A PROJECT AROUND THE BOSTON
CENTRAL
ARTERY
by
Mario yufo
of Technology
Massachusetts Institute
1974
B.S.A.D.
Submitted in Partial
Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Degree of
Master of Architecture
the
at
MASSACHUSETTS
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
May 1979
I
Signature of the
MARIO RUFO 1979
author....
Depa
Certified
by
...
r.-.*
Richard
...............-.
,.f..-f.-.r
Tr maglio,
of Architecture
May II, 1979
men
Adjujc
I*
Professor
of Architecture
Thesis
Supervisor
.............................
Professor Imre Halasz, Chairman
ArchiveoDepartmental Committee for Graduate Students
Accepted by..... .............
AUG 14 1077
TABLE
OF CONTENT
Abstract
....................
3
Introduction
....................
4
Program
....................
7
Site
....................
12
Planning Objectives
....................
13
Design Objectives
....................
18
The Design
....................
22
The Drawings
.....................
27
.....................
43
The
Model
-2-
ABSTRACT
A PROJECT AROUND THE BOSTON CENTRAL ARTERY
MARIO RUFO
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May II, 1979
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Architecture
This project, centered around the Boston Central Artery,
extends from N. Washington st. to Congress st. in downtown
Boston.
The Central Artery represents an intimidating wall of steel
isolating the North-End and the waterfront area from the rest
of the city.
The purpose of this project then, is,on one hand,to alliviate
some of the problems created by its presence such as:
the disruption of street continuity, the curtailment of access
to the North-End and the waterfront, the congestion of
vehicular traffic; and on the other and most importantly, is
to provide a link between the old and historic on one side of
Central Artery, and the new on the other;
To integrate the urban fabric of the historic to that of the
skyscraper.
Thesis
Supervisor ......................
Adjunct
-3-
Professo
......
.
............
Tremaglio
n Architecture
A hard
/of
INTRODUCTION
The
Central Artery, besides being
sore
in downtown Boston today,
ample
of urban
urban
fabric
It
cuts
in
is,
and urban
the
its
city's
path,
The North-End and
oldest historic
and
the
isolating
from the
The disruption created by
and
tional
others, make
ex-
in
community
behind
in fact,
almost
steel.
rest of the
the
city.
Artery becomes
from Haymarket square
edge,
an entrance
layout
a blatant
district,
the waterfront area are,
completely separated
The presence
in effct,
eye-
cohesiveness.
an enormously intimidating wall of
the North-End
conspicuous
planners' myopia and unsensitivity toward
through
destroying
the most
this
to Atlantic avenue.
area of four Artery's
for Sumner
of surface
vehicular
and Callahan
and
streets
traffic
the
acutest along
ramps,
tunnels,
an exit
the
discontinuity
irraof
chaotic and
at this point
conges ted.
Pedestrian movement is
With
the
the
curtailment
if not downright dangerous.
unsafe
of access
to pedestrians
and automobile
area has become a closed enclave.
effect"
caused
This
"side
very
fortunate indeed.
by
-4-
the Artery has
proved
to be
By making the area inaccessable
has
been able
mogeneity,
couraged
to keep its
while
at
the
incompatible
to outsiders,
physical
same
time
character,
it
the North-End
its ethnic ho-
has unwillingly
dis-
land use.
The North-End today is
onr of Bostos most humanly active
neighborhoods..
While
the
ation
in
problems
the
along
project
the North-End
site;
Artery's visual blight,
other
problems
the noise,
positioning of entry and exits
edge
the
ramps,
typify
remain
the
such
situas
the
air pollution, the
that need to be dealt
with.
The project,
to Congress
therefore, extends
those
lots
are now either used
directly under
reorganization of
This
tends,
immediate
problems
reestablishment
the
repositioning
the
redistribution
the surface
streets.
on one hand, to solve some of the most
such
the
the Central Artery
for parking, or that will be recov-
erd with the
project
street
street.
It will occupy
that
from North Washington
as
:
of street
of the
continuity,
Artery's
of vehicular
ramps,
movement,
the reestablishment of pedestrian networks.
On the other hand and most importantly,
link,
a connection between
the
-5-
it tends
to be
a
old and historic on one side
and
It
the
tends
two very
new
on the
other
side
of the
Central
Artery.
to integrate and provide a transition between the
different
fabrics
-6-
THE PROGRAM
This project represents
a desire to mitigate
most blighting
influences,
It
in effect,
represents,
surrounding
the
an
Central
attemt
one of Boston
Artery.
to restructure the
area
it.
It
merely
represents
no
program.
There
are no
there
is
sense
there
an
idea and
specifications
no area
are
However, there
for
requirement
no
,
such being
the
case
there
is
land use;
and
in
strictly
speaking
zoning restrictions.
are a set
of objectives.
Physical, environmental, planning, and transportation objectives
straints
that
in
upon
order
the
to be
physical
satisfied
sity and mix of use and their
envelope
exterior treatment
public
definite
a set
con-
of criteria for den-
relationship.
buildings,
their
height
and massing,
and relationship between private
and
spaces.
Moreover, they would
amenities,
noise
place
design.
These objectives would establish
The volumetric
will
determine pedestrian networks,
open spaces,
traffic patterns,
levels.
-7-
visual
air quality, and
The program
use
in
its
development
general
along
a
terms
strip
consists
of
land
street to North-Washington street
The development
tian
calls
old
and new.
The
south
side
of
development,
will be less
were not
the
of
site
downtown Boston.
office,
and residen-
while
are
feasibility
the
more
north
appropiate
side,
of
the
project,
and uses,
impact that
retail
it
traffic
impact
it
the need and
on top of
the Artery.
on the
Quincy and
the North-End market.
on the North-End
displacement it would cause,
what
real estate
and air pollution
such development would have
would have
a
of users.
large number
market and
as
and about
on residential users
surface
the North-End,
known about projected demands
since nothing is
accomodate
to
for example,
would have
Finally,
den-
environmental and planning issues which
established what effect noise
effect
for higher
facing
It was not
Faneuil
an integration of
developed.
for different kind of spaces
capacity
and present,
considered.
development,
The
from India
the location will require a de-
is
intensively
However, there
The
goes
a mixed-
uses.
sign continuity between past
The
that
for retail, rental
The historical importance
sity
in
of placing
if any,
would have
level.
-8-
on
population,
new people
the
area
the
coming in.
the
increased
RETAIL
REQUIREMENTS
The creation of
flexible,
handle
large
small
to
competitive space
bussinesses.
Since
there
is
the outmost importance.
of
is
no way of predicting
maximum visibility and display
store as
well,
an extension of the
major
designed to
tenants,
space,
flexibility
ease of entry,
and
pedestrian network wereas
considerations.
RENTAL OFFICE REQUIREMENTS
The potential variety
to large
and
corporate
of users,
firms,
from small professionals
demand again design flexibility
accessability.
RESIDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS
As
for the
From small
other uses,
studio apartments
from one level
date
the
income
residential space demands
apartments
largest
and social
flexibility-.
to large ones;
to multi-leveled ones
and varied number of people
levels.
-9-
as
to accomo-
from different
The purpose
is
to create
a framework
for housing
that
leaves
the
individual householder with potential responsability for
the
arrangement
of his housing.
This will be based on the principle of separation between
structure
It
a
At
is
and infill.
the
fixed
the
infill
that will
carry
design
flexibility
within
context.
same
that is
being an
time
to provide
separated
a residential
from other uses while
integral part
framework level
at the
same
time
of the whole.
PARKING REQUIREMENTS
Underground parking
development
commercial
OPEN
Ample
users
and
facilities will be provided for the
as well
office
as
for the
users
of
adjacent
facilities.
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
and adequate
some of the
pressure
proximity, of
that
is
the structures
Street lighting,
provided
open spaces
will be provided
to relieve
inherent, because of the
in the
North-End.
landscaping,and built
as well.
-I0-
close
furnishing will be
PEDESTRIAN
REQUIREMENTS
One
fundamental
of the
establish movement
very
much
prerequisite
throughout
hindered by
the
of
this
project
is
the entire area that is
Artery's
ramps
and
the
to renow
cross-traffic
volume.
To
provide
to make
through
a total
the whole
area enough
pedestrian
links
as
separation between pedestrian and vehicular
movement.
-II-
THE SITE
The
site
will
occupy mainly
parcels
now
directly
under
the
Central Artery.
Some are
used
for parking, others
amplified with
The site
the
reorganization
is defined by Cross
New congress, Blackstone,
will be
of surface
street on
and Commercial
street
It
seven parcels,
four
include
other three
rupted by
are
the
extensions
streets.
the north side;
and Clinton street
Atlantic avenue
will
recovered and
on the south;
onthe east
are
quite
of long blocks
side.
large,
that were
the
inter-
Artery.
However, these
boundaries
the project at
levels higher
are
somewhat
fictitious
becouse
than ground expands beyond
t'hese limits.
It,
in
fact,
structures
The whole
incorporates
such as
the project
It
can be
Atlantic
City Hall,
some of the
Quincy market,
area adjacent to the Artery is
of
City Hall
and uses
said,
etc.
.
integral part
.
therefore,
that the project
on the west, to Cross street
avenue
an
existing
on
the
east,
and India
-12-
extends
from
on the north,
to
street
south.
on
the
PLANNING OBJECTIVES
The
resolution of all
pages
The
is
an
integral part
following planning
first
step
the problems
of the
area begins
The
area being considered needs
Changes
represent,
through which
the
structural
in
the previous
of the design process.
objectives
process
described
the
therefore,
the
restructuring
of
to take place.
fundamental and profound
changes.
that will substantially affect
and that will alter in
the
a dramatic sense
physical design,
the
conditions
at
ground level.
The
necessity of
of access
general
chaotic
state
the
is
dictated by
improvement
of confusion
the
curtailment
the Waterfront,
that
the
reorganization of street
area
is
and by
the
in.
layout,
of traffic patterns,
the establishment
the
changes
toward the North-End and
They include
the
these
of pedestrian
repositioning and
removal of
networks.
the Artery's
ramps,
of expressway
the
separation
the
reestablishment
of street
and
local
traffioI
continuity.
-13-
entry and exits
THE REORGANIZATION OF STREET LAYOUT AND
THE REESTABLISHMENT OF STREET CONTINUITY
The movement of
End
is
the
street
removal
and
south-bound;
the
removal of
of the
ON
caused by
,
be
the ON
traffic to the North-
interruption
the Artery's
further
OFF ramps,
north,
to New Congress
of Hanover
ramps.
ramp south-bound, and the
ramp notth-bound
extended
the
of Callahan tunnel's
run continuously up
will
vehicular
being curtailed mainly by
and Cross
With
pedestrian and
north-bound
repositioning
Hanover
street
will
street, while Cross
from North-Washington
street
st.
to Atlantic
avenue.
By
connecting
major streets,
Cross
st.
to North-washington
New Sudbury
and New Chardon,
another regional entrance point
alleviate the
into
st
and
two
other
we would have
the North-End that can
traffic volume now using North
st
and Atlantic
avenue.
On the
east
side
join Clinton st.
front, while
the
of
the
site
as well,
valuable
parcels
permitting easy
road running under
to Atlantic ave. will be
of
Atlantic
meanwhile,
eliminated
land.
- If-
the
,
access
ave.
will
to the water
Artery and parallel
gaining at same
time
THE REESTABLISHMENT OF PEDESTRIAN NETWORKS
Movement
ramps,
It
all
along the
cross
will
project site
is hindered by Artery's
traffic, interrupted streets,
certainly
be
waterfront, with
facilitated,
the
toward
and parkings
the North-End
reconnection of Hanover st.
lots.
the
and Cross
street.
Carrying
the level
of City Hall
New Congress street,
the
plaza into
and c.ontinuing it
the
site,
over
over Atlantic
separation of pedestrian and vehicular
avenue,
traffic would be
accomplished.
Furthermore, by bringing
and Endicott st.
into the
the
pedestrian
flow
of Salem street
site, we would have reestablished
the historic movement pattern.
By
bringing
the
same
diagonal
into
the
other
only would we have
the
same recognizable
pattern
the
site,
throughout
environmental
north-south
trate
purposes
axis
accross
the
,
it
light,
long blocks
-15-
being
it
air,
and under
not
and understandable
the diagonal pattern would
as well,
allows
two parcels
aligned with
and
the
people
serve
the
to pene-
Central Artery.
THE IMPROVEMENT AND REDISTRIBUTION
OF
VEHICULAR TRAFFIC PATTERNS
Many traffic problems
and entrance
that
come
expressway
traffic.
conflicts
and
It
of the
would seem
problems
will
that,
be
the Central Artery,
on
two
tunnels,
this
points,
between
the
"connector" that
Expressway at Congress
achieve,
expresway
the two tunnels,
the
separations
between local and
in fact,
traffic.
take up,
and
local
then,
access
With
tunnels- expressway
the
traffic.
Artery will,then, assume more
The
far as
to as
directly to
the regional
traffic,
st.
and connected
"connector" would
The
the
character of a limited
expressway.
the
"connector as
and
tunnels,
the
city,
a link between
of
many
the
the
the expressway,
ramps would
cease
to
serve
any purpose.
In
fact,
bound,
the
reduced.
could extend from the
we would
local
traffic levels,
two
of an underground
circle,
of the
result
With the construction
Leverett
the exit
a direct
by separating
greately
at
are
at
to exist,
and
the Callahan
tunnel
OFF ramps,
the ON ramp
and the North Station OFF ramp can
while the
the ON ramp north-bound will be
-16-
all be
south-
removed;
repositioned
further
north.
The Haymarket
tunnel
The
tunnels'
the
place
of
the
Callahan
exit and entrance will remain and used exclu-
local
a consequence
surface
take
OFF ramp.
sively by
As
OFF ramp will
traffic.
of these major interventions,
traffic will
organization of
the
far
less
street
intensive;
the
and with
local
the re-
layout, pedestrian and vehicular
movements will be a lot more
rational
-17-
and a lot
less hazardous.
DESIGN
The
design
to provide
to
integrate
of
the
objectives
of
this
a link between
the
urban
OBJECTIVES
the
fabric
project
and the new;
old
of
are:
the
distric
historic
to that
skyscraper;
to provide
a gradual
transition between
the
two
very different
fabrics;
to provide
a continuity of
activities
to provide
an integration of usages
erated will be humanly active
By
taking advantage
Hall plaza,
of the
level
higher
introduce
These paths
than
complete
ship between
resented
as
the
element
in themselves
Spatial
which
takan
out
compositin,that is,
generated.
a different way of con-
an agglomerate
and in which
and
the
destroyed at
of single
the relation-
totality
summation brtween the parts
is
day.
the city.
single element
the
places gen-
a network of
ground level, were
and the balance so obtained is
single
that the
change existing between City
is not perceived here as
structures
level;
the most part of the
and represent
ceiving and understanding the
city
such
the North-End and the Waterfront,
pedestrian paths,
The
for
at street
may be
rep-
and the whole
the moment a
of context.
is
not
the
individually conceived buildings
-I8-
only means
through
are grouped together.
It
is
instead
embraces
self
conceived as
the
in other words,
though
the
the
of
and evolve
There
the
total
are
introduces
system
in
in which
the totality
which
image
is
not basically
altered, even
taken out or different ones
"linkage"or
units
and
"network" as
system are
added.
the generator
closely
integrated
together.
is no hierarchy between
the element
and the
system.
The
concept may be new, nevertheless some of our best
and
towns --were built
In
these places
is
non
One
using precisely
the
same
cities
principle.
the distinction between totality
and elements
existent.
generates
integrated.
they
it-
elements.
some elements
concept
a totality
and is
generated by the other,
These places,
took generations
they are
totally
however, grew in an organic manner;
of men working over decades
and centuries
of time.
The link here,
for
the most part,
of space between elements
is
external, in which
shapes
became the visually organizing fac-
tor.
In our environment, we build in a very
therefore, fully
we must,
Linkage
is
simply the
which we unite
Insofar as
the
all
city
able and humanly
the
is
,abbreviated time
comprehend what
glue
of
layers
the
It
this concept involves.
is
the
act
through
of activity.
successful,
understood
city.
span,
entity.
-I9-
the
city will be
a recogniz(=
Linkage,% then,
spatial,
This
social,
project
just
is more than
and
tends
temporal
to the
a physical entity;
as
well.
realization
of this
principle.
While we have been successful
in making unified
plexes
with street
forms
at
ground
level,
linkage, we have fallen short
dimensional sense,
In
fact,
a high-rise
building
Here,
as we
the
are
concept
the high-rise
in
denies
us
understandable,
the
in
order
and part of
to make
the
level
the
same
its
many layers,
brought
to
to us,
the
city
or vertically.
and
activities
is
through
represent,literally, streets
The proposed paths
of
living environment.
other
with
its
them transparent
a new way of moving
at ground
experience
linkage
The project proposes
than
in a three-
elevators.
of three-dimensional
towers
as-,
in some medieval town.
form and the experience of rising through
enclosed
and com-
and piazzas
in achieving it
exept maybe
it is
uses
that make
in the
them so
air,
viable
ground level.
They
connect the
city by
interrelating much of the existing
structure.
These paths
would
flow
from high-rise to high-rise,
from
building to building, from structure to structure.
By opening up
these
paths
these structures
into them and up
as
-20-
at
these levels,
the
structures
by bringing
rise,
the
at
part of a total environmental experi-
structures would become
essential to our understanding of them,
is
ence that
their surrounding.
relationship to
their
then
acter
of
diversified activities
structures
By bringing into these
uses,
and
and only then,
these paths would assume
the
and
char-
streets.
the
We must percieve our urban society
namic entity of
introduced in
interrelated
its
and urban
forces,
change
context will
field as
a dy-
any new element
and
its equilibrium as
time passes.
As
system
the
arises
always
an
be
a kind
to grow
of
diverse
linkage
and expand.
system and the new element will
in
system in
an
diverse
itself.
one
of
city
a new kind of choise
offers
that
character
can live
is
district
old historic
gives morphological demonstration of
and
It
able
one.
integral
Bringing such
It
is
relationship between the
the
replace obsolete structures
goes by, and the need to
time
in an
the ever
changing
life.
to people:
the
possibility
a historically blessed place
new house.
-2I-
in a
THE DESIGN
This
project's
that
is
It
runs
goal was
to overcome
the
intimidating barrier
Central Artery.
the
accross the
the movement
entire
site,
at ground level,
and being
it
assumes
perpendicular to
an even more awesome
aspect.
It seemed
zontal
that
trust
the best way of overcoming the powerful hori-
of the Artery would have been to establish a
diagonal movement throughout
A
diagonal movement
and Marshall
street
that would
on one
street and Faneuil Hall on
that would
A movement
bring
the
into
streets
the
and
air
to
built-form would have
Opening up the
the
is
of
the
the
site.
corners
the
site;
and Commercial
optimal
lot corners would
the
of each
north-south
through
filter
the
the
the other.
free
site; by building up
led up over
continue into Endicott, Salem,
side
Moreover, it would align'with
allow light
site.
the
parcel
axis
site,
and
and would
while
the
solar orientation.
tend to bring movement
ground, gradually
into
the movement
the Artery.
Reinforcing
the vertical movement
and visible
elevators
at
this point
and stairway shafts.
-22-
are exposed
established with
A continuity of material is
with
built
The ground
the same material
as
that
form in this
is
the
case
system, either vertical or
It
also represents
of
the historic
district.
generator of the movement
diagonal.
infill, being it
the
the ground form
Central Artery, while the Artery
under and around the
itself represents
uni-
the
fying structure.
call
The
and
the built
The outside
assume the
the
non-built
corner of the
"built"
the
one,
same
diagonal movement stand what
to the
directions
At opposite
one
fabric,
has
lot
forms.
aspects.
to distinct
to
closest
I
the historic
texture, and scale of
fabric will
the historic dis-
trict.
The
"non-built" side will be
level,
of
as
to alleviate the
left open, of
pressure of the
the North-End.
North-End
Artery
diagonal movement
-23-
course,
at
ground
closely knit
fabric
The south
it
side of
lot will be more intensively built, being
closer to the new part of
The north
side,
volumetric
The
the
element
as
the
city.
the North-End,
relationship
internal
material
toward
the
with
the
the
"built"
of
other,
is
of a
Character that will change
will
old
place
itself
in
a
fabric.
corner,
different
while
of
the
same
character.
as we move
up,
and as
the
uses
ch ane .
the
character, here,
is
dictated principally by
the
need,
again, of bringing the movement up over the Artery.
Again,
the vertical movement
elevators
By
and stairway
repeating
a system is
the
same
beginning
A system that
is
reinforced by
the exposed
shafts.
diagrammatic process
to take
can define
the
over
the
next site
shape.
part and is
in itself definable.
repetitive
Artery
-24-
elements
By having introduced more
we have
than one
created allink.
Of course, what will
link the
trust
the
of the Artery;
reinforcing
Once
common factor in each part,
the
this
entire project is
common design elements
the horizontal
will help
linkage.
common elements
are established the
system is
deter-
mined.
With
the
determination of the system,then, each
take a different
the
totality.
The
two built
character of its
forms
on
the
rental office, will share
south
the
parcels
own and still be part
side,
used by
the
could
of
retail
same vertical movement,
will be part of a pedestrian network that will include
and
and
the
ground form.
The
accessability
network
and
up we
This
represent
level
are
enough
reach
level
is
astreet
in
the
air.
and
use
that
for most of the
of
the
pedestrian
will
doing
whole while
offering new activities
the
the
-25-
viable
adjacent to
become parts of the
and uses.
level,
residential
be
day.
structures
In so
higher,to
it
connected to existing structures
the Artery.
Moving
part
the main pedestrian level.
activities
and humanly active
This
as
are very important factors here.
As we move
There
the store
thepedes-trian
net-
work will
assume a different
It will become more private,
will pertain solely
The
framework and
in creating the
The infill
with activities
and
uses
that
to residential users.
separation of the
essential
character.
the units infill
is
design flexibility necessary.
is what determines
the
size
and shape
of
the
units.
The purpose
is
to
create
a framework
for housing that
individual householder with potential responsability
arrangment
of his housing.
leaves
for the
PAGE 27
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