'A
C L A 55S F iC
A T 1 O N4
R E*C E P T 0 N
C E N T E R for the Ohio Division of Corrections
Bubnitted August twenty-fourth nineteen hundred and fifty-one in partial fulfillment of the require:ments for the degree laster in Architecture
Nicholas A. Tekusha
Professor Lawrence B. Anderson ead of Department of Architecture
1,assachusetts Institute of Technology

ABSTRACT
A Classification Reception Center for the
Ohio Division of Corrections.
by Nicholas A Tekushan submitted for the degree of Master in Architecture in the
Department of Architecture on August 24, 1951.
The purpose of the New Penology is the long-range protection of society. The emphasis on the method by which this can be best accompltshed is currently shifting from more punitive confinement to diagnosis and rehabilitation with individualization in the treatment of offenders as the key thought.
Classification is fundamentally a method of coordinating diagnosis and treatment throughout the correctional process.
The Classification Recention Center with a well-trained professional staff forms the hub of a correctional system. All adjudged offenders are committed to this specialized Center for diagnosis, for classification and for transfer to the proper treatment institution.
The Ohio application represents an architectural case study based on a required housing capacity of seven hundred and fifty offenders and a period of stay of ninety days. The study deals with program development, site selection and design analysis. Plans and elevations are included.

The Graduate House, M.I.T.
305 Memorial Drive
Cambridge 39, Massachusetts
August 24, 1951
Dean Pietro Belluschi
School of Architecture and Planning
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Dear Dean Belluschi:
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
"A Classification Reception Center for the Ohio Division of
A.

ACKNOWLEWGMENT
I wish to express my appreciation to the following for the assistance extended me during the course of my thesis work.
In the Field of'
Mr, Maury C. Koblentz, Assistant Chief
Ohio Division of Corrections, Columbusp Ohio
Mr. Henry J. Mascarello, Executive Director
United Prison Association of Massachusetts
Boston, Massachusetts
Mr. George W. 5lade, Director of Public Information
United Prison Association of Massachusetts
Mr. Roberts J. Wright, Assistant Secretary
American Prison Association, New York, N.Y.
In Governmental Agencies:-'
Mr. Clements, Director
Franklin County Planning Commission, Columbus, Ohio
Mr. Sam DeVoss
Franklin County Building Department, Columbus, Ohio
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology:
The following faculty members of the School of
Architecture and Planningi
Professor Lawrence B. Anderson
Professor Herbert L. Beckwith
Professor William H. Brown
Professor Kevin A. Lynch
Professor Robert B. Newman
Mr. Thomas McNulty
David M. Pellish, Graduate Student in City Planning
A. Gordon Wheler, Jr., Graduate Student in Sanittry
Engineering

TO
W.H.B.
to whom
A Classification Reception Center for the
Ohio Division of Corrections
is still a
"Pokey"

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
ABSTRACT
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL
ACKNOWLEDGMFi1aTS
A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF PENOLOG-Y IN THE UNITED STATES 1
TOWARDS A NEWi CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION
The Theories of Crime 5
The Objectives of the New Penology 7
The Function of the Classification Reception Center 9
The Form of the New Institution 12
THE OHIO- APPLICATION
-
A CASE STUDY
The Need 16
Program Development 19
20 Receiving and Classification
Admini stration
Housing
26
28
Educational Facilities
Recreational Facilities
Kitchen and Dining Facilities
Inmate Service Center
Medical Facilities
Security
Adjunct Facilities
31
36
39
43
47
50
53

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Site Selection
General Site Considerations 56
56
Urban Centers Considered 57
59
Railroad Facilities
Relationship to Air Transportation
59
60
61
61
63
65
66
68

ILUJSTRATIONS
A.
B.
C,
D.
E.
F.
Organization Chart
Classification Procedure
Commitments by County and by Age to
Ohio State Correctional Institutions
(Male felons 16 years of age and over)
Map showing Principal Highways and
Passenger Railroade serving Central Ohio
Franklin County Map indicating Growth
Pattern and Principal Highways and
Railroads serving West and South Areas of County
Photographs showing General Character of
Terrain
Following
Page
64
57
59
20
20
57

"Society takes upon itself the right to inflict appalling punishment on an individual, but it also has the supreme vice of shallowness and fails to realize what is has done.
When the man's punishment is over, it leaves him to himself ..... it abandons him at the very moment when its highest duty towards him begins."
Oscar Wilde in DeProfundis (1905)

A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF PENOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES
The substitution of imprisonment for corporal punishment in America had its inception in Philadelphia under the guiding hand of the Society of Friends or Quakers. Tho zealous efforts of the Quaker reformers and other interested persons, through the Philadelphia Prison Society, led to the renovation of the Walnut Street Jail in 1790 and the establishment there of a state penitentiary.
1
Prior to that time prisons were used primarily for the detention of persons awaiting trial and for the confinement of debtors. Misdemeanants and felons were either fined or, if less fortunate, were subjected to various rather brutal forms of corporal punishment.
The act establishing the new system of prison managemen-t and treatment instituted in the Walnut Street Jail called for solitary confinement and hard work as reform measures.
As the word penitentiary would indicate, the Quakers felt that solitary cellular confinement would induce reflection and penitence.
Out of this experiment grew the Pennsylvania or Separate
System of prison discipline, probably first put into complete and systematic operatlion in the Eastern State

Penitentiary built in Philadelphia in 1829.
The Pennsylvania System established the architectural pattern of outside cells with a central corridor and the use of the radiating-wing type of cell block.
Under this system the prisoner lived and worked in solitude; in fact, often the only humans the prisoner ever saw were the keeper and the prison chaplain. The prolonged silence, needless to say, left many mentally unfit for release into society.
The Auburn State Prison in New York built in 1816 represents somewhat of a departure from the Pennsylvania System.
Under the Auburn or Silent System, a prisoner was confined in a single cell at night and worked in silence in a workshop with fellow prisoners during the day. In addition to the manufactured goods turned out, this system of forced silence also produced quite a number of inarticulate introverts.
The cells at the Auburn State Prison were just high enough to stand in, long enough to lie in and wide enough to stretch your arms in, one at a time. The cells were built back to back in rows, tier upon tier, with all openings on outside corridors. Although larger cells were used in later installations, the Auburn State Prison did establish the architectural pattern of rectangular cell houses and inside cell blocks.

13
Time and experience finally showed that to punish, abase and mentally incapacitate human beings was not exactly con-& ducive to reformation.
In the Reformatory System first introduced in this country in 1876 at Elmira, New York, rehabilitation was given priority over punishment as the purpose of incarceration.
The Reformatory System followed the pattern of the Irish
Prison System introduced several years earlier in Europe.
At the Elmira Reformatory the rules on silence were relaxed, and an incentive grading system which permitted a shortening of the time of imprisonment through the act of good behavior was substituted for the definite sentence.
Unfortunately, the physical plant of the Elmira Reformatory was designed for maximum security, and many later reformatories followed the same oppressive pattern. This deplorable persistency has undoubtedly handicapped reformatory work considerably.
The United States Bureau of Prisons makes this interesting observation 1
.
"The Auburn system won out over the Pennsylvania system in the United States and has dominated our
1 Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construction, United States Bureau of Prisons, Washington, 1949, p 31.

prison administration and construction ever since that time. This triumph of the Auburn system was due In part to the fact that shop industry was more productive and profitable than work carried on in individual cells, thus offering a more favorable economic prospect than the Pennsylvania plan."
4
The introduction of the reformatory was definitely a recognition of the importance of inmate classification and most certainly indicated a modification in the prevailing theory of crimei

TOWARDS A NEW CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION
(J The Theories of Crime
The classical theory of crime is based upon the assumption that right is always right and wrong is always wrong and that man is free to make his choice irrespective of his psychological make-up and the circumstances involved.
The classical theory, then, ignores sociological and psychological factors almost entirely and subscribes to the philosophy that the nature of the crime can be the only basis for the measurement of a mants depravity. This theory prevailed from primitive time up to the latter part of the eighteen hundreds with little modification.
5
Evidence of the popularity of the classical theory can be found even in the works of Gilbert and Sullivan. For example, in Act 11 of the operetta, The Mikado, written in 1885, the Mikado sings out:
"The billiard sharp whom anyone catches
His doom's extremely hard
He's made to dwell -
In a dungeon cell
On a spot that's always barred
And there he plays extravagant matches
In fitless finger-stalls

On a cloth untrue
With a twisted cue
And elliptical billiard ballse
My object all sublime
I shall acheive in time -
To let the punishment fit the crime -
The punishment fit the crime,"
Advances in psychology and sociology, however, paved the way for the positivist theory according to which there must be an individual interpretation in each case taking into consideration not only the nature of the crime committed but also the psychological make-up of the criminal and tho circumstances under which he committed the crime,
Hereditary and congenital handicaps and sociological factors all enter into such an interpretation.
It is in this direction that lie the objectives of the
New Ponology.
6

7 qp The Objectives of the New Penology
It is generally agreed that basically the primary purpose of penal-institutions is the immediate and long-range protoction of society. The nopular argument is that imprisonment not only incapacitates individuals from committing crimes during the period of incarceration, but that, as a threat, it deters others and that, as punishment, it results in the reformation of some criminals.
It is interesting to note here that over 95% of all prisoners are eventually returned to society, most of them within a relatively short time. If the socially-maladjusted individual is.not treated for this malady, if, as is frequently the case, the prison experience not only fails to bring about an improvement in the character of the offender but actually contributes to the individual's degeneration, then, ironically, the public is actually maintaining at considerable expense to itself a socially-destructive institution.
Professor Frank Tannenbauml observes that the New Penology
has "three definite and inescapable objectives" which are actually interconnected.
(1) "The prison system must prevent the deterioration
Tannenbaum, Frank, Crime and the Communit, Ginn and
Company, Boston, 1938,
Pp 404-405.

8 which is an almost inevitable by-product of confine~ ment. It must seek to prevent the regression, the
Introversion, the self-centering, the substitution of imaginary for real interests, the tendency to day- dreaming, the disposition to cast back to previous satisfying experience as a substitute for the lack of current experience."
(2) "Secondly, the prison must seek to break down undesirable habits which the individual brought with him into the prison.1t
(3) it....it must go further and deliberately seek to inculcate new habits and interests."
Individualizntion in the treatment of criminals is then the guiding thought behind the New Penology. To accomplish the ends mentioned above, it is important that the inmates be kept busy doing new things, acquiring new skills and securing new interests.
The purpose of the New Penology, then, is the long-range protection of society; and it is ossentially the emphasis on the method by which this can be best accomplished that is changing -changing from mere punitive confinement to diagnosis and rehabilitation -- changing from a passive method to an active method.

The Function of the Classification Reception Center
Edmund R. East 1 observes that classification "has two distinct applications predicated, however, upon the same basic principles and objectiven and interrelated in operation.
"There is, first," he notes, "a classification of institution within a given correctional system wherein each institution is designed by structure, program and personnel to treat a certain type offender; second, there isthe classification, i.e., systematic study and individualized treatment, of offenders within each institution."
9
Classification, then, is fundamentally a method of coordinating diagnosis and treatment throughout the correctional process.
There are at present three types of classification systems in the United States.
(a) The Classification Clinic
The Classification Clinic is actually a diagnostic unit within an institution. Under the clinic arrangement diagnostic reports with recommendations are made to the administrative autiorities by professional
1 East, Edmund R., Classification Reception Centers, J.Crim,
Law, 36: 243-8, November 1945, p 243.

10 personnel. The objectiong to the clinical unit are twofold:
(1) There is no assurance that the diagnostic report will be used and
(2) There is no connection in procedure between diagnosis and treatment.
(b) The Integrated Classification System
The Integrated Classification System is one in which the classification committee consists of both the professional and administrative personnel of an institution. Here the professional staff handles the development of the diagnostic material, but the classification committee consisting of both professional and administrative personnel enters into the translation of this material into a treatment program. The major objection to this type of integrated unit lies in the fact that technically it makes the professional personnel subservient to the administration and its needs and, therefore, makes it possible to relegate proper classification to a secondary position in the institution's program.
(c) The Classification Reception Center
Under the Classification Reception Center setup adjudged offenders are committed to this specialized

11 center for diagnosis, for classification and for transfer to the proper treatment institution. Under this plan each treatment institution must also have a classification organization which will observe the effects of the recommended program on the individual and suggest reclassification when this is deemed necessary.
By delegating the responsibility for collecting diagnostic information to one such center, greater specialization is permitted and a more accurate designation of treatment institution and treatment program is assured. The Classification Reception
Center as a separate unit is practical, however, only in the larger states.
The American Prison Association1 feels that at the present time "reception centers would achieve their greatest usefulness and best efficiency if located outside of, and administratively separated from, any other institution".
Undoubtedly, the Classification Reception Center is the hub of the correctional system under the New Penology.
1 Handbook on Classification in Correction Institutions,
American Prison Association, New York City, 1947, p 24.

12
4 The Physical Form of the New Center
Several of the more progressive states already have fairly large Classification Reception Centers in operation. To the best of my knowledge, however, not one of these Centers operates in a physical plant designed expressly for that purpose. In short, there is no prototype in existence.
One of the largest units and probably the most publicized for its work is the New York Reception Center located at the Elmira Reformatory. The Department of Correction of the State of New York gives the following description of the physical facilities of the unit
1
.
"The Reception Center occupies a unit of Elmira
Reformatory paralleling 375 feet of the north wall and including 132 feet of the east side or front of the Reformatory. The large cell block contains 352 outside cells; these are arranged in four tiers, 88 cells to a tier, and 44 cells on either side of each tier. The cellblock itself opens into the Reforma- tory auditorium at the far end, thereby providing easy access to the auditorium for motion pictures and
Protestant religious services. Catholic services are held in the Reformatory Catholic Chapel. The front end of the cellblock opens on one side into the yard
Reception Center, Department of Correction, State of
New York, 16-page pamphlet, August 1948.

13 between the Reception Center cellblock and D block of the Reformatory, thereby providing an outdoor' recreation area 390 by 80 feet. In addition to the large cellblock there is a small cellblock which originally contained 64 inside cells. Nineteen of these cells have been removed or taken over for storeroom, employees' toilets, and other purposes, leaving
45 cells for additional inmate housing. Seven cells on the lower tier of B block are now used for segregation purposes and 14 on the upper tier next to the medical unit are used for an infirmary. There is, therefore, overall regular housing accommodation for,
376 inmates.
"In addition to the cellblocks, there are six areas, each 50 feet by 50 feet, which have been altered to provide the necessary offices and space for program activities. These areas house the following facilities:
(1) Business and administrative offices.
(2) Medical unit including examination room, drug room and laboratory; the Chaplains' offices; the parole office.
(3)
(4)
Exploratory vocational shop,
Recreational room.
(5) Psychological and psychiatric unit.
(6) Classrooms and library.

14
"The ground floor has been altered to include front entrance, key room, visiting room, receiving and package room, clothing room, shower room and barber shop.
"The Reception Center is, therefore, self-sufficient except for the following facilities and services which are provided by Elmira Reformatory.
(1) Kitchen and messhall. Reception Center inmates eat at different times than Reformatory inmates.
(2) Laundry.
(3) Maintenance and reOairs,
(4) Hospital, for serious illness and emergency cases only. All physical examinations and treatment of minor illnesses are handled in the
Reception Center. There are rarely more than one or two Reception Center inmates in the Elmira
Reformatory hospital.
(5) Utilities, power, light, heat and water."
Because offenders committed to a Classification Reception
Center are generally unknown quantities, there is an inclination to overstress security and, hence, to turn to existing correctional institutions with their tool-proof steel and massive walls for inspiration This will only inhibit the architect's imagination.

15.
It is up to the architect to construct a new physical environmentt one which will have a favorable psychological effect on the newly-committed offender; one in which the aims of the New Penology classification, segregation and rehabilitation can be effectively carried out; yet one which provides for an adequate degree of security.

16
} THE OHIO APPLICATION A CASE STUDY
The Need.
During the two years or so since the Division of Corrections has been activated under the Department of Public
Welfare of the State of Ohio, great strides have been made in providing the State with a progressive correctional system.
Realizing that a Classification Reception Center would be of little use until facilities were available to carry out the segregation and individual rehabilitation recommendations of the Center, the Division of Corrections conducted several classification studies of inmate population to determine the facilities that would be required. The
Department of Public Welfare in 1949 recommended as a minimum
(a) The retention and remodeling of the Ohio Penitentiary as a maximum security institution;
(b) The conversion of the Ohio State Reformatory at
Mansfield into a medium security penitentiary;
(c) The retention of the London Prison Farm as a minimum security unit;
(d) The erection of a new Training School at Marion;
(e) The erection of a new psychopahic unit at the Lima
State Hospital and

(f) The erection of a new defective delinquent unit at the Lima State Hospital.
17
When operating as planned, these institutions would have the capacities indicated below.
Unit Capacity
Ohio Penitentiary (maximum security)
Mansfield Penitentiary (medium security)
2,400
2,000
London Prison Farm (minimum security) 2,500
Marion Training School (minimum security) 1,500
Psychopethic Unit Lima State Hospital 600
Defective Delinquent Unit - Lima State Hospital 600
With these institutions as a basis the Department of Public
Welfare has further recommended:
(a) The enactment of enabling legislation to provide for a central receiving center to which all male felons
16 years old and over would be committed for observation, classification and segregation; and
(b) The enactment of enabling legislation that would authorize the Classification Reception Center to assign an offender to the institution which could best carry out the individual treatment program recommended.
The courts, then, would commit the offender to the Classification Reception Center rather than to a specific penitentiary or reformatory as is the current practice,

18
As a result of the experimental classification studies made over the past couple of years in Ohio, it is recommended that the period of stay at the Center be set at ninety days.
On the basis of court commitments over the preceding years, with provisions for expansion taken into consideration, it is further recommended that adequate facilities be provided for a maximum capacity of 750 offenders.
In determining the best location for the Center, consideration should be given the economic possibility of erecting next to it at some future date a new Ohio Penitentiary to replace the present plant built in 1834 in what has since become the heart of Columbus' commercial district.

19
Program Development
For purposes of simplification the study of the program has been divided into the followin5 admittedly interrelated sections.
(a) Receiving and Classification
(b)
(a) Housins
(d) Educational Facilities
(e) Recreational Facilities
(f) Kitchen and Dining Facilities
(g) Inmate Service Center
(h)
(1) security
(j)
The minimum staff requirements recommended by the American
Prison Association for a Classification Reception Center
375
1
1 For these requirements see Appendix.'

20
Receiving and Classification
The two graphical charts, Organization Chart Classification Reception Center and Classification Procedure, show the proposed operation of the Center probably more clearly and concisely than a written explanation.
Although the Classification Reception Center's program is an integrated procedure, it can for purposes of analysis
by divided into the following general sections.
(a) Reception Procedure.
(b) Testing and Interview Schedule#
(c) Activities Program.
(d) Classification Committee Procedure.
(e) Transfer.
The reception procedure, in turn, can further be subdivided into the following steps in the order given.
(a) Examination of Commitment Papers by Receiving Officer.
(b) Disposition of Personal Clothing.
(c) Bathing.
(d) Preliminary Medical Examination.
(e) Issuance of Clean Clothing.
(f) Completion of Details of Identification including:
(1) Fingerprinting,
(2) Photographing, and

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PENITENTIARY
MAX. SECURITYI
12400 CAPACITY
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M A R10C N
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600 CAPA CITY
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600 CAPACITY
C L A 5 5S I F I C. A T I ON P RO C E D U R E b

21
(3) Taking of other Identification Data.
The admission operation could be considerably simplified if commitments were received between certain hours only, say 9 in the morning to 3 in the afternoon on weekdays.
Because of the size of the State and the limited transportation facilities from some points, 9 to 5 would probably be more logical; and, consequently, some individual hold-over rooms would have to be provided for those arriving too late in the afternoon to be processed.
The testing and interview schedule for each man is prepared
by the Case Coordinator. During this period the inmate is given various psychological, mental, educational, mechanical aptitude, interest and personality tests. He is given a complete physical examination and interviewed by the chaplain, the psychologist, the psychiatrist, the educational supervisor, the vocational supervisor and the sociologist. The report of each of these staff members is submitted to the
Case Coordinator.
The inmatets program of activities during his stay is based on these tests and interviews. During this time, social community~and staff members can observe how the inmate reacts and adapts himself to the activities program.

The reports from the various departments are then combined into what is called an admission summary for presentation to the Classification Committee. Copies of this summary are furnished the members of the Classification Committee and the Ohio Division of Corrections. These copies are generally distributed one or two days before the Classification Committee meeting so that members may have an opportunity to review the complete report prior to the meeting.
22
As is indicated on the organizational chart of the Classification Reception Center, the Classification Committee consists oft
(a) The Director,
(b) The Assistant Director,
(c) The Case Coordinator,
(d) The Chief Custodial Officer,
(e) The Chief Psychologist,
(f) The Chief Psychiatrist, fg) The Chief Sociologist,
(h) The Chaplain,
(i) The Chief Medical Officer,
(j) The Educational Supervisor,
(k) The Vocational Supervisor, and
(1) The officer directly in charge of the housing unit to which the man is assigned.

23_.
After the future program and institution of the inmate is tentatively planned, the inmate is called in and given full opportunity to discuss the program with the Classification
Committee. It is considered important that the inmate know that the Classification Committee has taken an interest in planning for his future and that this planning was the result of the concerted effort of all on the staff.
Transfer to the appropriate institution follows.
The Committee on Classification and Case Work of the
American Prison Association presented this very effective summaryl of the importance of the reception-classification period,
",The reception period presents an opportunity for the members of the staff to get a clear picture and accurate estimation of each inmate. It gives the inmate an opportunity to ask questions and discuss problems which are causing him trouble, It helps him to accept the reality
of commitment, It makes him feel that he is being treated as a man and not as a number. He becomes interested in his own improvement And developmont when he realizes that he is planning with the staff his own program of rehabilitation,"
Handbook on Classification in Correctional Institutions,
American Prison Association, New York, 1947, p 46.

Receiving and Classification
Receiving Transfer
Receiving Lobby
Receiving-Transfer Office
Overnight Holding Rooms, 20 required
Processing Hold Room, with lavatory
Personal Clothing Inventory and Wrapping
Personal Clothing Storage*
Bathing and Dressing Area
Preliminary Medical Survey Room
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
250
300
4,000
500
150
300
600
225
500 Transfer Hold Room, with lavatory
Clothing Issuance Room
Bertillon Room, with Darkroom
Clothing Stock Room*
Staff Toilet
350
400
800
Corridors, stairs and so forth
75
2,100
10,550
* May be in basement.

Receiving and Classification
Class if
Classification Control Center
Waiting Area
Secretary's Office
Case Coordinatorts Office
Psychiatrists' Offices, 6 required
Psychologists' Offices, 6 required
Sociologists' Offices, 4 required
Interview Rooms for Social
Testing Room
Vault
General Clerical Office
Central Record Vault (recent records)
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
300
400
300
175
175
700
700
500
400
600
600
700
800
300
400 Classification Committee Room
Staff Conference Room
Staff Toilets
Inmate Toilet
Stock Room'
Corridors, stairs and so forth
500
200
30
150
2,670
10,600
25

26
Administration
Only thoso administrative functions that are not an integral part of other sections are included here.
Of these the visiting lounge offers many interesting design possibilities. The customary screen separating inmate and
visitor has given way to plain desks and tables in many correctional institutions. Possibly prison visiting can be made even more effective in promoting inmate adjustment*
Possibly the visiting room should be a large lounge visually broken up into small conversational groups where visitors
could sit comfortably and talk with their loved ones. The occasional dangerous person could be restricted to one of the small interview rooms, and the doubtful inmate would need only to be watched a little closer. Additional supervision, if considered necessary, could be provided for through such moans as the use of one-way glass.
For visiting to hove any therapeutic value, it seems important that inmates be permitted to v4isit as human beings.

Administration
Outside Security Perimeter
Entrance Lobby (Information, Waiting
Area, Product Display, Public
Toilets and Public Telephones)
Director's Office, with lavatory
Secretary's Office
Conference Room
Interview Rooms, 2 required
Business Office
Chief Clerk's Office, with Vault
General Office
Mail and Censoring Room
Staff Toilets
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
900
300
200
400
200
400
300
300
250
200
27
Inside Socurity Perimeter
Visiting Lounge
Interview Rooms, 2 required
Inmate Waiting Room, with Lavatory
Corridors, storage and services
700
200
175
1,425
5,950

28
Housine
The housing.problem in such a Center is complicated by the fact that offenders fall into every security classification from maximum to minimum. To design all the housing units on the basis of maximum security would obviously be both wasteful and psychologically undesirable.
Group segregstion in such an institution can probably be best achieved through the use of smaller housing units.
This makes it possible to easily increase or decrease inmate groupings on the basis of security by relatively small incroments or to easily take over a unit for medical purposes in case of an emergency. Segregation could further be effected without the usual feeling of isolation through the introduction of group recreational areas preferably near the entrance to each housing unit. Under this scheme each group would have its own outdoor area.
For maximum sunlight and fresh air outside rooms are preferred. There is also an expressed preference for individual rooms over congregate housing even though admittedly dormitory housing would not be as expensive. For one thing, an individual room can be made to look less institutional and provides some privacy to which an inmate is entitled. The use of single rooms also tends to minimize the problem of sexual perversion.

29
For outside rooms, the United States Bureau of Prisons recommends a space allocation
1 of 200 square feet per person. This includes provisions for corridors, stairs, toilets and so forth. Special segregation housing to take care of
3% of the inhates is also recommended.
Each room must have a water closet and lavatory. Shower fixture requirements
2 for congregate use are as follows,
1 to 6 inmates
7 to 16 inmates -
17 to 50 inmates
51 to 100 inmates -
1 fixture.
2 fixtures.
3 fixtures.
5 fixtures.
Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construetion, United States Bureau of Prisons, Washington, 1949, p 189.
2 Ibid., p 196.

Iou ing
General Housing,750 rooms
Segregation Housing, 20 rooms
Day.Rooms, one per housing unit
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
150,000
4,000
21,600
175,600

Educational Facilities
The fact that approximately 60% of the adjudged offenders committed to Ohio state correctional institutions in 1950 were under thirty years of age lends emphasis to the importance of a well-planned educational program as a p.tential rehabilitation measure.
31
The purpose of the education program at the Center will be:
(a) To determine the inmate't education needs and potentialities,
(b) To develop an understanding of desirable goals and social values,
(c) To implant confidence and the desire for self-improvement, and
(d) To recommend a suitable course of study which the inmate can pursue at the assigned institution and which will prepare him for release.
The educational program may be broken down into four general class if ications
1
.
(a) Social Education.
(b) General Academic Education.
(c) Vocational Education
1 Details for a comprehensive educational program may be found in the Manual of Suggested Standards for a State
Correctional System, American Prison Association, New
York, October 1946, Chapter 9, pp 1-4.

32
(d) Special Education for the Handicapped
The social education program will be essentially one of orientation designed to develop healthy attitudes and sound
social values. By encouraging the inmate to frankly express his feelings on social values, problems of adjustment, and education in general, the counselor can over a period of time usually evaluate the inmate's sincerity and the degree to which the inmate can control his emotions.
The general education program will consist mostly of short refresher and general interest courses intended to develop confidence and an urge for self-improvement. Because of the time element this portion of the program will not be very extensive.
The vocational shops are not intended to be used to teach inmates new trades during their short stay at the Center.
R ather, they are intended as exploratory or tryout units for use by picked groups. These shops will aid the counselor in determining the type of vocational program, if any, for which the inmate is best suited and in predicting the inmate's vocational adjustment.
The incorporation of maintenance work into the vocational program should also be considered. Some inmates may express a keen interest in, or because of a handicap may be best suited for, one of the services. Brief tryout periods may

be desirable in these cases. Some suggested applications are:
(a) Plant Maintenance,
(b) Laundry,
(c) Maintenance of Grounds, and
(d) Food Preparation and Service.
33
Since approximately 15% of the Center's inmate population will always be in quarantine, hospitalized or otherwise unavailable for the educational program, the number of shops and classrooms can be reduced accordingly.
The following formula should gXve a good approximation of the number of classrooms required.-
Total number of Average number of men available class hours per week for the program X per man
Average size of Number of available classes class hours per week
: Number of rooms required.
On the basis of approximately 35 men per classroom at six to nine hours per man per week, 9 units would be required. Two of these should be larger units for visual-aid use. This takes into consideration the fact that the average room with even a carefully prepared schedule will be used only about
70% of the available time.
1
Evenden, E.S., Strayer, G.D. and Engelhardt, N.L., Standards for College Buildings, Bureau of Publications, Teachers
College, Columbia University, New York City, 1938, pp 48-49.

Based on a capacity of 25 men per shop at six to nine hours per man per week, five tryout shops wi'th some diversity of equipment would be adequate to meet the needs of the vocational program.
-A4
In computing the required areas, the following recommendations for school design were used:
Classroomal
Shops
2
25 square feet per man
80 square feet per man
Based on applicable data in Time-Saver Standards, F.
W.
Dodge Corp., New York, 1st Edition, p 342.
2 Ibid. p 353.

Facilities
Exploratory Shops, 5 required
General Classrooms, 7 required
Visual Aid Classrooms, 2 required
Educational Supervisor's Office
Educational Counselors' Offices, 7
Vocational Supervisorts Office
Vocational Counselors' Offices, 5
General Offices, 2 required
Corridors, toilets, storage, etc.
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
10,000
6,125
3,500
300
700
300
500
600
7,275
30,500
35

36
Recreational Facilities.
The American Prison Associationi points out that recreational facilities are of great value:
(a) "as a disciplinary control measure,
(b) "as a positive factor in the mental and physical health of inmates,
(c) "as a wholesome outlet for energies that might otherwise find destructive outlets" and
(d) "as a neans of instruction in cooperation and teamwork.
Recreation, then, has its proper place in the rehabilitation program. To meet the diversified interests of such a group, quite a wide variety of sports should be provided. Provisions should also be made for rest areas, complete with grass, trees and benches, where older men could sit and watch the younger and more active participants.
The changing and shower room will replace the conventional gymnasium locker room. Instead, wire clothes baskets will
be furnished. These will be checked at the equipment and basket check room for the time that the inmate is participating in the recreational program. The changing and shower room, then, would be free of places where items could be easily concealed and free of all obstructions that might interfere with supervision.
Manual of Suggested Standards for a State Correctional
System, American Prison Association, New York, 1946,
Chapter 12, p 1.

A gymnasium
1 68 feet by 111 feet, somewhat larger than the standard basketball court, should be adequate. Such a gymnasium would accommodate three practice courts 35 feet by 60 feet.
37
Space allocations for most of the recreational facilities included in the program are based on data listed in Time-
Saver Standards,
2
1
Evenden, E.S., Strayer, G.D. and Engelhardt, N.L.,
Standards of College Buildings, Bureau of Publications,
Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, 1938, p 165.
2 Time-Saver Standards. F. W. Dodge Corp., New York, 1946,
1st Edition, pp 367-369.

Recreational Facilities
Indoor Activities
Gymnasium (90? x 135')
Individual Exercise Area (25' x 50')
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
12,150
6,000 Volleyball, 2 courts
Handball, 3 courts
Changing and Shower Room
2,400
6,000
Equipment and Basket Check Room
Offices
Corridors, storage and so forth
800
600
10,000
39,200
Outdoor Activities
Baseball Diamond
Softball Diamonds, 2 required
Touch Football (can overlap diamonds)
Volleyball, 2 courts
Quoits, 6 areas
Deck Tennis, 3 courts
Circulation and Rest Areas
97,500
100,000.
54,500
6,200
12,000
2,160
90,640
363,000
38

. 39
Kitchen and Dining Facilities
The inmate dining arrangement presents one of the most controversial problems in the design of a correctional institution,
Proponents of the large dining room argue that the central kitchen and dining room arrangement provides the most economical and efficient distribution of food.
The opponents point out that:
(a) The large dining room has been the scene of the great majority of prison riots,
(b) Segregetion of classified units is not achieved,
(c) The unnecessary amount of movement required in marching prisoners from the housing unit to the dining room and back just presents a greater guarding problem, and
(d) The large room is used only a few hours a day, whereas smaller dining rooms located adjacent to each housing unit could also be used for recreational purposes.
That the great majority of prison riots start in the large dining room and that segregation of classified units is not achieved under this arrangement is generally agreed.
If small dining rooms were located adjacent to each housing unit, however, adequate means would have to be provided for getting the food to the dining units. This would involve the use of

special, heated carts or some alternate means of food transp.ortation.
40 one over the other, hot food could be quickly dispatched
by dumb-waiter. Many feel, however, that the skyscraper has a definite institutional appearance and that psychologically, therefore, it would not be the happiest solution.
Small dining rooms in each housing unit would involve assig ing several men to dining room duties at each meal. Because of the schedule that each man rMust follow, especially during the first three or four weeks at the Center, this is not particularly desirable.
To provide a number of small dining rooms near the kitchen, on the other hand, would still involve the movement of inmates between the housing units and the dining rooms. This,
however, need not present a serious custodial problem if the serving schedule and circulation patterns are properly worked out, Considering the fact that the inmate spends most of his evenings and weekends in his housing unit, a walk to the dining room would probably be a very welcomed chan'e.
It is, therefore, proposed that a number of smaller dining rooms be provided with the serving and tray-washing equip" ment forming a core which could be easily supervised from

41 a central kitchen.
The United States Bureau of Prisons recommends the following space allocations.
1
Corridors, toilets and so forth are included.
(a) Dining facilities 17 square feet per person.
(b) Kitchen facilities 15 square feet per person.
Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construction, United States Bureau of Prisons, Washington, 1949, p 189.

Kitchen and Dining Facilities
Food PreDaration and Bakey
General Food Preparation Room
Meat Cutting Room (Refrigerated)
Vegetable Preparation Room
Vegetable Storage (Refrigerated)
Garbage Rofrigerator
Trash Room
Scullery, with Pot and Pan Storage
Kitchen Proper
Steward t s Office (centrally located)
Janitor's Closet (off of kitchen)
Inmate Locker and Lounge Room
Lavatory and Toilet Room (near lockers)
Soap and Detergent Closet
Appr
Requ in s
irements auare feet
13,500
Daily Store Room (coffee, extracts, etc.)
Staff Kitchen
Staff Dishwashing Room
Bakery, with Flour and Bread Storage
Inmate Dining
Staff Dining, 2 shifts
Staff Lounpe and Toilets
12,750
1,700
1,500
29,450

43
The library, auditorium, chapels, commissary, barber shop and band and choral room have been rather arbitrarily grouped
For the three major elements the United States Bureau of
Prisons has recommended the following space allocations.
1
(a) Library 5 square feet per inmate.
(b) Auditorium 10 square feet per inmate.
(c) Barber Shop 0.9 square feet per inmate.
It should also be noted in this connection that the American
Prison Association recommends
2 that the size of the library be based on a minimum of ten books per inmate, that shelving be provided for 85% of the collection and that seating
be provided for 5% of the institution's population. Additional shelving, however, should be provided to permit expansion within a book classification and thus avoid the frequent shifting of books. In schools
3 the stack space is generally increased 40% over the area required to shelve the collection.
1 Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construction, United States Bureau of Prisons, Washington, 1949, p 189.
2 Manual of Suggested Standards for a State Correctional
System, American Prison Association, New York, 1946,
Chapter 10, p 7.
3 Evenden, E.S., Strayer, G.D. and Engelhardt, N.L.,
Standards for College Buildings, Bureau of Publications,
Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City,
1938, p 148.

The open shelf system in which inmates are permitted to select their own books from the shelves is being adopted in the newer Federal correctional institutions. This has been found to be more effective in creating an interest in the library than the pickup and delivery system under which inmates were forced to choose their books from a printed list. The library should be kept open during the evening hours. For security reasons, therefore, it should be located more in relation to the housing units than with respect to the educational facilities.
The auditorium, it is felt, should not be designed to serve
a dual function. Entelhardt, Engelhardt and Leggetti note that "it is a physical impossibility to combine the char~ acteristics of a good auditorium and a good gymnasium into a successful hybrid."
A similar situation arises when an auditorium is made to serve as a chapel. For one thing, the religious atmosphere
is lacking.
In a gymnasium-auditorium, the use of portable seats presents both an administrative and, in such an institution, a security problem. Moreover, portable seats in an auditorium of any size constituto a definite fire and panic hazard.
Engelhardt, N.L., Engelhardt, NL.Jr., and Leggett, Stanton,
Planning Secondary School Buildings, Reinhold Publishing
Company, New York City, 1949, p 131.

45
Since a group of inmates will always be either in quarantine, hospitalized or otherwise restricted to their housing unit, the auditorium would have to provide seating for only
85% of the normal population and should be designed for both motion pictures and the occasional presentation of inmate skits.
A breakdown of the Ohio inmate population by religion shows the following relationship as average,
Protestant .
.
.
.
.
.
.
Catholia . .
. .
.
.
.
.
Other Religions .
.
.
.
27%
9% (Largest group 3%)
On this basis it is proposed that an undenominational chapel
be provided with a capacity of 50%. This would allow for some fluctuation in the size of the religious groups. On major religious holidays, such as Easter and Christmas, two
Protestant services could be held.

Inmate Service Center
Library
Auditorium,
Auditorium proper
Projection Booth
Dressing Rooms, 2 required
Storage
Chapel and Chaplains Offices
Chapel
Chaplains' Offices, 3 required
Commi ssary
Commissary Stores
Commissary Office
Barber Shop
Band and Choral Room
46
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
3,750
6,400
1,600
200
300
8,700
3,750
500
4,250
200
125

47
Medical Facilities
According to the United States Bureau of Prisons, medical facilitiesi should consist of an outpatient department or clinic designed to handle 10% to 20% of the Center's inmate population, plus an inpatient department with a capacity of
3% to 5% of the total inmates,
Since surgical cases will be transferred to the Ohio Perttentiary, an inpatient department with a capacity of 3% of the population should be sufficient, On this basis, a 25-bed hospital would be quite adequate. Should an emergency arise where the bed capacity of the hospital unit would be inadequate to handle all cases, a housing unit could be temporarily diverted to medical use.
The outpatient department, on the other hand, should probably be designed to handle closer to 20% of the inmate population because of the additional examination work inherent In this type of institution.
The medical facilities should be located reasonably near the receiving-transfer unit and the housing units.
1-Medical program requirements and approximate space allocations are based on the recommendations made, and typical layouts shown, in the Handbook of Correctional Institution
Washington, 1949, pp 262-281.

Medical Facilities
Clinic
Waiting Room
General Examincetion and Treatment Room
Physiotherapy Room
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
550
400
300
Hydrotherapy Room 300
Inmate Toilet, nenr Waiting Room 100
Eye, Ear, Node, and Throat Room
Assistant Medical Officer's and
Psychologist's Office
X-Ray Laboratory with Darkroom
300
300
450
250 Pharmacy
Clinical Laboratory
Medical Technical Assistant's Office
Clerical and Record Room
Chief Medical Officer's Office
250
175
300
250
600 Dental Clinic (3 rooms)
Office, Operating Room and Laboratory
Staff Toilet
Corridors, stairways and so forth
50
1,125
5,700
Medical Stores 750
Elevator
48

Medical Facilities
Inpatient Department
Sick Rooms, 22 required
Restraint Rooms, 3 required
Bathroom (showers, sitz bath, continuous
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
2,200
300
200 flow tub)
Diet Kitchen-Pantry
Doctor's Office
Female Wursest Room
Nurses Station, with lavatory
Utility Room
Linen Storage
Corridors, stairways and so forth
250
200
200
100
200
175
955
4,780
49

50
Security
Building a twenty-foot solid masonry or reinforced concrete wall around a correctional institution is both extremely expensive and psychologically undesirable. Some wire fence arrangement would probably be just as effective from a security standpoint and yet would not make the inmate feel so definitely shut off from the rest of humanity.
For a Classification Reception Center with a capacity of approximately 375 inmates, the American Prison Association recommends the following minimum custodial staffit
Chief Custodial Officer .
&.
.
*. .
.
1
Assistant Custodial Officers .
.
.
.
4
Custodial Officers .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
30
On thtis basis the custodial staff of a Center with a capacity of 750 inmates would total not less than 70 officers. The exact number of custodial officers required would, of course, depend largely on the physical design of the Center.
Handbook on Classificatioh in Correctional Institutions,
American Prison Association, Now York, 1947, p 26.

Al
__
Outside Security Perimeter
Central Control Room
Arsenal (adjacent to Control Room)
Key Room (adjacent to Control Room)
Guards' Lounge, with toilet
Guards' Looker Room, with showers
Guards' Exercise Room
Guardst Pistol Range' (141 x 100')
Guards' Bowling Alleys
2
(2 lines)
Approximate Space
Requirements
450
120
80
600
700
1,500
1,080
Inside Security Perimeter
Chief Custodial Officer's Office
Assistant Custodial Officers' Office
Secretaryls Office
200
400
150
Corridors, toilets, storage and so forth 2,570
51
Ramsey, C. G., and Sleeper, H. R., Architectural Graphic
19p41, p 257.
2 Ibid., p 260.

52
Secrit
ApproximAte Space
Requirements in
foot
Perimeter
Double wire fence, inside 'ence 12 feet high and outside fence 8 feet high topped with barbed wire.
SGcurity Traps for pereonnel and vehicles as requiredo
Inspectoscopos and tear gas equipment should be provided where necesary.
GuRrd Towers, as required by design,
Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construcw tion, United States Bureau of Prisons, Washington, 1949,
p 214.

53
AdJunct Facilities
It can be argued that the warehouse facilities should be located outside the security perimeter so that the routing of supplies through a security trap or sally port into the
Center proper can be more easily controlled. On the other probably function more effectively if located near the kitchen.
Since the supply needs of such a Center will not be nearly as great as those of an average correctional institution with large industrial shops, it probably would be more feasible to locate the warehouses in a fence.d-off area within the security perimeter, so that the same sally port or security trap can serve the warehouses, the shops, the receiving-transfer wing and the hospital emergency entrance.
The United States Bureau of Prisons recommends the following space allocations. These space allocations include corridors, toilets and so forth.
Laundry .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
12 square feet per man
Maintenance Shops .
.
.
.
.
.
.
15 square feet per man
Storehouse .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
38 square feet per man
Garage and Fire Station .
.
.
.
7.5 square feet per man
Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construction, United States Bureau of Prisonsp Washington, 1949, p 189.

54
Since the power plant will not depend on inmate help for its operation, the plant can be located outside the security perimeter. Coal could easily be brought in by railroad, and no security traps would be required. The power plant should be designed so that it can be expanded at a future date to supply the proposed new Ohio Penitentiary. Since the design of the power plant is a problem in itself, only the location of the plant is indicated on the site plan.
Water will be supplied from the Columbus city water system while sewage disposal will be taken care of by a septic tank system located outside the security enclosure and near the service road. The problems of water supply and sewage disposal are treated in more detail in the section on site selection.

55
Adjunct Facilities
Warehouse Facilities
Receiving and Shipping
General Warehouse
Food Warehouse
Receiving Area
General Stores Area
Storekeeper's Room
Refrigerated Stores
Holdover Room (for late deliveries)
Heated Stores (for flour and cereal)
Sally Port between warehouse and kitchen acts as secure hold-
Approximate Space
Requirements in square feet
28,500 ing room.
MaintenanceShos
Laundry
Clean Clothes Hold Room
Office (locate for maximum supervision)
11,250
9,000
Laundry Room
Sterilizing
Mending
Sorting
Garage and Fire Station
Power Plant
5,525
Sewage Disposal System

56,
General Site Considerations
There are a number of rather obvious but, nevertheless,
Important general conditions
should be given consideration in the selection of the site. These may be itemized as follows.
(1) Location where fog is prevalent should be avoided.
(2) Accessibility to a good highway is necessary.
(3) An ample supply of good water must be provided.
(4)
(5) Railroad facilities should be available, especially if the power plant is a coal-burning unit.i
(6) Land suitable for limited farming is preferred.
Proximity to an Urban Center
It is generally agreed that such a correctional institution should be located in neither a congested urban center nor a remote area. Locating the Classification Reception Center near an urban center, however, affords certain advantages.
(a) The staff can live in town.
(b) Less difficulty will be encountered in building up and maintaining a well-trained staff.
(c) Visitors will have less trouble reaching the Center.
(d) Storage space requirements can be reduced.

57
(e) Water and power can generally be purchased inexpensively.
Urban Centers Considered
A study of the state maps, showing location of other state correctional institutions, court commitments by county, principal highways and main railroad lines, indicates that the Classification Reception Center should be located either near Columbus or Marion. The arguments applicable to each site are presented below.
(a) Marion Location
(1) Marion, site of the Marion Training School now under construction, is about equidistant from all other state correctional institutions that would be served by the Center.
(2) Marion is approximately the central point on the basis of court commitments by county.
(3) Highway connections to Marion are good.
(4) Transfer to the Marion Training School would be simplified.
(5) The center could be located near the Marion Training School for services.
(6) Rail connections with most of' the eastern and southern portions of the state, however, are not adequate.

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(b) Columbus Location
(1) Columbus is the transportation hub of Ohio.
(2) The Classification Reception Center would be near the Division of Corrections with which the Center must maintain close liaison.
(3) Headquarters for parole work is also in Columbus, and there would be considerable exchange of information between the two agencies.
(4) Graduate students in penology, criminology, psychology, psychiatry and sociology at the Ohio
State University could make extensive use of the
Center as a clinic.
(5) Experts on the staff of the Ohio State University would be readily available to the Center.
(6) It would be easier to build up and maintain a well-trained staff.
(7) Transfer of the hardened criminals to the Ohio
Penitentiary would be more easily accomplished.
(8) Transfer to the London Prison Farm would also be simplified.
A site within commuting distance of Columbus seems to be the overwhelming answer.

.59
Relationship to County and City Growth Patterns
To keep the Center within commuting distance of Columbus means locating it within Franklin County. A glance at the county map and the city growth pattern shows that Columbus has expanded mostly in the northerly and easterly directions. It is in these directions that the newer residential areas will be found, and further residential expansion in these directions is anticipated.
This immediately limits the problem of site selection to the areas south and west of Columbus. The Franklin County
Planning Commission has set aside the area just west of the city for the expansion of light industry and the area immediately south of Columbus for expansion of heavy industry.,
These areas have been indicated on the county map.
Relationship to Principal Hipghways and Railroad Facilities.
The area to be considered is further reduced when consideration is given to the desired proximity of highways and railroad facilities. The area is served by four major highways -
US 40, US 62, US 23 and Ohio 104. All but Ohio 104 are within a reasonable distance of railroad facilities.

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60
Relationship to Air Transportation
The relationship to air transportation probably need not be given serious consideration in the selection of a site.
With the heliocopter now in wider use and with the great interest being shown in the "convertiplane" (combination airplane and heliocopter), offenders in the future will very likely be flown right to a "helioport" at or near the
Classification Reception Center, wherever the Center may happen to be located.

61
Relationship to a Small Community
It may be desirable to locate the Center relatively near a small community, such as New Rome, Obetz or Grove City, so that staff members who would want to live near the
Center could do so and still enjoy the advantages of a community. In fact, the State might even find it advantageous to encourage the erection of a number of homes in such a community in order to have personnel relatively near in case of a major disorder. This danger would be considerably reduced, however, if a new Ohio Penitentiary were located near the Center.
Providing housing on the site for part of the staff has certain disadvantages. This has been tried in Ohio with unmarried guards and has proved very unsatisfactory. For one thing, the institution becomes too much a part of the seems to drop noticeably.
The Problem of Water Supply
The Geologic Folio for the Columbus, Ohio, quadrangle, published by the United States Geological Surveyl, states that "the limestones that underlie the western half of the
1 Geologic Atlas of the United States, Columbus, Ohio, Folio.
United States Geological Survey, Department of the Interior,
Washington, Folio 197, 1915, p 14.

62 quadrangle are .... porous and are traversed by cracks, joints and well-marked bedding planes, and are capable of storing a large supply of water.s Except in a few small areas mostly along streams, the superficial deposits are sufficiently thick to hold large volumes of water, but inmany places they are too compact to permit water to enter, and wells in such places may give inadequate supplies."
Test wells would, therefore, have to be drilled and pumped to determine whether the supply of water would be adequate or not. Because of the underlying limestone, this water would undoubtedly be quite hard and, consequently, a softening plant would have to be installed.
The Columbus city water system offers the only adequate supply of treated water in the area. Ten-inch supply mains extend to the points indicated on the county map. Extending the mains two miles or so would probably prove less expensive than erecting and operating a softening plant on the site.
The important thing is: an adequate supply of potable water can be logically justified.

63
The Problem of Sewage Disposal
As far as the sewage disposal problem is concerned a veptio tank system designed on the basis of 900 persons would be far more economical than extending the Columbus sewer system to any of the possible sites. Since a septic tank system is of relatively simple construction, its use would be justified even if a new Ohio Penitentiary were to be built near the
Center within a period of five to ten years, warranting the extension of the Columbus sewage system at that time.

64
Site Selected
In view of the foregoing considerations, the plot bounded
by Darby Creek Road, the Pennsylvania Railroad right-of-way,
Rome Road and the Norwich Township line appears to be the most logical site for the Center. The site is approximately three-quarters of a mile north of US 40, the National Road, and about nine miles from the center of Columbus. This plot of approximately 1000 acres should be adequate for both the immediate land requirements of the Classification Reception with provisions for a buffer strip around both institutions.
The Franklin County Planning Commission has been considering linking the north and west sections of Columbus by means of an express highway which would tie in with the Olontangy
River Road, the north-side express highway shown on the Franklin County map, and which would bring the entire north-side residential area and the Ohio State University within a short ride from the Center. This projected "expressway" would probably join US 40 somewhere near New Rome.
The Center will have to arrange for transportation facilities to supplement the city bus service and the interurban bus and rail service past the side.

65
Real Estate Survey
A preliminary survey made of the cost of land in the New
Rome area indicates that the assessed value of land averages around sixty dollars an acre. The assessed value, however, is only about 40% of the actual value; therefore, the cost of the land will be approximately one-hundred and fifty dollars an acre without buildings. Since the farms are all relatively largei the cost of any buildings on the site would not increase the total cost appreciably.

General Character of the Terrain
F .

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General Data
Climatological Survey
A study of the Columbus area made as part of the Climate
Control Project sponsored by House Beautiful reveals the following interesting facts about the area.
(a) 3.8% of the year is very hot (850 - 104
0
F)
28.1% of the year is pleasant (650 - 85
0
F)
29.3% of the year is mild (450 65
0
F)
31.0% of the year is chilly (250 45
0
F)
7.5% of the year is cold (00 25
0
F)
0.3% of the year is bitter ( minus 200 OOF)
66
(b) 20% of the hours in the year,
35% of the hours in May and June, and
50% of the hours in July and August will have humidity high onough to cause you discomfort, possible sun hours.
In March, April, May, September, October, and November, sun shines 58% of possible sun hours.
Siple, Paul, Have You Ever Seen the Portrait of a Climate?
House Beautiful, 91: 162-163, October 1949.

67
In June, July and August, sun shines 70% of possible sun hours.
(d) In winter during the daytime wind blows from S. to SW.
In winter during the night wind blows from NW. or SE.
In Summer during the daytime winds blow from SW. to NW.
In summer during the night winds blow from SE. or NW.
In summer during the night winds are always at lowest ebb.

68
Q1 Design Analysis
Probably the key to the problem is the manner in which the housing and related security problem is handled.
Considerable flexibility in group segregation can be achieved through the use of relatively small housing units. In order to provide for as much segregation and security as is desirable in a way that is not glaringly obvious to the inmate, it is proposed that each housing unit and its adjacent recreational area be designed in a court arrangement, so that all rooms in a unit face the court for that housing unit and no other court.
This means placing rooms on one side of the corridor only and obviously necessitates the use of somewhat longer corridors, On the other hand the scheme makes possible a somewhat larger court where men can be free to participate in minor athletic acitvities such as volleyball and quoits.
Moreover, with rooms on only one side of a corridor, units may be orientated to take full advantage of the prevailing winds and the sun. Such an arrangement is especially desirable in Columbus where the humidity is relatively high during the summer months.
The floor area of a housing unit with rooms on only one side of the corridor is approximately 20% greater tha
4 that of a unit with rooms on both sides of a corridor, assuming

that both schemes have the same capacity. However, when considering the overall floor area of the Center, this difference reduces to approximately 5%.
The segregation made possible by placing rooms on only one side of the corridor seems to justify the additional expense involved.
In order to simplify supervision without resorting to open tier construction, it is further proposed that a split level housing scheme be used where a custodial officer can observe activities on two levels at one glance. Two guards should
be able to closely supervise the activities of a housing unit.
It is possible to provide the various degrees of security required at such a center and still use identical housing units by merely arranging the units so that security requirements are met through what may be called security in depth.
Under this arrangement the interior housing units would be maximum security units and so forth, the degree of security being a function of the number of obstacles between the inmate and the perimeter fence.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barnes, Harry E. and Teeters, Negley K. New Horizons in
Criminology. New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1946.
Berlien, Ivan C., Rehabilitation Center Psychiatry and
Group Therapy. J.Crim.Law, 36: 249-255, Nov. 1945.
Callender, John Hancock. Modern Penology and Prison Design.
Architectural Forum, 55: 381-386, Sept. 1931.
Davison, Robert L. Prison Architecture. The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 157: 33-39,
Sept. 1931.
Davison, R.L.- Prison Architecture. Architectural Record,
67: 70-100, Jan. 1930.
East, E.R. Classification Reception Centers. J.Crim.Law,
36: 243-8, Nov. 1945.
East E.R. Penal Classification. J.Crim.Law, 35: 93-104,
July 1944.
Engelhardt, N.L., Engelhardt, NL., Jr. and Leggett, Stanton,
Planning Secondary School Buildings. New York, Reinhold
Publishing Corp., 1949.
Evenden, E.S., Strayer, G.D. and Engelhardt, N.L. Standards for College Buildings. New York, Bureau of Publications,
Teachers College, Columbia University, 1938.
Geologic Atlas of the United States, Columbus Ohio Polio 197.
Washington, United States Geologic Survey, Department of
Commerce, 1915.
Handbook of Correctional Institution Dosign and Construction.
Washington, United States Bureau of Prisons, 1949.
Handbook on Classification in Correctional Institutions. New
York, Committee on Classification and Casework, American
Prison Association, 1947.
Handbook on Pre-Release Preparation in Correctional Institutions. New York, Committee on Classification and Casework,
American Prison Association, 1950.
Hopkins, Alfred. Prisons and Prison Building. New York,
Architectural Book Publishing Co., Inc., 1930.

Kessler, William H. A Reformatory for the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts. B.Arch.Thesis. Cambridge, Harvard University,
1950.
Lindner, Robert M. Stone Walls and Men. New York, Odyssey
Press, New York, 1946.
Manual of Suggested Standards for a State Correctional System.
New York, Committee on the Model State Plan, American Prison
Association, 1946.
New York State Department of Correction Reception Center.
Department of Correction, State of New York (no date). 20p.
Ohiots Correctional Program. Mansfield, Division of Corrections, Department of Public Welfare, State of Ohio, May 1950.
3
9p.
Ramsey, C.G. and Sleeper, H.R. Architectural Graphic Standards. 3rd Edition' New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1941.
Reception Center. Department of Correction, State of New
York, August 1948. 16p.
Ross, WS.E, Jr. Classification Center and States Prison,
Massachusetts. B.Arch.Thesis. Cambridge, Harvard University,
1947.
State Penal and Corrective Institutions in Oklahoma, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma State Planning Board, 1936. 170p.
Siple, Paul. Have You Ever Seen the Portrait of a Climate?
House Beautiful, 91: 162-163, Oct. 1949.
Sutherland, Edwin H. Principles of Criminology, 4th Edition,
Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1947.
Tannenbaum, Frank. Crime and the Comnunity. Boston, Ginn and Company, 1938.
Ten Year Plan for the State Penal and Correctional System in
Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Division of State Planning, Oklahoma
Planning and Resources Board, 1939. 79p.
Time Saver Standards, lst Edition, New York,
F. S. Dodge
Corp., 1946.
White, Charles D. The Essentials of Prison Design.
Architectural Record, 77: 361-372, May 1935.
Wilson, Joseph G. Are Prisons Necessary? Philadelphia,
Dorrance and Co., 1950. p 1-57.

APPENDIX
The American Prison Associationi redommends the following as a minimum staff for a Classification Reception Center with an intake of 25 to 30 inmates per week. For a 90-day classification period this would represent a housing capacity of
325 to 375.
Number Title
Director
Assistant Director
Case Coordinator
Psychiatrist
Psychologist (Professional)
Psychologist (in training)
Educationa'l Counselors
Academic Teacher
Vocational .Teacher
Vocational Counselors
Recreational Supervisor
Recreational Instructor
Chaplains
Social Worker (Sociologist)
Physician
Graduate Nurses
Head Clerk
Clerks
Stenographers
Chief Custodial Officer
Assistant Custodial Officers
Custodial officers
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
30
1
6
8
3
1
75
Handbook on Classification in Correctional Institutions#
American Prison Association, 1ew York, 1947, p 26.