The Science of Science
Dr. Katy Börner
Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, Director
Information Visualization Laboratory, Director
School of Library and Information Science
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
katy@indiana.edu
Practical Semantic Astronomy Workshop at Caltech, Pasadena, California
February 20th, 2008
Computational Scientometrics:
Studying Science by Scientific Means
¾ Börner, Katy, Chen, Chaomei, and Boyack, Kevin. (2003). Visualizing Knowledge Domains. In
Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, Medford, NJ: Information
Today, Inc./American Society for Information Science and Technology, Volume 37, Chapter 5, pp. 179255. http://ivl.slis.indiana.edu/km/pub/2003-borner-arist.pdf
¾ Shiffrin, Richard M. and Börner, Katy (Eds.) (2004). Mapping Knowledge Domains.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(Suppl_1).
http://www.pnas.org/content/vol101/suppl_1/
¾ Börner, Katy, Sanyal, Soma and Vespignani, Alessandro (2007). Network Science. In Blaise
Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, Information Today, Inc./American
Society for Information Science and Technology, Medford, NJ, Volume 41, Chapter 12, pp. 537-607.
http://ivl.slis.indiana.edu/km/pub/2007-borner-arist.pdf
¾ Places & Spaces: Mapping Science exhibit, see also http://scimaps.org.
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Places & Spaces: Mapping
Science
a science exhibit that introduces
people to maps of sciences,
their makers and users.
http://scimaps.org.
Exhibit Curators:
Dr. Katy Börner & Julie Smith
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The Power of Maps
Four Early Maps of Our World
VERSUS
Six Early Maps of Science
(1st Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit - 2005)
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How would a map of science look?
What metaphors would work best?
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The Power of Reference Systems
Four Existing Reference Systems
VERSUS
Six Potential Reference Systems of Science
(2nd Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit - 2006)
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How would a reference system for all of
science look?
What dimensions would it have?
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Illuminated Diagram Display
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXABcOABG4E
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The Power of Forecasts
Four Existing Forecasts
VERSUS
Six Potential Science ‘Weather’ Forecasts
(3rd Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit - 2007)
Mapping the Universe: Space, Time, and Discovery!, by Chaomei Chen, Jian Zhang, Michael S.
Vogeley, J. Richard Gott III, Mario Juric, and Lisa Kershner
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Science Maps for
Economic Decision Making
Four Existing Maps
VERSUS
Six Science Maps
?
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?
?
?
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?
?
(4th Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit - 2008)
A Potential Future:
Science Maps in Action
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KIDS first …
All maps of science are on sale via
http://scimaps.org/ordermaps/
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… my SPONSORS next …
Latest ‘Base Map’ of Science
Kevin W. Boyack & Richard Klavans, unpublished work.
¾ Uses combined SCI/SSCI
from 2002
• 1.07M papers, 24.5M
references, 7,300 journals
• Bibliographic coupling of
papers, aggregated to
journals
¾ Initial ordination and
clustering of journals gave 671
clusters
¾ Coupling counts were
reaggregated at the journal
cluster level to calculate the
• (x,y) positions for each
journal cluster
• by association, (x,y)
positions for each journal
Math
Law
Policy
Computer Tech
Statistics
Economics
Education
CompSci
Vision
Phys-Chem
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Brain
Environment
Psychiatry
GeoScience
MRI
Biology
BioMaterials
BioChem
Microbiology
Plant
Cancer
Animal
Disease &
Treatments
Virology
Infectious Diseases
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Science map applications: Identifying core competency
Kevin W. Boyack & Richard Klavans, unpublished work.
Funding patterns of the US Department of Energy (DOE)
Math
Law
Computer Tech
Policy
Statistics
Economics
CompSci
Vision
Education
Phys-Chem
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Brain
Environment
GeoScience
Psychiatry
MRI
Biology
GI
BioMaterials
BioChem
Microbiology
Plant
Cancer
Animal
Virology
Infectious Diseases
Science map applications: Identifying core competency
Kevin W. Boyack & Richard Klavans, unpublished work.
Funding Patterns of the National Science Foundation (NSF)
Math
Law
Computer Tech
Policy
Statistics
Economics
CompSci
Vision
Education
Phys-Chem
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Brain
Environment
Psychiatry
GeoScience
MRI
Biology
GI
BioMaterials
BioChem
Microbiology
Plant
Cancer
Animal
Virology
Infectious Diseases
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Science map applications: Identifying core competency
Kevin W. Boyack & Richard Klavans, unpublished work.
Funding Patterns of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Math
Law
Computer Tech
Policy
Statistics
Economics
CompSci
Vision
Education
Phys-Chem
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Brain
Environment
Psychiatry
GeoScience
MRI
Biology
GI
BioMaterials
BioChem
Microbiology
Plant
Cancer
Animal
Virology
Infectious Diseases
… then SCIENTISTS …
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Lab/Center Management System vs. Spacebook and MS Famulus
Designed to track, manage, and make use of data relevant for the daily operation of a
medium size research team.
http://ivl.slis.indiana.edu
Data Entities and Interlinkages
Designed for team leads, members, IT admins but also for
external scholars and funding agencies.
Not covered:
- Queries
- Workflows
- Protocols
- Comments
- Bookmarks
- Ratings
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Simplified representation of the IVL database schema
Grants
Datasets
Media
Semantic Tags
Teaching
Software
Research
People
Publications
Hardware
Presentations
Calls &Events
Travels
Locations
Data Entry
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Demo
http://ivl.slis.indiana.edu
Time series analysis & visualization
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15
10
5
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Grants
Ph.D and Master students
Publications
Independent studies
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Katy’s Travels in 2000-2006
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Co-authorship network for all publications of InfoVis lab
group members in 2005 to 2006
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Mapping the Evolution of Co-Authorship Networks
Ke, Visvanath & Börner, (2004) Won 1st price at the IEEE InfoVis Contest.
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Bruce W. Herr II, Gully Burns (USC), David Newman (UCI), Society for Neuroscience, 2006
Visual Browser, 2007, http://scimaps.org/maps/neurovis/
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Bruce W. Herr II, Gully Burns (USC), David Newman (UCI), Society for Neuroscience, 2006
Visual Browser, 2007, http://scimaps.org/maps/neurovis/
Bruce W. Herr II, Gully Burns (USC), David Newman (UCI), Society for Neuroscience, 2006
Visual Browser, 2007, http://scimaps.org/maps/neurovis/
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Bruce W. Herr II, Gully Burns (USC), David Newman (UCI), Society for Neuroscience, 2006
Visual Browser, 2007, http://scimaps.org/maps/neurovis/
Bruce W. Herr II, Gully Burns (USC), David Newman (UCI), Society for Neuroscience, 2006
Visual Browser, 2007, http://scimaps.org/maps/neurovis/
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Bruce W. Herr II, Gully Burns (USC), David Newman (UCI), Society for Neuroscience, 2006
Visual Browser, 2007, http://scimaps.org/maps/neurovis/
Spatio-Temporal Information Production and Consumption of Major U.S.
Research Institutions
Börner, Katy, Penumarthy, Shashikant, Meiss, Mark and Ke, Weimao. (2006)
Mapping the Diffusion of Scholarly Knowledge Among Major U.S. Research
Institutions. Scientometrics. 68(3), pp. 415-426.
Research questions:
1. Does space still matter
in the Internet age?
2. Does one still have to
study and work at major research
institutions in order to have access to
high quality data and expertise and to produce high
quality research?
3. Does the Internet lead to more global citation
patterns, i.e., more citation links between papers
produced at geographically distant research
instructions?
Contributions:
¾ Answer to Qs 1 + 2 is YES.
¾ Answer to Qs 3 is NO.
¾ Novel approach to analyzing the dual role of
institutions as information producers and
consumers and to study and visualize the diffusion
of information among them.
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Mapping Topic Bursts
Co-word space of
the top 50 highly
frequent and bursty
words used in the
top 10% most
highly cited PNAS
publications in
1982-2001.
Mane & Börner. (2004)
PNAS, 101(Suppl. 1):
5287-5290.
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Wikipedian Activity
Studying large scale social
networks such as Wikipedia
Vizzards 2007 Entry
Second Sight: An Emergent
Mosaic of Wikipedian Activity,
The NewScientist, May 19, 2007
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Science Related Wikipedian Activity
http://scimaps.org/dev/map_detail.php?map_id=165
Same base map.
Overlaid are 3,599 math (blue),
6,474 science (green), and 3,164
technology relevant articles
(yellow).
All other articles are given in grey.
Corners show articles size coded
according to
-article edit activity (top left),
- number of major edits (top right),
- number of bursts in edit activity
(bottom, right)
- indegree (bottom left).
113 Years of Physical Review
http://scimaps.org/dev/map_detail.php?map_id=171
Bruce W. Herr II and Russell Duhon (Data Mining & Visualization), Elisha F. Hardy (Graphic Design), Shashikant
Penumarthy (Data Preparation) and Katy Börner (Concept)
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… and INDUSTRY too.
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Mapping Indiana’s Intellectual Space
Identify
¾ Pockets of innovation
¾ Pathways from ideas to products
¾ Interplay of industry and academia
Interested to get your own science map?
Contact the map makers!
katy@indiana.edu
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Scholarly Database
http://sdb.slis.indiana.edu
CAREER: Visualizing Knowledge Domains. NSF IIS-0238261 award
(Katy Börner, $451,000) Sept. 03-Aug. 08.
http://iv.slis.indiana.edu/
SEI: Network Workbench: A Large-Scale Network Analysis, Modeling and
Visualization Toolkit for Biomedical, Social Science and Physics Research. NSF
IIS-0513650 award (Katy Börner, Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, Santiago Schnell,
Alessandro Vespignani & Stanley Wasserman, Eric Wernert (Senior Personnel),
$1,120,926) Sept. 05 - Aug. 08. http://nwb.slis.indiana.edu
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Scholarly Database: Web Interface
Search across publications, patents, grants.
Download records and/or (evolving) co-author, paper-citation networks.
Scholarly Database: # Records & Years Covered
Datasets available via the Scholarly Database (* future feature)
Dataset
# Records
Medline
PhysRev
PNAS
JCR
13,149,741
398,005
16,167
59,078
USPTO
NSF
NIH
Total
3,179,930
174,835
1,043,804
18,021,560
Years Covered
1965-2005
1893-2006
1997-2002
1974, 1979, 1984,
1989 1994-2004
1976-2004
1985-2003
1972-2002
1893-2006
Updated
Restricted
Access
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
Yes*
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Aim for comprehensive time, geospatial, and topic coverage.
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NIH Grants
Medline Publications
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NSF Grants
US Patents
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Building Market Places not Cathedrals
¾ ‘Software glue’ has to interlink datasets and algorithms written in different languages
using different data formats.
¾ The smaller the glue or ‘CI Shell’, the more likely it can be maintained.
CIShell – Serving Non-CS Algorithm Developers & Users
Users
Developers
CIShell Wizards
CIShell
IVC Interface
NWB Interface
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CIShell – Build on OSGi Industry Standard
CIShell is built upon the Open Services Gateway Initiative (OSGi) Framework.
OSGi (http://www.osgi.org) is
¾ A standardized, component oriented, computing environment for networked services.
¾ Successfully used in the industry from high-end servers to embedded mobile devices since 7 years.
¾ Alliance members include IBM (Eclipse), Sun, Intel, Oracle, Motorola, NEC and many others.
¾ Widely adopted in open source realm, especially since Eclipse 3.0 that uses OSGi R4 for its plugin
model.
Advantages of Using OSGi
¾ Any CIShell algorithm is a service that can be used in any OSGi-framework based system.
¾ Using OSGi, running CIShells/tools can connected via RPC/RMI supporting peer-to-peer
sharing of data, algorithms, and computing power.
Ideally, CIShell becomes a standard for creating OSGi Services for algorithms.
CIShell – Layer Cake
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CIShell – Deployment
Data-Algorithm Repositories
Peer-to-Peer
Stand
Alone
Server-Client
CIShell applications can be deployed as distributed data and algorithm repositories, stand alone applications,
peer-to-peer architectures, and server-client architectures.
NWB Tool: Interface Elements
http://nwb.slis.indiana.edu
Load Data
Select Preferences
List of Data Models
Console
Visualize Data
Scheduler
Open Text Files
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NWB
Community Wiki
https://nwb.slis.indiana.edu/community/
Slide with regards from Geoffrey Fox, IUB
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The End.
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