Water Services Development Plan
Chapter 4
Water Balance, Resource Planning and
Management
of
City of Cape Town
Status: Comprehensive WSDP
www.capetown.gov.za/water/wsdp
December 2001
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................2
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................3
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................5
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................6
4
WATER BALANCE, RESOURCE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ........7
4.1
WATER BALANCE ....................................................................................................... 7
4.2
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE PLANNING ........................................................ 13
4.3
4.4
4.5
WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT (WDM) ............................................................. 17
WATER RESTRICTIONS .......................................................................................... 18
RE-USE OF TREATED WASTEWATER EFFLUENT................................................... 19
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
Water Resources ............................................................................................. 7
Groundwater ..................................................................................................... 7
Surface Water................................................................................................. 8
The Skuifraam Scheme and Other Future Water Resource Schemes9
Current and Future Water Demands .......................................................... 9
Effluent Returned to Source...................................................................... 10
Unaccounted-for-water (UAW) Analysis ................................................. 10
4.2.1
4.2.2
Background...................................................................................................... 13
Discussion and results of the IWRP Study ............................................. 13
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
List of Tables
Table 4.1 Groundwater Resources ..................................................................................... 7
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
List of Figures
Figure 4.1 Existing Water Demand Distribution........................................................... 11
Figure 4.2 Future Water Demand Projection based on Historic Trend .................. 11
Figure 4.3 Existing Water Supply Resources and Location of Potential Future
Schemes ........................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 4.4 Impact of Packages 1+2 on Future Water Demand ................................. 15
Figure 4.5 Impact of Packages 1+2 on Future Water Demand (Overall) ............... 16
Figure 4.6 Impact of Package 1-3 on Water Demand of Total Supply Area ......... 16
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
List of Abbreviations
AADD
AFU
CCT
CFA
CMA
CMC
DM
DWAF
EIA
GLS
I&AP
IDP
IMEP
IWRP
MCDA
MNF
MLC
PNE
PDG
UAW
URV
WC
VIP
WDM
WSDP
WTW
WWTW
Annual Average daily demand
Automatic Flushing Urinal
City of Cape Town
Cape Flats Aquifer
Cape Metropolitan Area
Cape Metropolitan Council
Demand Management
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Environmental Impact Assessment
Geustyn Loubser Streicher Inc
Interested and Affected Party
Integrated Development Plan
Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy
Integrated Water Resource Planning
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
Minimum Night Flow
Metropolitan Local Council
Protected Natural Environment
Palmer Development Group
Unaccounted For Water
Unit Reference Value
Water Conservation
Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine
Water Demand Management
Water Services Development Plan
Water Treatment Works
Wastewater Treatment Works
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
Chapter 4
Water Balance, Resource Planning and Management
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
4 Water Balance, Resource Planning and Management
Issues:
• Development of additional water resources;
• Importance of implementing a water demand and conservation
management strategy to optimise the use of existing water resources
and reduce high unaccounted-for-water;
• Unaccounted-for-water needs to be monitored on a distribution zone
basis;
• High stormwater infiltration in sewers to be addressed.
4.1 Water Balance
4.1.1 Water Resources
One of the major issues facing Water Services in the CCT is the limited water
resources. The current shortage of raw water storage capacity has markedly
increased the risk of water shortages occurring in the Cape Metropolitan Area
from the year 2001 onwards. The lack of storage capacity coupled with 3 years
of below average rainfall between 1998 and 2000 led to DWAF imposing low level
(10% reduction in water demand required) water restrictions upon the users of
water from the Western Cape Water Supply System. In order to understand
the limitations of existing water resources a description of the existing water
resources are herewith provided, where after details on future schemes/options
will be discussed. For a more detailed description of the available existing water
resources, possible future water resources as well as water resource planning
issues, GO TO the document entitled “Water Resources and Water Resource
Planning”.
4.1.2 Groundwater
The 4 groundwater resources in the City of Cape Town (CCT) are summarised in
Table 4.1 below. The volume of groundwater abstracted by consumers residing
in the urban peripheral areas that do not have access to bulk water services is
unknown.
Table 4.1 Groundwater Resources
Aquifer
Albion Spring
Atlantis
Cape Flats
Newlands
Total
No. of Boreholes
Not applicable
44
Not yet developed
Not yet developed
Firm Yield (1:50 yr)
Mm3/year
<1
4.4
18
10
Approx: 33.4
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
% of Total
Requirements
1.8% of total
resources
4.1.3 Surface Water
Most of the water resources serving the CCT are stored in dams during the wet
winter months in order to ensure a continuous water supply during the dry
summer months. The CCT utilises water from various dams within the CMA and
also from dams outside the CMA. Some of the dams are operated and controlled
by the CCT, whilst the other dams are operated and controlled by the
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). The CCT currently obtains
approximately 70 to 75% of its raw water requirements from DWAF and the
remainder from its own sources.
Approximately 15% of the raw water
requirements are obtained from sources within the CMA.
The following dams and rivers are utilised as shown on Figure 4.3.
DAMS/RIVERS
OWNED AND
OPERATED
BY
APPROXIMATE%
OF TOTAL SUPPLY
REQUIREMENTS
FIRM YIELD
(1:50 YEAR)
M m3
Theewaterskloof Dam/
Kleinplaas Dam
DWAF
DWAF
43%
219
Voëlvlei Dam
DWAF
20%
105
Palmiet River
DWAF
7%
22,5
Wemmershoek Dam
CMC
15%
54
Steenbras Upper and
Steenbras Lower Dam
TOTAL
CMC
10,7%
40
Major Sources
440.5
Minor Sources
Simon’s Town:
Lewis Gay Dam
Kleinplaas
Land en Zeezicht Dam
(From Lourens River)
Table Mountain:
Woodhead
Hely-Hutchinson
De Villiers Dam
Victoria Dam
Alexandra Dam
GRAND TOTAL
CMC
0,4%
1,85
CMC
0,6%
0,5
CMC
1,5%
5**
98.2%*
447.85
*The balance of the total supply requirements is made up from the Atlantis Aquifer (1,5%) and Albion Springs
(0,3%).
** This figure includes Albion Spring.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
4.1.4 The Skuifraam Scheme and Other Future Water Resource
Schemes
The Skuifraam Dam and the Skuifraam Supplement Scheme are the next major
water resource schemes to be constructed in the Western Cape. DWAF is
responsible for the implementation of the two schemes.
The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry have stated that they are
satisfied that sufficient progress has been made by the CCT with respect to the
implementation of water demand management and that the implementation of
the Skuifraam Dam should proceed as a parallel process.
Further water augmentation schemes that could possibly be implemented in the
short to medium term include the Voëlvlei/Augmentation Scheme Phase I, the
Table Mountain Group Aquifer, the Cape Flats Aquifer, the Lourens River
Diversion Scheme and the Eerste River Diversion Scheme.
4.1.5 Current and Future Water Demands
The water demand of the CCT for the hydrological year ending October 2000
was 851 Ml/day (including UAW and bulk losses in bulk pipelines) with a
distribution as indicated in Figure 4.1. These figures will be updated as soon as
the latest water demand readings have been verified. The City is also
responsible for the supply of a further 59 Ml/d to Paarl and Wellington situated
in the Drakenstein Municipality. The total bulk water supplied by CCT in within
and outside the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA) for the hydrological year ending
October 2000 was 910 Ml/d as also indicated on in Figure 4.1.
The historic trend of the total bulk water supplied by the CCT between 1973
and 1997 is shown in Figure 4.2. Based on this graph the estimated water
demand would increase to between 1020 and 1200 Ml/d by 2006 by assuming the
historic trend of 4%. The Integrated Water Resource Planning Study assumed
that the future unconstrained growth rate for water demand would be 3%. This
would translate to an estimated water demand of 1100 Ml/d by 2006. The
implementation of the recommendations contained in the Integrated Water
Resource Planning (IWRP) study, which include interalia pressure management,
user education, elimination of automatic flushing urinals, leakage repair, tariffs,
metering and credit control, could reduce this water demand to an estimated
940 Ml/d. The IWRP study is further discussed in section 4.2 of this report.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
4.1.6 Effluent Returned to Source
The total wastewater flow generated within the CCT amounted to 528 Ml/d,
including stormwater infiltration, for the year ending June 2000 or
approximately 66% of the total bulk water demand. Other statistics concerning
wastewater are:
Approximately 33.5 Ml/d (6.5%) of wastewater is discharged directly via
marine outfall sewers;
• 52 992 tonnes/annum of dry sludge is produced;
• Approximately 9% of treated effluent is re-used.
As for water demand, the same factors mentioned would also impact on the
future wastewater flow but also the provision of on-site sanitation, which would
result in a reduction of the future sewer flows, and maintenance to reduce
stormwater infiltration.
•
4.1.7 Unaccounted-for-water (UAW) Analysis
UAW is the total amount of water losses or unmetered water. It varies
geographically with the highest UAW figures generally recorded in the lowincome areas. The UAW is dependent on the following indirect and direct
factors:
Indirectly:
Pressure in the distribution system,
Age of the distribution system,
Density of connections and length of pipelines,
Management and operation of the system,
Infrastructure
Land use
% service connections metered
Directly:
Mains leaks
Service connection leaks
Reservoir overflows
Metering inaccuracies
Illegal connections
Unbilled consumption
Limited information was available to accurately calculate the UAW. The
Integrated Water Resource Planning Study estimated that the CCT UAW is
approximately 198 Ml/d or 23% of the total bulk water consumption. Further
investigation is required to accurately determine the UAW which can only be
performed on a suburb or bulk distribution zone basis. This entails the
comparison of bulk water meter records with the water sales in each zone based
on individual meter records. Such detailed investigations have been performed
for the Blaauwberg, Helderberg, Oostenberg, Tygerberg (Central, West and
South) and South Peninsula, but need to be expanded to the other areas, i.e
Cape Town and Tygerberg Coastal, North and East. The UAW for all areas per
distribution zone needs to be monitored on a continuous basis.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
Figure 4.1 Existing Water Demand Distribution
Current Water Demand of the CCT
Current Water Demand of the CMA
Total = 851 Ml/d
Total = 910 Ml/d
Paarl
5.1% (47
UAW
Ml/d)
Wellington
Rural & Other
1.2% (11 Ml/d)
0.5% (0.5
Ml/d)
23% (198 Ml/d)
Large Users
14% (123 Ml/d)
CCT Total
Other
5% (41 Ml/d)
Industrial
incl. Bulk
Residential
Bus./Comm.
4% (38 Ml/d) 5% (41 Ml/d)
Losses
49% (410 Ml/d)
93% (851
Ml/d)
Figure 4.2 Future Water Demand Projection based on Historic Trend
Bulk Water Consumption Projection Based on Historical AADD*
1200
1100
1000
AADD (Ml/d)
900
800
700
600
500
Result of Water Restrictions
400
300
200
100
0
1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Date
Historical
Linear Trend
Current Trend at 4 % p.a.
* This graph includes the bulk water supplied to areas outside the CMA
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
IWRP Study
Figure 4.3 Existing Water Supply Resources and Location of Potential Future
Schemes
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
4.2 Integrated Water Resource Planning
4.2.1 Background
Towards the end of 1999 the former Cape Metropolitan Council (CMC) identified
to the need to adopt an integrated water resource planning approach to manage
the future water demand in the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA). In order to
achieve this objective, the CMC appointed a consortium of Ninham Shand and
Arcus Gibb in December 1999 to carry out an “ Integrated Water Resource
Planning” (IWRP) study GO TO. The aim of the IWRP Study was to investigate at
pre-feasibility level various water demand management initiatives along with 3
small water supply augmentation schemes. The study considered the technical,
institutional, socio-economic, environmental and financial aspects of the options
using a multi-criteria decision making analysis. Recommendations to the CMC on
where to focus their resources and attentions with the aim of meeting and
managing the water demand within the CMA were made.
During the course of the IWRP Study it became apparent that further planning
integration should take place with potential water supply schemes outside the
CMA. The schemes considered that were outside the CMA are: the Voëlvlei
Augmentation Scheme and the Table Mountain Group Aquifer. A study of these
schemes together with the potential for desalination paints a more holistic
picture of the water resources which could potentially be available to the CMA
over the medium term.
4.2.2 Discussion and results of the IWRP Study
The total water demand of the CCT, West Coast Municipality and Agriculture is
currently in excess of the available supply by approximately 8 %. This situation
would progressively deteriorate if the growth in water demand were allowed to
continue unabated. Water restrictions of increasing severity would become the
norm and the restrictions would eventually detrimentally affect the economy of
the Western Cape. There exists three ways to balance the water demand figure
to the water supply figures, namely to implement measures to:
1)
2)
3)
reduce the demand over a period of time;
increase the water supply available;
reduce the demand and increase the supply simultaneously.
The long term planning and implementation of water demand management
initiatives and water supply schemes should be based on achieving a balance
between projected growth in water demand and the available supply in order to
ensure a 98 % level of supply assurance in the long term.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
The option of imposing restrictions is a short-term management tool and would
be unacceptable in the long term. Given the current level of risk, restrictions
may however have to be implemented prior to the completion of Skuifraam Dam,
dependent on the amount of winter rainfall received. The results of the IWRP
study indicate that a significant saving in water demand could be achieved
through the implementation of water demand management initiatives. In
comparison to the water supply options, the water demand management
initiatives would have a significantly lower implementation cost, could be
implemented in a shorter time frame and were generally more environmentally
and socially acceptable. Based on the IWRP Study, three “packages” have been
identified for implementation, namely:
•
•
•
water demand management options that can be implemented by the CCT
(Package 1);
water demand management options to be implemented by individual
consumers (Package 2); and
supply augmentation options to be implemented by the CCT (Package 3).
Package 1 comprises of the following initiatives:
• Pressure Management
• User Education
• The elimination of all Automatic Flushing Urinals
• Leakage repair and
• Tariffs, Metering and Credit Control
Package 2 consists of the following initiatives:
• Promotion of Private Boreholes
• Introduction of Water Efficient Fittings
• Promotion of Grey-water use
It is anticipated that Package 3 would consist of the implementation of the
Voelvlei Augmentation Scheme as the next water supply augmentation scheme.
In parallel to this it is recommended that a further feasibility study be carried
out on the Table Mountain Group Aquifer, including exploratory boreholes (a
pilot Scheme) in order to determine the possible yield and environmental impacts
associated with this potentially valuable water resource. Detailed monitoring
and evaluation would have to be carried out to determine the effects of
exploitation. In order to alleviate the pressure on the current available water
supply sources and reduce the risk of imposing ever increasingly severe water
restrictions, the implementation of all of the water demand management
initiatives in both packages 1 and 2 will have to be accelerated/initiated. In
addition to this, the planning and implementation of additional water supply
schemes (Package 3) will have to commence.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
The implementation of Packages 1 & 2 have been accepted by Council as part of
the Water Demand Management Strategy.
Future Packages: Alternative Water Supply Schemes
• The Table Mountain Group Aquifer (exploitation is dependent on both the
potential yield and the environmental impacts indicated by the pilot
study)
• The Lourens River
• use of Treated Wastewater for Local Urban Irrigation and Industrial;
• the Cape Flats Aquifer;
• the Eerste River Diversion;
• use of Treated Wastewater for Commercial Irrigation Farmers;
• Treated Wastewater Reclaimed to Potable Standard
• Desalination of Sea Water
The impact of Package 1 and 2 on the total water consumed within the CMA, as
well as the areas supplied by the CCT outside the CMA, is indicated in Figure 4.4
below.
Figure 4.4 Impact of Packages 1+2 on Future Water Demand
Urban water demand for CCT - Package 1 + 2
550
Million m3/a
500
450
No savings scenario @ 3%
400
350
300
Packages 1 & 2
250
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Year
Figure 4.5 shows the effect of implementing Packages 1 and 2 on the overall
demand for water from both the urban and agricultural sectors against the
water availability for supply at a 98% level of assurance. In this figure it has
been assumed that the yield from the proposed Skuifraam Dam will be available
from the year 2006.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
Figure 4.5 Impact of Packages 1+2 on Future Water Demand (Overall)
Overall water demand - Package 1+2
650
No Savings
Package 1+2
Yield
600
Million m3/a
550
500
450
400
350
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Year
Figure 4.6 Impact of Package 1-3 on Water Demand of Total Supply Area
Overall demand - Package 1+2+3
850
No Savings
Package 1+2+3
Yield
Million m3/a
750
650
550
450
350
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
Year
Please note that all graphs reflect the supply and demand from major sources
only and not from the minor sources. The growth rate in water demand assumed
for West Coast District Municipality (WCDM) was 3% per annum. The latest
demand projection obtained from WCDM indicates that their future growth rate
in water demand could be as much as 10% per annum. This will impact on the
abovementioned analysis and further increase the disparity between the water
demand and the available supply at a 98% level of supply assurance.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
2020
Figure 4.6 above shows the total water demand (urban and agriculture) from the
main water resources supplying the Cape Metropolitan Area and the assured
supply of those resources. The available supply before 2006 assumes that
Skuifraam Dam and the Voëlvlei Augmentation schemes have been implemented.
The graph shows that the actual water demand exceeded available supply (at a
98 % level of assurance) in 1999. Should water demand in the urban and
agricultural sectors be allowed to grow unrestricted, it would not be possible to
supply future water needs in an affordable and sustainable manner and water
demand would far exceed assured supply (with no addition of augmentation
schemes). With the implementation of effective Water Demand Management
initiatives, it is anticipated that a significant reduction in water demand can be
achieved.
In order to alleviate the pressure on the current available water supply sources
and reduce the risk of imposing ever increasingly severe water restrictions, it is
crucial that the implementation of all of the water demand management
initiatives be accelerated, whilst implementing construction of the Skuifraam
Dam.
4.3 Water Demand Management (WDM)
A WDM Policy GO TO and WDM Strategy GO TO have been accepted by the CCT,
which has the main objective of reducing the projected demand for water by at
least 20% by the year 2010. Some of the key objectives identified in the WDM
Policy are:
• Equity. Universal access to quality water supplies, with a guaranteed
minimum level of service, through a metered connection.
• Sustainability. To ensure an acceptable level of assured water supply for
future generations.
• Affordability. To ensure that water services remain affordable.
• Reduce the projected demand for water by 20% (or more) by the year
2010.
• Encourage, educate, promote and where appropriate, legislate the optimal
use of water.
• Maximise the use of alternative sources such as wastewater effluent,
boreholes etc.
• Minimise the loss of water.
The Policy contained the following principles to inform the development of this
policy and future implementation plans:
• Water is a strategic, precious and scarce resource.
• The waste of water shall not be tolerated.
• All consumptive water use shall be measured and accounted for.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
Based on these principles the WDM Strategy was formulated which identified
the following strategies:
• Identify “Champions” for Water Demand Management amongst Politicians
and define their role of promoting WDM within the community and within
the Municipality;
• Raise the profile and priority of WDM in the organization in order to
achieve the objectives set out in the Policy and in this Strategy;
• Prepare comprehensive Business Plans for each of the Water Divisions in
respect of allocated Water Demand Management initiatives;
• Draft a municipal policy to ensure wise water use within the Municipality;
• Develop an appropriate Water Services Bylaw to legislate the optimal use
of water, incorporating the essential water demand management
requirements to limit the inefficient and wasteful use of water;
• Leakage and waste minimization through the planning, design,
construction, operation and monitoring of suitably located District
Metering Areas and pressure management systems;
• Promote the optimal use of water by consumers through education
awareness programmes and projects;
• The removal and prohibition of all Automatic Flushing Urinals (AFUs);
• . Minimize water losses in low-income housing through targeted plumbing
repairs and education programmes;
• Continually optimise tariff structures, ensure universal metering and
billing and a rate of payment that makes financial viability certain;
• Maximize the use of alternative sources of water;
• Make strong representations to the SABS to draft a National
Performance Standard for water fittings, appliances and devices.
For the Draft 5 year WDM Programme refer to the document entitled
“WDM_Prog” GO TO.
4.4 Water Restrictions
Water resources in the Western Cape are normally assessed at the end of the
hydrological year, after the normal winter rainfall period (end October) and at
the onset of the winter rainfall period (end May). The assessment is done by
means of a sophisticated stochastic computer model, jointly set up by the
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and the City of Cape Town. The
model assesses the total demand for water in the region i.e. urban and
agriculture over a number of years against the expected inflow into the various
dams during drought years at various risks of occurrence. On the basis of the
planning model results informed decisions are made in order to optimise existing
resources and on the need for water restrictions and the required severity
thereof in order to avoid failure of supply for the next successive years.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
The need for water restrictions is determined not only by the level of the water
in the dams, but also by factors such as the projected growth in water demand,
and the implementation date of future water resource augmentation schemes.
Level 1 water restrictions (10% saving required), such as the restrictions that
were recently enforced, are applied earlier rather than later, in order to ensure
that the City of Cape Town would have sufficient water to last through a
drought cycle (a number of very dry winters). Level 2 restrictions that would
require a 25% saving and also negative impact on industry, would only be applied
if Level 1 restrictions were not having the desired affect or under severe
draught conditions. It is better to introduce Level 1 restrictions at an early
stage than reach a situation where it may be necessary to implement Level 2
water restriction which could negatively affect the economy of the Western
Cape.
The make up of the restrictions imposed from 1 November 2000 to 30
September 2001 was part punitive and part good water demand practice. The
City of Cape Town has lifted the punitive portion of the restrictions (i.e. limited
1 hour watering on alternate days), but has maintained the restricted watering
hours component (i.e. before 10:00 and after 16:00) as this is deemed to be good
water practice.
The fact that restrictions have been lifted, does not guarantee that water
restrictions will not be imposed again at the end of next winter. The need for
future restrictions will depend on both the amount of rainfall which falls next
winter, the predicted water demand in both the urban and agricultural sectors
as well as the impact of water demand management.
One must not confuse water restrictions with water demand management.
Water restrictions are punitive measures to reduce water demand and should be
applied judiciously when circumstances such as droughts necessitate the
implementation thereof.
Water demand management on the other hand
comprises good water demand practices and is the responsibility of all the
authorities and water users. Good water demand practices, which will be
contained in the proposed City of Cape Town Water By-laws, will also lead to a
reduction in water consumption.
4.5 Re-use of Treated Wastewater Effluent
At the Water and Waste Committee meeting of the former Cape Metropolitan
Council, held in February 2000, the Committee resolved that "a principal policy
objective to move towards the long-term goal of achieving zero effluent
discharge during summer months for all wastewater treatment works in the CMA
be adopted and actively supported".
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP
The "Integrated Water Resource Planning Study" determined the potential for
effluent re-use at a pre-feasibility level. The CCT has appointed consultants to
refine the work carried out in the IWRP Study, focusing on potential treated
effluent re-use from the Athlone WWTW, Borcherds Quarry WWTW and the
Belville WWTW.
GEUSTYN LOUBSER STREICHER & PALMER DEVELOPMENT GROUP