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Materials and Processes
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GKN Sinter Metals Material Lists
The GKN Sinter Metals List of Materials provides an overview of PM alloys that are commonly used for powder metal
structural components and self-lubricating bearings including selected material properties. Other compositions can be
supplied by GKN Sinter Metals when agreed with sales and
technology. Modifications and supplements to the material
list will be introduced without reference or notification. This
does not refer to the duty of information on the current supply of parts. Additional information and references are given
in the brochure related to special processes or products.
Remarks Referring to the Tables
The tables are divided into four main sections “Standard
References I”, “Typical Properties (References)”, “Chemical
Compositions (Standard)“ and “Standard References II”.
Many material properties are positively affected by subsequent sizing or heat treatment. It is strongly recommended
to inquire the consequences of these processes on mechanical and physical properties as well as on part dimensions
from the supplying plant.
Determination of Properties
Mechanical and physical properties stated in the table’s
have been determined on the basis of Sint Test Standards
(DIN 30910 Parts 1, 3 and 4).
Further details are given in DIN 30910 Part 1, Section 6.
The chemical composition is determined according to the
respective standards.
Where these are not applicable, suitable test methods
should be agreed.
Admissible ranges of density are given in the section “Standard References I” on the left.
MPa
1.400
The range of chemical composition is listed in the section
“Chemical Compositions (Standard)”.
These properties should not be regarded as guaranteed
properties in a legal sense.
Informative property values have been determined on test
bars (ISO 2740) in the as-sintered state; therefore they cannot be verified in the finished components. The use of micro
tensile test bars cut out of a supplied component is not allowed nor can the tensile strength be deducted from a hardness measurement.
High-speed
steels
1.200
Alloyed
steels
1.100
1.000
Fe-Cr-Mo
Fe-Ni-Mo-Cu
Fe-Ni-Cu
(hardened)
900
Tensile strength (Rm)
The section “Typical Properties (References)” contains informative values of selected material properties representing a specified density value and a certain chemical composition within the range specified in the section on the left
and the right.
1.300
800
Structural
steels
700
Fe-Ni-Cu-Mo
Fe-Cr-Mo
600
500
Fe-Cu
ned)
Malleable
steels
Fe-Ni-Cu
Fe-P-Cu
(harde
400
300
Grey cast
iron
Fe-
200
Fe-C
100
6,2
6,4
6,6
6,8
7,0
Sintered materials
7,2
Density
2
7,4
g/cm3
7,8
Solid materials
Index of Contents I
Part I:
Material Lists
Sintered Steels
Surface Densified Sintered Steels
PM Aluminium Materials
Stainless Steels
Powder Forged Steels
Bearing Materials (DIN-/ISO-Standard Info)
Bearing Materials (US-Standard Info)
Sintered Soft Magnetical Materials
Soft Magnetic Composits (SMC)
MIM - Case Hardened Steels
MIM - Corrosion Resistant Steels
MIM - Heat Treatable Steels
MIM - Soft Magnetic Steels
MIM - Alloys for High Temperatur Applications
MIM - Tool Steels
Part II:
4
6
6
8
10
12
14
16
16
18
18
18
20
20
20
Sintered Metal Processes
Economical Aspects
Index of Contents II
Material Forming Processes
Production Process
Auxiliary Operations
Compacting Tool
Principle of PM-Tools
Surface Quality on PM Parts
Hardness Comparison Table
Design Guidelines
Technical Support
Markets
GKN - Innovation by Research and Development
Quality - QS-Management
Notes
22
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
43
3
Sintered Steels
Standard References I
Typical Properties (References)
GKN
SM Material
Code
Density
[g/cm3]
PMET 103P56-SP
PMET 104P56-SP
PMET 1000C
PMET 1005C
PMET 1020C
PMET 1000D
PMET 1002D
PMET 1005D
PMET 1007D
PMET 1020D
PMET 1025D
PMET 1025D-H1
PMET 1027D
PMET 1205D
PMET 1205D-H
PMET 1208D
PMET 1208D-H
PMET 4602D
6.5 - 6.9
6.6 - 7.1
6.4 - 6.8
6.4 - 6.8
6.4 - 6.8
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
Fe3Cu0.55P-0.55C
Fe4Cu0.55P-0.55C
Fe
Fe-0.5C
Fe2Cu
Fe
Fe-0.2C
Fe-0.5C
Fe-0.7C
Fe2Cu
Fe2Cu-0.5C
Fe2Cu-0.5C
Fe2Cu-0.7C
Fe2Ni0.5C
Fe2Ni0.5C
Fe2Ni0.8C
Fe2Ni0.8C
Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.2C
6.70
7.00
6.60
6.60
6.60
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
6.9
7.1
6.9
7.0
7.00
485
590
130
250
230
150
230
300
380
270
500
690
560
340
1000
380
1000
470
415
465
75
160
185
90
150
180
230
230
330
660
410
210
980
280
990
360
> 7.2
Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.2C
7.25
500
390
PMET 4602E
Typical composition1)
A2)
El2)
[%]
Hardness
HB
Hardness
HRB
E
[GPa]
180
215
35
80
90
45
70
95
120
75
160
240
180
120
290
140
320
150
3
3.5
4
1.5
2
10
5
3
2
4
2.5
<1
1.5
2
<1
1
<1
3.5
40
75
65
50
75
90
120
85
140
380
170
140
75
85
58 HRF
40
25
75 HRF
58
68
70
36 HRC
74
69
33 HRC
71
35 HRC
60
120
140
100
100
100
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
135
150
135
140
140
160
4
160
68
160
Typical
UTS YS 0,2 FEL3)
density
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
[g/cm3]
quench + temper4)
quench + temper4)
quench + temper4)
PMET 4605D
6.8 - 7.2 Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.5C
7.00
540
420
185
2.5
180
78
140
PMET 4605D-H1
PMET 4605E
PMET 4607D
PMET 4802D
PMET 4802E
PMET 4805D
PMET 4805D-H1
PMET 4805E
PMET 4807D
PMET 49N2D
PMET 49N2E
6.8 - 7.2
> 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
> 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
> 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
> 7.2
7.00
7.25
7.00
7.00
7.25
7.00
7.00
7.25
7.00
7.00
7.25
1020
570
580
520
570
620
1050
700
610
620
710
900
340
380
330
350
340
820
370
380
450
470
270
175
180
170
180
200
300
200
190
170
190
<1
5
1.5
3.5
4
2
<1
2.5
1.5
2
2.5
400
190
210
150
170
180
380
200
230
160
190
35 HRC
82
85
58
66
84
34 HRC
89
89
-
140
160
140
140
160
140
140
160
140
140
160
quench + temper4)
PMET 49N6D
6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.6C
7.00
900
650
220
1
300
-
140
sinter hardened5)
PMET 49N6E
PMET 49C2D
PMET 49C2E
PMET 49C6D
PMET 49C6E
PMET 10P0D
PMET L44N6D
PMET L44N6D-H
PMET L4206D
PMET L4206D-H
> 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
> 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
> 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
7.25
7.00
7.25
7.00
7.25
7.00
7.05
7.05
6.95
7.0
1050
550
600
850
1000
380
550
1170
400
900
670
400
450
800
930
230
440
1000
320
890
240
170
180
200
220
120
220
340
190
300
1.5
1.5
2
0.5
1
10
1
<1
1
<1
330
150
180
320
400
100
-
85
38 HRC
66
36 HRC
160
140
160
140
160
140
145
145
140
140
sinter hardened5)
PMET L44NC8D
6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Ni2Cu0.85Mo0.8C
7.0
790
780
230
<1
-
25 HRC
140
PMET L4628D
PMET L4618D
PMET 10P52
PMET 4306D
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
6.8 - 7.2
7.0
7.15
7.1
7.00
720
1000
350
950
710
980
280
900
230
290
220
<1
<1
7
1
350
36 HRC
36 HRC
58
34 HRC
140
150
150
140
PMET 4306D-HT
6.8 - 7.2 Fe1Cr1Ni0,85Mo0,6Si-0.6C
7.15
1150
1000
250
1
380
39 HRC
150
1)
Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.5C
Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.5C
Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.7C
Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.2C
Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.2C
Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.5C
Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.5C
Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.5C
Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.7C
Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.2C
Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.2C
Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.6C
Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.2C
Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.2C
Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.6C
Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.6C
Fe0.45P
Fe2Ni0.85Mo0.5C
Fe2Ni0.85Mo0.5C
Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn0.5C
Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn0.5C
Fe2Cu1.8Ni0.5Mo0.2Mn0.8C
Fe1Cu2.8Ni0.5Mo0.2Mn0.8C
Fe0.55P0.2C
Fe1Cr1Ni0.85Mo0,6Si-0.6C
7)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
Sizing will reduce the elongation.
3)
Bending load. 2 x 106 cycles, notch factor αk = 1.0 (ref. 30912 Part 6); R= -1.
4)
Austenitized at 900 °C, 60 minutes – oil quenched; tempered at 180 - 220 °C, 60 minutes, air.
5)
Sinterhardening is performed in the sinter furnace by gas quenching subsequently to the sintering process. Materials can be
tempered as well at 160 °C – 240 °C for 30 min – 120 min due to requirements.
6)
High temperature sintering (HT) is performed at 1200 °C – 1300 °C depending on furnace type.
2)
4
Remark
quench + temper4)
sinter hardened5)
sinter hardened5)
quench + temper 4)
quench + temper 4)
sinter hardened
+ temper5)
sinter hard.+ temper5)
sinter hard.+ temper5)
sinter hardened5)
sinter hardened5), HT
sintered6)
Chemical Compositions (Standard)1)
Standard References II
C
[wt.-%]
Cu
[wt.-%]
Ni
[wt.-%]
Mo
[wt.-%]
Cr
[wt.-%]
Si
[wt.-%]
P
[wt.-%]
Fe
[wt.-%]
Others
[wt.-%]
DIN
30910
Sint-
0.45 - 0.65
0.45 - 0.65
<0.3
0.3 - 0.7
<0.3
<0.3
0.1 - 0.5
0.3 - 0.7
0.5 - 0.9
<0.3
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.5 - 0.9
0.3 - 0.6
0.3 - 0.6
0.6 - 0.9
0.6 - 0.9
0.1 - 0.5
2.0 - 4.0
2.0 - 4.0
<1
1.5 - 2.5
<1
1.5 - 2.5
1.5 - 2.5
1.5 - 2.5
1.5 - 2.5
0.0 - 2.5
0.0 - 2.5
0.0 - 2.5
0.0 - 2.5
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 3.0
1.0 - 3.0
1.0 - 3.0
1.0 - 3.0
1.5 - 2.0
0.3 - 0.7
-
-
0.45 - 0.65
0.45 - 0.65
-
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
n/a
n/a
C 00
C 01
C 10
D 00
D 00
D 01
n/a
D 10
D 11
D 11
D 11
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
D 30
n/a
n/a
-F-00-100
-F-05-140
-F-00C2-140
-F-00-120
-F-00-120
-F-05-170
-F-08-240
-F-00C2-175
-F-05C2-300
-F-05C2-620H
-F-08C2-390
-F-05N2-180
-F-05N2-800H
-F-08N2--260
-F-08N2-900H
n/a
n/a
n/a
F-0000-15
F-0005-20
FC-0200-21
F-0000-20
F-0000-20
F-0005-25
F-0008-35
FC-0200-24
FC-0205-45
FC-0205-90HT
FC-0208-60
FN-0205
n/a
FN-0208
n/a
n/a
0.1 - 0.5
1.0 - 2.0
1.5 - 2.0
0.3 - 0.7
-
-
-
bal.
<2
E 30
n/a
n/a
0.3 - 0.7
1.0 - 2.0
1.5 - 2.0
0.3 - 0.7
-
-
-
bal.
<2
D 39
-FD-05N2C-400
FD-0205-55
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.5 - 0.9
0.1 - 0.5
0.1 - 0.5
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.5 - 0.9
0.1 - 0.5
0.1 - 0.5
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 2.0
1.5 - 2.5
1.5 - 2.5
1.5 - 2.0
1.5 - 2.0
1.5 - 2.0
3.5 - 4.5
3.5 - 4.5
3.5 - 4.5
3.5 - 4.5
3.5 - 4.5
3.5 - 4.5
3.5 - 4.5
3.5 - 4.5
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 1.7
-
-
-
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
D 39
E 39
D 39
D 30
E 30
D 39
D 39
E 39
D 39
D 31
E 31
-FD-05N2C-950H
-FD-05N2C-440
n/a
n/a
n/a
-FD-05N4C-420
-FD-05N4C-930H
-FD-05N4C-450
n/a
n/a
n/a
FD-0205-120HT
FD-0205-65
FD-0208-60
n/a
n/a
FD-0405-60
FD-0405-130HT
FD-0405-65
FD-0408-60
n/a
n/a
0.4 - 0.8
1.5 - 2.5
3.5 - 4.5
1.3 - 1.7
-
-
-
bal.
<2
D 32
n/a
FLDN4C2-4908
0.4 - 0.8
0.1 - 0.5
0.1 - 0.5
0.4 - 0.8
0.4 - 0.8
<0.3
0.4 - 0.7
0.4 - 0.7
0.4 - 0.7
0.4 - 0.7
1.5 - 2.5 3.5 - 4.5
1.5 - 2.5
1.5 - 2.5
1.5 - 2.5
1.5 - 2.5
1.0 - 3.0
1.0 - 3.0
0.35 - 0.55
0.35 - 0.55
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 1.7
0.65 - 0.95
0.65 - 0.95
0.50 - 0.85
0.50 - 0.85
-
-
0.3 - 0.6
-
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
E 32
D 31
E 31
D 32
E 32
D 35
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
-F-00P05-210
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
FLDN4C2-4908
n/a
n/a
FLDC2-4908
FLDC2-4908
FY-4500-20W
FLN2-4405
n/a
FL-4205
n/a
0.6 - 0.9
1.0 - 3.0
1.0 - 3.0
0.65 - 0.95
-
-
-
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
FLNC-4408
0.6 - 0.9
0.6 - 0.9
< 0.3
0.4 - 0.8
1.0 - 3.0
0.5 - 2.0
-
1.6 - 2.0
2.4 - 3.2
0.5 - 2.5
0.43 - 0.60
0.43 - 0.60
0.45 - 0.65
0.6 - 1.1 0.8 - 1.2 0.4 - 0.8
-
bal.
bal.
bal.
bal.
<2
<2
<2
<2
n/a
n/a
D 35
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
FLC-4608
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.2 - 0.8
-
0.5 - 2.5
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.6 - 1.1
0.8 - 1.2 0.4 - 0.8
-
UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation
ISO
5755
FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit
E: Youngs Modulus
MPIF
35
I
YS: Yield Strength
5
Surface Densified Sintered Steels
Standard References I
Typical Properties (References)
Typical core
density
[g/cm3]
UTS
YS 0,2
[MPa]
[MPa]
A2)
El2)
[%]
Fe-0,2C
7.00
230
150
5
180
75
140
> 7.6
Fe-0,5C
7.00
300
180
3
250
90
140
6.8 - 7.2
> 7.6
Fe2Cu-0,5C
7.00
500
330
2,5
300
140
140
PMET 1025E/F
> 7.2
> 7.6
Fe2Cu-0,5C
7.25
570
360
3
300
180
160
PMET 4402D/F
6.8 - 7.2
> 7.6
Fe0,85Mo-0,2C
7.00
280
180
4
260
120
140
PMET 4402E/F
> 7.2
> 7.6
Fe0,85Mo-0,2C
7.25
340
220
5
260
130
160
GKN
SM Material
Code
Core
density
[g/cm3]
Surface
density3)
[g/cm3]
PMET 1002D/F
6.8 - 7.2
> 7.6
PMET 1005D/F
6.8 - 7.2
PMET 1025D/F
Typical
composition1)
Surface
Core
hardness4) hardness
HV0,1
HB
E
[GPa]
1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
Case hardening or carbo-nitriding is perfomed depending on the required case depth and is in general followed by a stress relief operation as well.
3)
The surface density can be exactly determined by metallographic investigations combined with quantitative image analysis.
4)
The indicated surface hardness is determined after the surface densification but prior to a potential heat treatment. The increased hardness at the
surface can be explained by work hardening due to the deformation of the material during the densification step.
2)
PM Aluminium Materials
4)
Standard References I
GKN
SM Material
Code
Density
[g/cm3]
Typical Properties (References)
Typical composition1)
Typical
density
[g/cm3]
UTS
[MPa]
YS 0,2
[MPa]
FEL3)
[MPa]
A5)
El5)
[%]
Hardness
HB
E
[GPa]
PMET Al2014
2.45 - 2.60
Al4.5Cu0.5Mg0.7Si
2.60
160
130
60
1.5
60
50
PMET Al2014-T6
2.45 - 2.60
Al4.5Cu0.5Mg0.7Si
2.60
300
280
80
1
80
57
PMET Al6061
2.50 - 2.60
Al1.0Mg0.5Si0.2Cu
2.55
160
100
-
2
40
-
PMET Al6061-T6
2.50 - 2.60
Al1.0Mg0.5Si0.2Cu
2.55
240
210
-
1
70
-
PMET Al14Si
2,55 - 2,65
Al2.5Cu0.5Mg14Si
2.62
200
150
100
1
80
79
PMET Al14Si-T6
2.55 - 2.65
Al2.5Cu0.5Mg14Si
2.62
320
300
80
<1
115
79
PMET Al7075
2.74 - 2.78
Al5.5Zn1.6Cu2.5Mg
2.76
315
270
80
1.2
100
65
PMET Al7075-T6
2.74 - 2.78
Al5.5Zn1.6Cu2.5Mg
2.76
420
410
120
1
135
65
Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite Materials (Al MMC)2)
PMET AlMMC1
2.69 - 2.74
AlXCuXMgXCeram
2.70
260
230
4)
3
110
65
PMET AlMMC1-T6
2.69 - 2.74
AlXCuXMgXCeram
2.70
340
310
4)
1.5
115
66
AlXMgXSn
2.70
100
40
-
12
-
-
Thermal Management Materials
PMET Al6021-SP
1)
2.69 - 2.71
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
Other MMC materials are currently under development
3)
FEL - Based on 10,000,000 cycles of completely reversed stress (R = -1) using an R. R. Moore type of instrument. Specimens prepared and polished in
accordance with ASTM standard E111-04
4)
Being evaluated
5)
Sizing will reduce the elongation
2)
6
Chemical Compositions (Standard)1)
C
Cu
Ni
Mo
[wt.-%]
[wt.-%]
[wt.-%]
[wt.-%]
Cr
Si
P
Mn
Fe
Others
0.1 - 0.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
bal
<2
D 00
-F-00-120
n/a
0.3 - 0.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
bal.
<2
D 01
-F-05-170
F-0005-25
Remark
case hardening steel2)
Standard References II
DIN
30910
[wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] Sint-
ISO
5755
MPIF
35
hardenable
0.3 - 0.7 1.5 - 2.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
bal.
<2
D 11
-F-05C2-300 FC-0205-45
hardenable
0.3 - 0.7 1.5 - 2.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
bal.
<2
E 11
n/a
n/a
case hardening steel2)
0.1 - 0.5
-
-
0.6 - 1.1
-
-
-
-
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
n/a
case hardening steel2)
0.1 - 0.5
-
-
0.6 - 1.1
-
-
-
-
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
n/a
UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation
FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit
E: Youngs Modulus
Chemical Compositions (Standard)1)
YS: Yield Strength
Standard References II
Al
[wt.-%]
Cu
[wt.-%]
Zn
[wt.-%]
Si
[wt.-%]
Mg
[wt.-%]
Others
[wt.-%]
DIN
30903
Sint-
ISO
5755
MPIF
bal.
4.0 - 5.0
-
0.7
0,5
<0.5
D73/E73
n/a
n/a
ACT1-2014 type II
bal.
4.0 - 5.0
-
0.7
0,5
<0.5
F73
n/a
n/a
ACT6-2014 type II
bal.
0.2
-
0.5
1
<0.5
E73
n/a
n/a
AT1-6061 type II
bal.
0.2
-
0.5
1
<0.5
E73
n/a
n/a
AT6-6061 type II
bal.
2.0 - 3.0
-
13 - 15
0.5
<0.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
bal.
2.0 - 3.0
-
13 - 15
0.5
<0.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
bal.
1.6
5.0 - 6.0
-
2.5
<1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
bal.
1.6
5.0 - 6.0
-
2.5
<1
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
bal.
X
-
-
X
<10
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
T6 heat treated
bal.
X
-
-
X
<10
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Thermal Conductivity:
230 - 240 W/
(m·K)
bal.
-
-
-
X
<15
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Remark
T6 heat treated
T6 heat treated
T6 heat treated
T6 heat treated
I
UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation
FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit
E: Youngs Modulus
ASTM
B595-95
YS: Yield Strength
7
Stainless Steels
4)
Standard References I
GKN
SM Material
Code
Density
[g/cm3]
Typical Properties (References)
Typical
composition1)
Typical
UTS YS 0,2 FEL3)
density
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
[g/cm3]
Hardness
HB
Hardness
HRB
E
[GPa]
Remark
PMET SS303C-N1
6.4 - 6.8 Fe18Cr9Ni
6.40
270
220
90
<1
-
62
105
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS303C-N2
6.4 - 6.8 Fe18Cr9Ni
6.50
380
290
110
5
-
63
115
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS303D-N2
6.8 - 7.2 Fe18Cr9Ni
6.90
470
310
145
10
-
70
140
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS303C-H
6.4 - 6.8 Fe18Cr9Ni
6.60
270
120
105
17
-
21
115
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS303D-H
6.8 - 7.2 Fe18Cr9Ni
6.90
330
170
130
20
-
35
140
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS304C-N
6.4 - 6.8 Fe18Cr10Ni
6.60
370
280
105
5
125
-
115
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS304C-N1
6.4 - 6.8 Fe19Cr10Ni
6.40
300
260
105
<1
-
61
105
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS304C-N2
6.4 - 6.8 Fe19Cr10Ni
6.50
390
280
125
10
-
62
115
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS304D-N2
6.8 - 7.2 Fe19Cr10Ni
6.90
480
310
160
13
-
68
140
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS304C-HL
6.4 - 6.8 Fe19Cr10Ni
6.60
280
170
110
10
-
35
115
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS304C-H
6.4 - 6.8 Fe19Cr10Ni
6.60
300
120
115
23
-
30
115
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS304D-H
6.8 - 7.2 Fe19Cr10Ni
6.90
390
180
145
26
-
45
140
Hydrogen atmosphere
7.25
520
420
140
2.5
130
-
160
sintered with shrinkage at HT
PMET SS304E-N
> 7.2
Fe18Cr10Ni
PMET SS316C-N
6.4 - 6.8 Fe16Cr12Ni2,5Mo
6.60
410
270
120
2
115
-
115
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS316C-N1
6.4 - 6.8 Fe17Cr12Ni2.5Mo
6.4
280
230
75
<1
-
59
105
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS316C-N2
6.4 - 6.8 Fe17Cr12Ni2.5Mo
6.5
410
270
95
10
-
62
115
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS316C-HL
6.4 - 6.8 Fe17Cr12Ni2.5Mo
6.6
240
170
105
7
-
33
115
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS316C-H
6.4 - 6.8 Fe17Cr12Ni2.5Mo
6.6
280
140
90
18
-
20
115
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS316D-N
6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr12Ni2,5Mo
6.90
480
310
130
3
130
-
135
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS316D-H
6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr12Ni2,5Mo
6.90
280
200
90
8
80
-
135
Hydrogen atmosphere
7.25
380
200
130
12
100
-
160
sintered with shrinkage at HT
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS409CbE-H
> 7.2
Fe12Cr0,5Nb
PMET SS409D-H
6.8 - 7.2 Fe11Cr0.5Cb
7.0
320
180
-
14
-
45
165
PMET SS410C
6.4 - 6.8 Fe12Cr-0.2C
6.5
720
710
240
<1
-
23 HRC
125
Tempered at 180°C
PMET SS410C-N
6.4 - 6.8 Fe12Cr
6.60
420
320
120
<1
220
-
115
Nitrogen containing sintering
atmosphere
PMET SS410D-H
6.8 - 7.2 Fe12Cr
6.9
330
180
125
16
-
45
165
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS430C-N
6.4 - 6.8 Fe16Cr
6.60
450
330
125
1
240
-
115
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS430C-H
6.4 - 6.8 Fe16Cr
6.60
270
190
90
6
90
-
115
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS430D-N2
6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr
7.1
410
240
170
5
-
70
170
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS430D-H
6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr
7.1
340
210
170
20
-
45
170
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS434D-N2
6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr1Mo
7.0
410
240
150
8
-
65
165
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
PMET SS434D-H
6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr1Mo
7.0
340
210
150
15
-
50
165
Hydrogen atmosphere
PMET SS434C-N
6.4 - 6.8 Fe16Cr1Mo
6.60
460
340
130
1
250
-
115
Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere
1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
Sizing will reduce the elongation.
3)
Bending load. 2 x 106 cycles, notch factor αk = 1.0 (ref. 30912 Part 6); R = -1.
4)
Corrosion resistance depending on sintering temperature and medium.
2)
8
A2)
El2)
[%]
Chemical Compositions (Standard)1)
Standard References II
Mn
Fe
Others
[wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%]
DIN
30910
Sint-
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL303-170N
SS-303N1-25
< 0.20
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-303N2-35
<1
< 0.20
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL303-260N
SS-303N2-38
17.0 - 19.0
<1
< 0.20
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-303L-12
-
17.0 - 19.0
<1
< 0.20
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-303L-15
8.0 - 12.0
-
18.0 - 20.0
<1
<0.04
<2
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL304-210N
SS 304N2-33
< 0.08
8.0 - 12.0
-
18.0 - 20.0
<1
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL304-210N
SS-304N1-30
< 0.08
8.0 - 12.0
-
18.0 - 20.0
<1
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-304N2-33
< 0.08
8.0 - 12.0
-
18.0 - 20.0
<1
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL304-260N
SS-304N2-38
< 0.03
8.0 - 12.0
-
18.0 - 20.0
<1
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-304H-20
< 0.03
8.0 - 12.0
-
18.0 - 20.0
<1
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-304L-13
< 0.03
8.0 - 12.0
-
18.0 - 20.0
<1
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-304L-18
<0.1
8.0 - 12.0
-
18.0 - 20.0
<1
<0.04
<2
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL304-210N
SS 304N2-33
<0.1
10.0 - 14.0
2.0 - 3.0
16.0 - 18.0
<1
<0.04
<2
bal.
<2
C 40
-FL316-170N
SS 316N2-33
< 0.08
10.0 - 14.0
2.0 - 3.0
16.0 - 18.0
< 1.0
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
C 40
-FL316-170N
SS-316N1-25
< 0.08
10.0 - 14.0
2.0 - 3.0
16.0 - 18.0
< 1.0
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
C 40
n/a
SS-316N2-33
< 0.03
10.0 - 14.0
2.0 - 3.0
16.0 - 18.0
< 1.0
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
C 40
n/a
SS-316H-20
< 0.03
10.0 - 14.0
2.0 - 3.0
16.0 - 18.0
< 1.0
< 0.04
< 2.0
bal.
<2
C 40
n/a
SS-316L-15
<0.1
10.0 - 14.0
2.0 - 3.0
16.0 - 18.0
<1
<0.04
<2
bal.
<2
D 40
-FL316-260N
SS 316N2-38
<0.1
10.0 - 14.0
2.0 - 3.0
16.0 - 18.0
<1
<0.04
<2
bal.
<2
D 40
-FL316-150
SS 316L-22
<0.1
0 - 0.5
-
11.5 - 13.5
<1
<0.04
<1
bal.
Nb / Cb
0.3 - 1
n/a
n/a
SS 409LE
< 0.03
-
-
10.50 - 11.75
< 1.0
< 0.04
<1
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-409L
< 0.25
-
-
11.50 - 13.50
< 1.0
< 0.04
<1
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL410-620H
SS-410-90HT
<0.1
-
-
11.5 - 13.5
<1
<0.04
<1
bal.
<2
C 43
-FL410-140
SS 410
< 0.03
-
-
11.50 - 13.50
< 1.0
< 0.04
<1
bal.
<2
C 43
-FL410-140
SS-410L-20
<0.1
-
-
16.0 - 18.0
<1
<0.04
<1
bal.
<2
C 42
-FL430-170
SS 430
<0.1
-
-
16.0 - 18.0
<1
<0.04
<1
bal.
<2
C 42
-FL430-170
SS 430L
< 0.08
-
-
16.00 - 18.00
< 1.0
< 0.04
<1
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-430N2-28
< 0.03
-
-
16.00 - 18.00
< 1.0
< 0.04
<1
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL430-170
SS-430L-24
< 0.08
-
0.75 - 1.25
16.00 - 18.00
< 1.0
< 0.04
<1
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
SS-434N2-28
< 0.03
-
0.75 - 1.25
16.00 - 18.00
< 1.0
< 0.04
<1
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL434-170
SS-434L-24
<0.1
-
0.75 - 1.25
16.0 - 18.0
<1
<0.04
<1
bal.
<2
n/a
-FL434-170
SS 434
C
[wt.-%]
Ni
[wt.-%]
Mo
[wt.-%]
Cr
[wt.-%]
Si
[wt.-%]
P
[wt.-%]
< 0.15
8.0 - 13.0
-
17.0 - 19.0
<1
< 0.20
< 0.15
8.0 - 13.0
-
17.0 - 19.0
<1
< 0.15
8.0 - 13.0
-
17.0 - 19.0
< 0.03
8.0 - 13.0
-
< 0.03
8.0 - 13.0
<0.1
UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation
ISO
5755
FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit
E: Youngs Modulus
MPIF
35
I
YS: Yield Strength
9
Powder Forged Steels
Standard
References I
Typical Properties (References)
Typical
A2)
UTS YS 0.2 FEL3)
density
El2)
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
[g/cm3]
[%]
Hardness
HB
E
[GPa]
Remark
C
[wt.-%]
Cu
[wt.-%]
24
125
200
case hardening steel4)
< 0.3
1.5 - 2.5
270
12
250
200
0.4 - 0.8
1.5 - 2.5
610
4406)
8
27 HRC
210
5)
1.8 - 2.2
1045
745
7)
12
32 HRC
210
5)
2.8 - 3.2
7.84
520
380
7)
25
84 HRB
210
5)
< 0.15
>7.82. Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.2C
7.84
830
690
7)
23
26 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4202FA
>7.82 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.2C
7.84
1210
970
7)
9
38 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4202FA
>7.81 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.4C
7.83
900
690
7)
15
28 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4202FA
>7.81 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.4C
7.83
1320
830
7)
9
38 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4202F-H2
>7.6
Fe0,45Ni0,6Mo0,25Mn-0,2C
7.65
520
380
180
20
150
200
case hardening steel4)
< 0.3
-
PMET 4206F
>7.6
Fe0,45Ni0,6Mo0,25Mn-0,6C
7.65
760
520
250
12
230
200
0.4 - 0.8
-
PMET 4206FA
>7.8
Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.6C
7.82
870
1170
7)
12
26 HRC
210
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4206FA
>7.8
Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.6C
7.82
1250
1160
7)
8
40 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4206FA
>7.8
Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.6C
7.82
1860
1650
7)
2
50 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4206F-H1
>7.6
Fe0,45Ni0,6Mo0,25Mn-0,6C
7.65
1310
1170
420
5
38 HRC
200
quench + temper
0.4 - 0.8
-
PMET 4602FA
>7.82 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.2C
7.84
550
410
7)
20
96 HRB
210
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4602FA
>7.82 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.2C
7.84
970
900
7)
24
28 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4602FA
>7.82 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.2C
7.84
1310
1070
7)
9
38 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4602FA
>7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.4C
7.83
900
830
7)
15
28 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4602FA
>7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.4C
7.83
1310
1070
7)
13
38 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4602F-H2
>7.6
Fe1.8Ni0.55Mo-0.2C
7.65
550
410
200
20
180
200
case hardening steel4)
< 0.3
-
PMET 4606FA
>7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.6C
7.83
960
660
7)
13
29 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4606FA
>7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.6C
7.83
970
900
7)
13
28 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4606FA
>7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.6C
7.83
1310
1070
7)
12
38 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
PMET 4606FA
>7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.6C
7.83
1650
1380
7)
6
48 HRC
210
quench + temper
5)
< 0.15
GKN
SM Material
Code
Density
[g/cm3]
PMET 1022F-H2
>7.6
Fe2Cu-0,2C
7.65
380
250
150
PMET 1026F
>7.6
Fe2Cu-0,6C
7.65
810
530
PMET 1026FA
>7.81. Fe2Cu-0.6C
7.83
950
PMET 1036FA
>7.81 Fe3Cu-0.6C
7.83
PMET 4202FA
>7.82 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.2C
PMET 4202FA
1)
1)
Typical composition
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
Sizing will reduce the elongation.
3)
Bending load. 2 x 106 cycles, notch factor αk = 1.0 (ref. 30912 Part 6); R = -1.
4)
Case hardening or carbo-nitriding is perfomed depending on the required case depth and is in general followed by a stress relief operation as well.
5)
Carbon content shall be as specified by the purchaser. Unless agreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer, the forged product carbon content shall
be within +/- 0.1% of the specified carbon content.
6)
For FEL, polished specimen and R = 0.1. Runout 1 x 107 cycles. Other fatigue information available on request.
7)
Details on request.
2)
10
Chemical Compositions (Standard)1)
Standard References II
Ni
[wt.-%]
Mo
[wt.-%]
Cr
[wt.-%]
Si
[wt.-%]
P
[wt.-%]
Mn
[wt.-%]
Fe
[wt.-%]
Others
[wt.-%]
DIN
30910
Sint-
ISO
5755
-
-
-
-
-
-
bal.
<2
F 10
n/a
P/F-11C20
n/a
-
-
-
-
-
-
bal.
<2
F 11
n/a
P/F-11C60
n/a
< 0.1
< 0.05
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.30 - 0.60
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-11C60
P/F-11C60 Grade A
< 0.1
< 0.05
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.30 - 0.60
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.25 - 0.35
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4220
P/F-4220 Grade A
0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.25 - 0.35
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4220
P/F-4220 Grade A
0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.25 - 0.35
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4220
P/F-4220 Grade A
0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.25 - 0.35
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4240
P/F-4240 Grade A
0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.25 - 0.35
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4240
P/F-4240 Grade A
MPIF
35
ASTM
B 848
0.3 - 0.6
0.3 - 0.7
-
-
-
0.1 - 0.4
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4220
n/a
0.3 - 0.6
0.3 - 0.7
-
-
-
0.1 - 0.4
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4260
n/a
0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.25 - 0.35
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4260
P/F-4260 Grade A
0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.25 - 0.35
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4260
P/F-4260 Grade A
0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.25 - 0.35
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4260
P/F-4260 Grade A
-
-
-
0.1 - 0.4
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4260
n/a
1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.10 - 0.25
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4620
P/F-4620 Grade A
1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.10 - 0.25
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4620
P/F-4620 Grade A
1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.10 - 0.25
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4620
P/F-4620 Grade A
1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.10 - 0.25
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4640
P/F-4640 Grade A
1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.10 - 0.25
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4640
P/F-4640 Grade A
-
-
-
0.1 - 0.4
bal.
<2
F 30
n/a
P/F-4620
n/a
1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.10 - 0.25
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4660
P/F-4660 Grade A
1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.10 - 0.25
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4660
P/F-4660 Grade A
1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.10 - 0.25
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4660
P/F-4660 Grade A
1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60
< 0.1
< 0.03
< 0.03
0.10 - 0.25
bal.
<2
n/a
n/a
P/F-4660
P/F-4660 Grade A
0.3 - 0.6
1.4 - 2.2
0.3 - 0.7
0.3 - 0.7
UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation
FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit
E: Youngs Modulus
I
YS: Yield Strength
11
Bearing Materials (DIN-/ISO-Standard Info)
Standard References I
GKN
SM Material Code
Density
[g/cm3]
Typical Properties (References)
Typical
composition1)
Typical density
[g/cm3]
Porosity2)
[%]
K-Factor3)
[N/mm2]
Hardness
HB
Remark
C
[wt.-%]
PMET B-ILD
5.6 - 6.0
Fe
5.8
26
170
30
Fe-base
-
PMET B-IMD
6.0 - 6.4
Fe
6.2
21
220
40
Fe-base
-
PMET B-T1LD
5.6 - 6.0
Fe2Cu
5.8
26
200
40
Fe-base
-
PMET B-T1MD
6.0 - 6.4
Fe2Cu
6.2
21
250
50
Fe-base
-
PMET B-FLD4)
5.6 - 6.0
Fe36Cu4Sn1C
5.8
27
90
40
Fe-base
0.8 - 1.2
PMET B-FMD4)
6.0 - 6.4
Fe36Cu4Sn1C
6.2
22
120
50
Fe-base
0.8 - 1.2
PMET B-M211LD4)
5.4 - 5.8
Fe1,5Cu3C
5.6
24
70
45
Fe-base
2.5 - 3.5
PMET B-M211MD4)
5.8 - 6.2
Fe1,5Cu3C
6.0
18
80
55
Fe-base
2.5 - 3.5
PMET B-M36MD4)
6.0 - 6.4
Fe3Cu1,5C
6.2
18
170
60
Fe-base
1.0 - 2.0
PMET B-M21MD4)
6.0 - 6.4
Fe2Cu0,4C
6.2
20
270
70
Fe-base
0.2 - 0.6
PMET B-MP208LD4)
5.6 - 6.0
Fe20Cu1,8C
5.8
25
120
40
Fe-base
1.2 - 2.4
PMET B-MP208MD4)
6.0 - 6.4
Fe20Cu1,8C
6.2
20
140
50
Fe-base
1.2 - 2.4
PMET B-QLD
6.4 - 6.8
Cu9Sn
6.6
25
140
30
Bronze
-
PMET B-QMD
6.8 - 7.2
Cu9Sn
7.0
20
180
35
Bronze
-
PMET B-H4LD4)
6.2 - 6.6
Cu9Sn1,5C
6.4
24
120
30
Bronze
1.0 - 2.0
PMET B-H4MD4)
6.6 - 7.0
Cu9Sn1,5C
6.8
19
160
35
Bronze
1.0 - 2.0
1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
The oil content is at least 90 % of the open porosity.
3)
Values determined after sizing.
4)
Carbon mainly in the form of free graphite.
2)
12
Chemical Compositions (Standard)1)
Standard References II
Cu
[wt.-%]
Sn
[wt.-%]
Fe
[wt.-%]
Others
[wt.-%]
DIN
30910 Sint-
-
-
bal.
<2
A 00
-F-00-K170
n/a
-
-
bal.
<2
B 00
-F-00-K220
n/a
1.5 - 2.5
-
bal.
<2
A 10
-F-00C2-K200
F-0000-K15
1.5 - 2.5
-
bal.
<2
B 10
-F-00C2-K250
F-0000-K23
32.0 - 40.0
3.5 - 4.5
bal.
<2
n/a
-F-03C36T-K90
n/a
32.0 - 40.0
3.5 - 4.5
bal.
<2
n/a
-F-03C36T-K120
n/a
1.0 - 2.0
-
bal.
<2
n/a
-F-03G3-K70
FG-0303-K10
1.0 - 2.0
-
bal.
<2
n/a
-F-03G3-K80
FG-0303-K12
2.5 - 3.5
-
bal.
<2
B 11
n/a
n/a
1.5 - 2.5
-
bal.
<2
B 11
n/a
n/a
18.0 - 22.0
-
bal.
<2
A 22
n/a
n/a
18.0 - 22.0
-
bal.
<2
B 22
n/a
n/a
bal.
7.0 - 11.0
-
<2
A 50
-C-T10K-140
CT-1000-K26
bal.
7.0 - 11.0
-
<2
B 50
-C-T10K-180
CT-1000-K37
bal.
7.0 - 11.0
-
<2
A 51
-C-T10GK-120
CTG-1001-K17
bal.
7.0 - 11.0
-
<2
B 51
-C-T10GK-160
CTG-1001-K23
ISO
5755
MPIF
35
I
See special GKN catalogue for bearing materials
13
Bearing Materials (US-Standard Info)
Standard References I
GKN
SM Material
Code
Typical
Composition1)
Typical
Wet Density
[g/cm3]
MIn. K-Factor
[N/mm2]
Minimum
Oil Content
[%]
Remark
PMET B-B0000
6.0 - 6.4
Cu10Sn
6.2
130
24
Low graphite bronze
PMET B-B0000-A
6.4 - 6.8
Cu10Sn
6.6
180
19
Low graphite bronze
PMET B-B0000-B
6.8 - 7.2
Cu10Sn
7.0
260
12
Low graphite bronze
PMET B-B00012
6.0 - 6.4
Cu10Sn1C
6.2
120
22
Medium graphite bronze
PMET B-B00012-A
6.4 - 6.8
Cu10Sn1C
6.6
160
17
Medium graphite bronze
PMET B-B00012-A
6.8 - 7.2
Cu10Sn1C
7.0
210
17
Medium graphite bronze
PMET B-B00025-A
5.8 - 6.2
Cu10Sn3C
6.0
70
11
High graphite bronze
PMET B-B00025-B
6.2 - 6.6
Cu10Sn3C
6.4
100
5
High graphite bronze
PMET B-DB10365-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe36Cu4Sn1C
5.8
110
22
Diluted bronze
PMET B-DB10365-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe36Cu4Sn1C
6.2
150
17
Diluted bronze
PMET B-DB005410-A
5.6 - 6.0
Cu38Fe6Sn1C
5.8
100
22
Diluted bronze
PMET B-DB005410-B
6.0 - 6.4
Cu38Fe6Sn1C
6.2
150
17
Diluted bronze
PMET B-1000-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe
5.8
100
21
Iron
PMET B-1000-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe
6.2
160
17
Iron
PMET B-1005-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe0.5C
5.8
140
21
Iron-Carbon
PMET B-1005-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe0.5C
6.2
190
17
Iron-Carbon
PMET B-1008-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe0.8C
5.8
140
21
Iron-Carbon
PMET B-1008-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe0.8C
6.2
220
17
Iron-Carbon
PMET B-1020-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe2Cu
5.8
140
22
Iron-Copper
PMET B-1020-A
6.0 - 6.4
Fe2Cu
6.2
230
17
Iron-Copper
PMET B-10100-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe10Cu
5.8
140
22
Iron-Copper
PMET B-10100-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe10Cu
6.2
210
19
Iron-Copper
PMET B-1025-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe2Cu0.5C
5.8
140
22
Iron-Copper-Carbon
PMET B-1025-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe2Cu0.5C
6.2
240
17
Iron-Copper-Carbon
PMET B-1028-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe2Cu0.8C
5.8
170
22
Iron-Copper-Carbon
PMET B-1028-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe2Cu0.8C
6.2
280
17
Iron-Copper-Carbon
PMET B-1058-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe5Cu0.8C
5.8
240
22
Iron-Copper-Carbon
PMET B-1058-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe5Cu0.8C
6.2
320
17
Iron-Copper-Carbon
PMET B-10208-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe20Cu0.8C
5.8
300
22
Iron-Copper-Carbon
PMET B-10208-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe20Cu0.8C
6.2
320
17
Iron-Copper-Carbon
PMET B-10023G-A
5.6 - 6.0
Fe0.3C2.5Gr
5.8
170
18
Iron-Graphite
PMET B-10023G-B
6.0 - 6.4
Fe0.3C2.5Gr
6.2
240
12
Iron-Graphite
1)
14
Wet Density
[g/cm3]
Typical Properties (References)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
Chemical Compositions (Standard)1)
Standard References II
C
[wt.-%]
Cu
[wt.-%]
Sn
[wt.-%]
Fe
[wt.-%]
Graphite
[wt.-%]
Others
[wt.-%]
DIN 30910
Sint-
0.0 - 0.3
87.2 - 90.5
9.5 - 10.5
-
-
<2
-
-C-T10K-110
CT-1000-K19
0.0 - 0.3
87.2 - 90.5
9.5 - 10.5
-
-
<2
A 50
-C-T10K-140
CT-1000-K26
0.0 - 0.3
87.2 - 90.5
9.5 - 10.5
-
-
<2
B 50
-C-T10K-180
CT-1000-K37
0.5 - 1.8
85.7 - 90.0
9.5 - 10.5
-
-
<2
-
-C-T10GK-90
CTG-1001-K17
0.5 - 1.8
85.7 - 90.0
9.5 - 10.5
-
-
<2
A 51
-C-T10GK-120
CTG-1001-K23
0.5 - 1.8
85.7 - 90.0
9.5 - 10.5
-
-
<2
B 51
-C-T10GK-160
CTG-1001-K30
2.5 - 5.0
82.8 - 88.3
9.5 - 10.5
-
-
<2
n/a
n/a
CTG-1004-K10
2.5 - 5.0
82.8 - 88.3
9.5 - 10.5
-
-
<2
n/a
n/a
CTG-1004-K15
0.5 - 1.3
34.0 - 38.0
3.5 - 4.5
54.2 - 62.0
-
<2
n/a
-F-03C36T-K90
FCTG-3604-K16
0.5 - 1.3
34.0 - 38.0
3.5 - 4.5
54.2 - 62.0
-
<2
n/a
-F-03C36T-K120 FCTG-3604-K22
0.5 - 1.3
50.2 - 58.0
5.5 - 6.5
50.2 - 58.0
-
<2
n/a
-F-03C45T-K70
0.5 - 1.3
50.2 - 58.0
5.5 - 6.5
50.2 - 58.0
-
<2
n/a
-F-03C45T-K100 CFTG-3806-K22
0.0 - 0.3
0.0 - 1.5
-
96.2 - 100.0
-
<2
A 00
-F-00-K170
F-0000-K15
0.0 - 0.3
0.0 - 1.5
-
96.2 - 100.0
-
<2
B 00
-F-00-K220
F-0000-K23
0.3 - 0.6
0.0 - 1.5
-
95.9 - 99.7
-
<2
A 01
n/a
F-0005-K20
0.3 - 0.6
0.0 - 1.5
-
95.9 - 99.7
-
<2
B 01
n/a
F-0005-K28
0.6 - 0.9
0.0 - 1.5
-
95.6 - 99.4
-
<2
A 01
n/a
F-0008-K20
0.6 - 0.9
0.0 - 1.5
-
95.6 - 99.4
-
<2
B 01
n/a
F-0008-K32
0.0 - 0.3
1.5 - 3.9
-
93.8 - 98.5
-
<2
A 10
F-00C2-K200
FC-0200-K20
0.0 - 0.3
1.5 - 3.9
-
93.8 - 98.5
-
<2
B 10
F-00C2-K200
FC-0200-K34
0.0 - 0.3
9.0 - 11.0
-
86.7 - 91.0
-
<2
n/a
n/a
FC-1000-K20
0.0 - 0.3
9.0 - 11.0
-
86.7 - 91.0
-
<2
n/a
n/a
FC-1000-K30
0.3 - 0.6
1.5 - 3.9
-
93.5 - 98.2
-
<2
n/a
n/a
FC-0205-K20
0.3 - 0.6
1.5 - 3.9
-
93.5 - 98.2
-
<2
B 11
n/a
FC-0205-K35
0.6 - 0.9
1.5 - 3.9
-
93.2 - 97.9
-
<2
n/a
n/a
FC-0208-K25
0.6 - 0.9
1.5 - 3.9
-
93.2 - 97.9
-
<2
B 11
n/a
FC-0208-K45
0.6 - 0.9
4.0 - 6.0
-
91.1 - 95.4
-
<2
n/a
n/a
FC-0508-K35
0.6 - 0.9
4.0 - 6.0
-
91.1 - 95.4
-
<2
B 11
n/a
FC-0508-K46
0.6 - 0.9
18.0 - 22.0
-
75.1 - 81.4
-
<2
A 22
n/a
FC-2008-K44
0.6 - 0.9
18.0 - 22.0
-
75.1 - 81.4
-
<2
B 22
n/a
FC-2008-K46
0.0 - 0.5
-
-
-
2.0 - 3.0
<2
n/a
-F-03G3-K70
FG-0303-K10
0.0 - 0.5
-
-
-
2.0 - 3.0
<2
n/a
-F-03G3-K80
FG-0303-K12
ISO-5755
MPIF
I
CFTG-3806-K14
15
Sintered Soft Magnetic Materials
Typical Properties 1)
Standard References I
Typical
Density
[g/cm³]
Coercivity
Hc
[A/m]
Bmax
@ 1200
A/m
[T]
Permeability
Hardness
Hardness
UTS
[MPa]
YS0,2
[MPa]
A
El
[%]
E
[GPa]
PM4EM 1000D
7.0
145
1.05
2,300
50 HRF
50 HB
195
115
12
140
Fe
PM4EM 1000E
7.25
145
1.20
2,900
55 HRF
55 HB
255
155
17
155
Fe
PM4EM 10P40D
7.15
120
1.25
3,200
55 HRB
95 HB
380
270
12
155
Fe0.45P
PM4EM 10P40E
7.4
120
1.35
3,600
65 HRB
115 HB
415
280
15
170
Fe0.45P
PM4EM 10S30D
7.2
80
1.30
5,000
75 HRB
135 HB
380
275
15
155
Fe3Si
PM4EM 50NiE
7.5
25
1.20
10,000
40 HRB
80 HB
275
170
15
110
Fe50Ni
PM4EM SS410C
6.7
390
1.15
340
85 HRB
165 HB
280
150
10
125
Fe12Cr
PM4EM SS410D
7.0
330
1.23
410
95 HRB
210 HB
320
190
14
140
Fe12Cr
PM4EM SS430C
6.7
320
1.06
320
70 HRB
120 HB
300
170
12
125
Fe16Cr
PM4EM SS430D
7.0
280
1.17
370
90 HRB
185 HB
340
200
16
140
Fe16Cr
GKN
SM Material
Code
Composition
1)
Properties can be influenced and optimized by the proper selection of processing conditions.
Consult an GKN Sinter Metals expert on the specifics of the application for the best solution.
2)
C <0.1 wt-%; Co < 0.1 wt-%
Soft Magnetic Composites (SMC)
Typical Properties*
GKN
SM Material
Code
B @ 10 kA/m
[T]
Permeability
Coercivity
Hc
[A/m]
P @ 50Hz
[W/kg]
P @ 400Hz
[W/kg]
P @ 1000Hz
[W/kg]
PM4EM 10
1.56
502
249
6
59
168
PM4EM 10-HS
1.55
550
272
6
69
229
PM4EM 11
1.56
472
249
6
59
164
PM4EM 11-HS
1.59
557
260
6
59
176
PM4EM 15
1.4
259
256
7
61
174
PM4EM 15-HS
1.36
376
406
7
70
205
PM4EM 35
1.3
337
327
6
56
152
PM4EM 35-HS
1.26
332
392
8
72
201
* Tested with standard rings
16
Iron losses at 1T
Chemical Composition2)
Standard References II
DIN
30910
Sint-
Applications
Fe
[wt-%]
P
[wt-%]
Ni
[wt-%]
Si
[wt-%]
Cr
[wt-%]
Other
[wt-%]
DIN EN
10331
bal.
-
-
-
-
< 0.5
S-Fe-165
D 00
FF-0000-20W
bal.
-
-
-
-
< 0.5
S-Fe-150
E 00
FF-0000-20X
bal.
0.45
-
-
-
< 0.5
S-FeP-130
D 35
FY-4500-17X
bal.
0.45
-
-
-
< 0.5
S-FeP-110
E 35
FY-4500-17Y
bal.
-
-
3
-
< 0.5
S-FeSi-80
n/a
FS-0300-12X
bal.
-
50
-
-
< 0.5
S-FeNi-20
n/a
FN-5000-5Z
bal.
-
-
-
13
<1
n/a
C 43
SS-410L
bal.
-
-
-
13
<1
n/a
D 43
SS-410L
bal.
-
-
-
18
<1
n/a
C 42
SS-430L
bal.
-
-
-
18
<1
n/a
D 42
SS-430L
UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength
E:
Youngs Modulus
Transverse
Rupture
Strength
TRS
[MPa]
Density
[g/cm³]
384
39
up to 7.4
617
121
up to 7.4
377
42
up to 7.5
426
136
up to 7.5
385
48
up to 7.3
501
100
up to 7.3
329
62
up to 7.3
498
149
up to 7.3
P @ 2000Hz
[W/kg]
MPIF
applications at DC & low frequency current or permant magnetic systems
I
applications at DC & low frequency current or permant magnetic systems with
high corrosion resistance
YS: Yield Strength
A, El: Elongation
Applications
BLDC electric motors; transverse and axial flux machines; transformers; high
frequency softmagnetic application
17
MIM - Case Hardened Steels
Sintered
Chemical Compositions1)
Heat Treated
Material
Density
[g/cm³]
Rm
[MPa]
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
A
[%]
Hardn.
[HV 10]
IMET Ni 2
> 7,40
280
140
25
90
IMET Ni 8
> 7,40
350
200
15
IMET 8620
> 7,40
400
220
15
Rm
[MPa]
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
A
El
[%]
Hardn.
[HV 10]
C
[%]
Ni
[%]
Cr
[%]
Mo
[%]
Mn
[%]
by agreement
< 0.1
1.902.20
-
-
-
90
by agreement
< 0.1
7.508.50
-
-
-
90
by agreement
0.120.23
0.400.70
0.400.60
0.150.25
-
MIM - Corrosion Resistant Steels
Sintered
Chemical Composition1)
Heat Treated
Material
Rm
[MPa]
Rm
[MPa]
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
A
[%]
Hardn.
[HV 10]
IMET 316 L
> 7.60
450
160
40
105
n/a
<0.03
IMET 430
> 7.40
350
200
20
190
n/a
<0.08
IMET 17-4 PH
> 7.50
800
700
3
250
<0.07
1000
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
A
Hardn.
EL
[HV 10]
[%]
Density
[g/cm³]
950
2
350
C
[%]
Ni
[%]
Cr
[%]
Mo
[%]
Mn
[%]
Si
[%]
10.00- 16.00- 2.0014.00 18.00 3.00
<2
<1
-
15.5017.50
-
<1
<1
3.005.00
15.0017.50
-
<1
<1
MIM - Heat Treatable Steels
Sintered
Material
1)
18
Chemical Composition1)
Heat Treated
Density
[g/cm³]
Rm
[MPa]
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
A
[%]
Hardness
[HV 10]
Rm
[MPa]
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
A
EL
[%]
Hardness
[HV 10]
IMET Ni 2C
> 7.40
450
250
5
170
1000
800
2
600
IMET Ni 8C
> 7.40
700
350
3
320
1200
1000
2
IMET Cr Mo 4
> 7.40
600
350
4
110
1350
1150
IMET 8740
> 7.40
600
350
5
180
1600
IMET Cr 6
> 7.40
950
630
5
250
1500
1400
Percent by weight
C
[%]
Ni
[%]
Cr
[%]
Mo
[%]
Mn
[%]
Si
[%]
0.40- 1.900.70 2.20
-
-
-
-
600
0.40- 7.500.70 8.50
-
-
-
-
2
450
0.350.45
0.90- 0.151.20 0.30
-
-
1100
1
450
0.45- 0.50- 0.40- 0.250.55 0.80 0.60 0.40
-
0.300.55
1250
1100
1
0.5
450
650
0.801.05
-
-
-
-
1.351.65
-
Other Designation
Properties
Si
[%]
Cu
[%]
Fe
[%]
Mat no:
DIN
-
-
bal.
n/a
MPIF MIM - carbonyl iron
2200
with 2% nickel
MPIF MIM - carbonyl iron
2700
with 8% nickel
-
-
bal.
n/a
-
-
bal.
1.6523
AISI/SAE/
MPIF
AISI/SAE
8620
Applications
Others
21 NiCrMo 2
high strength, fatigue strength, high
surface hardness
mechanical engineering
for parts with the highest mechanical
loading, high surface hardness
gear segments, crown wheels, camshafts, tools, mechanical engineering
I
Other Designation
Properties
Cu
[%]
Nb
[%]
Fe
[%]
Mat no:
DIN
AISI/SAE
Applications
Others
excellent corrosion resistance, austenitic,
non-magnetic, moderate hardness, high
ductility, excellent polished surface and
shape reproduction
apparatus engineering, chemical
industry, watchmaking and jewellery,
medical technology
high strength and corrosion resistance,
ferritic
automotive industry
-
-
bal.
1.4404
X 2 CrAISI 316 L NiMo 17
13 2
-
-
bal.
1.4016
AISI 430
X 6 Cr 17
1.4542
SAE J 467
(17-4PH)
pump components, medical engineeX 5 CrNihigh corrosion resistance, martensitic, ferro- ring, automotive industry, mechanical
CuNb 17 4 magnetic, precipitation hardening
engineering, aircraft and shipbuilding
industries
3.00- 0.155.00 0.45
bal.
Other Designation
Properties
Fe
[%]
Mat no:
DIN
AISI/SAE
Others
bal.
n/a
n/a
carbonyl iron
with 2% nickel
carbonyl iron
with 8% nickel
bal.
n/a
n/a
bal.
1.7225
AISI/SAE
4140
42 CrMo 4
bal.
1.6546
AISI/SAE
8740
40NiCrMo2 2
bal.
1.3505
AISI/SAE
52100
100 Cr 6
excellent surface finish, high strength
high strength and ductility, large heat
treated diameter
cold working tool steel, high wear resistance, high hardness
Applications
miscellaneous applications (e. g. mechanical engineering, firearm components)
mechanical engineering, firearms, gearbox components
wear resistant, highly loaded components in mechanical engineering and automotive industry
mechanical engineering
Rm: ultimate tensile strength
RP0.2: yield strength
A, El: elongation to fracture
19
MIM - Soft Magnetic Steels
Sintered
Heat Treated
Material
Density
[g/cm³]
Rm
[MPa]
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
A
[%]
Hardness
[HV 10]
IMET Si 3
> 7.40
450
300
20
160
IMET FN 50
> 7.40
400
150
25
IMET F S
> 7.40
220
100
40
Rm
[MPa]
Chemical Comp
A
El
[%]
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
Hardn.
[HV 10]
C
[%]
Ni
[%]
Cr
[%]
Mo
[%]
Mn
[%]
n/a
< 0.1
-
-
-
-
110
n/a
< 0.1
49.50-50.50
-
-
-
60
n/a
< 0.1
-
-
-
-
MIM - Alloys for High Temperature Applications
Sintered
Heat Treated
Material
Density Rm
Rp 0.2
A Hardn. Rm
Rp 0.2
[g/cm³] [MPa] [MPa] [%] [HV 10] [MPa] [MPa]
A
Hardn.
El
[HV 10]
[%]
IMET GHS-4 *)
>7.70
700
550
1
310
n/a
IMET 310N **)
>7.55
650
380
7
220
n/a
IMET N 90 ***)
> 7.8
1000
620
10
280
1100
650
Chemical Com
C
[%]
2.0-2.4
Ni
[%]
Cr
[%]
38.0-42.0 11.0-13.0 5.0-7.0
0.20-0.50 19.0-22.0 24.0-26.0
10
300
≤ 0.13
Mo
[%]
bal.
18.0-21.0
-
Co
[%]
Al
[%]
-
-
-
-
15.0-21.0 1.0-2.0
*)
Heat and wear resistant alloy
Heat resistant alloy
***)
Superalloy
**)
MIM - Tool Steels
Sintered
Heat Treated
Material
IMET M2
1)
20
Percent by weight
Chemical
Density
[g/cm³]
Rm
[MPa]
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
A
[%]
Hardn.
[HV 10]
Rm
[MPa]
Rp 0.2
[MPa]
A
El
[%]
Hardness
[HV 10]
C
[%]
Cr
[%]
W
[%]
> 7.70
1100
700
1
480
-
-
-
800
0.95-1.05
3.80-4.50
5.50-6.75
position1)
Other Designation
Properties
Si
[%]
Cu
[%]
Fe
[%]
Mat no:
DIN
2.50-3.00
-
bal.
1.0884
MPIF
MIM-Fe-3%Si
carbonyl iron w.
3% silicium
carbonyl iron w.
50% nickel
AISI/SAE/MPIF
-
-
bal.
1.3926
MPIF
MIM-Fe-50%Ni
-
-
bal.
n/a
n/a
Applications
Others
for pole shoes and relay components
(where fast magnetic reversal is required)
relatively high
permeability
pole shoes, relay parts, rotors, stators, etc.
carbonyl iron
high polarisation
I
mposition1)
Other Designation
Properties
Ti
[%]
Si
[%]
Mn
[%]
-
1.5-1.9
-
0.75-1.30
<1.5
3.0-4.0
≤ 1.0
≤ 1.0
V
[%]
Nb
[%]
Fe
[%]
Mat no:
DIN
AISI/SAE
Others
-
bal.
n/a
n/a
PI Ni 40 Cr 12 Mo 6
-
1.2-1.5
bal.
-
-
≤ 1.5
0.8-1.3 0.8-1.0
Composition1)
1.4848 ACI HK 30 G- X40 CrNiSi 25 20
2.4632
SAE J775
(HEV-6)
NiCr 20 Co 18 Ti
Applications
high application temperature, wear resistant
turbocharger
application temperature
up to 850 °C
turbocharger
nickel base alloy for
highest temperature
applications
turbocharger
Other Designation
Properties
Mo
[%]
V
[%]
Fe
[%]
Mat no:
DIN
AISI/SAE
Others
4.50-5.50
1.75-2.20
bal.
1.3342
AISI M2
SC 6-5-2
wear resistant high-speed
steel
Rm: ultimate tensile strength
Applications
cutting knives, nozzles
RP0.2: yield strength
A, El: elongation to fracture
21
Economical and Ecological Aspects
The PM production technique excels when compared with
the cost of other different metal shaping processes. Three
important criteria characterize the process:
•
•
•
•
100 % material utilization (no scrap loss)
wide variety of designs possible with limited
impact on production costs, and according
to customer application needs
wide range of adaptability of material properties to
the function of the components
environmental friendly
In spite of the fact that metal powder is more expensive
than conventional steel, this difference is offset by the advantage of nearly 100 % material utilization. This holds for
the typical PM part of less than 1 kg in weight and also for
heavier parts, whereas the initial weight of the conventional
steel blank is much greater than that of the machined part.
The large amount of design capability leads to parts that
may combine several functions in one component, often
replacing multiple piece assemblies made by blanking or
machining. For example, inner and outer gears, through and
blind holes of varied profiles, and countersunk or stepped
openings may be produced in a single shaping operation.
The efficiency depends on the operating speed of the press,
the flow properties of the powder and the height of the components to be compacted. The sintering costs are influenced
by the required material quality, sintering temperature and
time, protective atmosphere, but are fairly independent
from parts geometry.
22
The parameters of the manufacturing process are determined by the functional requirements of the component
properties, related to the chemical composition, density
and precision of the component. Cost comparison with
competing technologies, such as stamping, cold extrusion,
precision casting, precision forging and plastic moulding is
strongly influenced by requirements of material, shape and
production quantity.
The higher the requirements on material properties, the
closer the tolerances required, and larger the production
quantity the greater the advantage is for using a sintered
component. Even when machining is necessary due to close
tolerances or to geometry, the overall economics of a sintered blank often turn out to be favourable.
Although the PM shaping process is flexible as to quantities, initial investment in tooling requires larger production
runs.
A further significant advantage - the PM process saves natural resources through recycling, conserves raw materials
and the manufacturing process yields low emissions.
TM
Index of Contents II
Part I:
Material Lists
Sintered Steels
Surface Densified Sintered Steels
PM Aluminium Materials
Stainless Steels
Powder Forged Steels
Bearing Materials (DIN-/ISO-Standard Info)
Bearing Materials (US-Standard Info)
Sintered Soft Magnetical Materials
Soft Magnetic Composits (SMC)
MIM - Case Hardened Steels
MIM - Corrosion Resistant Steels
MIM - Heat Treatable Steels
MIM - Soft Magnetic Steels
MIM - Alloys for High Temperatur Applications
MIM - Tool Steels
Part II:
4
6
6
8
10
12
14
16
16
18
18
18
20
20
20
Sintered Metal Processes
Economical Aspects
Index of Contents II
Material Forming Processes
Production Process
Auxiliary Operations
Compacting Tool
Principle of PM-Tools
Surface Quality on PM Parts
Hardness Comparison Table
Design Guidelines
Technical Support
Markets
GKN - Innovation by Research and Development
Quality - QS-Management
Notes
22
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
43
23
Material Forming Processes
General Remarks
The sinter metal process covers a wide range of manufactured parts; from highly porous materials for filter applications, to full or
near full dense components such as sinter forged engine and gear box parts.
Conventional PM
The majority of PM products are manufactured using the “Conventional” method pioneered in the 1930’s. Improvements in materials and processes has resulted in a new
class of high performance, consistent, competitive and creative product.
Aluminium PM
New PM Aluminium materials developed by GKN are challenging paradigms about
material performance offering a new option to engineers when weight reduction and
performance improvement are priorities.
Porous Metal Filters
Filters and associated components based on GKN’s controlled porosity materials are
depended on in a wide variety of demanding applications where traditional filters are
unable to deliver the required performance.
Powder Forging
This process step creates a nearly full dense part with high dynamic loads by utilizing
a closed die which creates high axial precision.
24
Soft Magnetic PM
Growing demand for electric motors and electro-mechanical systems has highlighted
a need for new design and material solutions. PM technology and new soft magnetic
materials enable engineers to develop smaller products with improved performance.
Surface Densified PM
A new PM technology that enables high density performance where required, without
the weight penalty of fully dense products. This is an ideal process for complex, highly
stressed gears requiring high performance and light weight.
II
Metal Injection Moulding
Delivering the three dimensional shape capability of plastic injection moulding combined with the performance of alloy steels, stainless steels and high temperature alloys, MIM is uniquely positioned to solve extreme product challenges.
Sintered Bearings
Sintered self-lubricating bearings are indispensible machine elements. When used in
typical applications, they are much more cost effective than roller bearings and even
require less space. In contrast to plastic bearings, sintered bearings exhibit a pore volume of 15 to 30 percent which serves as an oil reservoir for the entire lifetime.
25
Production Process
1. Blending / Mixing
Raw material in powder form is mixed according to the specified
composition.
Prealloyed powders may be used as well as elemental powders.
Lubricant
Graphite
Copper
Powder
Alloying Elements
Iron
Powder
Powder Blends
2. Compaction
Compaction of components is carried out in specially designed
tools. By selecting the compaction pressure usually in the range
of 400 - 800 MN/m2, the density can be varied within wide limits.
3. Sintering
During sintering (heating under controlled conditions of time,
temperature and protective atmosphere) the compacted parts
obtain their mechanical strength. Sintering, which takes place
below the melting temperature of the major constituent of the
material, results in interparticle bonding without appreciably
changing the shape of the component. During sintering diffusion
and recrystallization occur.
Lubricant
burn-off
Sintering
Cooling
4. Sizing / Forging
Sizing: Sintering may produce small dimensional changes in the
compacts. Therefore, parts with very close tolerances, are sized
in separate tools. The sized component has an excellent surface
finish.
Forging: To produce parts for extremely high duty applications
a forging operation is carried out at high temperature instead of
sizing at room temperature and with the advantage of no need
for burr removal.
5. Finished Part
In most of the cases the production process ends latest after sizing / forging, leaving behind the finished part. However, if the
customer requires closer tolerances or more complex shapes,
GKN is able to fulfill these with auxiliary operations.
26
Sizing
Forging
Production Process - Optional Auxiliary Operations
Joining
Machining
Heat treatment
Surface treatment
Optional Auxiliary Operations - Examples
II
Turned inner cone
Surface densification
by rolling process
Induction hardened
teeth
Turned outer diameter
Ground surface
Organic coated surface
27
The Compacting Tool
Part complexity requires sophisticated compacting tool design, the use of core rods for holes, split punches and adjustable powder fills for multilevel parts. For achieving uniform density in the part, the respective motions of die and
lower punches are calculated and programmed in the press
operating cycle.
Upper punch
Even undercuts can be produced with a special technology
being invented by GKN Sinter Metals.
Die
In most cases, tooling is made from high speed steel or carbide, and the life time may range from 10,000 to millions of
parts, depending on complexity, materials and tolerances.
Die plate
Lower punch
Core rod
Base plate
Joining plate
For the production of the PM components, the metal powder must be compressed so that the individual particles will
cold-weld at their contact points to make a part of sufficient
‘green’ strength to be handled and of a density great enough
to meet specified properties. The design and quality of the
compacting tool must be such that the part will be, after sintering, of the desired strength and dimensions.
In the most simple case – for a tablet shape – the tool consists of a die, and an upper and lower punch. Individually
controlled press movement of these tool components controls the powder fill, compression stroke, and part ejection.
28
Principle of PM-Tools - Dimensional Accuracy
The process of axial compaction offers a wide variety of
shaping possibilities and leads to excellent reproducibility
of the dimensions. The shaping of a sintered component is
essentially defined by the tool design and its manufacture.
The appropriate lay-out of the component’s geometry and
selection of the suitable material according to the PM process has a strong influence on tool life and -consequentlyon the price of the part. It is therefore worthwhile to consider
some of the guidelines of design related to the PM process.
The specific forming parts of a tool are a die, core rod, upper
and lower punch. The most important options in the design
of a compacting tool are demonstrated in figure 1.
The die creates the outer shape of the component. It may
have any geometry. Steps or slopes are possible in the axial
direction. Bores and apertures in the direction of compacting are shaped by core rods, which also may be contoured.
The face contours of the parts are shaped by punches. Sharp
chamfers or sharp junctions to the area of the outer surface
have to be avoided. Steps of max. 15 % of the final component height can be produced without split punches.
Figure 1
Tool for a component
with 1 cross section
Tool for a component
with multi cross
section
Tool with
stepped die
Tool with double
top punch for a
component with
multiple cross
section
Tool with stepped
conical die
Tool with split die
Figure 2
To avoid tooling problems a minimum wall thickness of
2 mm should be maintained. The following aspects are important for the ejection of the part from the die:
•
•
•
Ejection draft angles on profile of the outer surface
are not necessary
Face contours should have draft angles of less
than 7°
Junctions and edges should have radii when formed in
the die
Possibilities to press threads, grooves and bores perpendicular to the compacting direction are very limited and most
often need to be added as secondary machining. However
due to a special GKN owned technology undercuts are very
possible to a certain extent.
The design guidelines are shown on page 34.
Dimensional Accuracy
GKN Sinter Metals endeavours during the development
phase to find a custom tailored solution for production runs
and offers components fulfilling exactly the requirements of
dimensional accuracy and performance.
The design and manufacturing of the tools directly influence
the tolerances of the components. Tolerances of shape and
position are mainly influenced by the tool assembly. They
are governed by the clearances between punches and die or
punches and core rods respectively. For parts with several
split punches (multi level parts) the clearances add up to reduce the total accuracy. Tolerances in height are influenced
by the stiffness of the compacting or sizing presses and are
typically between 0.1 and 0.2 mm. Closer tolerances as described above (Figure 2) can be attained by additional machining operations. The small distortion caused by sintering
process can be corrected by sizing (cold repressing) of the
parts. Depending on density and material of a part an improvement of the dimensional quality can be achieved from
e.g. ISO/IT 8-9 to ISO/IT 6-7. An additional advantage of
the sizing step is the increase in density and improvement
of the surface quality. Additional influences on the dimensional accuracy of a component are caused by subsequent
surface or heat treatment operations.
II
Tolerance classes of unmachined, sized components
29
Surface Quality on PM Parts (ISO 23519)
Today surface qualities on sintered parts are often still defined by Rt, Ra or Rz using values that seem to be based on
experiences with machined surface qualities on non porous
materials.
Due to the special (porous) structure of PM components the
surface measurement with current measuring devices according to DIN EN ISO 4287 und 4288 is misleading and
does not reflect the high quality of sintered surfaces. Hence
deep pores may create extremely high Rt values even though
the surface is plateau like and thus contains extraordinary
well gliding properties.
10 µm
500 µm
a) St 50 fine turned (Pt ~ 30)
By comparing profiles of surfaces from machined parts with
porous PM components it becomes obvious that PM materials offer without doubt an improved surface smoothness
although the Pt values from the compared St 50 vs. PM measurement plots are almost identical.
10 µm
500 µm
Due to the special surface properties of sintered parts it is
therefore recommended to define roughness in Rpk and Rk
(see ISO 23519). The adjoining pictures and table 1 serve
to illustrate this.
c) Sint-C 00 as sintered (Pt ~ 30)
Figures a - d) Surface profiles of materials according to table 1
Figure
Rough
Processing Condition
Rt
Ra
a)
St 50 fine turned
10.7
1.28
b)
St 50 grinded
4.2
0.6
c)
SINT-C 00 as sintered
28
1.9
d)
SINT-C 00 sized
10.6
1.22
Table 1
Surface roughness measured on different processing conditions
of steel and PM parts (examples)
30
10 µm
500 µm
b) St 50 grinded (Pt ~ 6)
10 µm
500 µm
II
d) Sint-C 00 sized (Pt ~ 6)
Contact Area in %
at Cutting Depth c
ness Values in μm
Rz
Rpk
Rk
1 μm
2 μm
4 μm
8.2
4.5
5.4
<1
6
12
3.6
1.3
1.4
<1
71
100
18
1.4
1.4
<1
56
72
7.8
0.8
0.6
96
98
100
31
Hardness Comparison Table
32
Tensile
Strength
Rm
Vickers
Hardness
HV (F>98 N)
Brinell
Hardness
HB
255
80
76,1
285
90
320
Rockwell Hardness
HRC
HRA
HRB
HRF
85,6
48,0
82,6
100
95,1
56,2
87,0
350
110
104,6
62,3
90,5
385
120
114,1
66,7
93,6
415
130
123,6
71,2
96,4
450
140
133,1
75,0
99,0
480
150
142,6
78,7
101,4
510
160
152,1
81,7
103,6
545
170
161,6
85,0
105,5
575
180
171,1
87,1
107,0
610
190
180,6
89,5
108,7
640
200
190,1
91,5
110,1
675
210
199,7
93,5
111,3
705
220
209,2
95,0
112,4
740
230
218,7
96,7
113,4
770
240
228,2
20,3
60,7
98,1
114,3
800
250
237,7
22,2
61,6
99,5
115,1
835
260
247,2
24,0
62,4
101
865
270
256,7
25,6
63,1
102
900
280
266,2
27,1
63,8
104
930
290
275,7
28,5
64,5
105
965
300
285,2
29,8
65,2
1030
320
304,2
32,2
66,4
1095
340
323,3
34,4
67,6
Tensile
Strength
Rm
Vickers
Hardness
HV (F>98 N)
Brinell
Hardness
HB
HRC
HRA
1155
360
342,3
36,6
68,7
1220
380
361,3
38,8
69,8
1290
400
380,3
40,8
70,8
1350
420
399,3
42,7
71,8
1420
440
418,3
44,5
72,8
1485
460
437,3
46,1
73,6
1555
480
456,4
47,7
74,5
1595
490
465,9
48,4
74,9
1665
510
484,9
49,8
75,7
1740
530
503,9
51,1
76,4
1810
550
522,9
52,3
77,0
1880
570
541,9
53,6
77,8
1955
590
560,9
54,7
78,4
2030
610
580,0
55,7
78,9
2105
630
599,0
56,8
79,5
2180
650
618,0
57,8
80,0
2251
670
637,0
58,8
80,6
2325
690
656,0
59,7
81,1
2399
720
684,5
61,0
81,8
2472
760
722,6
62,5
82,6
2546
800
760,6
64,0
83,4
2619
840
798,6
65,3
84,1
2693
880
836,7
66,4
84,7
2766
920
874,7
67,5
85,3
2840
940
893,7
68,0
85,6
Rockwell Hardness
HRB
HRF
II
33
Design Guidelines I
A
≥ 2 mm
B
≥ 2 mm
C
≤2xA
D
ca. 3 x ø 1
R
0.3 - 1.5
α
max. 30°
N
0.01/1 mm
Gear pitch dia. up to max. Ø 2. Ø 2 up to
pitch dia. or more, inner or outer chamfers
see detail “Z”; Posi-tioning/identification
Mark “M” on upper face embossed < 0.2 or
optionally engraved.
E
Shape acc. to DIN 8196
F
3 x tooth
depth
G
≤ 0.15 D
α
≥ r/0
H
optionally
counterprofil
Undercuts, threads, cross bores not feasible by compaction (secondary operation).
Position marks, chamfers or curvatures
only in direction outer diameter, otherwise
edges too sharp.
A
≥ 1 mm
C
≤ 0.2 D
Apertures and edges require radii ≥ 0.3.
Bores straight through, for blind holes diameter to depth ratio max. 1:2. Except
worm gear, all other gear shapes feasible;
helical gear only up to 30° max.
Round apertures
preferred.
Wall thickness
S = 2 mm min.
Version A or B preferred
to avoid tangential junction
avoid
Tangential junction
34
Burr 0.15 permissible
(burr pockets)
Replace sharp edges by
plain diameter
Design Guidelines II
1. Axial tool design: fixed fill volume considering the fill factor
Limiting case for components with shoulder
Shoulder thickness / length ratio
Max. overhang: ratio b / h ≤ 5
depending on:
•
•
•
the powder’s edge strength
component density
shoulder geometry
area with
lower density
area with
lower density
Width / height ratio
Factor 5 only applies to a rotary symmetrical shoulder
without profile. All influences that increase wall friction
(e.g. gear teeth) reduce possible overhang.
2. General design guidelines
(ref. DIN 30912)
Apply radii
H
Avoid thin sections
II
W
R
X
X 5:1
R
± 0.025
Tool partition
R
R
± 0.025
Tool partition
R
R
R
Avoid acute tangential
tool transitions
R
R
R
R
35
Design Guidelines III
3. Design guidelines for PM-tools, wire erosion technique prefered
PM optimised solution
Original part drawing
- all inner edges are rounded
- tool edges meet at right angles
- prevention of twisting by recesses in the contour
optimized geometry
Alternative
Tool split section
Tool structure
Upper punch
36
Die and core rod
Lower punch 1
Lower punch 2
Tool parts assembled
Technical Support
In-house Tooling
3D CAD/CAM Design Chain at GKN
The key to manufacturing high-performance, low-cost PM
parts is the tool design. To meet customer’s most challenging shape and dimensional requirements, GKN Sinter Metals offers comprehensive in-house tooling capabilities, including all major 3D-specific software.
•
•
•
•
By customizing fixtures and die sets, GKN tailors tooling
concepts to your specific applications. The result? Considerations of customer’s need to ensure exceptional tool wear
and long-term tool life.
•
•
Data Exchange with the customer for design via
Electronic Data Interchange
Additional technical conversation (meetings, calls…)
Finite Element Analysis to fit loading conditions vs.
design
GKN design of the part in Unigraphics (master model
and drawing)
Customer final check and approval before design
freeze of model and drawing
Master model driven CAD parts for every following
process step
3D Design of Tool Parts and Assembly
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tool assembly supported by 3D
Design of PM relevant process steps
Bill of material CAD-based
Table of design driving parameters
Image of set of parameters
Table of dimensional behaviour
Assembly of active powder touching tool parts
Master model driven die set
CAD/CAM Transfer for Manufacturing and Inspection of the Tools
•
•
•
•
PDM based administration of every component within
the design area and tool department
Transfer of CAD data to the tool shop for CAM based
manufacturing of the tools
CMM evaluation of PM parts and tool components for
PPAP and development
CNC powder press for compaction of the component
II
CAD/CAM Design of Auxiliary Operations
•
•
Design of jigs and gauges
Design of fully automated production including assembly steps if necessary
Finite Element Analysis at GKN Sinter Metals
•
•
•
•
Structural and mechanical FEA on parts and tool components
Simulation of linear elasticity, plasticity, static and dynamic problems
Process simulation as powder compaction
Verification of results by experiments
37
Markets
GKN Sinter Metals serves both automotive and industrial/consumer markets worldwide. As more and more companies discover the advantages of PM, our research and development team is hard at work leveraging years of product and process
expertise to find all-new cost-effective applications for a host of industries.
Engine
Automatic Transmission
Manual Transmission
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aluminium cam caps
Bed plate inserts
Connecting rods
Main bearing caps
Oil pump components
Pulse rings
Stainless flanges
Timing system components
Backing
king and applied clutch plates
Center
ter and structural supports
Clutch
ch hubs
Drive
e and driven sprockets
Hydraulic
raulic pump parts
Planetary
netary carrier housings
Powder
wder forged one-way clutch races
Specialty
cialty aluminium parts
Tone
e wheels (for rpm sensing)
Clutch hubs
Shift fingers and assemblies
Shift levers, latches and support plates
Blocker guide pieces
Clutch rings
Cones
Hubs
Planetary carriers
Rings (inner and outer)
Interior Applications
Braking
g Systems
Seating Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Door & hatch lock mechanisms
Rain sensor mounts
Rearview mirror bosses
Sunroof parts
Window mechanisms
ABS sensor wheels
Adjusters
usters
Pistons
ons
Valve
ve spacers & plates
Adjustment gears
Adjustment racks & levers
Belt latch & tensioner parts
Steering Columns / Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Airbag components
Ignition lock components
Rotors, ratchets, levers, guides & yokes
Pump components, gears & end plates
Upper & lower tilt mechanisms
Shift lock mechanisms
Telescoping parts
Miscellaneous Applications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
38
A/C compressor parts
Alternator parts
Bearings
Bushings
EGR valves
Motor & drive parts
Starter motor components
Traction control system parts
Wiper drive components
Electronic stabilization package parts
Exhaust Systems
•
•
Bosses
Flanges
GKN Sinter Metals is committed to helping customers across a variety of markets manufacture at peak efficiency and lower
overall costs. And, with the widest range of products, manufacturing capabilities and technical support in the PM industry,
GKN is the single-source supplier of choice to the lawn and garden/outdoor power equipment, home appliance and office
equipment, office and home furniture, and recreational vehicle markets, among others. Its key product lines include structural
components, bushings, bearings, gears, pumps, metal injection molded (MIM) and powder forged parts.
Lawn and Garden Outdoor Power Equipment
In this category GKN supplies components as self-lubricating bearings,
clutch plates, beveled gears, pumps and others.
Home and Office Appliances
GKN Sinter Metals is a leading supplier of transmission parts of large appliances such as washing machines. Also bearings and small structural components for blenders, food processors, other small appliances, copiers, printing machines and other consumer electronics belong to the product range.
Office and Home Furniture
In the growing furniture market, GKN Sinter Metals manufactures a variety of
gear assemblies for home and office seating systems.
II
Recreational Vehicles
GKN applies PM technologies to manufacture clutch drive transmission
systems for snowmobiles, four-wheelers, and all-terrain vehicles as well as
pumps and more creative applications like binder clips for snowboards.
PM components are also ideal for connecting rods, sensor rings and clutch
hubs for motorcycles, scooters and boats.
Electronic and Power Tools
Small interacting parts, gears and bearings for drills, saws and other power
electronic tools belong to the wide product range of GKN Sinter Metals.
Refrigeration
GKN Sinter Metals manufactures a variety of exacting parts like valve plates
and compressor pistons for larger food refrigeration units and HVAC systems.
39
GKN - Innovation by Research and Development
The idea of a center for research and development became reality with the construction of the GKN Technology
Center in Radevormwald, Germany.
The central R & D facility for research into all areas of powder metallurgy covers an area of 3,500 m2.
From powder development to pilot production runs it is
possible here to test and realize a great variety of options
offered by powder metallurgy for the all-round service and
support of our production plants and our customers.
The GKN Technology Center is located in close vicinity to
the most diverse production facilities applying powder
metallurgy processes:
Powder forging, conventional press-and-sinter technology, Metal Injection Molding (MIM) and other advanced
powder metal technologies.
40
State-of-the-art equipment and facilities are available.
In conjunction with the highly motivated staff of the GKN
Technology Center they form the basis for the optimization
of production-based process and product innovations.
New advanced technologies start out from here on a profound basis of fundamental research and secure emerging new markets.
II
41
GKN - Innovation by Research and Development
A materials testing laboratory with full metallographic
equipment like SEM and light microscopes allow specialists
to investigate surfaces and microstructures and to determine mechanical characteristics as well as chemical analysis. Corrosion testing is continued using a climate and a salt
spray test chamber. A great variety of test procedures are
thus available for investigations ranging from materials development to failure analysis, either for our own purposes or
for our customers.
Resonance pulsers and modern cyclic bending machines
are available for fatigue testing.
A Gammatec Densitometer is used for determination of the
density.
Static and dynamic test methods are available for the determination of soft magnetic characteristics.
Quality - QS Management
Quality management begins at the product concept stage and extends through design,
pre-production planning and the entire product life cycle. It involves ongoing education
programs, quality reporting and attention to detail every step of the way.
At GKN Sinter Metals quality is a multidisciplinary responsibility and highest priority for
each employee.
GKN Sinter Metals Certifications:
ISO 9001
ISO/TS 16949
ISO 14001
OHSAS 18001
Ford Q1
42
Notes
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II
43
GLOBAL SALES OFFICES
GKN Locations
30 Production Facilities
in 14 Countries
on 5 Continents
For specific details and
contact information
concerning our
production facilities, go to
GKNSinterMetals.com.
AMERICAS
USA
2200 N. Opdyke Road
Auburn Hills, MI 48326-2431
infona@gknsintermetals.com
Brazil
Av. Emancipação, 4.500
CEP 13186-542
Hortolandia – SP, Brazil
infobrazil@gknsintermetals.com
ASIA
China
Suite 1105-1110, POS Plaza
1600 Century Avenue
Pudong, Shanghai 200122, China
infochina@gknsintermetals.com
India
146 Mumbai - Pune Road
Pimpri, Pune 411018
Maharashtra, India
infoindia@gknsintermetals.com
Japan
Senri Life Science Center Bldg.10F
1-4-2 ShinSenri Higashi-machi
Toyonaka-city, Osaka, 560-0082
Japan
infojapan@gknsintermetals.com
AFRICA
South Africa
P.O. Box 156, Sacks Circle
Bellville 7530, South Africa
infoafrica@gknsintermetals.com
EUROPE
United Kingdom
Nottingham, United Kingdom
P.O. Box 9211
Nottingham, NG10 9BD, England
infoengland@gknsintermetals.com
Germany
Krebsöge 10
42 477 Radevormwald, Germany
infogermany@gknsintermetals.com
Italy
Fabrikstraße 5
39 031 Bruneck (BZ), Italy
infoitaly@gknsintermetals.com
Sweden
Mölndal, Sweden
P.O. Box 186, SE-431 23
Mölndal, Sweden
infosweden@gknsintermetals.com
France
6 Lotissement les Cruzettes
38210 Tullins, France
infofrance@gknsintermetals.com
Spain
Apartado 241
E - 15659 Brexo
Lema (La Coruña), Spain
infospain@gknsintermetals.com
GKNSinterMetals.com
© Copyright
by GKN
Sinter
Rev. 3.1
© Copyright
2014,
GKNMetals
Sinter -Metals