An Urban Design Study in The Walled City of Hyderabad
by
Arjun Kamal Mangaldas
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FEBRUARY 1987
Arjun Kamal Mangaldas 1987
The author hereby grants to M.I.T.
permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly copies
of this thesis document in whole or in part.
Signature of the author
Arjun Kamal Mangaldas
Department of Architecture
December 18, 1986
I
N
Certified by
William Yym n Porter
Professor of Architecture and lanning
Thesis Supervisor
'A
Accepted by
Miftchell
Chairman
Departmen al Committee on Graduate Students
-N udy D ytd
MaSSCoETSmmSittee
MA SSACHUSET TS INSITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
FEB 2 5 1987
UBRARIE5
.10
MITLibraries
Document
Services
Room 14-0551
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
Ph: 617.253.2800
Email: docs@mit.edu
http://Iibraries.mit.edu/docs
DISCLAIMER NOTICE
The accompanying media item for this thesis is available in the
MIT Libraries or Institute Archives.
Thank you.
An Urban Design Study in the Walled City of Hyderabad
by
Arjun Kamal Mangaldas
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on December 18, 1986
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Architecture
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to approach the Islamic city in India
from a viewpoint which recognizes that the distinctions between cultural
sections in a city are not only social and spatial but also physical,
In this sense Hyderabad can be
being manifest in the built environment.
seen as a cross-cultural laboratory for investigating how two or more
cultures (Muslim, Hindu, and a distinctly Western/colonial) operated in
the same geographical environment but at different levels of social,
economic, and physical development under conditions of monarchic rule.
The objective of this study would be to understand the changing nature of
the built environment, in the walled city of Hyderabad, viewed in this
above-mentioned pluralistic context.
The study will attempt to evaluate the extent to which elements from the
historical and religious background of the city of Hyderabad continue to
affect the fabric of society that had generated this culture and to
how the architecture and urban form exerted an influence on
illustrate
the perception of the citizens of themselves -- both within and outside
the walled city.
Although extensive documentation on the political, social, and cultural
aspects of the city exists in the form of travel diaries, memoirs,
bureaucratic records, socioeconomic surveys, and archeological surveys,
there does not appear to exist any systematic inquiry into the physical
environment with emphasis on the changing nature of its architecture and
urban form.
This issue of traditionalism, continuity and change in the built
environment in the Indian context would be further clarified at a more
Since building a
specific architectural level -- that of the house.
form and organization are greatly
house is a cultural phenomenon, its
An attempt is
influenced by the cultural milieu to which it belongs.
of dwellings
determinants
form
of
understanding
a
clearer
made to acquire
conceptual
a
of
sort
some
establish
to
as
so
in this cultural context
framework for design.
3
As a possibly tangible conclusion and to test the conceptual framework
established after the architectural documentation and analysis in the
walled city of Hyderabad, a (hypothetical) housing project is designed
amidst traditional houses in the walled city.
In addition to the written text, drawings, photographs, and maps, this
thesis also consists of a 20-minute long video documentary film (color,
sound on 3/4" format) entitled "The Walled City of Hyderabad." It covers
a wide range of public activity, while vividly depicting important
aspects of urban spaces, street-life, traffic, and the architectural
character of buildings along the major urban axes. The main focus is on
what is
perhaps the most significant social/cultural phenomenon and
religious ritual
in
this predominantly Islamic city:
the Friday
afternoon prayer at Mecca Masjid.
It goes on to show the city
transformed during the heavy monsoon rains.
The video documentary is an integral part of this study and it must be
viewed in order to clearly understand the social/cultural context in the
old Walled City of Hyderabad; and to visualize its physical environment.
Thesis Supervisor: William Lyman Porter
Title:
Professor of Architecture and Planning
5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
Special thanks to:
Mr. Wajid Ali Kamil
Mrs. Koty Chinoy
Mr. S.P. Shorey
Mr. Mahon
Mr. Kush Shah
--
for providing invaluable help in Hyderabad.
Mr. Martand Singh
Mr. Kamal Mangaldas
Mr. Madanmohan Mangaldas
Mrs. Leena Sarabhai
--
for introducing me to their friends in Hyderabad and providing useful
contacts.
Prof. Ronald Lewcock
Mr. Rahul Mehrotra
Mr. Akhtar Badshah
Mr. Omar Khalidi
--
for guidance and useful comments.
Prof. Richard Leacock
Ms. Glorianna Davenport
Ms. Vanessa Boris
MIT Film/Video
--
for their help with the documentary film:
Hyderabad."
"The Walled City of
Mr. Stuart Stephens
--
for patiently typing and proofreading the text.
Prof. William Porter
-
for being so understanding and patient (without his advice I would not
have been able to produce this thesis).
7
A"-K
4
~VA14f 1
pup,+
A
&4~4
:
,fr~?'H
Pt*
LIe
A4'-
4M
A4w4
~V6 .1
zws)L
'
6a
i
'0
/6
IAv'£
A?
AAAA
7
wMzf
Aooio
1 iL
Notes from Hyderabad,
July 1986.
8
~AA-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1,
Introduction .......................----
2.
Monuments,
3.
Issues................ .....
Landmarks,
---
and Important
---
------------
--.
Buildings.....................
-
------.....---------...--
-.--
---.
4. Continuity and Change............................................ ...
5. The Program...........
.........-....:
.-....--...-.
-..........--
6. Observations.....................................................
7.
Design Exploration and Guidelines.................................
8.
Bibliography..
9.
The Video Documentary..........................................
9
19
27
47
47
55
63
......
......................
11
65
67
0
D
aB
TO Nizamalad
C7SA.T
"
To
Kanmnaqar
1n
60 km.
KUKATPALLY
A
r
TRIMULGHEPRv
4
BOWANPALLI BAZAAR
SECUND ERA
SANATNAGAR
F1
GUN
BEGUMPET
SANJIVA
REDIDI I
NAGARf
EXCURSIONS FROM HYDERABAD
A D
LAKSHMINAGAR
BAZAAR
ezd
ra
sata
NEHRUNAGAR
AMIRPET
Warangal
2
LLLAGUDA
CHILKALGUO A
jsm ansaqar
,mayatsaqar
- [YEORABAO
Pocampalv
PANJAGUTTA
ARNAKA
1.4
U SAIN SAGAR -
WA RISGUDA
To Waanga
~ ~ ~ ~
......
-
aqrlunasaga
1]
--
--
-
-- --
IA
US
140 kmn
BA
A
RAMNAGAR
-a
Naaraakana
DOMAL ASHOK
BANJARA HILLS
1'4,GUDA
-
AClKMIET
VIDYANAGAR
SHANTI,
MASAB
08Na
0
NALLAKUNTA
NARAYAN
1A
P
GHIKKADAPALLI
C-
BArSHIR BAGH
NAGAR
cGUOA
V,
AMBARPET
COLONY
MEHOIPATNAM
i
J-prasac
UaLT
Rd
Y
--
ATC
Z
KOT
CHACARGHAT
PEGUM
C
Q,
DILSUKNAGAR
-RACE
AZAAA
-
-COURSE
Ms,
~-
AFZALGANJ
-Mu
SAZAAR
~~~~~~Purana
Pul
AA
P
otIv.a
267
PA TTHARGHA TTI
4
km
KARAADAR
SAIDABAO
HYDERABAD
EDl BAZAAR--
CHANDULAL
BARAOARI
Palenara'
LAL DARWAZA
--
. Mir Alam TanjK
aga
IndiaDEL,,
JAHANNUMJA c
-.....
45
GANDHI
NAGAR
9to
HYDERABAD AND SECUNDERABAD5
cALcUTT
BOMBAY
9 HYDERAbAD
MADRAS
0
,,e 562 km
tA
,
12
3 km.
-TD
BC
Adapted from the map oroauCea in December 1978 'or the Department of Tounism. Government of
prnntea by G. Clanage & Co Ltd
Location map for Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
10
India.
Dy Tourism
Development Corporation and
INTRODUCTION
The North and
own
distinguishing
the East
characteristics.
(Lucknow being the other)
profoundly
culture
of
the
is
at
India,
is
one of the two major
it
in which Muslim and
It
is
the
a city in
changes
of
solid
wars
is,
and
industrialization
and
and
social
upheaval,
if
anything,
the
political
more
culture have
with the Hindu
and
Telugu,
Tamil
Through all
continuously
Hyderabad
disturbed
shuffling
of
which many cultural
of Maratha,
a blend
crossroad
Hindu
Persian and northern Islamic;
itself
South,
Hyderabad
and last of all a little of the Western world.
influences;
remained
in
influenced one another.
strains are intermingled:
the
and West are sections of India with their
The sixth largest city
them all.
ones
South,
by
now
following
has
modern
independence
than it was by events of the intervening centuries.
Hyderabad
moved
from
a feudal
to an
society
industrialized
span of one generation,
many of whom are alive today.
administration
impersonal
to
the
rule
of
law,
from
a
from an agricultural to an industrial economy --
generally
considered
not,
are having
people
to accommodate themselves
monarchy
to
a
such moves are
liking the
Whether
the
From a personal
republic,
signs of progress.
within
changes
or
to a quite altered way
of life.
The City
Now
that
Hyderabad
Secunderabad,
has
filled
completely
out
its
common
the two million and a half inhabitants
border
with
of the twin cities
have begun to refer to the original walled area as "The City."
The walled city of Hyderabad was the capital of India's largest and most
prosperous
feudal princely
state.
The
Muslim ruler
of this
"Oriental
Potentate" was known as the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Hyderabad
intervention
Mughal
was
never
in
India
Empire with
directly
and
thus
colonized
survived
a distinct and
as
even
a
during
last
the
fragment
British
from
the
particularly well-preserved cultural
11
The walled city and its major axes.
12
identity --
right up to 1956, when it became a part of independent India.
The growth
of the city was a continuous
period
high Mughal
started from the
which
process
and represented above all the
into the 20th century,
a powerful ruling family with a definite stake
emergence of the Nizams --
and interest in local status and identity.
The
founded
was
city
Mohammed
by
Quli
Qutb
A.D.,
1591
in
Shah
as
a
capital city to share the functions of Golconda and the seat of power in
the Deccan.
The
city layout
is
a simple grid
East-West and North-South.
consisting of two
main roads running
The intersection of the roads was celebrated
with the construction of a monument with four minarets --
the Char Minar.
The four quarters thus formed by the intersection were supposedly divided
into
12,000
Mahollas
(or
the
with
neighborhoods,
thoroughfares
main
containing the public functions, like the madrasas, mosques, etc.
four
quarters,
offices, and
state
City
the
building
was
North-Eastern was
the
South-Western
stimulated
by
the
set
residences
for the
king,
palaces
royal
for
apart
resulting
in
Of the
of the
a
and
ruler.
phenomenal
growth over a short period of time.
With the annexation of the Deccan Kingdom to the Mughal Empire in 1687, a
few decades
growth
of
saw no
the
independent
city.
But
group taking control
towards
the
end
of
or influencing
1725,
with
the
political
instability in the Mughal Empire, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah, the then Mughal
Viceroy in
the Deccan,
Jahi Dynasty in
emerged as an independent ruler,
Hyderabad --
a ruling family
founding the Asaf
(to be called the Nizams),
which took control of the Deccan and Hyderabad City until 1956.
expression to this center of control,
To give
the ruler built a wall around the
city in 1740, thus establishing its precise limits.
Subsequently, two significant decisions in 1798 altered the course of the
the subsidiary alliance of the Nizam with the East
city's development:
India Company and the creation of Secunderabad -adjacent to Hyderabad.
13
a twin city established
The church and missionary school in Secunderabad.
14
Hyderabad,
The
annexed.
never
was
however,
unlike
Nizams,
other
the
Mughal Viceroys in Bengal and Ondh, maintained the independence of their
into a treatise of friendship with the western
vast kingdom by entering
The British Resident was thus in Hyderabad, not as the agent of a
power.
conquering power, but as the Ambassador of an ally.
This
relationship
unique
pattern in
in
seen
characteristics
New
of the
Dual
the
City
Unlike the classical model of the dual
this context emerged.
as
cities
how
on
effects
tangible
had
in
Dehli,
Hyderabad
culture,
colonial
physical/spatial
the
were never
distinct,
although
seen as exclusive and thus also supported a large native population.
evolved
Secunderabad
having barracks,
besides
Thus,
existed
version of a colonial settlement.
an officers
with
settlement,
native
the
as an Indianized
its bazaar,
there also
etc.,1
quarters,
temple,
mosque,
and
residences complete.
The
British
Cantonment
really
became
the
seed
for
this
The landscape
settlement, giving it a distinct flavor and urban pattern.
and
urban
profile
temple and mosque.
Telugu,
the
not Urdu,
Madrasas
Secunderabad
and
contain
churches
and
bungalows
in
indigenous
addition
to
the
English, not Persian, was the official language, and
was the tongue of the natives.
Maktabas
comprised
the English missionary
1
the
Whereas, in Hyderabad
educational
schools prevailed.
system,
in
Commerce formed
The "Civil Lines" of British India are the precursors to the
These civil lines and cantonments
new towns built in this century.
such as those at Barrackpore, Agra, Secunderabad, and Khadakvasla
-were planned and built by the Military Engineering Service following
-(These guidelines were also applied to
the guidelines of a handbook.
and
Mussouri,
resorts such as Simla, Kasauli,
the planning of hill
Ranikhet, and to transport towns such as Khadagpur, Tundia, Bilaspur,
regimented was the adherence to this
So strictly
and Vijaywada.)
handbook that the new towns thus built were alike in layout all
(Bijit Ghosh in an article, New Towns in India,
over the country.
Lotus International, #34, p. 19.)
15
the base of Secunderabad's economy, 2 while in Hyderabad the feudal system
prevailed, thriving on land revenue.
the
Despite
differences,
of
phenomenon
these
a
state of precarious balance right up to 1956 --
resulted in
and on
and
economic
the same
existence
--
a
existed
in
a
which
when Hyderabad State was
a loss of balance and
resulting in
integrated with the Republic of India,
a great
other's
to each
relationship
functional
symbiotic
coexisted in
settlements
greatly
contributing
region,
geographic
both
The
socio-political crisis.
partition
of
India
a mass migration of Muslims from the districts to the city,
the other hand it
emigration
led to the
of wealthy
Muslims to
socialistic
system and
Pakistan and other countries.
The
feudal
by a democratic,
system was replaced
the economy shifted to a productive industrial one.
towards
Secunderabad,
the
rendering
once
glorious
The balance shifted
Walled
City
into a
state of physical decay.
In spite
of its
city has
even
setting in
today
cultural
elite,
then
maintained
and
transforming context, the walled
retained
a distinctive
flavor
and
If the built environment is a tangible component that
cultural identity.
defines
a rapidly
identity for a community, group of people, or
the
buildings
of
Hyderabad
stand
as
evidence
ruling
of
a
predominantly Muslim urban culture and the rule of the Nizams.
2
Nancy and James Duncan comment on the present-day new elite in
"Their outlook and life style are regarded as modern and
Secunderabad:
tend to be Western-oriented, distinguishing the new elite from the old,
despite their similarity in education and economic standing. They hold,
for the most part, high positions in industry, the professions, and
political life. This new elite may be considered a subgroup of an older,
Westernized elite, which is almost entirely confined to Secunderabad, and
Secunderabad society has long had
includes the Parsi community there.
ties with British and, later, with Indian army officers, the cantonment
Members of this older,
there having been one of the largest in India.
Westernized elite and those of the new subgroup belong to many of the
same clubs."
17
Mecca Masjid.
The Char Kaman piazza.
18
MONUMENTS, LANDMARKS AND IMPORTANT BUILDINGS
events significant
of architectural
An overview
content of
to the urban
the walled city of Hyderabad.
The Charminar
This is
at
the stately building with four minarets
the intersection
legendary
of the
of
masterpiece
main cross
Qutb
the
axes
Shahi
in
style
standing on four arches
the walled
was
built
city.
This
1591
in
by
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah.
ft high and the square plan is
are 186
The minarets
100 ft wide on each
There is a small beautiful mosque on the roof of the monument.
side.
Char Kaman
These
across
were built
four
majestic
arches
the
streets,
one to each quarter
define a small piazza,
in
They
1594.
ft high
50
are
These
arches
on the main axis north of the Char Minar,
with a
of the
compass.
fountain at its center.
Mecca Masjid
This
is
the principal
mosque
in
the city.
Its construction,
which was
begun by Muhammad Quth Shah in 1614, was completed 77 years later by the
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1692.
It has four minars and five arches in
front, occupying one side of the paved quadrangle 360 ft square.
In the
quadrangle there is a large square pool for abulations and next to it to
the
south
is
a building
that houses graves
of all the
Nizams
from the
time of Nizam Ali.
The British Residency
In
Hyderabad,
the British built the most monumental
in the territories of the native princes.
19
of their
It was begun in
Residences
1803 by J.A.
Detail from the mosque atop the Char Minar.
The British Residency.
20
,,,,
e
.~xe,
The Osmania University.
The Char Minar and Nizamia Hospital.
21
{
View of the River Musi.
22
Kirkpatrick, the Resident of the day, who commissioned Lt. Samuel Russel
of
the Madras
impressive
Engineers
than
the
to design
palace
in
the
The
house.
Calcutta
--
and
was
building
paid
is
for,
more
as
it
happens, by the compliant Nizam.
It
is
entered through a Greek Corinthian portico forty feet high,
by two lions,
an entablature
approached by a flight of twenty-one steps,
with the royal crest.
the house; behind,
guarded
and capped by
A stately garden lay in
front of
a formal drive ran through an avenue of outbuildings
towards the old city,
and the compound was closed by three arched gates.
women's college run by the state government.
Today it houses a
The City Improvement Board Projects
Improvement Board was set up by the government of Hyderabad in
The City
floods of the Musi in
1912 following the severely damaging
1908.
Their
major road widening,
laying
objectives were:
1. General improvement of the city.
2. Opening out congested areas.
3.
Improving civic amenities in the city.
4.
Buildings for Municipal Administration
The board
new
undertook
housing
roads,
There was
expression
slum clearance
schemes,
a conscious
integrating
and
schemes,
construction
attention to evolve
the Qutb Shahi
and
of public
buildings.
a new architectural
style of
Hindu architectural
elements.
The materials
favored for construction were granite as well as brick and
lime-mortar.
Some of the buildings built during this period are:
1. High Court.
2. Unani Hospital.
3. Osmania University.
4. Osmania Hospital.
5. Moazzam Jahi Market.
6. Osmania Arts College.
23
Pattherghatti.
The East-West axis east of the Char Minar.
24
In
the most significant -work done by the board at the larger
my opinion,
the formal treatment of the main
scale of city is
arcaded
retail/commercial
development
The buildings
at
ground
strengthening
through
form a continuous
level
its monumental
character.
The
scale along the spatial sequence as one approaches
the Afzal
north of
with
residential
The formal treatment of the axial symmetry is very effective
use above.
in
along Pattherghatti.
Minar,
the Char
urban axis,
Gunj
the
bridge,
more
going past the older
formalized
market
area
deliberate
the city center from
vernacular
that
in
changes
widens
buildings,
out
to
then
meet
a
subordinate cross axis at the Char Kaman, and then the triumphant arrival
on the main intersection, exhilaratingly celebrated at the Char Minar, is
very, very impressive.
25
Mehboob Chowk near Lud Bazaar.
26
ISSUES
This brief historical survey reveals the ardent concern of the Nizams and
the
--
ruling elite
expressed
older
in
for maintaining a distinct
the operation
order within
possible in
the
of
religious/cultural
the new city
walled city.
This
identity
and maintaining of the
assertion
of
identity
was
a state of monarchic rule where the disciplining of the built
environment w.as
largely
affected by the
dominant culture
of the Muslim
elite and the Nizams.
However,
the
with
the partition
monarchic
rule
of the country in
1947 and the collapse of
of the Muslims
and departure
to
Pakistan,
Hyderabad
lost its cultural patrons; most of the Muslims that remained belonged to
the lower economic classes and were now pushed to minority status in the
larger context of independent India.
In
India,
today,
much
of
the
emerging
urban
symbolism
influenced by
models such as Le Corbuseirs work in
directly
from
the
distinct
quality
contemporary
of
highly
west,
cohesive
is
Chandigarh or draws
thus endangering
the identity and
environments
urban
much
very
of
historic
cities.
This
issue
with
the
of
predominant
generates
a
urbanization
some
kind
of
coexistence
great
in
of
a
traditional
modernized/educated
amount
of
concern.
the area poses a great
identity.
In this
order
Hindu
Also,
challenge
respect,
to
within
population
the
issue
to the
of
around
rapid
maintenance
formulate
strategies for conservation and adaptive re-use is
a community
and
of great
of
implement
importance,
the basis for which could come only from an understanding of the changing
nature of the urban pattern and its effect on the continuities within the
vernacular matrix.
Once the identity and character of the traditionalm culture in the walled
city have been
grasped, and
some
insight
gained
into
its
values,
its
choices among possible responses to both physical and cultural variables
should become much clearer.
The specific characteristics of this culture
27
--
their accepted way of doing things, the socially inacceptable ways and
the implicit ideals --
and the ways in which these affect house form and
settlement patterns are of particular interest.
it seems
In this context,
only
in
as
also
part
of the
places,
the way
not
types as
variants along the total space-use scale),
(and their
system to
specific
they
are
spaces
the urban
and
they
which
belong
non-domestic areas,
relation to the city, its monumental parts,
meeting
houses
to the basic dichotomy of the two settlement
relation
settings for life
but
the traditional
to see
important
used,
--
in
social
and
the
movement from the house, through the various transitions to the streets,
and then to the other parts of the city.
The
environment
built
religious beliefs,
reflects
family and "clan" structure,
including
forces,
socio-cultural
many
social organization,
way
individuals --
the
to 3 million in
its
of gaining livelihood, and social relations between
domain of "identity."
The Old City and the New City
Present-day
Hyderabad,
with
a population
of close
metropolitan region, comprises two distinct parts --
the old, walled city
to the south of the river Musi and the new city to the north.
educational,
old and the new city have their own commercial,
Both the
and medical
facilities, although many of these institutions draw their clientele from
as well.
both parts of the city and from Secunderabad
an area of 19 square miles,
The old city has
about a third of the area of Hyderabad,
decrease as
this proportion can be expected to
land is developed in and around the new city.
more and
more
and
suburban
For almost a decade after
the establishment in 1956 of the present state of Andhra Pradesh, and of
Hyderabad
persons
state,
as
its
a year,
capital,
most
an average
there was
of whom were
especially the coastal
Hindus
districts.
most of the immigrants have settled in
29
influx of about 100,000
from other -parts of the new
The influx has continued, and
the new city.
WA~n
MNERA
SE
\,
Sta.
B-egampe
ecunderabad
bser'Na
ObseratoryStation
Boat Club
Seetha Palmandi
Station
8
%u
Mushirabad
Sugar
Fakhr-u Mulk's
Palace---Tan
Mosque
HUGHES
Q7
TOWN
I'I jaznai Osmania Sta.
Khairatabad
all & Museum
Tow
Public ardefs
Hyderabad Sta.
(Broad Gau e)
Adimet
Q
4i
Fateh
hfaidan
AMBARPET
KingKothi,
'0
0
H' - r bad Station
Bank
'dq/
rme
(MetroGauge)
d
Resid
et
Gosha Mahal
'HauzCI
-Idgah
CMalakpet
Afral
Gani Masjif
V
4R
C
JRA GATEGA
Dabirpura Sta.
0/0,
gh Court i
GA
Bridge
Raymond's
Yakutpura
e
.
-
Masjid
M n
omb
RA GATE
MIR JUMLA TANK GATE.
Idgah
DUDH BA
GATE
Mir Jumla Tank
Q 44
'ALIABAD GATE
Q-, Alam
G rE
RA
1
nkz
Chaumahalla Palace
/=
HYDERABAD
Scale of Miles
a la ku
FalaknumaE.
0
2
Emery Walker Ltcd.sc-
The walled city.
30
between
differences
The
of the old
societies
the
(see Table).
city are indicated by their different religious composition
the new city has
whereas
ruling class,
former
the people of this community having been
largely Muslim,
The old city is
of the
and new parts
As a
majority.
a Hindu
state capital, Hyderabad continues the function it had before 1947 as an
administrative
center of
perhaps
the princely state of the same name;
51
because of this tradition,
employed in
percent of the labor force is
services and administration, a larger percentage than in any other large
Indian city, including New Delhi.
Table:
Religion in Hyderabad, by City Zones
Percentage of Households
Hyderabad
Religion
Hyderabad, North
Hyderabad, South
Hindu
50.0
59.4
27.8
Muslim
45.6
38.4
70.8
4.4
2.2
Other
1.4
Hyderabad Metropolitan Research Project, Technical
Bulletin Nos. 1 and 2 (Hyderabad: Osmania
University Press, n.d.).
Source:
Many other Indian cities consist of contrasting old and new sections.
In
such cases, Indian planners and geographers tend to characterize the old
city as archaic,
slumlike and inhabited by the poor,
modern and occupied by the middle and upper classes.
are
accurate
in
that houses
in
the old
city
are
and the new city as
These observations
generally
in worse
condition than in the new city and there are large concentrations of poor
people
with
areas,
there, but they may be biased.
streets
straight
its
is
clearly regarded
characterized
integration.
by narrow,
It
is
and
The Western
segregated
as better than
model of the city,
residential
the indigenous
tortuous streets and residential
risky to assume that the
31
and
areas
commercial
Indian
model,
and commercial
are homogeneous
in
terms of the class characteristics of the inhabitants, particularly in
the traditional
rich,
Indian city,
homogeneous
exteriors
does
live cheek
where the poor
income areas do not exist,
not
provide
a
reliable
by jowl with the
and the condition of house
indication
of
their
occupants'
social class.
The
Elite and Relationship to Place
The old elite looks to Hyderabad as its home.
there
for more than two hundred
years,
and
Many families have resided
perhaps more
source of their prestige is fixed in Hyderabad.
important,
the
Since most of the great
bulk of their prestige derives from past rather than present association
with
power,
associations
tend not to be
they
the
with
past
is
spatially mobile.
Prestige based on
to
transferrable
not
other
places.
Although members of the old elite are wealthy enough to acquire prestige
elsewhere
in
lifestyle
--
India,
to
do
so
they would
have
alter
to
their
adopting the despised ways of the new elite.
whole
Furthermore,
their preferred friendship networks consist of relatives and fellow caste
members,
spatially
fixed
social
networks
that
could
no
more
be
transferred to another place than could their prestige.
For this group it is the old city that is Hyderabad.
is almost completely contained within it.
Their social world
They live there, shop there,
have their relatives and friends there, and many of them work there.
The
new city, and especially the suburbs where many of the parvenu new elite
have their homes,
is
where "outsiders" live.
The implications of this attitude
to the new city are profound,
for members of the old elite who move
since doing so makes them outsiders in the
eyes of their own group.
They also put themselves outside the control of
the traditional
sources of authority,
familial
and,
observed that people who move to the new city tend
relatives who remain in the old.
is
very
great,
although
home is only a few miles.
indeed,
it
can be
to lose contact with
The social distance created by the move
the physical
distance
between
the
old and new
It can be almost as if they had left Hyderabad
altogether!
33
o,o.
TEi.
.g....
. .........
Facade treatment in old buildings.
36
The new elite as a whole shows less attachment to Hyderabad as a place.
twenty years and
Many of them have moved to Hyderabad within the past
have neither established
as
it
to
attachment
Calcutta,
look
Many
home.
native
their
cities of Bombay,
cosmopolitan
a sentimental
family ties within the city nor
the
to
large
as the source of the
and Delhi
lifestyle that they value, and accordingly find Hyderabad provincial.
those who arrived in the new city
The new elite consists of two groups:
either from another part
very recently,
themselves
and have not yet established
of India or from the old city,
and those who have been in
which often center around clubs,
networks,
the various social
in
the new city
for a longer period of time and have well established networks.
the
zones,
residential
into
differentiated
is
city
new
The
living
elite
new
open,
in
and
industrial,
commercial,
purely
residential
areas, with large lots and houses.
The only poor
even they are not
the new elite and
modern
design
such neighborhoods
people to be found in
and nearly
are servants of
The houses are of
very numerous.
all are less than twenty years old.
They are
surrounded by low walls and have well tended gardens. There is virtually
no street life; all the residents use cars and one sees few pedestrians.
Although the landscape has an air of uniformity, most of the houses being
within a certain
price range,
in the old elite's landscape.
the
same,
no two appear
there is
greater stylistic diversity than
in
Whereas houses
occupied by the new
the areas
alike in
the old city look much
elite.
Houses here are painted in a variety of bright colors, in sharp contrast
to the faced whitewash that covers houses in
people
city,
houses,
The
spend
reflecting
pattern
commercial
of
a
good
deal
a "modern"
housing
sections
of
on
the
In the new
appearance
of
their
outlook modeled on the contemporary West.
estates
the
money
of
the old city.
separated
town
by
resembles
development.
35
several
that
miles
of American
from
the
suburban
In
the traditional
fixed by birth,
city,
system,
in
which one's
the status of one's neighbor
however,
and it
caste
position in
is
unimportant.
another system of social stratification
appears
that a degree
of security
is
society is
In
the new
takes precedence,
to be gained by
living in
residential developments with those of similar social status.
Residential Landscape
The
old
crowded
city
is
with
old
collapsed.
Many
uninhabited
and
have
people
densely
buildings,
Streets
some
uncared
taken
for
some
over
until
clear
The
narrow
are
and
or
crumbling
is
have
remain
established.
buildings
population
and winding,
as a consequence
title
of the ruined
them.
in
are
which
of
are of disputed ownership
shelters
temporary
populated.
and
have
is heterogeneous;
Poor
set
on
up
any
given street one can find houses of the rich next to those of the poor.
The
streets
stopping
that
to
down
city
are
full
of people
acquaintances.
with
a street
status
economic
is of
Houses
through
or
be connected,
so
passing
tend to
a continuous
wall with
doors
and
are
of
a
house's
occupant
from
the
condition
of
the
The houses are oriented inward, doors are kept shut, and
exterior wall.
windows
old
One cannot easily tell where one house and another begins, or
windows.
the
chat
view
the
the
in
so
shuttered
that
passersby
can
tell
nothing
about
the
interiors.
The spatial
Indian
layout of the old city reflects the older urban pattern
of gross
residential
integration
of
classes,
the
rich
in
living in
large mansions or palaces surrounded by their servants, who occupied huts
on the property.
Poor merchants and those who performed various services
for the rich lived in
rented shops in
the walls of the palaces.
class people lived nearby in smaller houses.
Middle-
The different classes lived
together in economic and functional interdependence:
the poor served the
rich and the rich protected the poor.
Today, most of the rich are not as
well
poor
off
as
they
once
were
and
the
look
to
protection, but the spatial integration still exists.
37
the
government
for
The living/dining room.
The central courtyard.
38
of the old city do not seem to be concerned about the
Wealthy residents
of
decoration
of their houses has a rather
public
of wealth in
low priority.
an extreme example of selective perception.
of the city is
Houses
and
shops
a
as
the landscape
to
indifferent
appear
They
sentiment.
any
attach
a network of
landscape to which they
of the
are the only aspects
frequently
visited
proximity.
close
in
living
relatives
The old city
to them, and
a traditional way of life
seems to signify
the
The old elite's view
poor man's landscape, is not considered desirable.
and
surround the
since a view of the street,
compounds of some of the largest houses,
friends
To display signs
High walls
immodest.
is considered
and
upkeep
the
elite,
old
the
for
building exteriors;
appearance
whole.
Interiors
In
furnished
be
to
likely
with
consist
strung
bedframe
formica-topped
little
of
with
covered
large
family
functions
and
tables
as
used
(a
charpoy
a
often
which people
a couch on
In the other half of the room, the floor
"bedsheet";
a white
is
In
are held.
removes
one
entering,
upon
This area
on the floor.
shoes and sits
end
with heavy twine and
customarily sit cross-legged).
is
this half of the room will
The remaining furniture in
as a rule.
frayed
of
the material being faded and
Upholstered chairs are less common,
paint.
in need
usually
chairs,
wicker
a few
is
one of which
two parts,
in
usually divided
The room is
courtyard.
room opens on the central
largest
the
the houses of the old elite,
often used
for
some very traditional
one's
dining when
the
houses,
entire floor of the room will be covered by bedsheets or Persian carpets.
Western-style furniture appeared in most houses less than 25 years ago.
Walls have a dingy
the carvings
houses are
room
from the
chipped
and in
photographs
portraits
appearance and the only original
or
on the wooden pillars
courtyard.
The
need of paint.
pillars
that separate
often
in
poor
these
the living
condition,
Decorations hung on the walls are either
inexpensive prints.
of the household head,
are
adornments in
The
photographs
often as a young man,
family members of his or his parents'
39
generation.
are
very
large
and of deceased
There
is
usually
in
addition a photograph of the head of the family dating from the time when
Every home
photographs came into vogue, around the turn of the century.
has
the
in
displayed
is
calender
one
least
at
merchants;
local
by
free
calendars, which are distributed
colorful religious
large,
several
living room.
The
impression
general
furnished
sparsely
also
is
there
shabby,
suggesting
and
dignity
lent by
grandeur
a
and
Visiting
building.
of the
and rather
in
ornamentations,
one
that
once
at
recognizes
slum
by
yet
dwelling,
the palatial
inexpensive
with
houses
shabby
millionaires
a
entertained
being
that the room is
is
observer
of a Westernized
proportions
families who
are
furnishings
and
decoration
of
house
the
simply does not have a high priority.
Other
are
rooms
houses,
Hindu/Kayasth
one
a
find
may
knickknacks
untouched
by
of
combinations
In other
present one.
living room,
a
by
there
placed
In some of the larger houses
its
salon,
Western-style
small,
Victorian
the
a room for worship.
departed
parts
full
cupboards
and
generation
of the
bedrooms,
courtyard,
in
and
storerooms,
kitchen,
a
bedrooms,
smaller:
and
house,
kitchen
of
left
similar
will
be
found for the use of other families that comprise the joint household.
The bedrooms are small and dark,
and china figurines.
the only adornment
being a few pictures
Other than books, few individual possessions are in
part explained
by the fact that many of the
bedrooms are shared by two or more people.
Furniture usually consists of
Their absence
view.
in
is
a bed, perhaps a small book case, and often a sewing machine.
Around the central courtyard one usually sees corrugated iron roofs that
have replaced older roofs; when the old roofs remain, the tiles are often
broken.
Stairways and halls tend to be dark and narrow, with cracked and
uneven cement
floors.
One often sees
servants
sitting and chatting in
the corridors.
The
caste
communities
inwardly-oriented
that
social
make up
the
old
Friends
networks.
41
elite
are
consist
almost
of
closed,
exclusively
the
drawn from within
caste
information,
at least
only
and
entertained at
90 percent
of the guests
close
home.
relatives,
and
According to my
entertained
in
the home
One's social position in relation to others in the group
are relatives.
vary only by age and by one's contribution to and participation in
The host does not need to use the interior of the house
group functions.
as
community,
friends, are
occasionally
will
caste
a cue
priority
to his
status
the
to
given
because that
maintenance
and
status
is established.
decoration
of
the
The low
house
thus
becomes understandable.
Another explanation
may be that
society
for the rundown condition
of the old city interiors
the community no longer retains the prestigious
that
it
once
had.
The
antiques
remembrances of the good old days.
43
and
old houses
position in
are
perhaps
+2.0
Traditional Muslim house in Hyderabad.
44
4
8
2
LEGEND
1. Entrance for males.
2. Passage leading to courtyard and Divan Khana.
3. Reception room for guests, religious gatherings and for male
guests who are not closely related to the family.
4. Living area for male members, entertaining relatives, formal
social and religious activities and household dining etc.
5. Retiring room/ladies formal sitting place during Urs
celebrations.
6. Room for keeping valuables and storing household articles.
7. Living area for female members, receiving close family
friends.
8. Room for storing grains.
9. Conventional latrine (dry).
10. Entrance for women.
11.
Kitchen space.
12. Stair to second floor.
13. Bathroom.
14. Store for miscellaneous articles.
15.
Stair to terrace.
16. Entrance for latrine cleaner.
17. Store for articles used in the mosque.
18. Mosque.
19. Room for ceremonies.
20. Courtyard.
45
PS
~
.-rZALA±.rat
.7
A~-J
..
-
A;
.XR.U..SH
:I
IA..
-. d Par---
--
A urkuna
-
- sm -. ee-PS .-*H
~~~i
:
.
5
6r
t
n
.:Z.
Isip
-
NUAKRA
oal
~
en-Museumr,
-~
Pul
D~A/JARAKXBGp
~-
/s
tt)
)
;~
MH
A
BAZA
BJJ/
GA
M4AHBU8 k MEHANC 0
\--
'
a
Urtn1*Hae~
g PURMNI Mr:,,~
(~~
j~
12 H-'pta -- munici
/ .- Offrc
T
AIP
D!Ljaiaca
-1
PATTHARCAT
RSSA
ALA
/
-
n-
-
AU
-7
-
M
i
i
-
--
- -
-
KOTLA
GAURTAdABKATTA
S1aio
4eI1
AHAUBANDA
q .5
U
A
A
Gre
~~ks
Q
0
7
-I'3
r
lI\NLAAW(W
The main palace compound has
densely built-up walled city.
.
vast
46
open
grounds
in
the
-
a
middle of' the
CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
I will
attempt
to
address
this
issue
at
an
abstract
diagrammatic design exploration in the walled city.
located
Mecca
just
Masjid
dwellings.
It
is
off
the main
and
is
East-West
by
the
Char Minar and
hutments
and
squatter
Only very sketchy site related data is available.
a rectangularish piece of land oriented North-South
side.
through a
The selected site is
axis close to
currently occupied
level
on the longer
The shorter (North) edge is lined with a row of shops opening onto
the main Purana Pul road in
The Mecca
southern
Masjid
edge.
is
the Lud Bazaar area west of the Char Minar.
located
Surrounding
on
a property
streets and
adjoining
buildings
the site
reflect the
on
the
typical
characteristics of the traditional fabric of the old walled city.
THE PROGRAM
The site will
families.
be
developed
in phases
to provide housing
for 45 to 50
The idea is to allocate housing for the people who live in
the hutments
in
the
first
phase
and
make
provision
for
integrating
retail/commercial at ground level and residential use above.
This would
be continued into the second phase of buildings to be sold as apartment
or row houses.
This way the cost for the first phase of construction may
be recovered and the retail/commercial stuff on ground level would bring
in money for upkeep and maintenance of common facilities.
The
proposal
will
be
developed
guidelines for this development,
and change in
Through
the
form of a
keeping in
set
of diagrams
and
mind the issue of continuity
the context of the walled city.
this
exercise
architectural
issues
territoriality
and
control --
in
I
would
relating
like
to
to
understand
morphology,
transitions, structure
and
and
dimensions,
access,
and
explore
rhythm,
phasing
and
at an abstract level within the context of the walled city as
established earlier.
47
Old city street facades across Afzal Gunj bridge.
Shops in Lud Bazaar on Purana Pul road.
48
Since most of my data is in the form of visual documentation and personal
many of the assumptions and resulting design decisions are
observations,
based on a "gut feeling" --
this approach seems to be an appropriate one
level of abstraction,
at this
brought up in
considering
a similar Indian city
The walled city is
the
fact
that
I was born
and
(Ahmedabad).
divided into four quadrants by the two main axes that
The North-South axis is
celebrate their intersection at the Char Minar.
formed by the Patherghati road (Sardar Patel Road) and the West-East axis
by the Purana Pul road.
The Old Bridge
(Purana Pul) was built on the River Musi in
1578 enabling
the establishment of the main West-East axis from the old fortified city
at Golconda to the center of the walled city of Hyderabad at Char Minar.
1860 or so and this allowed the city
The Afzal Gunj bridge was built in
to
grow along the northern bank of the Musi which made the North-South
The subsequent establishment, during British rule,
axis more prominent.
of Secunderabad,
north of Hussain Sagar gave it
prominence over
further
the West-East axis.
During the reign of the VII'th Nizam, the City Improvement Board (1930's
and 40's) implemented a scheme at Pattherghatti which enhanced the formal
axis
north
growth in
of
the
Char
and
recent
indicative of the fact that this is
indeed
through
Minar. and,
that direction,
is
the
Char
Kaman
now perceived as the main axis.
I believe that this process of formal urbanization will continue south of
the
Char
pieces
Minar
beyond
of the vast
the
palace
Mecca
Masjid,
properties
and
located
the
Nizamia
Hospital
as
off the west on this axis
became available for future developments that will bring back some of the
prestige and prominence to the modern day Old Hyderabad that this walled
city lost to growth-beyond the northern bank of the Musi.
This will probably mean that most of the old Hyderabad elite that moved
out of the walled city in
the earlier part of this century to reside in
the prestigious Banjara Hills area to the north will want to come back to
49
View of new city looking towards Banjara Hills.
50
since
particularly
city,
the walled
in
developments
new
these
in
live
Banjara Hills has begun to lose its old prestige owing to the recent land
ceiling legislation that forces the inhabitants to sell the "excess" land
new
housing
flashy
--
Hyderabad
into
moving
a new prestigious
desirable as
is
Hills
whom Banjara
for
the upper/middle
are
that
elite
new
non-Hyderabadi
attracts
available
for
developments
and suburban-type
the
for
groups
income
land that thus becomes
(The
on their vast estates.
address.)
set
The guidelines
walled
where
city
forth
the
in this thesis
issue
continuity
of
for a development
are
and
change *bears a
in the
special
significance as demonstrated above and in light of the cultural context.
new city
I anticipate that the old city will be revived with a dynamic
This process will generate
were.
a sort of a new "heart" as it
center --
enough incentive and income for the renovation of monuments,
improvement
preservation of the historic character,
and overall
amenities,
of civic
strengthening of its
modern cultural identity.
I would like to point out here that none of the official planning bodies
my
share
to
seem
point
of
--
view
"saturated," and most of the new areas,
for
development,
residential
peripheral suburban regions.
with any indication
open
land
city.
attached
Almost
all
zoned under their various schemes
around
are
is
There
the
the
recent
of palace
available
development of all the vast
complexes within the walled
of development
cases
industrializing
rapidly
no documented evidence
of a systematic planned
to the scores
considered
is
city
walled
the
of such
properties
show speculative office and commercial buildings put up by private/semiprivate agencies, without any apparent concern for the overall picture in
the walled city.
these
Fortunately,
most
of
have
they
proved
neither
types
to be
of
very
buildings
are
not
very
popular,
profitable
in
the
long
run
and
retail,
and
there seems to be a general tendency to consider
residential
seriously
developments,
as
similar ones
even economically.
mixed use,
improving on existing traditional
in other
cities have proved
models,
more
very successful
The walled city is unique in that there were so many
51
4
lip
I-X:
i
............
......
I
6'
e
A
Gateways mark a sequence of realms
52
The main mahollas are marked by distinctive gateways.
53
palaces
built
within
the
impossible to maintain.
becomes
available
for
walled
area
with
vast
grounds which are
now
The incredible amount of open land, as it slowly
development,
should not be underestimated
in
its
tremendous potential for residential development and restructuring of the
urban tissue.
OBSERVATIONS
The
new
development
in
the
walled
fabric and improve on
existing
it,
city
must
enhancing
be
its
consistent
with
in
character
the
terms
of
the modern way of life without ignoring important traditional influences.
The following basic observations will prove useful when one sets out to
design an effective environment:
--
In
the walled
smaller
city,
buildings
monumental
large
like houses and
and
buildings,
shops,
collections
out
are laid
so
that
of
one
reaches -a given point inside by passing through a sequence of realms
etc.),
("Puras,"
smaller
as one
each
ways,
one
and
smaller
becoming
through a gateway,
complicated
in
and
gateway
passes from each one,
interconnected
Though
a
marked by
each
to the next.
is
well
enough
defined physically so that each one has a distinct name with a suffix,
such
as
-Pura,
-bad,
-wadi,
-galli,
-chowk,
that
etc.,
gives
some
indication of its size in the sequential hierarchy.
--
There
are
are made
up
situation.
of
a
no 1-6rge
of parts
At lower
collection
of
monolithic
that manifest
densities,
small
--
buildings
the
all
actual
building
social
complexes
facts
of
the
a building complex may take the form
connected
buildings
arcades,
by
paths,
bridges, shared gardens, and walls.
--
For a housing complex at high density,
making
its
human parts
identifiable
seems that the basic way of
it
is
to
build
is
up from
narrow
fronted houses, each with its own internal stair.
--
Buildings
are
"gallies" with
arranged
so
that
many entrances
and
55
they
form
stairs
"pedestrian
opening
streets"
directly
from
or
the
The character of the walled city.
56
upper
created
stories
when
to
the
people
street.
Street
"rub shoulders"
in
life
and
public
social
are
intercourse
essential
to the
character of the walled city.
--
There
passing
are
by
long
and
Patherghati).
linked
through
and
half-linked
the public
parts
arcades
and
covered
of the walled
city
walks
(e.g.,
This covered space becomes the setting for much of the
informal business of the city.
57
1~'
I.
Ii~
ii
Iii
Plan and elevation study for small house with shop below.
instead of bearing walls will allow flexibility.
58
Columns used
~ -t-
r
PIk
(6A~
i%,
1
I
A first
pass:
affluent client.
each phase of
integrated
attracts
development
a
I ~tI.!
-
~I
/
-~
lip
/
'I
ii
'4
A
!~>J~
~
H
I'd
~
-'~\
/
~
~
-p
It
-
~~sA ~i~j
Section study:
1'
-Af
street-front shop with house above and behind.
59
more
1-
s
1-
- ---
i"~iL
P
-
lo-
I
-A
A second pass: Two-phased development. The first brings pedestrians and
arcaded shopping into the housing complex at ground level and allows a
greater continuity in the overall tissue.
60
lMom
h0
-1
O
10
20
m
The first is organized around
A proposal for two phases of development.
arcade and shops at ground level with housing for the hutment dwellers up
Second phase organized around courtyards -- larger,
to three storeys.
lower houses for middle and higher income groups.
61
DESIGN EXPLORATION AND GUIDELINES
1. Quantitative aspects of the Urban Tissue as infill
theme.
Agree on a grid for reference:
Modular increments
Rules as to how elements may be placed in the grid
Define zones to position elements
2. Urban Spaces
Residential and pedestrian streets and courtyards
Backyard spaces, alleys and service roads
Gateways to mark transitions
Clear affluence gradient
3. Buildings
Internal structure and division of residential buildings
Support principles:
Open plan with columns and stairs rather than bearing walls
Structure allows flexibility and adaptability
Access and public circulation within buildings
Clear privacy gradients
4.
Facades
Define appropriate elements and relations
Gradual transition between outside and inside
Balconies, Verandas and Galleries
5. Environment
Positive well defined urban spaces
Where buildings help shape urban space rather than occupy it
Continuity of form containing a variety of uses
Not an autonomy of functions displaying separate forms
63
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AHMED, J.
History and Legend in Hyderabad.
Hyderabad -- DN 1953.
ALAM, M. & KHAN, W.
Metropolitan Hyderabad and the
surrounding region.
Asia Publishing, New York 1972.
ALAM, Shah Manzoor
Hyderabad-Secunderabad -- A Study in
Urban Geography. Osmania
University, Hyderabad 1965.
ALEXANDER, Christopher
A Pattern Language.
Oxford University Press, New York.
ALIKHAN, Raza
Hyderabad A City in History.
Hyderabad, 1986.
BAWA, V.K.
The Nizam between Mughals and
British.
S. Chand & Co., New Delhi 1986.
CAMPBELL, A.
Glimpses of The Nizam's Dominions -History of the Hyderabad State.
London 1898.
LOTUS INTERNATIONAL
Issue #34.
Electa S.p.A
LYNTON, H.R. & RAJAN, M.
The Days of the Beloved.
Univ. of California Press 1974.
MITCHELL, George
Architecture of the Islamic World.
William Morrow, New York 1978.
MITTER, Partha
Much Maligned Monsters.
MORRIS, Jan
Stones of Empire -- Buildings of the
Raj. Oxford University Press, 1983.
RUSHBROOK-WILLIAMS, L.F.
A Handbook for Travellers in India,
Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon.
John Murray, London 1965.
SOPHER,
David E.
An Exploration of India.
Cornell University Press, Ithaca,
New York 1980.
65
THE VIDEO DOCUMENTARY
Title:
The Walled City of Hyderabad.
Length:
Nineteen minutes.
Format:
3/4" video tape with color and sound.
Description:
The first five minutes (0 to 5 min.):
The character of the walled city --
street life
and social intercourse;
shops, traffic, people and street facades along the two major axes.
The next ten minutes (5 to 15 min.):
The Friday afternoon Namaaz (prayers) at Mecca Masjid -attar
the hauz,
mosque
and
surma
more
building;
leave
arrive,
men
the sermon begins
eyes;
for the
the ablutions at
with
shoes
their
inside
the
the
shoe-
keepers, wash up, and assemble in the great court in front of the mosque
for
the
leave.
handing
Namaaz.
After
A crowd of beggar-children
out
generous
the men
the prayers,
amounts.
get
their
shoes back and
and women follows a rich Arab who is
Other
beggars
get
alms
from the men
leaving the mosque.
The next three minutes (15 to 18 min.):
The walled city on a rainy monsoon
The High Court and Osmania Hospital.
day in
July.
Views of Pattherghatti moving towards Char Minar.
One of
the gates marking a maholla in the walled city.
Note:
Two
Department
copies
of
this
of Architecture
at
documentary
video
M.I.T.
M.Arch. degree along with this text.
67
as
a part
are
submitted
of the thesis
to
the
for the