasing life of PV product
Testing, reliability and performance will also be covered under characterization task which
are required to understand degradation in solar cells and modules to improve life of product.
Some novel and improved characterization techniques will also be realized to meet the
demand of in-line characterization and to evaluate parameters which have direct impact on
cell and module efficiency.
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A state of art modeling simulation, characterization and analysis facility for photovoltaic
research and training is proposed under this theme. The facilities are meant to extent an
arm of support to Indian PV companies and other research institutes pursuing research in
PV. It will provide basic support to photovoltaic research and production in India, as
characterization plays a pivotal role in PV research which is essential in realizing the breadth
of new technologies on the horizon and to improve the existing technologies to its maximum
limit in order to lower the cost. Numbers of characterization techniques are planned at each
level (materials, cells, and module)
IEEE Bombay Section
IEEE India section started in early seventies though preparations started much earlier,
and Mr. F. C. Kohli was its first Chairman.
In
1976,
three
sections
were
formed
of
which
Bombay
was
one,
other
two,
were Bangalore and Delhi sections and India section was renamed to India-Council. Mr. T V
Balan of ACC was its first Chairman. Mr. D. N. Purandare was first Vice Chairman, Prof. A. A.
Kulkarni, Secretary, Mr. Hiloowala Treasurer, Mr. H.S. Sonawala, Mr. K. J. Sheth, Mr. P. R.
Bapat, Mr. Mukesh Gidwani, Dr. K. Shankar, Prof. D. M. Shah, Prof. M. V. Pitke and a few
others were members of Executive Committee. They met mostly at Mr. T. V. Balan's office.
Mr. Balan was succeeded by Mr. D. N. Purandare (1979-81 - three-years). Mr. H. S.
Sonawala, Mr. P.R. Bapat, Mr. K. J. Sheth, Mr. C. G. Ravi, Mr. K. S. Sonawala, Prof. S. C.
Sahasrabudhe looked after Bombay Section successively. Presently, Mr. Q. Bakir is the
Chairman.
In 1976/77 Bombay Section conducted largest number of technical programs among all
sections of IEEE. Further, every year, they were holding some technical conference running
for two days or more. That is continuing even to this day. Further IEEE always co-sponsored
several technical programmes with other professional bodies, whenever, they were held in
and around Bombay.
Student’s activities were foremost with section Executive Committee member. IEEE students
branch started first at IIT Bombay and has expanded to several colleges. To augment, their
regular laboratory work, they have started Hobby Club at Father Agnel's College recently,
where any student of any college can work to build/test any electronic circuits, simulate
them on PC etc.
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A reasonable laboratory has been provided that they are keen on expansion of these
activities. Every year, they conduct students paper contests and whenever possible student
model contests as well. A few of them are sent even for Regional student paper contest.
Some of our students have even won several prizes at the Regional level as well (one of
them has won first prize among all sections for region 10).
Few of our counselors have also won best counselor award. Some student’s branches have
also won the prestigious Vincent Benedict award. Among important activities of the section,
Bombay section conducted first ever workshop on Microprocessor and its application way
back in 1977 when anyone in our country had hardly heard of the word Microprocessor.
Prof. Insyng Lee of Digital, USA conducted the workshop and its impact is felt all over even
now. Subsequently in a systematic way
Dr. William Eclears conducted
Eight bit
Microprocessor and other Microprocessor workshops as well. Several workshops were
conducted during all these years on many current topics with an average of more than one
per year since 1976.
Until recently, every alternate year, Bombay section would host Annual Convention and
Exhibition of IEEE, India Council, bringing our best products in the country and also best
quality papers presented at the convention. It was received remarkably by the public.
Bombay Section also started Regional Section Chairman Conference in 1977. Further
Systems Man and Cybermatics conference of IEEE was held primarily at Bombay 1984. This
was the first conference of IEEE held in India. Later in 1989 we hosted Tencon 89 regional
conference of Region 10. This included very large exhibition. This attracted largest number
of delegates. Such activities are increasing year by year.
Last year a major International Conference on Personal Wireless Communication was held in
Bombay from December 17-19, 1997. About 150 experts from all over the world attended
this conference and presented their papers. IEEE Bombay Section has their Bye-laws
approved by the general body in 1993 within the framework of IEEE constitution.
© IEEE Student Branch, VPCOE, Baramati – 413 133
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OBSERVER RESEARCH FOUNDATION
Funding solar projects needs Govt. push: Experts
Exploring
solar
energy
development
in
India,
Observer
Research Foundation organised another round of discussion on
"Improving the viability of off-grid solar power in India", in
collaboration with BRIDGE TO INDIA recently. This roundtable
was an extension of the earlier two discussions on solar which
had given a broad outline of the status and prospects of the
solar industry and the financial viability of the solar projects in
the current policy environment in India.
Introducing the background and significance of the solar off-grid
application, Mr. Mohit Anand from BRIDGE TO INDIA laid down
the challenges that have so far impeded the development in this
sector. To start with, the biggest challenge, he mentioned, was
financing the rural solar projects which rely heavily on subsidy,
specific expertise and ineffective institutional processes. Coming
to
the
industrial
space,
captive
power
generation
offers
immense potential for converting into solar based power
consumer. However, this change requires a mandatory push from the government through
regulations or incentives. Mr. Mohit mentioned the underlying factors that might be holding
back the transformation to solar based power generation. Unfortunately, the industries or
other potential players were not well-informed about the increased reliability, financial
viability and other benefits that accrue from the solar and remain discouraged to enter into
this market space. As acknowledged by the audience, there were some pretty strong
reasons for the industrial consumers and international investors to be interested in solar
energy after all.
Mr. Deepak Gadhia put light on the ground level challenges faced during rural application of
the solar energy projects. Detailing on the economics, social engineering and market
dynamics of the rural space, he laid emphasis on the more integrated approaches towards
the problems in the sector. Also, many other speakers agreed to plan for off-grid with the
long-term aim to make it sustainably grid connected.
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Report of one day workshop on “Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic in Mumbai”
Categorising
the
challenge
into
three,
namely,
March 08, 2015
policy,
development and market issue, the debate moved forward
from looking at the broader picture to the micro perspectives
on solar. Mr Gadhia proposed several innovative ideas for the
off-grid solar application. Most interesting was the creation of
the ’cool chain’ using solar power. As mentioned several
times in the discussion, focus shift was required from the
poor to the urban and industrial sectors for solar application,
the concept of ’cool chain’ fits in perfectly for the same. Others like ’solar drying’ and ’solar
food processing’ were suggested as few of the steps towards utilizing solar power into the
supply chain of the small-large scale manufacturing, processes and services. As wished for,
this would not only reduce the burden on the poor by diverting the efforts for making the
rural India forcefully pay more for ’green power’ but also make the industries and service
sector more responsible towards ’green agendas’.
Another important aspect of the off-grid solar power debated
was the regulatory and policy framework. It was realised
during the session that the Forum of Regulators are now
considering including the off-grid under Renewable Purchase
Obligations and Renewable Energy Certificate (RECs). To add
more to this, a pooling of all the power produced by various
sources was suggested. This, as presumed, would average out
the cost of electricity produced across all the resources in the
state or region and reduce the burden on the consumer and generator. Also, this would
translate into the thermal or the conventional power sector getting interested in RECs as
well.
Mr. Tobias Engelmeier concluded the session outlining the four
key issues. One, solar industry has set foot in the ground and
there is definitely work happening which is growing in the
upward direction. Two, India needs a context specific solution
for solar application. Third, with the reduction in cost of the
solar PV, a huge market segment has opened up for off-grid
and a conducive policy framework is required to tap its
potential. Lastly, since the subsidy mechanism is going to be
© IEEE Student Branch, VPCOE, Baramati – 413 133
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phased out slowly, there is an urgent need to look at different strategic solutions to invite
the international community into the Indian solar market.
The Blame Game of the Solar Industry
What connects the accusation of U.S killing Indian Solar Industry, China ruling against U.S's
renewable energy policies and weaknesses of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission? The
question may seem to cloud all the achievements of the global solar energy sector, but what
is interesting is that it also involves the Indian solar industry. The unreliability of the
accusations may have hampered the effect on the current and future foreign investments in
the solar projects in the country. Therefore, an in-depth analysis is imperative for authentic
and realistic guidance for the sustainable growth of the Indian and global solar industry.
A recent report by Center for Science and Development (CSE) accuses U.S. Export-Import
Bank and Overseas Private Investment Corp. for using a $30-billion fund, fast start
financing, set up by the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change. Owing to this
accord, the US has currently loaned US $26.8 million to India, leading other donor countries
under the UN program. U.S is disingenuously tapping on the provisions under the Jawaharlal
Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) which dictates that crystalline photovoltaic projects
must use Indian manufactures products, while thin-film projects can use parts from other
regions. According to the CSE report, U.S solar companies have been convincing Indian
solar power producers to buy U.S thin film products by offering low interest loans (about
11% lower than offered by Indian banks).
Vishal Shah, Deutsche Bank analyst said that, U.S based First solar PV manufacturer is
reported to have fortified almost 80-90% of projects in JNNSM phase 1, batch II in early
2012 bidding, supported generously by EX-IM bank. Other such investments by Overseas
Private Investment Corporation have led to 80% of the Indian manufacturing capacity to
close or restructure their debts.
While CSE blames U.S for distorting the market for Indian solar industry, another report by
CRISIL states the incompetence of the Indian solar manufacturers for the dying domestic
industry. According to their report, half of the Indian solar panel industry is bankrupt and
others running at 10-20% utilization. This is because local players lack the required capacity
and economies of scale to compete with their global counterparts on pricing.
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India's single largest solar cell manufacturing capacity is about a-tenth of the average
capacity (about 1.5 GW) of the typical large global manufacturer. According to the report,
domestic manufacturers indicate that the main hurdles to capacity expansions are the
substantial investments required, and the absence of commensurate demand, postexpansion.
However, the report fails to acknowledge and analyze the implications of global movements
in the sector: one, the drastic drop in the price of crystalline solar panel costs by almost
20% in 2012 attributed to China; two, the demand in Europe is facing a monetary crisis
which helps keeping the prices down; three, trade protectionism in U.S and China won't
allow prices to go any higher. Therefore, CRISIL report suggesting introduction of more
schemes providing subsidy for investments to scale up solar panel production and improve
their cost-competitiveness, is questionable as the only solution to make Indian solar
manufacturing sector more competent.
Nevertheless, the trade war in the global solar industry seems to be spreading like forest
fire. CSE blames U.S solar companies in much the same way as U.S that the U.S. accuses
China of undermining its PV industry. The solar trade dispute between China and U.S over
the issue of 'dumping' of solar panels at cheap costs is still unresolved. On the one hand,
the U.S has put strict import restrictions to safeguard its domestic industry; on the other
hand, China's Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) has issued a final ruling finding that six U.S.
state-level renewable energy policies constitute prohibited subsidies under World Trade
Organization (WTO) and General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) rules, further
supporting CSE's findings. However, as evident, a global 'loop of accusations' has been
unfortunately initiated with presumably an unknown impact on the Indian solar industry.
While statistically, the accusations of both the reports may hold true to a certain degree, but
there is also a moderate skepticism over it to be entirely detrimental to the Indian solar
energy development, especially given the fact that most of the solar projects in India would
become economically unsustainable without the low rate of interest from the banks abroad
and low cost of solar panels produced abroad.
.
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BRIDGE TO INDIA
BRIDGE TO INDIA was founded in 2008 and has offices in New Delhi, Mumbai and
Bangalore, India and in Munich, Germany.
We are a highly specialized company operating in the Indian solar market. Our
businesses
include Strategic
Consulting,
Market
Intelligence and
Project
Development.
Our Strategic Consulting expertise lies in assisting project developers, governments,
financial
institutions, non-governmental
institutions, contractors and
equipment
suppliers in the field of renewable energy, especially solar energy. We combine
strong subject specific knowledge with an interdisciplinary approach, and bring
together the financial, technical, socio-economic, regulatory and entrepreneurial
aspects of business. We develop viable, successful and customized business models,
strategies and specific opportunities that are adapted to the Indian market and also
provide advice on regulatory policy. Our clients include GE, Tata Solar,REC, BOSCH,
IBC Solar, OMRON, First Solar, Greenpeace, TCI and Tata Motors amongst others.
As part of Market Intelligence, we provide comprehensive, analytical and up-to-date
research
on
the
Indian
solar
market
usually
free
of
cost.
Our INDIA SOLAR HANDBOOK provides a detailed introduction on the Indian market.
The INDIA SOLAR COMPASS is our quarterly solar market update report about the
most recent market developments. We have also authored various paid reports for
international agencies including DENA, REN 21, GIZ, Greenpeace and Greentech
Media.
The Project Development business aims to capitalise on our deep sector expertise
and rich industry network by developing captive, onsite solar plants- typically greater
than 100kW- for large industrial, commercial and institutional consumers. We take
complete
responsibility
for
implementing
these
plants
including
100%
capital
investment and sell power at attractive terms under long-term Power Purchase
Agreements.
© IEEE Student Branch, VPCOE, Baramati – 413 133
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Mumbai Solar Mission
Why Mumbai Solar Mission?
A Mumbai that thinks small isn’t Mumbai at all.
It’s a crime to aim small.
This is what India’s former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam keeps telling young Indians.
Is this exhortation valid in the context of India’s energy security plans? Of course, it is. Our
country must aim big at achieving maximum possible levels of energy security, without
lowering our targets for economic growth and social development. At the same time, we
must also aim big at maximizing the share of energy from renewable sources.
Neither of these two goals is easily achievable in the short term. Nevertheless, India simply
does not have the luxury of setting unambitious goals if it aspires to become a developed
nation in an all-round sense of the word. As a large and rapidly growing economy, India also
has an obligation to the world community to make its due contribution to reduction of Green
House Gas (GHG) emissions to save our planet from the ill effects of climate change.
India certainly showed ambition when the UPA Government launched the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission (JNNSM) on 11 th January, 2010. The Mission has set the big target of
deploying 20,000 MW of grid-connected solar power by 2022 and reducing the cost of solar
power generation in the country through a long term policy. Its objective is to make India a
global leader in solar energy.
JNNSM has surely given a boost to the coordinated efforts of the central government, state
governments and non-governmental players to move towards this target. However, these
efforts have not yet reached the tipping point, which is necessary for the Mission to reach its
milestones in a timely manner.
What can give JNNSM the acceleration it needs? Among other things, the Mission needs
wholehearted participation of Indian cities. This is especially so since India is urbanizing
rapidly and cities, anyway, are far bigger consumers of energy than rural areas.
Keeping this in mind, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has launched the
Solar Cities Initiative’.
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It says: “Several Indian cities and towns are experiencing rapid growth in the peak
electricity demand. The local governments and the electricity utilities are finding it difficult
to cope with this rapid rise in demand and as a result most of the cities/towns are facing
electricity shortages. In this context, the Development of Solar Cities’ programme is
designed to support/encourage Urban Local Bodies to prepare a Road Map to guide their
cities in becoming ‘renewable energy cities’ or ‘solar cities’.”
The Ministry has already initiated various programmes in the Urban Sector for promoting
solar water heating systems in homes, hotels, hostels, hospitals and industry; deployment
of Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) systems/devices in urban areas for demonstration and
awareness creation; establishment of ‘Akshaya Urja Shops’; design of Solar Buildings and
promoting urban and industrial waste/ biomass to energy projects. The Solar City
programme aims to consolidate all the efforts of the Ministry in the Urban Sector and
address the energy problem of the urban areas in a holistic manner.
According to MNRE, the Solar City is one that aims at “minimum 10% reduction in projected
demand of conventional energy at the end of five years, through a combination of
enhancing supply from renewable energy sources in the city and energy efficiency
measures. The basic aim is to motivate the local Governments for adopting renewable
energy technologies and energy efficiency measures. In a Solar City all types of renewable
energy based projects like solar, wind, biomass, small hydro, waste to energy etc., may be
installed along with possible energy efficiency measures depending on the need and
resource availability in the city.”
So far, 54 cities have been identified for developing as Solar Cities. Surprisingly, Mumbai is
not one of them. When we came to know about this omission, we at the Observer Research
Foundation Mumbai felt that we should proactively propose, to the central, state and local
governments, that our city should launch its own initiative called the MUMBAI SOLAR
MISSION.
Mumbai has been a proud pioneer in many areas of India’s development. It is the country’s
business and finance capital. Ambition is in the very DNA of Mumbai. Therefore, we believe
that it must take the lead in the government’s Solar Cities initiative.
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Turning Mumbai into Solar City
The geographical location of Mumbai provides the city with almost 300 days of sunlight in a
year, making sun the most abundantly available source of energy that we are yet to tap
into.
The ministry of new and renewable energy launched a comprehensive solar plan for 60
cities called the 'Solar Cities Initiative', which aims at conversion of 10% of electricity
produced to renewable means. Despite being the largest consumer of power in the state,
Mumbai is not a part of this initiative.
Independent think tank Observer Research Foundation (ORF), along with a few local bodies,
has submitted a proposal to the central and state authorities for the 'Mumbai Solar Mission',
which suggests interesting options the government can undertake to incorporate solar
energy into the city's power scheme.
"We have no dearth of sunlight. Germany is known to have taken up renewable energy on a
warpath, but we should have beaten this country which has an average of 72 days' sunlight
a year. The government has to create a comprehensive framework to introduce solar energy
in the city, but, in the meantime, it can encourage smaller projects for individual
consumption," said Rishi Agarwal, research fellow at the ORF and a contributor to the
proposal.
The proposal primarily highlights the numerous sun-exposed areas in the city, such as
government/municipal buildings, railway stations, bus stations, residential and commercial
buildings with large roof areas, for solar installations. It also suggests attractive subsidies
and incentives to private organisations, slum dwellers and residential buildings to install
solar photovoltaic (PV) panels for their own use.
The financial capital of India is one of the few cities that can afford installation of solar PV
panels, yet solar constitutes less than 0.1% of the total energy produced here.
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A solar installation requires a one-time expenditure on equipment that pays back in the
form of electricity savings over the years.
"The cost of electricity is about Rs7 per unit right now and solar is almost there. A 1 KW
solar installation would cost about Rs80,000 on an average, which has a life of 25 years. In
the first five years, you get what you spent back in terms of electricity savings and then it
(power) can be considered free for the remaining 20 years," explained Aditya Khandekar,
researcher at ORF and the other contributor to the proposal.
Agarwal said, "Electricity tariffs are only rising and we should start experimenting with other
renewable options in case we need to adopt it on a large scale later."
Mumbai's energy demands approximately touch 3,000MW per year, which constitutes a
major part of Maharashtra's energy consumption. The aim of Mumbai Solar Mission is to
generate at least 10%, or 300MW, of this energy through renewable means.
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Workshop Photographs
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