HUMAN INTERACTION IN A TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY: A PHOTOGRAPHIC ESSAY by Walter C. Dent A.A.S., Fashion Institute of Technology State University of New York June 1977 B.A., University of Massachusetts at Amherst Amherst, Massachusetts February 1981 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN VISUAL STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FEBRUARY 1985 (O)Walter C. Dent 1985 The Author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of the Author Walter C. Dent Department of Architecture Center for Advanced Visual Studies January 18, 1985 Certified by Otto Piene Professor of Visual Design Director, Center for Advanced Visual Studies Thesis Supervisor Accepted by_______________________________ Nicholas Negroponte Chairman Departmental Committee for Graduate MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Rotch 1 FEB 2 2 1985 LIBRARr3 Students MITLibries Document Services Room 14-0551 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 Ph: 617.253.2800 Email: docs@mit.edu http://libraries.mit.eduldocs DISCLAIMER OF QUALITY Due to the condition of the original material, there are unavoidable flaws in this reproduction. We have made every effort possible to provide you with the best copy available. If you are dissatisfied with this product and find it unusable, please contact Document Services as soon as possible. Thank you. The images contained in this document are of the best quality available. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 3 Absorbed 4 Observed 14 Imaged 21 The Annunciation 22 The Madonna of 24 E.E. Massacre of the Innocents 26 The Child 28 Stripped Bare. That Obscure Object of Involuntary Submersion Desire. 30 32 The Conversation 34 Oh, What 36 The Lovers Beauty! 38 References 40 Bibliography 41 2 HUMAN INTERACTION IN A TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY: A PHOTOGRAPHIC ESSAY by Walter C. Dent Submitted to the Department of Architecture on January 18, 1985 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Visual Studies. ABSTRACT Through the advent of technological advancement global communication has been greatly increased. Information can be emitted and received instantaneously through satellite transmission systems. Saturation of the airways continuously bathes the human in video and audio imagery. Dependence on human physical labor has been reduced by the current trend of transporting information rather than materials. Entertainment, Education, Religion, Politics, Commerce and Medicine, are continuously adapting and implementing new technological developments. Technology has created an attitude of increased expectation of instant fulfilment. Social behavior adapts and revises itself with the influx of contemporary mores delivered by the communications medium. If television is the illusion of reality, what is the reality of the illusion? The thesis consists of two parts, (1) a written investigation of observed influences created through communicative technologies and (2) a photographic essay of present and possible attitudes that result from audio/video technological complexity. The photographic essay is not an attempt to document interaction as it "normally" appears in society, but to spot human interaction through a "surrealistic" approach. The photographic presentation consists of nine (9) images, (8-black and white and 1-color), each approximately 19"x23", hinged between acid-free ragboard and presented under glass. They will be exhibited at the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at M.I.T. during the month of January thru mid-March. The thesis book is constructed with the written material in the first section and the photographic essay in the second represented as reduced black and white, photo-screened images accompained by their respective titles and true dimensions. Thesis Supervisor: Otto Piene Title: Professor of Visual Design 3 ABSORBED of Futurist in painting the catalogue of the preface to his In Paris of exhibition first Umberto Boccioni 1912, st- ates: The era of and all the rest to be the the first is not my machine was views Beaux-Arts, and that sensibility of environment. I have to of amongst propagated, most address in this 1, first - chosen the begun, claim we has been thesis, the the machine inventions the gramophone, the the cinema, the Beaux-Arts tradition, fic and but central Futurist age, the telephone, automobile, unstylistic. The to use of 4 architects, importantly, and to ideals, society was electricity, the establish figure airplane, within the It of the this established are implied. inundated with the the typewriter, locomotive, Architecture, become functional, reinforced and Futurism. comparisons mostly, home machinery. was contemporary complex development as my basis when new and direction disputed machinery as World War the the Nouveau, Deutscher Werkbund Art intention During a of age, designs introduction before therefore Paleontology... constantly architecture" tmodern individuals has overhauled.I architecture several is mechanized primitives the completely In great unlike scienti- concrete constru- ction raised the concrete facade to the level of the verna- cular. In regards to architectural ornamentation, of the architect Adolf Loos, represented the contemporary the views ideals: is Freedom from ornament the symbol a mind which he only attributes mind, engineers. further foundations and also of engineers as noble savages foundations tion is to peasants and In this view succeeding generations were to follow him, thus laying oper of an uncorrupted to the idea that to to the laying further build without to build like an engineer, idea thus decora- in a manner pr- 2 to a Machine Age. Futurist Architectural viewpoints were represented through Antonio Sant' Elia's "La Citta Nuova", of 1914, which held the position that: The house of cement, painted ornament, iron and glass, without curved or rich only in the inherent beauty of its lines and modelling, extraordinarily brutish in its mechanical simplicity... must rise from the brink of a tumultuous abyss; like a door-mat at unge stories deep the street itself will no longer lie level of the thresholds, but the pl- the earth, gathering up the tra- into 5 ffic of the metropolis connected for necessary trans- fers to metal cat-walks and high-speed conveyor belts. is That the new architecture calculation.... boldness and the architecture simplicity; ture of reinforced concrete, iron, glass, and cold the architectextile fibres stone and brick all those replacements for wood, that make for the attainment of of maximum elasticity and lightness.3 With the publishing of F.T. Marinetti's esto ", in Le Figaro, on February 20, " Futurist Manif- 1909, the artist's total involvement with technology was proclaimed. Marinetti experienced a drastic alteration within his environment. He glorified the new technology and particularly adopted the instrument of personal mobility, the automobile: We declare that the splendor of the world has been iched with a new form of beauty, the beauty of race automobile adorned with great pipes enr- speed. A like serpents with explosive breath... a race automobile which seems to rush over exploding powder is more beautiful than the 4 Victory of Samothrace. 6 (I find it very interesting that this automobile and trademark of love for the race- the attraction for speed, is to this day a the Italian automakers Ferrari, Maserati and Lamborghini). Being that concerns itself with human technology, I shall teraction and Manifestos this thesis in- introduce the Futurist that navigate social attitudes within Futurist Ideology. I have purposely omitted such manifestos refering to painting and artists, and ing sculpture, which are directed towards concentrate on their writings concern- shall social rebirth. A compendium of these manifestos will rrelation with present social influences, which will be expounded within the section titled: thesis is not but rather its constitute a co- OBSERVED. an investigation of Futurism as influence, whether direct or social complexity. On this basis, I take Again, this a Movement, indirect, upon the liberty of selecting those manifestos and statements which address my intentions. 1913 The Art of Noises, We invite young musicians of talent to conduct a sustained observation of all noises, in order to understand the various rhythms of which they are composed, are their principal secondary tones. By comparing the various tones of noi- ses with those of sounds, they will be convinced of the extent 7 to which the former exceed the latter. only an understanding, but ises. also a taste and passion for noour multiplied After being conquered by Futurist eyes last hear with Futurist sensibilities will at way the motors and machines of our be transf'ormed of Destruction in - In this every factory will intoxicating orchestra of noises. into an Syntax ears. industrial cities will so that one day be consciously attuned, - This will afford not - Imagination without Strings - 5 Words Freedom. 1913 Futurism is grounded brought about sensibility in the complete renewal of by the great discoveries human of science. Those people who today make use of the telegraph, the telephone, the the phonograph, the train, the bicycle, the motorcycle, automobile, the ocean the great newspaper the cinema, rlds life) liner, do not realize that the dirigible, the aeroplane, (synthesis of a day in the wo- these various means of commun- ication, transportation and information have a decisive influence on their psyches. life to today's swift 1. Acceleration of lectual, pace. Physical, intel- and sentimental equilibration on the cord of speed stretched between contrary magnetisms. Multiple and simultaneous awareness in a single 2. Dread of the old individual. and the known. Love of the new, the unexpe- cted. 3. Dread of quiet living, love of danger, and an attitude of 8 daily 4. heroism. Destruction of a sense of the Beyond and an value of the individual whose desire is increased "vivre sa vie" in Bonnot's phrase. 5. The multiplication and unbridling of human desires and ambitions. 6. An exact awareness of every person. realizable in 7. Semi-equality of man and woman and a lessening of disproportion in their 8. Disdain for by the greater freedom and erotic produced ease of women and by exaggeration of female luxury. A modification idealization the social rights. "amore"(sentimentality or lechery) the universal 9. inaccessible and un- everything of patriotism, which now means of the commercial, a heroic and artistic industrial, solidarity of a people. 10. A modification of the idea of war, which has necessary and bloody test of a people's 11. The passion, art and idealism of become the force. Business. New financial sensibility. 12. Man multiplied by the machine. New mechanical fusion of quered 13. 14. instinct with the effciency of motors and con- forces. The passion, art, of the sense, a and idealism of Sport. Idea and love "record". New tourist sensibility bred by ocean liners and great 9 hotels. New sense of the world. 15. The earth shrunk by speed. 16. A loathing of curved lines, Love for spirals, and the tourniquet. the straight line and the tunnel. visual foreshortening and visual synthesis The habit of caused by the speed of trains and cars that look down on cities and countrysides. Dread of slowness, pettiness, analysis, and detailed explanations. Love of speed, abbreviation, the and summary. Quick, give me the whole thing in two words! 17. Love of depth and essence in every exercise of So these are some elements of that has music the new Futurist the spirit. sensibility generated our pictoral dynamism, our anti-graceful in its free, irregular rhythms, our noise-art and our words-in-freedom. 6 Futurist Manifesto of Men's WE MUST clothes, lines. to Clothing, INVENT FUTURIST CLOTHES, hap-hap-hap-hap-happy daring clothes with brillant They 1913. must be last for a simple, and colors and dynamic above all they must be made short time only in order to encourage indust- rial activity and to provide constant and novel enjoyment for our bodies. We want Futurist clothes to be comfortable and practical. 10 Dynamic Aggressive Shocking Energetic Violent Flying(i.e. giving the idea of flying, rising and running) Peppy Joyful Illuminating(in order to have light even in the rain) Phosphorescent Lit by electric lamps. Pattern changes should be available by pneumatic dispatch; in this way anyone may change his clothes according to needs of mood. Available modifications will Loving Arrogant Persuasive Diplomatic Unitonal Multitonal Shaded Polychrome Perfumed. 11 include: the As a result we even if shall have the necessary variety of clothes, the people of a given city lack the imagination themselves. The happiness of our "Futurist Clothes", will help to kind of good humor aimed spread the at the writings of the following "Le Futurisme" of 1914, we find passage by Marinetti: I envy the men of in friend sadness. 7 Palazzeschi in his manifesto against Within by my great an Italy the Two-thousands, who will entirely shaken and revivified, live tamed by new electrical energies whose power, derived from the harnessing of the sea, will be controlled by a kind of technology of engineers who live in high tension chambers where a hundred-thousand volts flicker of through great bays panels with meters, ators to right and glass. They sit switches, rheostats and left, life of power between walls of iron and steel, twenty times and cheaper than ours. They are and free at short, a lighter last from the softness offered by wood fabrics with their rural 12 commut- crystal; they have furniture of fragility and control and everywhere the rich gl- eam of polished levers. These men enjoy, in examples of at ornaments.... Heat,'hum- pass of idity and ventilation regulated by a brief the hand, they feel the fullness and solidity of their own will....8 With Italy's applauded involvement by Marinetti, in the war in 1915, a move (war, the hygienic control of life), Umberto Boccioni and Antonio Sant'Elia were both killed. The post-war Futurist group had earlier elements little in common with the association. This new Futurism had propagandistic that quickly became identified with Fascism. "Man Multiplied by the Motor". Marinetti 13 OBSERVED "The a known the exception, an is unknown deception." 1920. Francis Picabia, I don transmit, technology. our ful machine for instant and time has War II, presented been main the to aid at soldiers of smaller, sharper, new if this bridged with a for outlet the war involvement power- survive. to The mad on! the telecommunications the is problem. a isn't there if business im- and a more Develop we Media As exist. be attained. cost the newsreels. the newsreels personal even race is With was less answer an technological flict Clearer, perfection must proved, Create therefore I visual satellite. The cinema generated in the war 14 space between During of information The film was effort, gap edited, World the con- narrated collective viewing group effort, and of discussion and Information was de- signed and produced exclusively for the mass audience. The radio "live" provided a assured the listener that victory was do their part rage citizen could who connection with the government, at hand, and the ave- Victory in the war effort. Gardens developed throughout the country and ration cards were established. The average citizen, otherwise known as "John Doe", received information concerning through the government sources, edited the conflict in the name ional Security. The cinema reinforced the war films from Hollywood of prominent actors effort through in the war, usually screenplays based upon the road to victory, pilots, and With the advent of the Vietnam War, the reality of death, pain, confusion, fear and total disillusionment, to the television viewer within the comfort Gone were the patriotic newsreels, by the President. of his/her home. you, there in vivid color was war. In also was the first man on the moon, transmitted extremely confused, and those who chose to the masses at the Society was split and very afraid of the present There were those who in one word, inges- television. No discussion directly to your personal television set upstairs. of events. presented The viewing of the horror was usually with the person next to there was gone were the fireside chats ted alone, upstairs, on your personal contrast, of Nat- chose to vocalize their disgust to await the Future. The Future, 1938 New York Worlds Fair, was presented summarized "Technology". Technology would lead us out present madness, and chain of the into a world of futuristic miracles, the 15 trick was to wait. With the end of direct U.S. military involvement in Viet- nam, the business of full speed ahead to the Future was pro- claimed. Development for a U.S. the objective at hand, Yet, when superiority in technology was for this was the way to the Future. the Japanese automakers were outselling the American automakers, and their constructed better and electronics were than the American market, less ance in technology was greatly evident. in home The Japanese excelled entertainment products while the U.S. computer market. Military Technology and became the flagship of U.S. domin- the threat to U.S. cost production. in the excelled Information Sciences, Industrial, "blue-collar" workers, who kept the country productive during the Wars, a tremendous amount being women during WWII, of work in the name of "technological advancement". The reluctantly adapted to the that point to the Computers, Electronic Mail, Televideo Shopping, Media Rooms, Home On-Line work situations, the "electronic society Informational Services. Presently, we are saturated with icons Future. Personal found themselves out cottage", where human have created interaction is reduced to a minimum. With the popularity of Video film can be recorded directly from etc... Cassette Recorders, a the cable television thereby eliminating the need to attend channel, cinemas. Audio Compact Discs, allow the audiophile to recreate precise sound quality usually associated with the concert hall. These compact 16 discs or CD's, are available for the home and portable use, vis a vis regulation of AT+T, one system, the automobile, the Sony Walkman. With the de- can only imagine telecommunicative possibilities. We live in a society where it has four television sets three or Television is various Flat within automobile The assimilation of pop is perpetrated "break dancing", interface with screen technology will allow the place- ment of monitors on walls, in watches, dashboards, etc... culture, such as to the through the media immediate commercialism, resulting in extreme of each home for an average family. developed to presently being inputs. is common that over exp- osure and rejection as trend. With the aid of television, the Fashion bombard the passive viewer into submission. Consider the Punk Look, originating in England, a Punk or Skinhead would state his/her social attitude through their short time that ones hair In the it, the identification has been replaced with a conformist uniform. In a mass nonconformist, produced society, one must to display ones dress. the Fashion Industry has embraced social, political cute, harmless, Industries can become a nonconformist in individuality. To dress strangely, etc... order differently, wear would elevate the person to an oddity. Once again, this desire television is a great vehicle to promote to escape conformity. Music 17 Television or better known as MTV, allows the promotion of Fashion, Nonconformity and Trend, simultaneously. I accuse MTV and Music repetition of violating my imaginative space. The constant Music Videos of Videos has created a direct visual flashback to the imagery associated with the music. original lived of my own personal music. With the I have been re- impression when listening to the introduction of the Video Jukebox, one ects the musical choice and the music is sel- accompained with the video. Technology friend and protector, is presented as hibited in Ronald Reagan's "Star as ex- Wars", defense plan, which is to be a deterrent to the Russians. The association of this defense against method of Intercontinental Ballistic Missles, fantasy film "Star Wars", with the is indicative of the U.S. commercial attitude towards Futurism. The Futurist Manifesto concerning has come 1913, music. city noise. City. The to be within the youth oriented It is no wonder this of the intoxicating orchestra of dance" industrial "music" surfaced in New York beat of the machinery combined repetitive, monotone with the laborious chant the "break sounds are no more than the predicted The of "The Art of Noices" "foreman", is instrumental in Futurist Noises. America transmits its rapidly changing culture to the rest of the world by way of be a first commerce through satellites. time traveller abroad is To disheartening to the ad- venturous, when confronted with the major fast-food chains. 18 advertising message toward The American Media directs its the youth culture. Hollywood gears its films adult absorbed within pubescent fantasies. "telephone sex", in for the young There are many fulfil verbal sexual desires, services that the privacy of your home, payable by VISA or Master Card. The dehumanization of sexuality through technology will be more common with the perfection of home terminals. Technology is but unfortunate consequences tures can erupt. looking to and implementing ards. world is the I see countries and cul- the American method of Technology, Business, etc... smaller, shrunk by the Futurist stand- Media, Entertainment, Defense, Indeed, the firearm, if misused, like a tool, This Futurist attitude has not created the Utopia in- visioned. During the that 1938-1940 New York Worlds Fair, the exhibits intrigued the masses were the ones that predicted the Future. The World of Tomorrow, Futurama, etc... how we would portation, live in the years ahead. Architecture, Trans- Clothing, and the work-place, highlighted what was to be expected in the coming future. ope were down played at countries displayed The events in Eur- the Fair and when the East European fell to the Nazis, down went their Pavilion. The U.S.A. was trying to recover from the Depression and hope for the future did not mix well with the European War. Instead, we chose to focus on the new "technology", here 19 our chance to escape to the Future, where life would be was wonderful. Well, here we are, Future, where our personal away in our isolated trying once again to escape to the life should be wonderful. Hidden "electronic cottages", communicating with the outside world through our monitors. We will adapt relearn to and interface our needs through machinery. We will endow the machines with "human" attributes of Life in the coming years can most extinguished, all important and not the name Intelligence. Artifical and/or in that be humanized, dehumanized, in the name of technology. What is that the machine is an extension of life is an extension of the machine. Man Multiplied by the Machine. Marinetti 20 is life, IMAGED "I do not and photograph nature the camera is a but tool, idea I would photograph an object, a dream rather fantasy; but my like rather than an the than an idea." Man 21 brush. Ray. The Annunciation, 19 "x231", Qc 22 Walter C. Dent 1983. The Annunciation. Procedure: To simulate the large video white a black and screen, 35mm negative was reversal processed into a positive transparency. The image was photogra large aphed from television and projected onto white foam-core board, which was shape of then cut to the the television screen. The floating female was light by a studio strobe unit while time exposure in the video the area screen was suspended of screen required 4 seconds. The a T.V. by fine black thread to blend with the black background, but I still have not solved the mystery of the Annunciate. The total scene was recorded with a 4x5 view camera. 23 The Madonna of E.E.(Electrical Engineering), O Walter C. Dent 1984. 24 23 "x194", The Madonna of E.E. Procedure: To create the video child in image, I photographed the the studio to obtain a black and white print, using a still camera. The print inch tape, videotaped on freeze framing a section in order to avoid of a this manner the tape would run 2 hours was then "motion" tape. In continuously for if necessary. The Madonna's clothing was designed by myself and the location was found at Wellesley The lighting was strobe light to combined with the natural The image was College. simulate the sun illuminance of the T.V. recorded with a Hasselblad and a 80mm lens. 25 Massacre of the Innocents, 1 9 "x23 26 ", S Walter C. Dent 1984. Massacre of the Innocents. Procedure: image, To obtain the video television ercial I photographed comm- with a 35mm camera, still and reversal processed the black and white negative. The black and white transparency was through the back of the empty T,V. frost matted The the projected shell onto a screen. acetate lighting was strobe light combined with quartz light from the projector. was recorded with a 4x5 view camera. 27 The image The Child Stripped Bare, 191"x191", 28 Q Walter C. Dent 1983. The Child Stripped Bare, Procedure: The individual masks that the children wear were constructed by, the photographing the female studio, printing the face in image and drymounting them onto foam-core board with a wooden stick as a handle at the bottom. The location was ley Square environment I.M. Pei. The a glass at the Cop- the threshold of the structure. image was recorded with a Hasselblad and 50mm lens. The lighting was natural, low, and very near to dusk. 29 That Obscure Object of Desire, 1984. 30 23 "x194", ® Walter C. Dent That Obscure Object of Desire. Procedure: The reading material was constructed by Letterpress type to colored paper applying and fitted as covers. The titles and authors are fictitious, and any resemblance to an actual book is purely coincidental. The lighting was strobe light and the image was recorded with a 4x5 view camera, The original image is 31 in color. I I Involuntary Submersion, 18"x18", 32 0 Walter C. Dent 1984. Involuntary Submersion. Procedure: The location was selected Financial District. To in downtown Boston's create the child's hand emerging image and from the into the border, a large white frame was structed and supported by two large light ands at the location. The frame had the same angle as the camera to erging verticals const- to be at prevent conv- of the borders. The recorded with a Hasselblad and a 50mm The lighting was syncro-sun using image was lens. a small robe unit approximately 175 watt-seconds. 33 of the illusion st- f - The Conversation, 23 "x19 ", A Q 34 Walter C. Dent 1984. The Conversation. Procedure: This large image was studio recorded in the studio with a strobe unit The headpiece was and a 4x5 view camera, suspended with a little faith. 35 Oh, What Beauty! 19 "x191", O 36 Walter C. Dent 1984. Oh, What Beauty! Procedure: The Digital Ivis System was location from The Center transported to the for Advanced Visual Studies, with the aid of my fellow students, Jonathan Goldman and Uriel Levi. The System was utilized Disc image Sony Laser to provide the visual which was from a videodisc. The whole system was powered by a Honda generator that supplied ample current. was natural which caused the out grass The lighting to be burned due to the exposure compensation for the monitor. The image was and a 50mm lens. 37 recorded with a Hasselblad It has been a while since you loggedon. I 6iss sensing you, receiving youir touch. you been? I tried to transmit hut The Lovers, 194"x191", Walter C. Dent 38 your 1984. t. -mini h lher a The Lovers. Procedure: The lighting for this image was solely from the computer monitor, which was available at the Architecture Machine Group, at M.I.T. The Message was written, filed, myself. and recalled for display by Selective focus was chosen for greater impact. This image has more meaning when the viewer has a basic understanding of such as the "bus" The computer terminology, referral and the closing "End". image was recorded 150mm lens. 39 with a Hasselblad and a REFERENCES 1. Reyner Banham, Age, Ibid., 3. William J.R. Herschel b. ersity Umbro Curtis, Modern Machine New York, p.102. since 1900, Art, 1968, Chipp, of of Theories Futurist 7. Ibid., pp.132-13 4 12 4 - 12 5 . 40 Univ- Berkeley, p.286. 1970, Viking Manifestos, . Banham, pp. Modern Press, California New York, p.87. pp.95-98. Reyner Architecture p.73. Ibid., 8. First Phaidon Press Limited, Oxford, Apollonio, Press, 6. the 1960, Praeger Publishers, 1982, 5. in p.97. 2. 4. Design Theory and BIBLIOGRAPHY UMBRO. Futurist APOLLONIO, New York, BANHAM, Age, BARZUN, Praeger The Use JACQUES ELLUL, Art, Princeton of Surrealism, University of 1969. HERSCHEL B. Theories University of Architecture since 1900, 1982. Ltd, The of Modern Art, 1968. WILLIAM J.R. Modern JACQUES. Machine 1974, Press, Press First 1960. Of And Abuse ANDRE. Manifestos Phaidon the in New York, Publishers, California Press, CURTIS, Design Theory and REYNER. Michigan Press, CHIPP, Viking Press, 1970. University BRETON, Manifestos, Technological Society, Knopf, New York, 1964. FINKELSTEIN, HAIM N. UMI Research Press, Surrealism and 1979. 41 the Crisis of the Object, FREUD, SIGMUND. Character and Culture, . The Sexual Enlightenment GOMBRICH, HOCHBERG, BLACK. Art, Johns D.W. Art LEWIS. 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