Chapter 2
Signal Support and
Organization
Signal support organizations exist at every
echelon of the Army. Their mission is to support
the commander by providing reliable and flexible
communications, automation, and information
services. This support is provided by signal
organizations organic to the maneuver unit. At
theater, there is a tailored signal command; at
corps, a signal brigade; and at division, a signal
battalion. In maneuver brigades and battalions,
there is a signal staff officer with a section
configured to the supported unit.
SECTION I - SUPPORTING THE CORPS
AND DIVISION
G6/S6
1-1. The signal officer (G6/S6) at all echelons must
develop a routine interaction with the unit staff, and
take an active role in the staff planning process. He
must ensure the staff understands the capabilities and
limitations of the units' organic signal assets and
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FM 11-43______________________________________
external support. He must take these into account when
producing an OPORD, OPLAN, or SOP.
CORPS SIGNAL BRIGADE SUPPORT
1-2. The standard corps signal brigade is the center of
the corps MSE network (Figure 3-1). It consists of a
headquarters and headquarters company (HHC), one or
more corps area signal battalions depending on the size
of the corps, a corps support signal battalion, a range
extension company, and a visual information company.
It provides SYSCON of the corps area MSE network
and provides TECHCON of the division signal
battalions’ installed components. The advantages of this
arrangement are–

Greater operational flexibility.
2

Increased logistics support efficiency.

Easier personnel management.

Centralized MSE assets control.
______________________________________FM 11-43
CORPS
SIGNAL BRIGADE
(MSE)
HHC
CORPS AREA
SIGNAL BATTALION
RANGE EXTENSION
COMPANY
CORPS SUPPORT
SIGNAL BATTALION
VISUAL
INFORMATION
COMPANY
Note: The airborne corps signal brigade is
slightly different in organization and equipment.
Figure 2-1. Corps signal brigade.
Note: Refer to FM 11-55, MSE Operations, Chapter
3, 22 June 99
SIGNAL BRIGADE ELEMENTS
1-3. The corps signal brigade commander serves as
both the corps signal officer/G6 and the signal brigade
commander. To help accomplish these missions, the
commander has the corps signal office/G6, the corps
brigade signal staff, and subordinate signal battalions.
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FM 11-43______________________________________
CORPS SIGNAL OFFICE/G6.
1-4. The corps signal office's primary mission is to
perform signal planning for the corps. The corps signal
office is part of the corps staff and the deputy G6
oversees the operation of the office. Office functions
include—

Preparing the signal annex's operation plans
(OPLANs) for the corps' operations order
(OPORD).
4

Preparing signal estimates.

Providing
activities.

Producing signal brigade taskings based on
corps requests.

Managing all operational and contingency
communications security (COMSEC) matters.

Supervising the corps COMSEC office of
record, which develops COMSEC OPLANs and
policies.

Supervising the automation section (Maneuver
Control System (MCS)).

Producing tactical telephone directories and
listings for corps users.

Controlling radio frequency (RF) allocations
and spectrum management for the corps.
technical
supervision
of
signal
______________________________________FM 11-43

Coordinating signal interface with host nation
and allied forces.

Managing and controlling corps level BIS
functions including the actions of the ISSO.

Managing the corps'
reproduction section.

Maintains configuration control of all software
by ensuring that the software is current,
compatible and standardized.
distribution
and
CORPS SIGNAL BRIGADE STAFF.
1-5. The signal brigade implements the corps
communications network with the cooperation of the
corps staff. The staff consists of—

Corps signal engineering branch.

Network control branch.

Plans/intelligence section.

Operations section.

Brigade COMSEC office of record.

Logistics section.

Administrative section.

Automation section.
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FM 11-43______________________________________
SUBORDINATE SIGNAL BATTALIONS
CORPS AREA SIGNAL BATTALION.
1-6. The corps area signal battalion provides the signal
facilities that support the plans developed by the corps
signal staff and the corps signal brigade staff. The corps
area signal battalion consists of an HHC, three
standard area signal companies, and a signal support
company (Figure 3-9). Figure 3-10 lists the functions of
the corps area signal battalion. Also, the corps area
signal battalion provides remote North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) interface.
1-7. The airborne corps area signal battalion has three
variations. One battalion has two contingency area
companies and one standard area company. A second
battalion has two standard area companies and one
contingency area company. The third battalion has
three standard area companies. All battalions have an
NC instead of a LEN in the support company.
CORPS AREA
SIGNAL BATTALION
(MSE)
HHC
AREA SIGNAL
COMPANY
SIGNAL
SUPPORT
COMPANY
Figure 3-9. Typical Corps Area Signal Battalion
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CORPS SUPPORT SIGNAL BATTALION.
1-8. The corps signal brigade has a corps support
signal battalion. It has an HHC, two area signal
companies, and a signal support company (Figure 3-14).
The corps support signal battalion provides
communication support throughout the corps AO.
1-9. The airborne corps support signal battalion has
one standard area company, one contingency area
company, one TRI-TAC company, and one NC instead of
a LEN in the support company.
CORPS SUPPORT
SIGNAL BATTALION
(MSE)
HHC
AREA SIGNAL
COMPANY
SIGNAL SUPPORT
COMPANY
Figure 2-2. Corps support signal battalion.
See Appendix B for a corps MSE signal brigade
equipment chart.
DIVISION SIGNAL BATTALION
1-10. The division signal battalion’s personnel and staff
sections are similar to the corps. The division signal
battalion is the principal signal organization supporting
the division. Figure 2-3 shows the organizational
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FM 11-43______________________________________
structure. The battalion's primary mission is to
establish a division area common-user network. The
signal battalion also provides signal support and staff
assistance to plan and control division communications,
automation, VI, and BIS.
1-11. The division MSE network can operate as a
stand-alone network or as part of the corps network. It
has the same structure of interconnected node centers
(NCs) and extension nodes providing service for division
headquarters and major subordinate units. The
network can contain gateways to adjacent units and the
Defense Communications System (DCS) network.
DIVISION
SIGNAL BATTALION
(MSE)
HHC
AREA
SIGNAL
COMPANY
SIGNAL
SUPPORT
COMPANY
Figure 2-3. Division signal battalion.
See Appendix B for a heavy division MSE signal
battalion equipment chart.
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______________________________________FM 11-43
DIVISION SIGNAL BATTALION
ELEMENTS
1-12. The division signal commander is designated as
the G6 and is the principal advisor to the division
commander for all division communications. The G6
serves in the dual role of commander of the signal
battalion and as a member of the general staff. These
two functional roles are separate but related.
1-13. As the signal battalion commander, the G6
commands, directs, and supervises the battalion’s
efforts to complete their assigned missions. As a
member of the general staff, the G6 presents the
communication aspects for tactical operations for all
staff planning. The G6 consults directly with the Chief
of Staff (CofS) on all communication matters.
1-14. The G6 performs management, operations, and
maintenance of the commands communication and
information systems using the SCC-2. This system
assists the G6 and the deputy G6 in managing the
division’s communications systems by providing
planning,
management,
and
C2
of
tactical
communications networks.
1-15. The G6 also conducts active liaison with the signal
officers of higher headquarters, adjacent headquarters,
and military intelligence (MI) battalion combat
electronic warfare intelligence (CEWI) representatives.
DIVISION SIGNAL OFFICE/G6.
1-16. The division signal office/G6 works closely with
the staff. The deputy G6 locates at the division tactical
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signal office and represents the G6 in providing
communications support to the division. This office—

Plans division communications operations.
10

Prepares the signal annex to the division
OPORD.

Prepares the signal portion of the division
standing operating procedures (SOPs).

Plans and manages division signal automated
systems.

Prepares the
directory.

Controls RF allocation and provides spectrum
management.

Acts as the primary interface between the
division signal battalion and the G6 .

Coordinates signal interface with host and
allied nations in stand-alone divisions.

Prepares and distributes the division signal
operation instructions (SOI).

Coordinates for commercial and/or host nation
telephone allocations.

Requests and manages satellite access for
TACSAT.
division
tactical
telephone
______________________________________FM 11-43

Provides BIS to the division while in the
tactical environment.

Maintains configuration control of all software
by ensuring that the software is current,
compatible and standardized.
1-17. The G6’s staff ensures COMSEC complies with the
current regulations, RF allocation and assignment, and
division unit COMSEC logistics support. The signal
battalion performs only COMSEC logistics support for
the division.
1-18. The division signal battalion’s staff sections
implement communications planning and engineering,
OPCON (in stand-alone mode), and administrative and
logistics direction. The staff uses the tasking from the
corps communications plan to develop the division
network. When operating in the stand-alone mode, it
develops its own communications plan. Active
monitoring of the network’s operational status ensures
that it meets the corps' changing requirement and its
own.
This
responsibility
belongs
to
the
operations/intelligence section.
1-19. The division COMSEC office of record (DCOR) is
responsible for the division COMSEC account. It
provides COMSEC logistics support for the control and
distribution of internal division COMSEC material. It
implements, manages, and maintains the division
COMSEC keys for the division.
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FM 11-43______________________________________
SUBORDINATE SIGNAL COMPANIES
BATTALION HEADQUARTERS AND
HEADQUARTERS COMPANY (HHC).
The signal battalion HHC sustains the battalion when
deployed
through
maintenance,
logistics,
administrative services, and management of the ACUS
network.
AREA SIGNAL COMPANY
1-20. The mission of each of the two area signal
companies (three in a heavy division) is to provide
ACUS coverage for a specific portion of the division
maneuver area.
1-21. Each area signal company has a company
headquarters and two nodal platoons (Figure 3-12).
Each nodal platoon consists of a platoon headquarters,
two NC sections, and two extension switch sections. The
NC section installs, operates, and maintains the NCS,
four LOS(V3)s, and a local RAU. The extension switch
section deploys LOS assemblages to support the
SENS(V1) and (V2) and the remote RAU.
SIGNAL SUPPORT COMPANY
1-22. The division signal support company has a
company headquarters, an EPLRS platoon, a TACSAT
platoon, and a general support platoon (Figure 2-5).
1-23. It is similar to the corps area signal battalion’s
signal support company in mission. Each area signal
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______________________________________FM 11-43
company and each support company has one MOS 31F
and one 31P, with a spares facility (AN/TSM-183), to
perform on-site MSE nodal maintenance. These
personnel were previously consolidated at the battalion
HHC CE maintenance section. However, its
organization and equipment are different. The EPLRS,
TACSAT, and general support platoons are described
below.
1-24. The mission of the signal support company which
contains the division's LEN is to provide support for
large CPs such as the division support command
(DISCOM).
CONTINGENCY COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGE
(CCP) AND LIGHT CONTINGENCY
COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGE (LCCP)
COMPANY.
1-25. Standard MSE configurations exceed air-sortie
allocations, and area communications requirements
exceed single-channel radio capabilities. Therefore, the
CCP and the LCCP can support airborne, air assault,
light forces, and early entry TMD assets in entry
operations. The CCP and LCCP can deploy to
operational areas as predesigned support packages in
up to two C-141 sorties or C-130 equivalents. The CCP
and LCCP provide connectivity to the sustaining base
from the entry position via multichannel TACSAT
within one-half hour of deployment. The CCP and
LCCP also allow interconnectivity to a second CCP or
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FM 11-43______________________________________
LCCP at a different entry position using LOS links if
possible and satellite if not.
CONTINGENCY COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGE
(CCP) COMPANY
1-26. Airborne, air assault, and light signal battalions
have a contingency communications company made up
of two identical platoons. Each platoon provides initial
MSE and TACSAT capabilities.
LIGHT CONTINGENCY COMMUNICATIONS
PACKAGE (LCCP) COMPANY.
1-27. Selected light forces have a contingency
communications company made up of two platoons. The
LCCP is being developed to provide selected light
infantry divisions with an initial MSE capability for a
contingency mission. The LCCP closely follows the
organization, concept, and functional characteristics of
the airborne CCP, with the major differences exhibited
at the extension sites with dismounted equipment.
NOTE: Refer to FM 11-45, Chapter 6 for
more information on CCP and LCCP.
SECTION II - SUPPORTING THE
MANEUVER BRIGADE/BATTALION
1-28. Maneuver brigades are the primary element used
for conducting combined arms operations. They consist
of at least three infantry, armor, or mechanized
battalions. In addition, other fighting and supporting
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______________________________________FM 11-43
elements, such as field artillery, air defense artillery,
light infantry, engineer, aviation, and chemical units
may augment the brigade.
1-29. The maneuver battalion consists of three or more
company-sized units and a headquarters company.
Combat arms battalions perform tactical operations to
support the brigade's mission. Battalions will normally
be reinforced with other combat and combat support
(CS) elements to form a task force. Maneuver battalions
usually task organize to maximize combat effectiveness.
Mechanized infantry and armor platoons make up
company teams which comprise a battalion task force.
1-30. Appendix A provides a communications planning
guide to assist the brigade/battalion S6 and
communications chief in planning reliable, flexible
communications support for the maneuver commander.
THE BRIGADE/BATTALION S6
1-31. The S6 is the signal expert to the maneuver
commander. He advises the commander and staff on all
signal support matters. He works for the unit executive
officer (XO) and closely interacts with the S3 and other
unit staff officers. As a special staff officer, the S6—

Provides technical staff supervision over signal
support activities throughout the unit.

Exercises OPCON of all communications assets
assigned or attached to the unit.
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FM 11-43______________________________________
16

Prepares the signal portion of unit OPORDs,
OPLANs, and SOPs.

Coordinates with next higher echelon signal
officer for additional communications support,
if required.

Identifies, coordinates, and provides task force
communication requirements.

Works with the S2/S3 on electronic
countermeasure (ECM) threat and electronic
counter countermeasure (ECCM) procedures.

Coordinates with the supporting signal unit to
maintain access to the ACUS.

Coordinates for maintenance support with the
S4.

Assumes responsibility for all COMSEC items
within the unit to include accountability,
distribution, destruction, and security.

Inspects subordinate
sections.

Reviews signal prescribed load lists (PLLs).

Plans and supervises all training for operation
and maintenance of signal equipment.

Provides
organizational
level
maintenance to support the unit.
unit
signal
support
COMSEC
______________________________________FM 11-43
1-32. The S6 must develop a routine interaction with
the unit staff, and take an active role in the staff
planning process. He must ensure the staff understands
the capabilities and limitations of the units' organic
signal assets and external support. He must take these
into account when producing an OPORD, OPLAN, or
SOP.
1-33. Communications must be planned early and in
detail for each phase of the operation. Plan for
overwhelming success and catastrophic failure in the
base plan and in the contingency plans. Signal support
must be integrated and synchronized to support each
part of an operation on a changing battlefield. Good
terrain analysis, competent asset management, and
endless staff coordination produce success.
1-34. Planning in support of maneuver operations
requires the S6 to thoroughly understand the following
elements in great detail:

The friendly maneuver plan as developed in
staff wargaming (to include contingencies)

The enemy threat, both templated and actual
as confirmation occurs and/or changes the
enemy picture

Terrain, through analysis assisted by products
available in combat tactical operation centers
(TOCs)

Equipment, the S6 must track assets carefully,
must have predesignated backup equipment,
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FM 11-43______________________________________
and must consider other available systems
from CS or combat service support (CSS) units
if necessary.
1-35. The S6 must be technically proficient with all
communications equipment in the unit. He must learn
as much as possible about the technical features that
make the equipment function properly.
NOTE: He must exercise troubleshooting
skills and ensure the equipment is
regularly checked and serviced when in
garrison. Before deployment, the S6
should
direct
a
thorough
communications rehearsal.
1-36. The S6 must be tactically proficient. This requires
understanding the unit's mission. He must be a
proactive planner and an aggressive participant of the
battle
staff's
wargaming,
synchronization,
planning/matrixes, and rehearsals. He tracks the battle
closely so he can trigger moving assets against
forecasted enemy or friendly events. By tracking the
battle, the S6 can anticipate the unit's changing
communications needs and position the command,
control, communications, and computer (C4) assets in
the best places to support maneuvers.
1-37. The S6 must be an aggressive trainer. He must
seek to educate the users at all echelons. He must
develop simple and clear explanations that combat
users can quickly grasp. Command post operators from
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______________________________________FM 11-43
commanders to radio operators must be well-trained
and capable of independent decisions.
MANEUVER BRIGADE/BATTALION
COMMUNICATIONS
1-38. The brigade/battalion commander must be able to
receive, process, and transmit orders rapidly. The
brigade/battalion CP is highly mobile and must have a
communications system that supports this mobility.
Command post communications are provided by the
following means:
ORGANIC SIGNAL ASSETS.
1-39. The maneuver unit performs its own internal
communications, using organic signal equipment.
Within the maneuver unit, there is organic terminal
equipment, CNR, digital secure/nonsecure voice
terminals
(DSVT/DNVTs),
mobile
subscriber
radiotelephone terminals (MSRTs), facsimile machines,
and C2 systems to enable ACUS access.
EXTERNAL SIGNAL SUPPORT.
1-40. The supporting signal unit provides the maneuver
CPs access to the ACUS through radio access units
(RAUs) or small extension nodes (SENs).
1-41. MSE provides CNR users with an interface to the
ACUS via SDNRIU. This capability links SingleChannel Ground and Airborne Radio System
(SINCGARS) users with telephone subscribers which
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FM 11-43______________________________________
provides an added method of communication for
maneuver units.
1-42. The SEN or LEN can service CNR customers via a
SDNRIU, TSEC/KY-90 (Figure 3-22). After the operator
completes the connection, the SDNRIU functions
automatically. Distribution of the TSEC/KY-90 is one
per NC platoon in each of the area signal companies.
FAX
CNR CUSTOMER
RAU
TP
FAX
DATA
DATA
SEN
SDNRIU
(KY-90)
TP
TP
NC
LEN
DATA
SDNRIU
(KY-90)
SEN
TP
NAI
SEN
NC
NC
RAU
SCC-2
FAX
NC
SEN
RAU
TP
DATA
RAU
Figure 2-. CNR Interface with MSE
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______________________________________FM 11-43
FM 11-53 and 11-55 covers the planning and
operation of the SDNRIU capability.
COMBAT NET RADIO
1-43. The advantage of CNRs is it is easily installed and
highly mobile. CNR serves as the primary means of
internal voice communications during unit movement.
NETS
1-44. Combat nets are formed by functions, such as
operations or logistics, and contain specific groups of
users within the unit. The structure of a net depends on
the existing situation, command guidance, and
available equipment. Figure 2-4 shows a typical
command/operations FM net.
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FM 11-43______________________________________
NET SUPERVISION.
1-45. The S6 is responsible for ensuring that the users
know how to operate the system. This includes—

Ensuring unit personnel remain proficient on
CNR.
22

Ensuring all unit radio operators are familiar
with proper FM net procedures, anti-jam plans,
and retransmission operations.

Monitoring FM net discipline and making
corrections as necessary.
______________________________________FM 11-43
BDE
CDR
BN
TOC
TOC/CDR
ATCH
UNIT
OPCON
BDE
ENG
SEC
BDE
S3
BDE OPS
CEN NCS
BDE
TAC
CP
BDE
XO
BSO
FWD
SPT
BN
BDE
S2
Figure 2-4. Typical command/operations FM net.
RANGE EXTENSION SYSTEMS.
1-46. To overcome terrain obstacles or distances
between stations, range extension systems are
employed. Depending on the situation, some units may
have an augmented/transferred range extension
system. These include single or multichannel systems,
additional FM retransmission systems, HF radio
systems, or other expedient methods, such as radio
power amplifiers and long-range antennas. The S6 can
also take steps to accomplish range extensions by
ensuring that FM antennas such as the OE-254, AS2259, or GRA-50 are employed.
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FM 11-43______________________________________
1-47. Users must understand FM retransmission
operations in order to use them effectively.
See FM 11-53 for additional information on
tactical single-channel radio communications
techniques to include installing field expedient
antennas.
1-48. The S6 is responsible for planning and
preparation of retransmission/relay teams being
employed throughout the battlefield and provides food
and
logistical support; except,
MSE
system
maintenance and repair, which is performed by the
signal battalion. There are several key factors that
facilitate success. They are—

Integration and synchronization of activities on
the battlefield. (See Appendix A, Figure A-9.)

Risk analysis and waging logical bets with
odds. We must plan every mission in detail and
for success. (See Appendix C.)

Analysis and use of terrain. These are both
paramount when supporting a retransmission
mission. Survivability, sustainment, and
accessibility are all key factors when planning
a site. (See Chapter 5.)
AREA COMMON-USER SYSTEM
1-49. The ACUS is a common-user communications
system that connects all battle command elements.
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______________________________________FM 11-43
MANEUVER BRIGADE ACCESS
1-50. To enable the brigade to enter the ACUS, the
division signal battalion provides a SEN to each
brigade's TOC and brigade support area (BSA). The
SEN teams establish MSE termination sites near the
brigade CPs. After the SEN team installs a 26-pair
cable from the SEN switch to a J-1077, the maneuver
brigade installs the brigade CP's internal wiring. In
addition to ACUS access at the brigade CPs, users with
MSRTs also may enter the MSE network from their
vehicles. RAUs provide this service. Each RAU can
process eight subscriber calls simultaneously. The
maneuver brigade must also install its own LAN to
access the tactical packet network (TPN). Users must
also install and properly configure their own BFACSs.
MANEUVER BATTALION ACCESS.
1-51. MSRTs are remoted in the battalion TOC and the
battalion area logistics operation center (ALOC) CPs to
provide ACUS access for the battalion TOC and ALOC
respectively. Light and heavy units may be configured
differently to meet the requirements of that unit.
Figure 2-5 shows the different means the maneuver
battalion can use to access the ACUS.
SECURE DIGTAL NET RADIO INTERFACE UNIT
(SDNRIU)
1-52. Accessing the SDNRIU (TSEC/KY-90) allows
vehicles with FM single-channel radios and SINCGARS
to enter the MSE system network through the LEN or
SEN. See Figure 2-5.
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FM 11-43______________________________________
CNR CUSTOMER
FAX
DATA
DATA
TP
LEN
TP
SDNRIU
(KY-90)
SEN
NC
SDNRIU
(KY-90)
Figure 2-5. CNR ACUS access.
1-53. Six SDNRIUs are fielded with each division and
corps signal battalion and are located at different
SENs, LENs, and force entry switches (FESs) across the
corps/division area to provide the best coverage. The
range of an SDNRIUs are equal to the range of the
single-channel radio used in that unit.
CABLE AND WIRE
1-54. Cable and wire systems provide internal
communications for CP and support areas. These wire
systems will be extended to subordinate systems when
allowed by the tactical situation. Wire communications
are used in static or defensive roles. Users are
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______________________________________FM 11-43
responsible for installing, operating and maintaining
their information systems, LAN cables and wire lines.
MESSAGE TRAFFIC/DATA
DISTRIBUTION CAPABILITIES
FACSIMILE.
1-55. User-owned tactical facsimile machines provide
most internal and external mapping, overlay, OPORDs,
and reporting traffic. The facsimile currently used is the
AN/UXC-7/7A. The AN/UXC-7/7A can transmit one
page of data in 7 to 15 seconds. The AN/UXC-7/7A can
connect to either SINCGARS or 4-wire ACUS
terminations. An advantage of using SINCGARS for
facsimile transmission is that it can reach several users
at one time.
COMMUNICATIONS TERMINALS.
1-56. The AN/UGC-144 is a formal record traffic CT.
This user-owned and -operated device provides most
internal and external message traffic. It can store, edit,
display, transmit, receive, and print record traffic. This
terminal processes in the R (general services) and Y
(intelligence) communities at all echelons of the tactical
communications systems. However, a separate terminal
for each type of traffic must be used.
COURIERS.
1-57. There is no formal messenger service at the corps
or division level. When messenger service is required,
the signal officer is responsible for determining routes
27
FM 11-43______________________________________
and schedules. Some units use liaison officers to deliver
orders, overlays and messages between CPs. The G3 is
responsible for tasking units for vehicles and personnel.
TACTICAL PACKET NETWORK.
1-58. The TPN is overlaid on the MSE network and uses
existing trunks exclusively for data transmission. Users
can connect personal computers (PCs) and LANs to the
TPN from their CPs. Rather than using a direct
end-to-end connection, which ties up a whole trunk, the
TPN breaks up the data into "packets" and routes them
along the most efficient path to their destination. When
all packets arrive, the receiving packet switch
reassembles the data and sends it to its destination.
Each NC, LEN, SEN, CCP, and LCCP provides access
to the TPN.
COMMAND POST PLANNING
1-59. Most maneuver units operate from three facilities:
the tactical CP (TAC CP), the TOC, and the unit trains.
TAC CP.
1-60. This is where the commander fights the battle. He
is assisted by the S3, the fire support officer (FSO), the
air liaison officer (ALO), a representative from the S2,
and the crews of the assigned vehicles. Sometimes
commanders and their FSOs will break from the TAC
CP and fight from a separate command group.
28
______________________________________FM 11-43
TOC.
1-61. This is the primary location for the unit
headquarters and is supervised by the unit's XO. The
TOC's primary mission is to monitor the current battle,
fight the deep battle, and plan future operations. The
TOC normally consists of the S2 and S3 sections, the
fire support element (FSE), the tactical air control party
(TACP), the engineer element, the air defense element,
and other attached elements.
TRAINS
1-62. Units have two types of trains: combat trains and
field trains. The combat trains consist of the ALOC
which includes the S1 and S4 section, refuel and
ammunition points, aid station, and unit maintenance
contact teams. The field trains consist of the Personnel
and Administration Center (PAC), food service sections,
company supply sections, and the maintenance section.
Field trains are controlled by the HHC commander and
are located within the BSA. The forward support
battalion under DISCOM supports trains. Both trains
may be collocated, depending on the operational
situation.
SITE SELECTION.
1-63. It is crucial that the signal officer, HHC XO, and
unit S3 representative take a prominent role in
selecting potential CP sites for the unit. This includes
going on reconnaissance of potential "jump" sites. The
S6 must work with the staff to choose sites. The S3
should designate potential locations and the S6 should
29
FM 11-43______________________________________
recommend the best location based on the requirements
covered below.
TERRAIN
1-64. Communications are difficult from low valleys,
especially when using LOS antennas. Using high
ground is best for radio transmissions; however, avoid
extremely prominent terrain features that could be
used by the enemy as target reference points. The
reverse slope of a hill is ideal because it protects from
direct fire and still allows for good communications.
ACCESSIBILITY.
1-65. The site should provide easy access preferably
with different entrances and exits. The road should be
able to handle various vehicles. Consider access during
different weather conditions.
SPACE.
1-66. Ensure there is enough space for the unit to set up
and still have room for communications and support
vehicles. Ensure the site is large enough to avoid co-site
interference. Plan for a location with a cleared area
nearby for a helicopter landing zone in case of required
air support.
THREAT.
1-67. Consult the S2 and the chemical officer to avoid
targeted enemy air assaults and high-speed avenues of
approach. If possible, plan for the TAC CP and the
command group to be out of enemy artillery range for
30
______________________________________FM 11-43
that phase of the operation. Coordinate with the FSE to
place "no fire zones" around all supporting signal sites
in the brigade sector.
INTERFERENCE.
1-68. Locate at least 50 meters away from potential
interference
from
power
lines,
commercial
radio/television stations, or other electronic systems.
Understand the frequency spectrum and capabilities of
the system(s) emplaced to prevent co-site interference
and manage FM frequencies for correct separation.
1-69. Once a site has been chosen, and the unit moves to
occupy the site, the S6 must ensure that the site is set
up to avoid interference with the unit's communications
systems. Figure 2-6 shows an example of a typical
brigade CP layout.
ENTRY
LNO
AR
CHEMO SOCCE PSYOPS CA
S6
ENGR
LICO
ANG
ADA
ALO
AIR
S3
RADIOS & CDR
RAVN
FSE
CAPTAIN
BATTLE
COPIER
FAX &
AREA
PLANNING
TENT
BRIEFING
CO
FIRE
TAC
S3
S2
MI
Figure 2-6. Typical brigade CP layout.
31
FM 11-43______________________________________
1-70. To avoid antenna interference,
32

Place phone lines and cables at least 12 inches
away from power cables.

Centrally locate the J-1077s and install them
in the TOC, if feasible.

Allow the SEN/multichannel team to set up
first, if possible.

Keep antennas away from power sources.

Keep HF antennas at least 50 meters away
from the CP and SINCGARS.

Keep WF-16 and WD-1 field wire away from
other communications lines that may have
high RF output, such as CNR antennas and
remote cables.

Space antennas using Table 2-1 as a guide.
Antennas can number up to 30 within a 200meter radius at brigade without multiplexers.
Antenna dispersal is especially critical in FM
frequency hopping operations.
______________________________________FM 11-43
Table 2-1. Antenna separation.
Frequency Separation,
Minimum Distance between
Antennas
10 MHZ
5 feet
7 MHZ
60 feet
4 MHZ
150 feet
2 MHZ
400 feet
1 MHZ
800 feet
SECTION III - S6 DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
1-71. An S6 will be located in combat arms and combat
support units. The rule of thumb has been that if
electrons run through it or has an electrical plug on it;
it belongs to the S6. This is not necessarily true, but it
has happened.
1-72. The S6 has to be tactically and technically
proficient on the units tactical and automation systems
in garrison and in the field. It is imperative that you
know and are familiar with SINCGARS, MSE (MSRT,
SDNRI interface) LANS, Automation systems, antenna
propagation, COMSEC and Crypto devices, GPS,
frequency management cable repair, power supplies
and the installation, maintenance and troubleshooting
33
FM 11-43______________________________________
of each piece of equipment.). Knowing, without a doubt,
the capabilities of your equipment and the interfaces to
other systems.
1-73. The specific duties and responsibilities an S6 will
encounter will vary with each unit. The S6 in an air
defense unit has different responsibilities and priorities
from the S6 at an infantry unit. Following is a brief
overview of different units and what the S6 can expect.
AIR DEFENSE
ARMOR
AVIATION
1-74. The S6 must familiarize himself with all the
radios in the aircraft. Their capabilities and restrictions
especially when it comes to RBECS, SOIs, and
COMSEC, net structures and SOIs. TACSAT, narrow
band, wide band, data and voice. How flight, air assault
and attack ops work. Who the battle captains talk to
and how.
http://155.217.58.58/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/1-111/chp2.htm#2-11
CAVALRY SQUADRON
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPLY
ENGINEER
FIELD ARTILLERY
1-75. The signal officer is responsible for advising the
commander on all elements of signal support. He plans
34
______________________________________FM 11-43
and supervises the integration of unit communications
into higher, lower, and adjacent systems. The signal
officer has staff supervision over employment,
maintenance, and training of signal equipment and
tasks. He is responsible for writing the signal annex of
unit plans, orders, and signal SOPs.
CORPS
1-76. The corps artillery CP is the head and heart of the
corps fire support systems. To perform its mission, the
CP uses the CNR system, an internal wire system, the
ACUS, messengers, and liaison officers equipped with
both CNR and MSE.
1-77. Corps artillery performs its senior-to-subordinate
and supporting-to-supported responsibilities on six
internal and three external communications networks
by using both CNR and MSE. In a relatively static
situation, using MSE and the ACUS may do most or all
of the functions. The MSRT gives the commander and
key staff personnel the ability to operate in ACUS even
when on the move. The CNR provides the commander
the essential flexibility to operate when the tactical
situation prevents the use of MSE.
DIVARTY
1-78. The divarty CP has the main responsibility for
integration of the FA assets of the division. To achieve
this mission, the CP must communicate with its organic
and R firing units, the supported unit, and any senior
artillery (usually corps artillery) HQ. The normal
mission of the divarty is DS to the division, while its
35
FM 11-43______________________________________
subordinate battalions and batteries may be assigned
any of the four standard tactical missions.
NOTE: In nonautomated units, networks
indicated, as digital will be voice until the
required digital equipment is received.
1-79. At corps and division level, the vast majority of
tactical communications are conducted via radio or on
the area common-user system (MSE). Most functional
networks normally use one system or the other, though
some routinely use a mixture.
1-80. The primary means of transmitting a fire plan
from corps artillery to a div arty might be a direct
TACFIRE-to-TACFIRE digital connection using FM
radio on the corps artillery operations-fire direction
functional network. However, the distance between the
corps arty and div arty CP often exceeds normal FM
radio range. Deployment of the retransmission team to
an intermediate point to establish communications. A
retransmission team is a very limited asset, the
commander must decide if this is his priority network.
Internal Corps Artillery Networks
1-81. The corps artillery performs its senior-tosubordinate responsibilities on one internal MSE
network and five internal CNR networks mentioned
below.

36
Corps Artillery Command (VHF-FM) (Voice)
Net.
______________________________________FM 11-43

Corps Artillery Operations/Fire (VHF-FM)
(Digital) Net. The corps arty ops/F 1, 2, and 3
(VHF-FM)(D) nets are identical.

Corps Artillery Command/Operations (IHFRAM) (Voice) Net.

The corps arty cmd/ops (IHFR-AM)(V) net

Corps Artillery/Command Fire (MSE)(VoiceFAX) Network.

The corps arty CF (MSE)(V-FAX) network

Corps Artillery Survey (VHF-FM) (Voice) Net.

Corps Artillery Administrative and Logistics
(VHF-FM) (Voice) Net.
External Networks
Corps artillery performs its supporting-tosupported responsibilities on three external CNR
nets and on the ACUS. The primary means of
communication at corps level is MSE. All hardcopy communications use the fax capability of
MSE.
Corps Command/Operations (VHF-FM) (Voice)
Net. The corps cmd/ops (VHF-FM)(V) net is used
by corps to control the elements of the corps HQ
and its supporting HQ company assets. It also is
used to communicate with subordinate units when
they are located within FM radio range.
37
FM 11-43______________________________________
Corps Fire Support (IHFR-AM)(Voice) Net. The
corps FS (IHFR-AM)(V) net is used by the FSEs,
LOS, and the CP for coordination and clearing
fires. The corps main FSE is the NCS.
Corps Administration and Logistics (VHF-FM)
(Voice) Net. The COSCOM CP establishes and
monitors the corps admin/log (VHF-FM)(V) net.
However, at corps level, virtually all logistics
traffic is carried on the ACUS.
Tactical Satellite. If the corps operates on the
corps command net (single-channel TACSAT) or
the corps ops/intel (single-channel TACSAT), then
corps artillery also must operate in these nets.
Corps artillery must coordinate with the corps
signal brigade for radios to do this.
Internal FA Brigade Nets
The five internal FA brigade nets are:
38

FA Brigade Command (VHF-FM) (Voice) Net.

FA bde cmd (VHF-FM)(V) net is used for
command and control, tactical operations, and
intelligence by all FA brigade elements.

The FA brigade operations section at the FA
brigade CP is the NCS.
______________________________________FM 11-43

FA Brigade Operations/Fire 1, 2, and 3 (VHFFM) (Digital) Net.

FA bde ops/F 1, 2, and 3 (VHF-FM)(D) nets are
used for tactical fire direction orders, fire
support coordination, and met data.
Depending on the mission, other artillery units
will be assigned to one of these nets. The FA
brigade FCE is the NCS.

FA Brigade Command Fire (MSE) (Voice-FAX)
Network.

The FA bde CF (MS E)(V-FAX) network.

FA Brigade Survey (VHF-FM) (Voice) Net.
1-82. The FA bde survey (VHF-FM)(V) net is used for
survey data processing by all survey elements within
the FA brigade and its subordinate battalions. The FA
brigade SPCE at the FA brigade CP is the NCS. FA
Brigade Administrative and Logistics (VHF-FM) (Voice)
Net.
1-83. The FA bde admin/log (VHF-FM)(V) net is used for
coordination of all administrative and logistics matters
within the FA brigade when the ACCS is unavailable.
The ALOC is the NCS.
External FA Brigade Nets
The FA brigade is a corps asset. Unless the corps
commander attaches the brigade to a division or
some other maneuver formation, the brigade
39
FM 11-43______________________________________
remains under the control of the corps artillery
commander even when assigned a tactical mission
to reinforce a div arty or to support a maneuver
force. For this reason, the brigade CP must
maintain constant communications with the corps
artillery CP. If the brigade is attached to a
division, maneuver brigade, or ACR, there is no
absolute requirement to maintain direct
communications with corps artillery. However,
this link should be maintained if possible. When
attached, the external communications network
architecture is established to support the mission
assigned to the brigade by the maneuver
commander. The example FA brigade CP network
architectures shown in the previous matrix
assumes that the brigade is DS to a divisional
maneuver brigade, R or GSR to a div arty, and GS
to the corps.
1-84.
http://155.217.58.58/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/6-202/CH7.htm#p9
1-85. The S6 in a field artillery must be knowledgeable
on Battery Management, Office automation, Gun
Display units, TACFIRE, Battery Control System
(FDC). GPS, frequency management, cable repair,
proper installation of radio, powers supplies, and fire
control systems in vehicles to include GLIDS, antenna
40
______________________________________FM 11-43
propagation, construction, erection and maintenance.
Repair of basic field wire at the gun battery level, How
does TACFIRE work throughout all my systems? What
are the net structures, SOIs and RBECS. Generators
and power distribution. Intercoms in mech. vehicles and
their CVC helmets.
Internal FA Brigade Nets
The five internal FA brigade nets are discussed
below.
FA Brigade Command (VHF-FM) (Voice) Net. The
FA bde cmd (VHF-FM)(V) net is used for
command and control, tactical operations, and
intelligence by all FA brigade elements. The FA
brigade operations section at the FA brigade CP is
the NCS.
FA Brigade Operations/Fire 1, 2, and 3 (VHF-FM)
(Digital) Net. FA bde ops/F 1, 2, and 3 (VHFFM)(D) nets are used for tactical fire direction
orders, fire support coordination, and met data.
Depending on the mission, other artillery units
will be assigned to one of these nets. The FA
brigade FCE is the NCS.
FA Brigade Command Fire (MSE) (Voice-FAX)
Network. The FA bde CF (MS E)(V-FAX) network
is a multipurpose area network. It is used for both
command and control and fire direction
coordination with units at a greater-than-VHF
range from the FA brigade and for situations in
41
FM 11-43______________________________________
which hard copy of message traffic is needed. This
network replaces one of the RATT nets.
FA Brigade Survey (VHF-FM) (Voice) Net. The FA
bde survey (VHF-FM)(V) net is used for survey
data processing by all survey elements within the
FA brigade and its subordinate battalions. The FA
brigade SPCE at the FA brigade CP is the NCS.
FA Brigade Administrative and Logistics (VHFFM) (Voice) Net. The FA bde admin/log (VHFFM)(V) net is used for coordination of all
administrative and logistics matters within the
FA brigade when the ACCS is unavailable. The
ALOC is the NCS.
External FA Brigade Nets
The FA brigade is a corps asset. Unless the corps
commander attaches the brigade to a division or
some other maneuver formation, the brigade
remains under the control of the corps artillery
commander even when assigned a tactical mission
to reinforce a div arty or to support a maneuver
force. For this reason, the brigade CP must
maintain constant communications with the corps
artillery CP. If the brigade is attached to a
division, maneuver brigade, or ACR, there is no
absolute requirement to maintain direct
communications with corps artillery. However,
this link should be maintained if possible. When
attached, the external comm network architecture
42
______________________________________FM 11-43
is established to support the mission assigned to
the brigade by the maneuver commander. The
example FA brigade CP network architectures
shown in the previous matrix assumes that the
brigade is DS to a divisional maneuver brigade, R
or GSR to a div arty, and GS to the corps.
Wire Communications
The wire assets available are used primarily to
establish external circuits to subordinate
elements and local CP wire networks and to
provide access to the ACUS.
The comm section is responsible for establishing
the external wire circuits and system
troubleshooting. These circuits normally reflect
the higher-to-lower relationships such as the
brigade establishing a voice or digital link with
the subordinate battalions.
The individual users are responsible for
connecting section MSE terminals to the signal
battalion extension node. This extension node
normally is collocated with the CP.
Area Common-User System (Brigade)
The division signal battalion or the corps signal
brigade provides the access points for the ACUS.
The FA brigade CP normally has a small
extension node assigned to support it unless the
CP is habitually collocated with some other HQ.
Positioning and moving the SEN is the joint
43
FM 11-43______________________________________
responsibility of the brigade signal staff officer
and the HHB commander. The ACUS is
interconnected by automatic switching equipment.
TACFIRE is not fully compatible with automatic
switching as designed. However, TACFIRE can
work through automatic switching when provided
a high precedence to prevent preemption or if
TACFIRE is allowed sole use of the circuit.
Dedicated circuits (sole-user) are the exception
rather than the rule. When packet switching
becomes universally available, the ACUS will be
able to support digital traffic with minimal
disruption to its primary function as a carrier of
voice traffic. Until that time, close coordination
must take place between the brigade signal officer
and the signal battalion or brigade to ensure
adequate common-user assets are provided. The
location of the FA brigade CP determines whether
the brigade CP needs a dedicated extension node.
If collocated with the maneuver main CP, the div
arty CP has access to the extension node that
habitually supports that CP.
If located at distances greater than 5 km from the
extension node at the maneuver main CP. the
brigade CP requires a dedicated extension node to
connect into the common-user system.
44
______________________________________FM 11-43
INFANTRY (LIGHT)
INFANTRY (MECHANIZED)
MEDICAL
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
1-86. The S6 section is responsible in assisting the
CSSAMO in troubleshooting mission application
software problems. As system administrators and
system/software security managers, they will perform
all tasks normally associated with Information
Technology (IT) operations ranging from issuing
passwords to installing anti-virus software. They will
assist and advise units on turn in procedures on LRU
items.
The S6 is responsible for overseeing the
installation and the maintenance of the local area
networks in support of FSB operations. He is
responsible to the commander to provide a status report
of all the ISs (ABCS and CSS STAMIS) on the LAN to
the commander.
45