- ~"~~
UNDERSTANDING URBAN HOUSING TRANSFORMATIONS:
A Case Study of Bhogal - India
by
Solomon J Benjamin
Bachelor of Architecture
School Of Planning and Architecture
New Delhi, India
1982
Submitted to the Department of Architecture
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES
at the
MASSACHUSETTES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
June 1985
®.
Solomon J. Benjamin
1985
The Author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce
and distribute publicly copies of this thesis document in whole
in part
....................................
Signature of Author.
Solomon J. Benjamin
ept of Architecture, May 8, 1985
Certified by ..............
.........
Nabeel Hamdi/,Assistant Professor of Housing Design
Accepted by..............................
Dep
u ian Beinart, Chairman,
tm ntal Comm tte
for Graduate Students
ARCHIVES
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
MAY 311985
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LXI-I-il
UNDERSTANDING URBAN HOUSING TRANSFORMATIONS:
A case Study of Bhogal - India
by
Solomon J. Benjamin
Submitted to the Dapartment of Architecture on May 15, 1985 in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master
of Science in Architecture Studies
ABSTRACT
This thesis attempts to describe dwelling transformations in
It is hoped to clarify the links
the case of Bhogal, New Delhi.
between socio-economic forces and their resultant impact on
physical form, through its transformation. The project is a
refugee housing program, undertaken by the Government of India in
the early 1950's to cope with the large influx of refugees during
the partition between India and Pakistan.
Over a period of twenty years, the project like other
emergency measures, has become permanent.
It is rapidly
transforming to provide a livable environment.
India, like other Third World environments, is on the verge
of another emergency, facing unprecedented urban growth. It is
obvious that the government with its limited resources, cannot
cope with these pressures. There is a general agreement that the
government needs to play the role of a "support" rather than a
"producer", especially with regard to housing for the lower
income groups.
The case study exemplifies developments and transformations
It therefore
of existing dwelling environments in Delhi today.
might help to identify some basic principles and directions along
which future research might take.
The case study provides a useful insight into the
circumstances that allow a group of people to upgrade their
cicumstance both socially and economically with minimum formal
The thesis also attempts to clarify informal
assistance.
linkages and networks that evolve to form a crucial part of the
process of upgrading in this environment. This forms the bulk of
the argumentof the "supportive" role of the government and the
need to understand existing linkages and networks to identify
areas of intervention.
Thesis Supervisor: Nabeel Hamdi
Title:
Assistant Professor of Housing Design
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like
to thank the People of Bhogal who provided me
with a unique insight into their daily life.
I gratefully
acknowledge
the support and guidance of
Assistant Professor Nabeel Hamdi, who apart from being an
excellent advisor helped me systemize ideas and concepts into a
tangible form.
I would particularly like to acknowledge Professor John
Habraken and Professor Bill
Doebbel, who have been much more than
just
readers and whose experience have been invaluable
in the
preparation of this term.
In addition I am indepted to my parents
and understanding.
for their
support
My thanks are also due to Carolyn Beer, John Dale, Gamal
Hamid, Sujata Kohli, Snehanshu Mukherjee, Prataap Patrose, Mr.
R.L. Talwar and Meenu Tewari.
Last but not least, sincere thanks are due to the Inlaks
Foundation, the Hebrew Technical Institute and M.I.T Department
of Architecture, whose financial support made my studies possible
here.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract . ...........
Acknowledgements . . . .
. page
. . . . . . . 5
Scope and Format ......... ..
.9
Introduction . . . ...........
.
Physical Descriptions. . . . . .
.
STORY:
Synopsis . . .
. .
3
.25
. 51
. ..........
. .91
Stage 0. . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Stage 1. . . . .
. . 103
. . . . . . .
Stage 2. . . . . .
Stage 3..
Stage 4.
...
. ...
..... . .123
..
... . .
. . . . . ..
. . . .
141
. . . . . 171
Stage 5 . . . . . . . . . ..
. ... 199
Mapping the Field. . . . . . . .
Observations . .
. 95
. .233
. . . . . . . . . . 237
References . ............
243
P-51 16 90
P-91
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SCOPE AND FORMAT OF THE THESIS
This thesis
analyses
order to clarify
links
the evolution
of dwelling
between socio-economic
forces and their
resultant
impact on the transformation
of physical
hoped that
this
will
provide an insight
circumstances
upgrade
their
with minimal
investigation
and
part
which
living
conditions,
formal
intervention.
clarify informal
crucial
processes
allow
a group
both socially
of the process
The thesis
of upgrading
in
form.
It
is
the
into
of people
to
and economically,
also
and networks that
linkages
spaces in
attempts
to
evolve to form a
this
context.
THE OBJECT OF THE INVESTIGATION
The case study used as the basis for this study is a housing
colony in
Central Delhi,
of a number
of housing
in the early 1950's to
from the
partitioning
in
projects
World,
this
and around
product
in
an area
projects
deal
off
was one
built
by the Government
of India
with the wave
of refugees resulting
of
Like many other
Delhi,
of
It
known as Bhogal.
an
Pakistan.
and
in
other
emergency
of the Third
parts
measure
such
has
become
a
permanent resource. Through on-going occupation and adaptation
such
projects
have
inhabitants. In
the
been
made
increasingly
face of current
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viable
by
their
unprecedented growth
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chronically limited resources, it is becoming increasingly clear
that governments of developing countries
maintaining these resources,
to
let
therefore
essential
themselves
manage their housing.
are not
capable of
alone duplicating them. It
understand
in
detail
how
the
is
users
LIMITATIONS
The
provide
outline for
are made
project
housing
and
above
is
and
and
understanding
changes take
appropriated
all,
It
by its
the
does not
solutions
it does attempt
projects. What
of seeing
which decisions
built
statistics,
housing
a way
nature.
primarily of a qualitative
estimates,
prototypical
provide
is
thesis
for
to do is
complex manner
place as
users
in
a government
over
time.
As
a method for uncovering the informal networks at the
root of the changes taking place in this built environment, it
becomes
a tool
for evaluating
the more qualitative
user initiated dwelling transformation.
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aspects of
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ROOM
In
OWN
STRUCTURE AND FORMAT
The thesis is divided
into four parts:
1. Introduction:
This section
sets
exists today. It
at
the context
deals with past
of the Bhogal
and present
housing the poor and the limitations
outlines
the
fundamental
emergence
force
in
of
the
government
of its
informal
transforming
the
project
as it
attempts
efforts.
sector
physical
It
as
a
also
major,
fabric of
the
city.
2. Physical
Description
of the Block and Unit Transformation:
This section includes plans and sections at the block and
unit scale;
a description of territorial changes at the block and
unit
additions
scale;
temporary
3.
'The
and
alterations;
marginal
structures;
and
structures.
Story':
This
section
provides
the
evolution
its
needs over a thirty
to different
of a family
a
description
living
in
year period.
stages of transformation
and
of five
adapting
The five
the
project
in
to
stages correspond
of the built
and can be summarized as follows:
--~~-
stages
-------------nnr~
environment
Stage 1. 1954-1960 -a newly arrived refugee family occupies
a basic unit in the housing project.
Stage 2.
1961-1966 -the dwelling is adapted as the extended
family expands to include a cousin who has recently migrated
to the city.
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Stage 3.
1967-1972 -the family enters into a collaborative
venture with a neighbouring family upstairs which needs to
expand its dwelling space.
Stage 4.
1973-1978 -the cousin gets married and the family
adds a room to their dwelling.
Stage 5. 1979-1984 -as the family adjusts to the marriages
of the children, the dwelling undergoes a series of
incremental changes.
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ABOUT THE STORY
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The purpose of the story is
I
not to provide a site
as a tool. to tie
case history of one family, but rather to use it
a series of issues and illustrate the linkages and
together
-
--
.
e.5ta
which
people
upgrade
their
physical
environments. It is also used to highlight the socio-economic
fINmTR6DCTION
.
To ru, orxtE.
P-
under
conditions
I CONTEM'T OF
| " IE THESIS.
specific
49.
forces and demonstrate how they impact physical transformations.
1---
UNIT.
P-YSICAL
3 to 90
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the
Although
2"32
zS
in
fact
exist
components
combination
story
- the
of its
is
fictitious
incidents
structure are
of interviews
with
and
- Suresh'
processes
family does not
that
form
real. They are taken
five families
the
from a
living in
the
^
project
and from
living
in
real
the personal
the area. In
incidents
artificial
and
framework.
illustrate
the
However,
in
this
case,
as
-
is
set
approach would
series
of
continuity
short
of
-
a composite of
transformations
a
the
-
of the author while
the "story"
An alternative
issues
that
sense,
actual
-
experiences
have been
case
the
within
an
to
histories.
transformations
would have been lost and it would have been difficult to trace
significant
linkages backwards
The "stages" defined
the nature of the physical
they have been treated
in
in time.
the story
are basically
defined by
transformations. Within the narrative,
as discrete
entities
so as to be able to
clearly identify each step of the process. In reality, they are
completely
intermeshed
one examines the
The story
with
photographs
each other.
throughout
presented here is
This
becomes
i;
people
upgrading
socio-ecomonic
to attempt
their
relevant
environments,
circumstances.
a detailed
as
scale
of
this study.
to a larger
understanding urban transformation. Given the
I
obvious
each with
vast numbers of
their
own unique
it seems irrelevant and misleading.
and comprehensive
survey.
Such a survey
would end up as an unwieldy collection of case histories
~~
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or a
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stack of
meaningless
statistics
do provide an effective
too
isolated
of complex
to
understand
the
one particular
numbers.
Even
record at a general
from the
linkages
and
real
situation
at a grass
full
implications
story
rather
of
focus
level,
to provide
roots
than
where surveys
they remain
an understanding
level.
It
of the
actual
deal
with
seems more
useful
conditions
of
many "products"
in
conditions
an
isolation.
The
shift
important
have
and
ended
used
housing
one.
Most product
up as
to
are never really
deductive,
territories
structures
There
Most
the
a
of
the
is
and solutions
particular
resulting
approach
in
physical
professional
"demonstration"
form
in
the
projects
nature,
is
yet
inductive
rather -than
respective
of
the
power
actions. This approach recognizes a need to define
of professional
is
approaches
for
role
to
replicable.
comprehensive
and
oriented
the
of
"conditions"
of incremental
product
a justification
legitimize
process.
The
from
intervention
working
with existing
networks.
no
such
thing
as
Rather, there already exists an
safety mechanisms
which
a "perfect" set
of conditions.
array of alternative options
allow a process
of upgrading
without unreasonable loss or disruption to daily
and
to continue
life. It is not
20
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of the
professional
the
job
the
transformation
establish perfect
to
housing.
of
his
Rather,
or
conditions
her
job
is
for
to
so that they can be fostered rather
uncover the existing ones
than disrupted by arbitrary and insensitive policy or intervention.
METHOD OF DOCUMENTATION
The
phases.
documentation for this thesis
was carried out in
The
opportunity
first
phase
provided
an
to
two
become
aquainted with the site and gain a general understanding of the
neighbourhood context within the larger framework of the city.
The second phase became a short,
focused survey.
The author lived in the neighbourhood opposite one of the
housing
insight
blocks
for
into the way the
going observation,
of
the
about
processes
two years. This provided a valuable
local
it was
and
community
possible
linkages
functioned. Through on-
to gain
operative
an overview of some
in
this
particular
locale.
The second phase was a focused process of documentation done
in an intense two week period. During this time, five families
were
interviewed.
The
questions
followed
a
basic
set
of
guidelines but the bulk of the conversations were directed
by
immediate family concerns. The aim was
ii.
8
to uncover significant
22
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issues
through
predetermined
Another
the author,
to settle
Mr.
investigative
Talwar
rather
than
to
impose
the
format of a survey.
valuable
Mr.
in
research
R.L.
source of information was
Talwar.
the colony,
was
the landlord
Having been one of the first
he had many useful
interviewed
during
insights
both
phases
Z3
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-
people
to share.
documentation.
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INTPODU CTION
T1E- CONTEXT:
STATISTICS FOR BEGINNERS.
At present about 20% of India's 700 million are concentrated
in
urban areas.
to a billion,
In
twenty years,
40% of it
when India's population
due to internal growth,unaffected
15 milliom,
a majourity
by migration policies.
At present at least 40 percent
of Delhi's population
illegal
colonies.
Yet compared
contatining
80 percent
of India's population,
it
close
will be urban. Delhi's population will
rise from a present 4.5 million to about
in
is
to the rural
lives
hinderlands-
Delhi is
has the highest per capita income with one job in
a haventhe formal
income generating seven others in the
informal. The informal
sector
some
provides
the
poor
with
life,
form
of
shelter,
employment and hope for a better tomorrow.
Goverment and any other agency doe not have the resources to
intervene
directly.
Its
past record,
and
that
of other
less
developed countries attempting to catch with the numbers by mass
housing programs have shown that.
A shift
is
needed
from 'to
;
-: "
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109 goN IP04
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Von
-----
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i~~5d~-Bi
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as outlined by John Turner.
to 'to enable',
house'
to recognize
of the informal
the roll
can
accomodate
consolidation of illegal
colonies.
the
city
itself
the present programs
of developing
sector
through
in
It
isimportant
evaluating
dencification
There should be a shift
what
and
from
vast housing programs on the
periphiery to one of supporting central
densification.
iONVENTIONAL APPROACHES AT HOUSING THE POOR:
BUREAUCRACIES TO CHECK BUCREAUCIES.
As part of the post independence desire to prove its worth,
the goverment assumed responsibility for providing
housing
to
the lower income group. Goverment bureaucracies trained to think
in
numbers percieved
the issue as a "problem of numbers".
numbers were always swelling,
post partition refugees,
rural areas,
initially
with the influx of the
and now the migrants from the
over. Thus resulting in mass housing produced to
bureaucracies.
deprived
and the internal growth of the city itself
drawn up by centralised bureaucracies,
After conventional
_ _ _ _1
I
The
specifications
to be supervised
methods proved
taking
by other
too slow,
speed
was thought to be a goal, thus attempts at prefabrication. This
proved un-successful due to its centralization, divorced from the
reality of site conditions and avaliable skills.
At the same time land became a key issue especially in
of
inflation.
To
curb
large
scale
speculation
times
policies
restricting ownership of sites, and favouring group housing were
introduced. This was one of the more positive policies towards a
more equitable distribution of land. The approach was partly
effective
in
classes, but it
combatting excessive
land
holding
by the upper
could not offer hope to lower income groups; four
story walk-up housing schemes
were still
far too
expensive.
So
forty percent of Delhi's population were not able to afford the
cheapest houses built.
This had two impacts; illegal colonies
grew up across the river and slums infested the city center.
SLUMS AS AN IMAGE PROBLEM.
While unauthorized
colonies were built
out of sight,
slums provided the city with a serious image problem.
th'V
Delhi being
the capital, has always been a status symbol, thus the focus of a
series of several beautification schemes. The image of the garden
city, with large tree lined
avenues.
~;~"~"LI~
This resulted
in
large
land at the perifiary
scale
rehablitation
of the city.
The
schemes on
projects
in
cheap
the form of
site and services were away from employment sources, and suffered
from
lack
of adquate
transportation.
They were
thus
plagued
by
people selling out because they could not afford to live there- a
classic
"locational"
issue
with
site
and
services
projects
all
over the world.
ATTEMPTS AT DECENTRALIZATION
To reduce congestion in the
central parts
and to spread
job
opportunities, attempts were made to de-centralize some goverment
offices
along
with development
huge chunks of semi-rural
villages
the
in
lower
an attempt
income
these
centralization,
of cross-subsidies
impact. The
to ease the demand on land,
group. In
In
addition
espicially
for
theory, the district centers
were
housing for the lower income group.
policies
did
have
some
and generating commercial
activity,
never
worked-out
to
have
effect
of
de-
the intension
any
significant
land acquired, was auctioned to the highest bidder
and the massive
increase
centers.
land were acquired from surrounding
supposed to cross supsidise
Although
of district
scale
of district
in surrounding
~~~r~-~-plS~g
-.~
land
centers
resulted
in a drastic
prices. Housing schemes constructed
~~-~--~^~ ~--------~--^I~---------------9
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31
" ~
for the lower income group were soon bought out. Thus apart from
displacement, increase in land value gained from the intervention
was in-equitable transferred to the upper income groups.
Housing as a issue..OR IS IT ? AND FOR WHOM ?
In
spite
of
the
difficulties
provide low income housing,
faced
by
the poor still
the
goverment
manage to find some
form of shelter, and access to employment.
This has happened due
to the evolution of the so called informal sector. It
access to housing in
the form of slums,
acess to jobs at various levels.
oriented city housing
Delhi
played
by
its
in
illegal
provides
colonies,
was initially
and
a service
the goverment bureaucracy. This is now
shifting towards retail and small scale
dominant role
to
its economy .
informal
Within
component
increasingly important role. It
manufacturing playing a
this
has
sector the part
begun
to
play
an
provides an important stepping
stone for the poor and the newly arrived migrant to better their
circumstances and a chance to get into the system.
Land use has been
use.
transformed from rigid zoning to mixed
34
HOUSING - MULTI-FUNCTIONAL AND TEMPORAL
Housing
has
transformation.
been
one
of
the
key
Links have developed
elements
betweeen
of
this
income groups.
Community participation and interraction based not through formal
institutions
Through
but
through
negotiation
developed
according
informal
territorial
a range of complex
to the priorities
negotiation.
tenure
of the
systems
have
group directly
concerned.
Housing
a whole
income,
in
this context means shelter as a component
range of
activities.
and social
These
institutions
are
vital
secondary
within
sources
of
for the functioning of the
family and community at large.
The
construction
process
is
deeply ingrained
in
the skills
and resources of the informal sector. Over a period of time , the
sector has become sophisticated in
doing method-
a evolutionary
learning by
a day to day process. New options and innovationn
in construction technique emerge in this day to day technique. As
well as
sector
generates
sanitary ware.
materials
-- 1-
-
-
- W-
^
-
-
--
the building process
providing
components
ranging
itself,
from
the
cement
informal
grills
to
The growth of these markets provides access to
at a small
and skills
-
-----X- E~--BRC--;I--.
scale locally.
I~-C---
The poor can"
--~-------;IL--CI-IV----t~-I.~
P -'..~; -L ~---l-"-~mPr~~~
therefore
upgrade
they can control
which
The
their
counter
manufacture
or
parts,
providing
incremental
an
networks
are
often filling
labour.
interdependent
the gap in
These
informal
addition support
a large number of men, women
children
of
informs
fashiom
themselves.
evolution of these
formal
in
environments
their
employment
that
range
processes of
networks
and some
from
upon
in
times
transporting
bricks as most womenfolk on construction sites, to manufacture of
metal grills
for windows.
Policy makers often make
little or no attempt to support
such networks and institutions due to professional self interests
or
sheer
ignorance.
Thus
they
are
excluded
from
legal
recognition, forced to pay additional amounts for basic services,
unsecure of tenure and
almost no financial security in a seasonal
markets.
The development
the conventional
professional,
It
is
taste,
yet persuasive
notions of "good urban
formally
trained,
accepts
form",
it
viewed as a desease of a decaying city,
yet
building
37
incremental
dependent
process.
upon
its
source
for
does not fit
and aesthtics.
into
The
with a contradiction.
the product of bad
vital
parts
of
the
Ali, 01!11i I" NO
0,11!RlVA
W~;I
~~'i~Zariir;
L~-L~~
Most of these transformations are categorized as illegal, as
they do not confirm to convetional
use
While
regulations.
(especially with regard
regulations) most
These
30's.
designed
are
some
to
aspects
sewage,
irrelevant
regulations were
standards, bylaws, and land
of the
construction
water-supply
dating back to the
and
fire
20's
products of over-specified,
and
over.
standards confirming to a foreign notion of private
usage.
To
get
designed
back
some
housing,
of
the
attempts
vitality
are
made
missing
to
in
"learn
formally
from
the
vernacular". While some cases are genunine attempts to understand
underlying principals, most are superficial
and
form,divorced
the original
from
imatations of colour
socio-economic
context. What
is forgotten that these incremental development today have strong
roots
in their
past, modified by the
relevent to them today.
39
~YO"L-~I~D~.~-tlllCI~11~ 1~~
people according to what is
, 1, 0' -
1
A WAY OF SEEING.
Whether one agrees or not with the notion of aesthtics or
good
urban
continue
for
the
form
these
to be a major
vast
number
implict
networks
force
of
in
have
become
and
will
providing a foothold and shelter
urban
poor.
The
implications
are
important.
First
informal
networks
and organization
must be
as being a major force in the positive growth in
recognized
the city, and
ultimately of the larger region.
Second,
the
rather than a static
decision making.
informal
must be
product,
where
seen as
the user
a dynamic
plays
a
housing, designed
Conventional
process
in
key role
numbers
for
assume that the users are the same with similar socio-economic
characteristics.
The solutions, reflective of that "block image"
are mass-produced products.
Ingenuity in
design, measured
being able to create complexity through geometric
sense of place through
vernacular
jugglerly
by
and a
imaging of the past.
What is forgotten is that socio economic characteristics are
not
-F~- --
srrassna~*r~
the
same
--- ~-
for
one
family
to
another
and
they
-.------P----~
cannot
I~
be
42
-- ~---------i-^-~,~,
~-r
I-
I ---x--- ------
generalized
into static programs.
At the same time it
is
almost impossible to create
designs
that reflect the users unique circumstances if not because of the
uncommunicated
designed
values than
then is
the role
the need to produce
is
sheer
numbers
of users to be
for.
What
What
from the
the
for architects
a good
alternative
and
to
and designers,
compatable
leaving
given
urban environment?
everything
to
an
ad-hoc
process?
Third,
define
he
can
a way out
territories
be most
control of the
within
user
itself
such
and
of the local
affected
there
is
implicit
understand
might be
professional
leaving
construction
informal
Fourth,
a
the
the way he or
a relationship
transitory
dilemna
which
effective
formal and informal
with
of this
rest
she
markets.
to be
-
operates
to be
interacts
It
able
to
where
under
the
with
the
must be realized
between
professionals
directly
by the skills
and
users
is
ands resources
construction sector.
a need
to develop
networks
and
tools
their
and methods
socio
economic
implications.
43
~-mC4lgx--^---s~
to
i
~EX~~~
How
_
can
intervene
either
the
a
process
professional
of
upgrading
limited resources, it becomes
into key areas.
important
Instead
or
and
centralized
agency
densification?
With
important to focus intervention
Given the dynamic nature of the process,
to distinguish
of seeking
it
is
between the temporary and the permanent."
radical
sought within the existing
change,
minimum alteration
should
be
structure.
Some issues in focus would incorporate the following:
1) Access to land an equitable .distribution of
Implications of
benefits of urbanization.
public or
either
agencies
monopolostic
private.
2) Access to materials
hidden subsidies.
Spatial
3)
policies.
and
implications
of
of non-p.hysical
implications
4) Effects of densification on existing
infrastructure and service networks.
5) Institutional
externalities.
interventions
on the issue of
within the dynamic
6) Standards evaluated
Standards linked to
process of upgradation.
the
in
existing
resources
and
skills
the
informal sector.
Re-evaluation
7)
induced mixed use.
45
Iis---- ~--- TIII~--sl-~
;
of
zoning
laws
to
~l~~s~ir;ruasa~
allow
-Owl-
436
1
W pip10rj1 1
-,
PT
gill.
.
.
.
.-
'
.
p--NRI
. ...
- ,
----
!
I
-I
.
..........
...... rsl
~~r~~
__i_
T2-rP~~
This shift
architects
know-all
less
attitude has
and urban designers.
attempting to create
authoritarian
structure.
be
in
~"-Ci
i-n~.-,~,~_--rriiu-rrpruarr
A great
Instead of
implications for
being
urban structures,
positions
deal
an important
and
create
of sensitivity
rx~r x~~
a
professional
they should adopt
within
and
an
existing
perceptiveness
required.
The
change
intervention.
attitude
but that
in its approach,
Apart
in
implies
limits
This does not neccessarily mean
non-architecture,
the design
process
to
the
official
emergence of
should
be holistic
yet able to define areas of focus.
from
this
political
shift,
the
change
in
attitude
calls for story relationships with other disciplines.
knowledge
of a broader range of tools
that architects
of
can operate
in
and methods is
a creative
A basi
"
needed so
but democratic
process,
negotiation.
Such a way of working would be site.specific
This is directly related to the architectural
of the traditional
Learning
should
regimentalized
be
continuous
encouraged
into a five
process,
in
~Z~L~fq --Y~rx^-~----
- i;;;_^~^s;-u~-~----r^~T"X~
the
year program.
4?.
-
will
- --
in
most cases.
education.
Instead
it could be in stages.
field
instead
of
being
14 p
rv
Such a position is
not as radical as it
process already underway.
seems but part of a
The disparity between the official
codes of practice and what happens on site is bound to increase,
especially with
It is vital
the increase of small
for professional and educational
able to cater to these changes.
49'
scale
architect-builders.
institutions to be
90.
.~."~
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STA&EwF= .4
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LANDMIE
F1N
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04-
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BLOCK
i~~~i--~
11.
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Mj'!',RKE7=r DP:-Z- .*
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IVvir rw N
IN
P(A5LJC
89
SE-7 UP
--~
"i~' Qm~
91
-
--^-----Pirra)a~r--mPrrprpg~c~~-l*rt-^
Il~ll
rrarrr~
India and Pakistan. It consisted of sixty
STAGE 0
four units structured around a central
INTRODUCTION:
courtyard, sharing common toilets at the
The
block
was
constructed
one
in
of the
1952
for
types
four corners. The plan was symetrical,
refugees
the blocks being placed in a grid like
three
the
fashion on the site.
comming to Delhi after the partition of
I~
mR.
youth of 17 and was married 5 years later
to Mala. They are in their mid-twenties
This is the story of the family of
with a child of three, and live with their
Suresh. He and his parents were among the
250,000
refugees
border during
the
who
came
partition
across
between
parents who are in their late forties. The
the
family is
India
housed
in
one of the
eight
refugee blocks in Bhogal.
and Pakistan in 1947. Suresh arrived as a
GrK~Alua
eA
mwr
tWU
the start
of
a major
learning process,
providing them with valuable experience
STAGE 2:
*
INTRODUCTION:
The family is joined by Suresh's
I
-
~-------
and
insights
into
the
way
that
the
informal construction sector operates. As
more
and more families
transform their
cousin. Their children are also growing
built environments, the informal sector
up,. and they decide to make an important
continues to expand, developing new skills
desision, ttit of adding a room. This is
and resources to meet their requirements.
--
---------------
--
8~7~a~~p~~
1(1 q
l
I
11 111
11~
1~-------
3 -L-d-- ~l~a.
--- 7a
EM.
Suresh
also decides to extend their
existing
STAGE THREE
In
kitchen areas.
toilet and
addition they are to upgrade their front
1967 - 1972
room through a process of collaboration
st families in the block
with
and have developed ties
n other blocks. The block
collaboration
3e process of undergoing
transformations.
Most
inue
to upgrade their
ments,
adding toilets and
-
periences
way
yet
it is unique as
effeciency,
Suresh's
a
electronic equipment,
settling down. Due
space shortage,
Suresh
1t an exra room.
Apart
Granddad
changes
in
continue.
I--~IIL
-~-C-----IIILII(
LLI
1--
Suresh's
or
Mala's
lives.
and watching tae ehildren grow up in=t
responsible indivI.tals..
bricating wooden crates,
L11*rrP~~..-.
- ^--~
individual
They are both in their middle ages now,
gave up his
too stranious for him to
r
and
photographer's studio. There are no major
d by Suresh's parents (now
i
allows for greater
it
economy
Babloo, now 21 decides to open up his own
d as a small shop during
---r -s
The
changes are effected in the block -
a sleeping space at night
I
above.
typical of the
1173 - 1971
y become a partner in
~
is
product.
decided to get married.
g
neighbor
control over the process and the final
an important
r life style.
-s
his
93
I--
~-1Y^m~-rip~psls.rr~~-L-----i~_i: ^ _-;_--;:L~---;------.li.YI'XY~~
India and Pakistan. It consisted of sixty
STAGE 0
four
INTRODUCTION:
courtyard, sharing common toilets at the
The
block
constructed
was
in
1952
types
four corners. The plan was symetrical,
refugees
the blocks being placed in a grid like
the three
one of
for
the
units structured around a central
comming to Delhi after the partition of
fashion
on the site.
DHR:
youth of 17 and was married 5 years later
This is the story of the family of
Suresh. He and his parents were among the
250,000 refugees who
came
across the
border during the partition between India
and Pakistan in 1947. Suresh arrived as a
to Mala. They are in their mid-twenties
with a child of three, and live with their
parents who are in their late forties. The
family is housed in
one of the eight
refugee blocks in Bhogal.
the
start of a major learning process,
providing them with valuable experience
STAGE 2:
and
INTRODUCTION:
informal construction sector operates. As
The family is
-~
joined
by Suresh's
insights
more and more
into
the
families
way
that
the
transform their
cousin. Their children are also growing
built environments, the informal sector
up, and they decide to make an important
continues to expand, developing new skills
desision, that of adding a room. This is
and resources to meet their requirements.
__-s~.
- -.-~--~-~--~-EIC~---~--~^.~_XII-~--~-~.~-
1:-~ i_ ii
I
I
I
a
61-
1
r
I~-~I
IJi
STAGE
-ll-)-L-------~~
o
The origins of this form of structuring
could
found
be
the
in
housing
mass
programs constructed by the P.W.D in the
pre-independance
period. These were
rows
of two roomed apartments arranged
in a
linear
fashion,
with
either
common or
toilets depending upon the
individual
class of the civil servants served. The
linear structuring
-r
4
attempted to reduce
circulation space, share common walls,
and
~a~fVT
to
counter
produced by the
was
also
of.
that was
forces
easy
department
works
The
lateral
brick vaulted roof. It
a type
beaucratic
account
the
for
to
a
keep
independence -did
not
affect the goverment structure, and the
Public works department continued to play
a
important
housing
incomming
role
to cope
in
with
refugees.
providing
mass
the thousands
Thus in
of
the "refugee
colony" of Bhogal and Jangpura Ext, We
0)4
4r~-
I
ll~
lllll~lr~
IF-
I~--
-
I--CI.^- -~--r~--------- -- r. -.-- purrprrp~..---
4
-_
STAGE -O.
Introduction
After
Pakistan
the partition of India and
in
Delhi
1947,
unprecedented
arrival
refugees. The
overnment,
emergency
of
measures
to
saw
some
the
250,000
as part of its
deal
with
the
massive influx of refugees, embarked on a
major
rehabilitation
bureaucracy
of
the
program. The
Public
Works
Department, undertook the construction of
mass-housing programs,
Central
in
and
around
Delhi. The housing colonies of
Jangpura and Bh gal were developed in
1953
as part of this attempt to catch up with
the
numbers.
There
were three types
of
housing provided. The first type, aimed at
the hioher income group, was in the form
OrLTTJO
find
the
two
basic
types- a)
the
row
house, b) the bunglow type. It would not
be
farfetched
to
speculate
that
the
Double story Block results from a design
move
Li
of
together,
S-C$. I I)'
CO~KFIC(GLAPA1n0
stacking
and
four
than
linere
doubling
units
it
to
increase the density. A large distance
was kept between one block and another.
This was probobly for two reasons, a) to
keep a wide pavement for future expansion
of
the
public right of way,
and b) an
image of the colonial front garden. As a
result the blocks were seperated by about
fifty
I
r\_
O s.,
w
J
N
.r
III
1
J-
9t
I
-~TII_-
I
~---- 111 - s---
llC-
feet un-defined space.
11 .........
_..
:-
M
of plotted
development.
roomed "Bungalows",
These
rs+plip-~-- i--^
-I~
*~
-i...-l~.-..~-~-~^~U--
-; r-;~..~ -i-i~;'---w-----~rr;w
were two
on an individual plot
of land. The second type consited of a
single story row house development. These
were aimed at the refugees of the midincome group range.
The
third
type
aimed
at
the
MDLE
INCCME
)UP.
poorer
refugees. They were housed in a square
block
of
64
two-roomed
units.
Common
toilets were provided at the four corners
and the residents shared a common rear
courtyard. The units
were sold
to the
refugees for around Rs 2000 to 5000,
in some cases they were given
and
free as
TYRE
" Vj
+fUtASG
compensation for property lost during the
partition.
99
------------------- ------------ '----- -------
'-I- LI~'---
I~D---F---~~
~--L'~Ln~a~iuEj~~
r
I
-~ia-1:ANc~ NJ
P.L
I~C'~
e 0ld.'
loo
-----
II
- r
~C~
I
---
,
I
bCI
- CI
-~II~-------- ----
--
_L1-
Today after
nearly 33 years both
these blocks are barely recognizable
their
original
being
added.
form,
additional
The bungalow
developed into four
from
floors
type
have
story buildings,
with
?'
Z
of four apartments being given out
three
on rent on the upper floors.
The
have
transformations
been
more
of
interesting.
the
blocks
Apart
adding extra rooms to the original
commercial,
small
scale
the
blocks.
1953'
unit,
manufacturing,
Another
between
residents
that
have
resulting
Lb~
S984.
1
interesting
Rod .N *
aspect is the methods of negotiation, and
collabourations
.
from
clinics, and nursery schools have evolved
within
G~~r rLo
XD"o
developed
in
a more
efficient usage of the minimal space that
r
S-f
they were originally alloted.
~s~
10I
-----
i-i-1~ ~xic~-~-~a~~
uS
-
-
-
Sm.
.
a
S mum.
16
II
Illlsa*ICIIIBba(l~sa~p
rsgpP
-
p
--
ar-~sll
--
S
..
-
-
-
.i~~
103
-i_I-~
STAGE 1I
NEW
DELHI
INDIA
IDDLE INCOME
ROUP.
pital, Delhi
ritishIndia's
1912, succeeding
Three miles
te old city, the
ent's
rulersbegan
ew Dehi, laying
ards and parks
5,000 residents.
pendence in
aterDelhi has
oseven million
fouble by the
Hub of northern
hi is the nation's
est city, after
mndBombay.
INCOME
Gz
$ps,
FACIL MES
d INsTTrr-
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104
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OTHER.
5TA GE I
This
is
the
tory of the
family of
Suresh. He and his parents were among the
i
250,000
refugees
who
came
across
border du-ing the partition between
and Pakistan in
1947.
Suresh arrived
/1
the
India
as a
youth of 17 and was married 5 years later
to Mala. They are in their mid-twenties
of three, and live
with a child
I
with their
parents who are in their late forties. The
family
rfina
Sa
a
is
he i
el%
housed
in
in
i '1ho V
15C
one
of
the
eight
.
,0
Ir
N~ .
-NI
105
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--
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~
---
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I
~_
__ ___
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/
c
/
\
~,
-.
I
£
(
/I-
i
/
,1
I
a
%
N
A
w
ROOF
FLDoR PLANS.
ADDITIO N's
AL-TRAToN.
-t TILETS WuILT OVER8 UlMER.
OALCONY
44(111~
1
I
I
I
I
-C
I
Isr-
_
SURESH:
clerk
the
in
advantages are many.
is
their
extend
to
family
and they have very little.
U AD .
FAV1EMENT
living
L
activities outside. Given the minimal area
ttis
Liv IN (
the
to spread out in
ability
,,,,
SLEEfPI '
is inportant.
open
ALLO NY.
U
SURESH'S FATHER works as a salesman
for
a private
also
does
company. In
with
He had been
neighbourhood.
a government job,
to start
another
all
as
in
EV IN&
a
p
S EKI E,,
the
contemplating
was too late
but it
over
firm
LIV IN(
he
addition,
part-time
work
some
accountant
life
during
I
in
C oVA.
T._
TheI
-
S -xWrE
kOel.N 1_
71T
14•
V==
again. Fortunately
he was lucky to secure a job for his son
through
a close
friend.
Beginning
the
The
family's main possessions are his wife's
This allows
flat.
secure a ground floor
inside,
border
his position has helped him to
addition,
his
the
In
housing.
cheap
He was unable to get
across
partition
The primary benefit
to
access
having
much
the
much,
not
is
pay
the
Although
has been difficult.
a
bureaucracy.
goverment
large
as
works
Suresh, now 26,
N TERIAL.C.
again
Io
---^ ----ll--rrr~
--II--*PI^-rPII1I~
-j4
--
- -.
r
ci
- 11
m-
NRDT CLiRT.
UVING AR.A.
lot
A SEMI- OUT=WO
-
-
-
jewelery,
and a bicycle
SURESH'S WIFE MALA:
donated by one of
the house work and takes care of their 3
Suresh's uncles.
SURESH'S
i
MOTHER
year old son Babloo.
a very energetic
her,
women, and the main force in the family.
from
Apart
efficient
works pa't
the
the
decisions.
time as a servant
neighbourhood,
and cooking
prefers cooking
the
also
of
cleaning
mistress
in
an
one
who
house
is
a day,
clothes
the
she
income
higher
hours
running
way,
mcst
makes
Mala does most of
working
the evening meal.
her
but
the
with
becomes
house.
4
washing
utensils,
child.
She
because
extra
remaining food to take home.
Io
in
Mala,
substitutes
a nearby
in
the evening meal,
gives
young
also
She
especially
Suresh's mother
taking
in
care
turn,
helps
of
the
sometimes
for her mother-in-law at work,
the
child
difficult
being
to get
so
young,
away from
it
the
p
-ME MARKET PLACE- AS Ar CCMISJAMOI4
OFVMDVS
FOR.MS OF STKCT4REfs.*
WA R-SA&LA.
SHOPS 1 LBD- XTNNS
ON~ TO FAVEMFJW
~10
~
Family Background and Circumstances:
Suresh's
family
moved
into
the
cluster 2 1/2 year ago . Like most other
families
the
in
the block they are still
process of
itself,
part
of
rehabilitation
terms
colony
government
has
of public
not
yet
facilities
infrastructure, but the process is
well underway.
a
This particular
than most,
better off
to
The
a massive
program,
"developed" in
and
settling in.
in
market.
The
colony is
because
market,
it
is
part
close
of
the
before
the
!
STEEL AND FABRICATION.
village
of
Bhogal,
rehabilitation
program
"Home", part
block
common
is
of 64
minimal:
toilet
families;
existed
began.
Suresh's
other homes
1
1/2
shared
by
nevertheless it
and they are optimistic
rooms
three
in
2
TRUCK REPAIR.
MARKET.
WOOD
-- UCK BODY FABRICATION..L-
I
SAND, AGGREGATE, SHmTTERING.)
the
with a
other
is their own,
about the future.
.rp~l
"----- --XX-~XY--I
-li._l
---- a~------
PPER FLEOOR.
FRONT
CI - -- ~ ~- C ~
s
-,
L5 ~L -
-
-
-
FRONT
-- -
BALCONIY.
UNIT.
5AQ K ;
C. 0
O01k
4
INTEP,NtL
7.
GACK
IN A
M
~Rie
tACl.IzFflol
INu1-ie
$Ilf5
-O Mxt tMLk
BEp
I AJTER-NAt.-
ARw
s.
SPACE
P tLLt1P Vr
L-ulRTYARD, 1-rt
iZTYA rt .E
'I.
.Ylry
1--ow~m
00.81Mim
'i
d il
-OWL
Byr~lg
_~p~ra~l;
l
Life style:
The house has two basic
The main room is
rooms.
for
used
i
living
-i i
---
during the day and
as a sleeping area at
night. Most of the furniture couple
of
against
the
-
trunks,
etc.,
:ii
two beds, a
are
stacked
We
WI
a
-I
i
Sometimes
wall
the
to
room
make
is
visitors.
The
also
inner
room
space.
used
is
for
are
there
when
especially
dining,
more
used
as
11
_
_
W=!:-t
i
r
a
kitchen and eating area. During pleasant
weather,
cooking
charcoal
Lack of space is
the
day
time,
(done over
the back
into
stoves) spill
courtyard.
during
activities
as
not an issue
most
members of the household are out.
the
night
time
it
problem, but as the
becomes
a
of
the
During
potential
nights are cool, some
people prefer to sleep outside in front of
their
houses.
Suresh, Babloo, and grand-
dad sleep outside, while Mala and mother
I13
sleep in the house.
i
SW.EET
mSD
sLeEPi6PI
AwAA04BAD.
-.22
CONDITIONS:
The disagreement about how to deal
with
the
stagnant
water
is
a
classic
example of the problem of excessive public
spaces which are difficult to maintain and
control.
Although
the
residents
are
prepared to attempt to solve the problem
themselves, due to the ambiguity of the
ownership
it
is a difficult
issue to
resolve. Thus a process of appropriation
of ambiguious
territory, either long term
or short term, results in a definition of
responbilities,
therefore
and
control
maintenance. It is not necessary that once
under private control
they cannot be used
by the public, they can be multifunctional
in
nature,
differen-;
changing
times.
their
It
is
functions
important
at
to
distinguish that multifunctional does not
mean
that
private
a space
at
could be
the
public
same
and
time.
~wzm
- n"GE~I~~
P--RA~
~--~
7.1
7~
~L~e~
THE CENT~AL PARPT OF t-14E CURTYA.1V
0EtING AMBIGIOUS I IS NVT
E
MATA
i
IJED.
G1Dv(AALLY
s APPMORATEp -iD Pi .VATT
ill*lll%~__~
p___ sk--r~_-~______--sl
LIABLE
TI-S
77
S. E
A)p ,EMI Pt.I/ATe
1114
gAC.
~-
rp------~ ~--~r~ry---- rq~
r-;
The
neighbourhood
living
the
but
minimal
tolerable.
The
facilities
are
conditions
are
shopping nearby provides
the family with most of their daily needs.
Occasionally,
in
short
during the summer, water is
supply.
At
that
time,
water
tankers belonging to the muncipality are
sent
around the
the
development
problems. The
with
the
colony.
Other
pose
residents
potential
aspects
of
more
serious
are
concerned
spread of malaria.
The
sets up an occasional clinic
municipality
to distribute
pills
but
that hasn't
taken
care of the of stagnent water which is a
common
talk
source of
the block
among
together
the disease.
to
spray
There
residents
oil
but
is
getting
there
is
disagreement about which areas should be
sprayed
and
how
the
cost
should
be
distributed.
115
,-,.
," '1
n~~
.,m-_
lr rC
~P~a~_
THEORY.
The
issue
of
the
common
toilets
9
having to be shared is similar in nature.
Apart from being ambiguious in definition,
it
is
socially not accepted to share one's
toilet spaces. This is further amplified
by the fact that the residents are more or
less strangers to each other.
9
The toilet
blocks themselves are considered "unclean"
and are the last spaces to be appropriated
in spite of being at prime locations
at
9
the corner of the blocks.
*1Ib
-
~
II-
I~-~-"^-.-r~p-sP------~YI-l-~.
l-ll llls~l~ldjjt~-I^W-~------r
^-
~~CIIII~ -IYCII-~.
_~
L
~~
~~~~
Wiwi I &OPSSA"-- '
.....'
iii '!L
-i
L
I
..
]
i
.
.
..
,
.
_ -
major complaint the people
The other
have is that they have to share a common
toilet.
This
concern,
block.
is
one
especially
Families
of
serious
cope
great
do not know each other,
cmm.S
aquaintence, and the
z-il ets
has become
and
alterations:
a
issue.
Physical
To
of
among the women of the
except through casual
scari=-
issue
additions
the
with
immediate
need
for
a
toilet, the family decides to build one of
their own
at
the back of the unit. They
have not been able to save a lot
of money,
but a uncle agrees to give them a small
loan
to cover
the costs of services.
Some of their neighbours have already
made the alterati'ons,
and the family can
see and learn from them.
they can
plumbers,
-~r
- I----~-- _
More important
get referances to good masons,
and
suppliers
___
-I--J--PY
s~-a a -- ;rr~-~
of
materials.
-I-~
I~C--I_-.lls~
E~
-b
-LIE~I~ -.- --~I~---
-----I
~I-11 ~r~-~i~-ii
~-~~-----
-----
U~s~sC~~-IL
RECYCLING OF MATERIALS WITHIN THE INFORMAL
CONSTRUCTION MARKETS.
Due
to the informal construction
markets in the early stage of development,
it was probably more difficult to obtain
most materials from the informal markets.
This
part
also
illustrates
interesting point,
collecting
anticipation
that of the
construction
of
another
a use
poor
materials
souetlze
in
in the
future.
Among the poor, this is particulary
relevantant
given that it may not be
available at a future
form of salvage
time.
In Delhi this
and exchange
into a major informal industry
other parts of the world.
has evolved
similar to
-I^--""~-~ '~l-~-e~aaL~~
in
outlets
sanitary
the market.
market,
Some
to be bought
very
are
and
informal
items like the
(imported
fixtures
have
would
from
are bought
The materials
from
England)
from the formal
It
expensive.
is
rare to find second hand ones so they have
to be purchased
new.
Fortunately,
Suresh's
and
mother had anticipated
this
problem,
had acquired a WC pan
some
time ago. It
took
them
some
money.
(They
bricks
are
second
persuaded
again
construction
time
site,
to
an
salvaged
and
collect
some
uncle.)
The
from
some
are
a
local
bought
hand.
(19
1: ---- I
CONDITIONS:
PRODUCT
VS.
PROCEDURE.
The solution is
brick
in fact
to build a structure of
is
obvious;
a simple one,
1/2
By
looking at existing examples,
by talking to the people involved,
and
they
walls bonded by lime-cement mortar,
are able to make this important choice,
under the existing balcony to avoid the
not as much as the final product but also
major expenditure of a roof. The issue is
the process of getting it constructed-
not
so
much
the
but
product
the
Who would they have to deal with?
followed in
implications of the procedure
What can be obtained easily?
arriving at that product. The construction
What are the monetory and nonmonetorj
tradeoffs to be made, and therefore
the.hidden monetory and non-monetory
costs involved?
process can be viewed as both a technical
process and the political process.
The construction
costs
cannot be
The technical part is mostly given by
measured solely by monetory terms. For the
the existing resources and skills avaiable
- the
choice
of
materials,
and
construction procedures to be adopted. The
political
process is
a different
level of
people use it
Where to put in extra money?
U-C~~
fit
and tae
together-the
fit
political
fit,
product, that
measurement of a final
What are the non-physical
implications of an option?
choice of a option can be made.
--
PYm
technical
rather than
Where to accept lower standards?
c.~~-~=~s*~Ceac^.rrrr
~-----**prs~
and the
is by undrstanding the process of what
110
-I
totality,
gains and costs are more comprehensive. It
and how things
questioning:
in its
a
~-L~i
His
Suresh employs a mason, a plumber and
a laborer on a daily basis.
laborer
is
hired
that
father
brickwork,
sat
The
under a tree opposite the shop that sells
hardware.
They stay on the pavement in
makeshift
tents,
employment
sources.
Normally,
hire
two
close
to
difficult
into
potential
heavy
service
because
work,
but
he
watering of the
and also general
supervising.
connections are more
it
is
necessary to hook
the nanholes which
are already
in
in
order
to
disturb
the
This is
complicated further by the fact
existing
had to
mix
the
layout
of
pipes.
that the manholes have been constructed by
mortar and carry the bricks, but he feels
another
that
do
constant use, and it is important not to
Suresh would have
laborers
can't
helps with the cleaning,
The unskilled
from a group
---
he can do most of the work himself.
neighbor
with
whom
negotiate some sort of usage fee.
I-t
~~
~...1--_11
he
must
1*2*1
--
•z
2.:,'... ....
. i
J
ii-~-?YLlclx~
STAGE
I S
2K~.
'K
r
/3
\I-
p
WOF PL4MV
APPITION 3
ALTnc'NSFtqM(&J
1) A1 OWM oPMO IVR~
SIMCn4-.
"U'
a NO Iwqppm",
0.4
-000-
~i~La~~-~
-I---"U
~
MALA SURESH
GrHWER GHOTHER.
STAGE 2:
TMTRnnlrCTTnNl
1961 - 1966
The family
is
joined by
Suresh's
cousin. Their children are also growing
up,
and they decide to make an important
desision, that of adding a room. This is
the
start
of
a major
learning
process,
providing them with valuable experience
and
insights
informal
more
into
the
way
that
the
construction sector operates. As
and more
families transform their
built environments, the informal sector
continues to expand,
developing new skills
and resources to meet their requirements.
Is
~i-~iXY1II1OI.
LIXILI~
I
-
1__
-_
THEORY:
This is a common phenomenon when a
family in the city is joined by a relative
IMPLICATIONS OF FAMILY SIZE ON HOUSEHOLD
ECONOMY
arriving from a smaller town in search of
work. The
is
family
as
a base
to
To a certain limit,
LINKAGES.
usually dictated
profitable
by space requirements,
it is
operate from. While the stay is usually
for
incorporate
temporary, it nevertheless implies changes
additional member, especially if he or she
in space usage. It is rarely the case that
is
the
range of the working class group (ages 15-
relative
grounds
of
is
accomodated
family
functioning
through
of
the
living
and
household
monetary or non-monetary
Usually this puts
toilet).
ties
purely
space
on
social
she contributes to the
obligations. He or
and
either
services
(kitchen
or
But the issueis usually resolved
the life style which
revolves around multi-functional semi-open
spaces;
it is thus
incorporate an
the
relatively simple to
additional member or two.
family
to
in a "working age
60)
is
due
to
the
group".
various
The
an
wide
levels
and
degrees of sophistication in employment in
the
informal
terms.
an additional burden on
to a large degree by
.AId.A
L~o
used
AND DEVELOPMENT OF
sector.
Another
"extended"
advantage
family
is
increase in linkages
this
the
having
an
proportional
to the outside world.
The story provides an
into
of
aspect.
interesting
Ram
insight
working
as
an
electrician helps by contributing to the
household
income.
But
equally
as
important, with his knowledge of the local
construction and manufacturing market,
is
he
a useful "contact" for Suresh's family
and even other families on the block. As
in formal
organizations, information
communicated
through
informal
is,
contacts
rather than formal dessipication methods.
Thus
in
a
process
upgrading their environment,
may be sought after.
reciprocal
basis
of
families
Ram's
advice
This linkage is on a
and therefore
it
is
a
beginning of the formation of networks -
I "information paths".
12u
~
------
I~l-------p------- -- 7~
-lp~~-rr~---
I I~-1-YIIrrr
~~I^IVI~-n~l-LI-UIICI~-s(PUP_
I-^-
SURESH'S COUSIN RAM:
The
family is
joined
by Suresh's
cousin Ram, who has migrated from a small
town in search Of work. He is a youth of
sixteen.
At present he works as a waiter
at a local restaurant, and as a helper in
a
local
located
eletrical
in
shop. The
the main market,
walk away. They repair
radios,
shop
is
a 5 minute
eletric motors,
and eletrical hardware. Suresh
is not paid much but it
provides him with
valuable experience.
SURESH & MALA:
Suresh
and
Mala
have
a
growing
family. Mala had just had a baby girl,
SURESH'S PARENTS:
and
their son Babloo is now nine years old.
become
Mala has replaced Suresh's mother at her
at
place of work.
Babloo.
left
job
her
babysits
and
home
Sometimes,
the
daughter
to her old job so
has
kids.
continues his
job
part-time
an accountant.
and
Mala can be
Suresh's
the
and
it
especially on weekends,
home with
at
as
too strenuous for her. She stays
she returns
127
has
Mother
father
as a salesman
F
VC
VOAA
......
.. . .
..
~_
~~____~
.
.1
-
- -
. -
-
- -.-
-
. -
--
I--,
-
-I-
--
-
,
~lss~ar~--------
.
---
LIFE STYLE:
of
Most
building
low walls
PAVEMEwr
of their
front
in
by
Space"
"Personal
their
demarcated
have
neighbours
their
1' A R.O
houses. These boundries are not official
but
seems
it
LJ-.
to extend one's
logical
SIt
almost to the road - space that
territory
one cleans every day. Some residents have
also
added
structure,
demarcated.
decided
to
rooms
to build
space
boundaries
family
Suresh's
L.VIW(G
SLE EP
existing
the
their
within
SL EEP
OU1'
has
also
K ITC 6
an extra room to cope
that
shortage
the
face.
Finances are however a problem.
rAsR) TV,
now
they
with
BATM
They
COOK .
have been able to collect some money among
the three of them, but it is not adequate.
Normally Suresh would
to
a
government
eligible
illegal
because
have been
loan,
the
encroachment
but
entitled
he
the
not
is
an
road.
He
addition
on
is
however manages to obtain a loan on the
pretext that his sister
(non-existing!)
is
129
Llls*ar~~-
BAlCON1f
I
I
THEORY:
INTER- DEPEND iNCE
A7 t,,
NEtKBo,. Hw I
L .- We.GN ICOM
c-eoA
.. II-.
.
.
..
.
.
The
useful
instance
of Mala
provides
a
insight into the way linkages
develop between lower income groups and
_
the higher
income groups. Apart from
economic gain through employment, it
provides the poor with access to credit,
where terms of exchange and security under
negociation are not
necessarily monetary.
The linkages can also serve as contacts
with formal
institutions. This is well
illustrated by Mala's attempt in seeking a
loan via her mistress' husband, who works
in a bank. Through informal linkages the
affected parties gain access to inside
information as to what to manipulate, who
to contact and how to get around things.
These
restricted
linkages
to
are
informal
not
to deal with common problems and issues.
are a basis for
grass roots community organization and
neighbourhood and
access to formal institutions. Thus the
interesting to note that the linkages are
linkages are the basis for interdependence
developed from site specific issues and
members
at the family
can
substituting for each other
witn
but
networks
Informal linkages provide the basis for
where
to deal
community level where links are developed
It could be argued that eventually they
level
vital information needed in order
only
include formal networks and institutions.
at two important levels:
This is
help
by
evolve
to
at
inter-dependance
form
urban
level.
networks
bureaucracies.
a
It is
at
a
neighbourhood scale.
and at the
141(1 i
r~g
r
C~111?P--~.-..
--
SPI*II
4
- TL
lft
--QI--~--l~i
~
lll~i
anf+i na m~rri
p~l ThP
mnnpv
i ~c:1 nnnpd
supposedly to pay for the dowery.
ollt~
This is
one of the info mal procedures to obtain
goverment
loans,
forms
the
filled
requirements
bureaucratic
to fulfill
being
of
DDLE INCOME
the accounting department.
to obtain
some money from the
Mala is
able
place
where
she works. The mistress' husband works in
a bank_
loan
and
for
initially
them., This
tries to obtain
is
not
a
possible
because Suresh cannot provide enough
collateral.
Mala's employer decides to
loan them the money themselves. There is
no
interest charged, it but every month
about
10% of Mala's
pay
is
deducted
to
return the loan.
131
AMSIGJO4,5 CpAces
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qCR, E
111
FAQ4 NS O~F S4 MY IV4~
rcf=MThe AOZ.p
4~
*
FOR"
~~~LI^-Y*LCi li31~~~~L~~~.
The residents
convince
been
have
the muncipality to
trying
to
legalize the
construction. The negotiations are carried
out
informally. Suresh, working in the
Ministry of Reha litation
one of the key persons
and Welfare
is
He
is
involved.
regarded as a leader not so much much for
his
is
leadership qualities but because he
accessible to the bureaucrats in the
Ministry.
The municipality has
never
removed or torn down any additions, but
they have attempted to remove hawkers on
the grounds of illegal
squatting.
I?
t.AL'(CON
EN
is sues
eL4.
LEX
NErwoAK
[R7A:M: I
k
I
KAM9 ZAtZ~~q'YIwLAIA
I!LZ"' tAflK
%SP.1
ISSL46S.
OrlliR
.
/M~
E
speif/ PrSP~ic
/.
FAMILY
*
PAT74
S.
FAMIy
~ MU.Y
I
t
.
I?3(j
URAN.-
~
3
*.'~LEVEL
CO"TACTS% Or- FAMUL;
--
l-1-1.4w
i OMN
.
!" "
p..
a";~~-
-St
-~;"~"~
135
~--
1--~----- ---
40Ilcar~"~
THE GROWTH OF THE INFORMAL CONSTRUCTION
MARKETS:
As larger numbers of families build
I
I
",..
additions and alter existing structures,
0^A
L.
- S/ASD
the
informal
range
804124fL •
CITY
t
expand
from
doing
its
more
services.
of
Thus
the informal
retailer in the story is now able to stock
irO~
an entire range of construction material.
en.......
kAVL
$Mft
i
to
business, they are able to provide a wider
CQILLE.J
.M4
I NEIG
able
Apart
operations.
L.___
is
I
C&JStUCl
(AN.S'NAU W
MOM VA-9 CA
rMPOW
NTS
CAmof
ms .
SSaAti" (
-t IE Cy9 4 110"
He in addition is joined by other such
entrepenuers who deal
AIaMAL.
windows and doors --
in second
hand
taking advantage of
the tremendous possibilities of recycling
materials.
Thus
the
evolution
of
these
additional outlets are the beginning of a
network which provides
skills
at
standards
a localized
INCWM
MIDDLE
GE" .
$ 10o
..
.
01. -0--
level
and at
that are affordable by the
majority.
..
resources and
0 -0~0"
~~;~'"~;----
;-cx~
The
constirti
o n
^P:
-h=
"^^me
Most of the materials
lime
and
informal
located
aggregate
retail
in
are
-
bricks,
bought
outlet.
sand,
from
an
The outlet
is
the market nearby, and
°,i
it is
SAGGR
EC
--
fairly
easy
to
transport
materials
Al
by
handcarts. By this time the retailer has
become to know Suresh
very well
and
he
supplies them with good quality materials.
I
The outlet has also grown and the retailer
is
able
to
store
a
wider
range
of
materials, in addition other shops dealing
in
construction materials
have
also
!
evolved
adjacent
to
second hand windows
The
evolution
his.
They
trade
in
and A-C sheet roofing.
of the
shops has
been
very important for the overall business as
they complement
is
each
able to save money
other's
sales.
uresh
by differenciating
between old and new materials.
Thus old
bricks are used in the foundation, while
j3.j
-
1
~~
I-----
----~
- ----i--
,E
~EP!
Ago
'wji
RI
A
0
4
aus
a a
a
-I-e-:--P- ---~';i~~-~--~
"
the
super-structure
constructed
is
out of
a better lot. Special attention is paid to
the corners and the junction of the doors
front
courtyard
and
part
of the
back
courtyard is upgraded. They are paved with
bricks
and
then
coated with
cement. It
helps keep it clean, and it reduces the
and
windows.
The
construction
of
the
room
bigger job than the two previous
Suresh
undertaken.
employs
is
a
dust entering the house-
additions
one mason
and
two unskilled workers. His father and he
supervise
the
work. The
mason has
done
jobs like these before, therfore requiring
minimal supervision. The interior of the
room is
while
except
plastered
the
for
street.
electrical
existing
to facilitate
exterior
the
Ram
is
front
also
cleaning,
not
wall
helps
by
plastered,
facing
the
fixing
the
wiring and connections to the
system.
construction of
Apart
from
the
the room,the floor of the
139
m;arrs~X~~I-:l
e w
.
~~.-n.*;--:.
--a;a--
~
m-m. --
_.a
e
-;-----,:
11
a
s
t
a
49.,
STA GE 3
-
U
- -.
-~
-w
-I'
I
-
i11
Ib-a~
r~A~
have aeve(lopeu
t--
Ubetwee
. infnrmal
and
formal institutions and netrworks.
to extend their
.Suresh also decides
existing
kitchen
areas.
In
front
addition they are to upgrade their
3.
STAGE
and
tc.ilet
1967 - 1972
room through a process of collaboration
INTRODUCTION:
By
families
time most
this
on
with
the
block
is
itself
in
other blocks.
is
of
unique
as
the
Most residents continue to upgrade their
process
.transformation.
by
adding
toilets
and/or
additional rooms.
are technically
The transformations
as they encroach on public land,
illegal
but
this
because
has
of
not
the
been
sheer
a major
mass
of
issue
people
effecting these changes beyond the control
of a municipality.
are
also a result
The transformations
of the
linkages that
it
neighbour.
typical
the
of
the
blocks -
allows
The
way
yet
for
it
great
efficiency, economy, and self-control in
undergoing major physical transformations.
environments
is
changes are affecting
The
process
the
upstair's
collaboration
block know each other and have developed
links with families in
their
14S
and
product
of
the
.11Z
lh t
Aft
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-~-i--c------ ~~~
~~
SURESH:
Suresh has
begun
increasingly important
affairs.
ie is
role
to play an
in
one of the
community
key
persons
representing the block into petitioning
the
municipality
to
pave
the
inner
courtyard, to make it easier to drain the
stagnant water
malaria).
(to
avoid the
risk
of
The municipality also agrees to
maintain the manholes on the perifary of
the
block.
residents
By
have
now,
added
almost
a room
all
or
the
two
in
spite of the fact that the government has
not formally legalized the additions
or
alterations.
COMMAUf rTAY
AC170N.
1VE MANCI PALITY TD
LEAZZ
CLOGB-Ge
MAJ4-L3 %5
...
145
HELPING
.
--
THEORY:
The decision
of Suresh
Mala to
training instead of
give Babloo technical
a formal
and
schooling is representative
growing trend.
There
is an
of a
increasing
move towards training in business and midrange technical skills. With the growth of
Delhi
region
scale retail
towards
becoming a large
and manufacturing center,
it
is likely that this trend will continue.
In recent times and even more so in
future,
the
and
manafacturing
B0
important
growth
of
retail
impacts
on
the
informal
will
have
employment
characteriitics requiring such forms and
levels of training.
Another
important aspect is that such
and education
training
at
happens
incremental yet comprehensive scale.
technicians
business
people
are trained
schools
to
are
become
to work,
set
up,
an
Thus
informal
training
accountants,
legal
advisors, typists and stenographers. These
educational centers
Institution
Zones"
do not evolve
as
in "
demarcated
in
Masterplans, but are within residential
neighbourhoods
or
market
places,
scale that is easily accessible.
A.
14(v
e
------
~..I!I!!!---
--
-----
at
a
i_
~~~C~Ym~,,
BABLOO:
Suresh
discontinue
government
not
be
and
Mala
Babloo's
school
beneficial
high schooL
decided
education
Most
future.
remain unemployed,
school
graduates.
Suresh
useful
for
get
where opportunites
is
able
a
will
friend
joins
apprentice.
an
varied. Apart
developing,
feel
its
more
technical
job,
Babloo
boy
companies.
to a
his,
and
The
Ram
local
Babloo
work
is
from the normal printing and
assignments,
delivery
of
of high
always grow.
photographer
involved
rate
to introduce Babloo
as
the
in
given the ! igh unemployment
to
at
will
the
and
taking
also
helps
sometimes
orders
in
outdoor
acts
to
as
a
major
Suresh is happy that Babloo is
in
various aspects of the job -
getting trained in the business as well as
the technical part.
for
Babloo's
future.
i
to
as they think it
graduates
him
rrr;a~--i-li- E"-;i-~~-------
This will be valuable
A
OF t.f
RI4M&E C "
'-SAM4NAFACrU hj6&,
INOO--L t rokMA.
RkTA4L OUtETS.
T"Ir= ccZN'TP.aUclN RE.LATED OUTLETS Ate
INTERD~PEbNrPeWANT UI
OTTHFEI USES, t-ARqIg
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UNIT. THE LASD4~
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O"M PALTS OF krTWiOZK.5NA U49&4r'J
SM
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A
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L4&'~l. MAC-T PAY. T4F= GsRNPP4TH~kv SE=LL&S Th0Y5 A~
f(IT?-lrC~a W~te. ON ANO7We ZAYS +ie FAsi cAes
WGOP5t4 C2ATUS
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UNDEMZ
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gy
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C4RATE5s
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11,1110
a-U
~AC4
C'~4~~
-
F~rB~I CA-1->p
*r~;l;;~~ ~xi-*----~~;-i
SURESH'S FATHER AND MOTHER:
Suresh s father, now sixty, has left
at
home
ard
works
fabricates
panels
is
in
a
house.
time-
crates
supply
They
and he nails
done
their
wooden
firm.
part
for
erected
Previously,
a
I
an
-iIS~~~
also
-~.
1~
local
with precut
him
them into
shed
as
he
addition,
In
accountant.
packing
He stays
job as a salesman.
his previous
boxes.
f5ktEQ L-,;
This
front
in
of
he used to work
in the inner courtyard, but the banging of
nails caused a lot of disturbance, so he
decided to move in front of the house.
In
stall
addition
he and his wife set
during the weekly
evening.
They
sell
plastic
wholesale market in
toys
neighbourhood
on
tuesday
and
wooden
ones are bought from a
toys. The p:.astic
wooden
bazaar
up a
are
Old Delhi,
while the
fabricated
of Bhogal
in
the
itself.
( TW6S2A4CATRE
TN
GE ASW C4WEAS "D TRIL r-ZIENPV'
74E BycYcLe
-sZ 7LCA
1MP
-iv~tr
-rfj14()
a OP+ I
L'c/'rL. Ex~)
THEORY:
residential
THE WEEKLY BAZAAR:
changes
lifestyle. The
in
utilisation of public and semipublic space
The main spine of Bhogal is also the
are interesting
to note.
The road is
a
road
is
thus
community,
reduced
apart
street by day,
a crowded market place by
the possiblity
group of traveling salesmen set up stalls
evening,
as
themselves
to sell items of daily use. This form of
sleeping place by night. During the market
exchange
a common
is
alive to this day,
Indian tradition
and in the case of
Bhogal it forms an integral part of the
and
described
later,
a
are occupied
by stalls
set up on
tables or on the ground. The width of the
In
most
TI4E rAP
TitE
APN
pED
REI4
PAV2EMEWS.
ce D -V A PA-6
spaces
are
by
Suresh's
rented
designed
housing
multi-functional
regulation or
uses
Thus
such
The' are
by "designed" shopping
shopping
or sold
of
either
design,
normally eliminated.
replaced instead
center
at high prices,
shops
are
the result
being that they either remain unoccoupied,
or
aid
gentrification
income
higher
by
catering
informal
to
matters
make
To
groups.
sometimes
worse,
~
done
not recognized.
centers.' The
T~-~ STAt4S (
A M-472=0 AJP E?,R6H' IJ
VANS -tI
-ty
Y Pr1t
Ig
Istar
J TfAENTakN
SPISZAN-TULT) A-T N1f4T.
is
formally
projects,such
spaces are
QA S1 T
facilities, also have
of opening up a stall
( as
through strict
STNJPS
The
parents).
time the pavements and the sides of the
road
half.
from benefiting from the
shopping and social
site of a weekly market. Every Tuesday, a
to
shopping,
activities evolving adjacent to the formal
shops
are
programs.
evicted
It is
as
part
of
apart
from performing
function,
up
important to recognize
use of space,
that such amulti-functional
ON A
< NC-41%M A L.
1'AY
clean
allows
for
an important
an
social
and
efficient
economic use of space. Such functions also
benefit
the community directly,
through
the operation
residents
of
themselves,
providing facilities at
compatable to their
150
--
-- ---
---
--- s*sr~--arp- ~
~
IC~kl~r-.Y~L-~~ .I~LP~-~II~T~PI--
I~- l~r.~-.I1~
-C-
11111~. ~llk~
not only
stalls
but
by
also
a scale
lifestyle.
the
by
that is
Ii~~
-____________________~_i
__
* _
.i
i
l~-
l
l~il^.
-_
--.
-i-i~
ON A
DAY I
PAVEMENT7
-.-
N:r:~
-
--
:
1~Sz
II(
~1Cy
-
R0~9
r
~%v::t2i
I'
-
l_:"r
a
a~l.~:
7
TLT
S
c
!rT
#LrrC
s)i
A MOBILe POPCORN
A1U IN IMS
?MACINe 6rFA
LOCSL
MfttC.
THE NEIGHBOURS STORY:
The
N
neighbours
on
the
upper
floor
WK&4
:~
have a large family, and
similar
are faced with a
Problem of not having enough
"spillover
space".
do not
permit usage
The narrow balconies
as living spaces
during the evenings and nights. The family
decides to
do what other
tenants have begun to do.
with Suresh,their
ground
first floor
They
negotiate
floor neighbour,
to build an extension. Suresh is
also keen
on under-taking this joint venture. The
process is straight forward, Suresh would
allow the neighbours to build a r.c.c roof
over
his
existing
addition.
Thus
they
would have a much larger balcony and
Suresh would have a concrete roof over his
extra room.
This would reduce overheating
problems in the summer and a leaking roof
during the monsoon.
The responsibilities
15 S
?:
THEORY:
It is not much an issue of scarcity
of space but
the
natural
processes
of
cyclic heating and cooling. During the day
the structure would amass heat and radiate
I
it
during
the
night
at
the
end of
8
a
thermal cyle. Thus the interiors would be
very
uncomfortable.
Any
adjacent open
space is a.iobvious choice, as long as it
is able to be defined as a semi-private
space. Thus a whole
move
.3..
SA C
I"OILJ
out
their
group of residents
beds,
and
use
the
appropriate territory used for sleeping at
night. The road is rarely used after 10:30
pm, and at that time it is reduced to 7
UPPER.i
Fa
,
feet of pathway with rows of beds on both
sides. In keeping to the tradition of a
semi-rural lifestyle, everyone usually
gets up at five in the morning for a bath
and morning prayers. The beds are pulled
back, sometimes to be now used as living
room furniture.
The road is returned to
its normal width and functions.
BEMs
VVALL
Ir-0
---- --.----
ll
-, 1, 1lr-
-.
WA .. *-
ci-
6-
STACK5D AGANIST
RLL.ED OL4T ATNIGHT.
d
~--"-"'-"~
LIFE STYLE:
At this time, the children have grown
up and the family faces a severe shortage
of space.
service zoles.
and there
especially true of the
This is
They are now seven members
ROAD.
PAVE ME 1J-
is need for extra kitchen space
and a sepe,-ate bath and WC.
Another
issue is
that of space for
sleeping at night, but that is
a
degree
by
utilizing
the
resolved to
road
as
a
sleeping area. Over a period of time, the
external road fronting the cluster became
increasingly used as an outdoor sleeping
area,
*1
usually by the male members of the
families. Thus every evening after dinner,
Suresh,
his father,
pull out
their
beds
house on the road.
would sleep in
Babloo and Ram would
in
front
of
their
Mala and the daughter
the courtyard while their
mother would prefer to sleep inside under
the fan.
REAP, cDA
IZT.
the
THE CASE OF THE BUS RE-ROUTING.
ideas
deeply
in
of
convential
grained in
bedrooms,
the society.
A Centralized Intervention.
The Delhi Transport corporation, as
of
its
efforts
to
street was
increase
efficiency, decided to re-route three of
its bus services along the road facing the
designed or
results
as
used by
the
sector.
formal
3) The street being an extension of the
public-private hierachies
blocks. The
The
value in conflict with the norm with which
the
part
but
of the house
expected were
itself, conflicting with public services.
disastrous- the busses running until
night,
through
what
was
late
It also demonstrates an important point of
now everyone's
community
bedroom. It obviously did not last
long.
to
The
what
or
rather
enforcement. That is the importance of a
residents
counter
participation
very
organized themselves
was
to be
perceived
a
commonly perceived problem to effect
community participation. It also provides
common problem and resolved it by formal
an
and
informal
social
and
important
insight into
the issue of
political
standards,
pressure.
regulations and bylaws- i.e.
-
they must seem as reasonable or beneficial
This
incident
highlights
several
to the community and be a formalization of
interesting issues:
1) "Public" space being appropriated for
private
use at
certain
and
times
returned back to its original
then
existing
norms.
If
not,
they
are
overlooked or side stepped, at the best or
at
the worst they are rectified through
function.
community pressure, resulting in a waste
Thus the form of control being temporalof money and administrative resources.
effecting efficient use of space, on one
It
hand,
is quite possible that
in
ten
not
use
and disruption of a "public-service"
on the other.
years
time,
their
road
most
as
a
families
sleeping
may
area- due
to
2) An outdoor street being perceived as an
outdoor
sleeping
area-
i.e.
-
middle class
ascribed to a space which are different to
~
aspirations of having a
values
modern home and not being "backward", or
ls:f.
simply because most can afford electric
of different degrees of enforcement but
fans or evaporative coolers. It might then
also of
be possible for the government to restore
these might be applicable. It implies that
bus services along that main road.
a centralized agency apart from focusing
In
a
similar
space
or
construction
way
standards
utilization
of
are
on the main public areas,
in which
would encourage
a "community awareness
program", making
decided by what the community priorities
sure
are aware of the
are, and what they can afford within the
implications of health hazards,
skills of the informal sector. The issue
hazards
whether a form of construction is a health
structural stability. It may mean that its
hazard or not, is a difficult
but real
direct intervention is limited to making
it
an
sure that there is access to safe drinking
issue for a intervention by a centralized
water, encouraging informally run clinics,
one.
At
agency
the same
a
is
detail checks,
itself
as
whether
time
different
questioning. It
is
level
might imply
of
that these
part
of
its
"interdependent
that user
and
or sending
groups
some
basic
notions
It might also imply a shift from
detail
regulations
on
standards
construction
pipe
sectors access to basic items
a threat
to
the health of
the
of
a mobile dispensary to give
check system"- one person's leaking sewage
is
fire
vacinating shots.
one leaves to the community
to
ensuring
the
of
informal
like cement
person living below and therefore there is
through appropiate
enough
even a policy to ensure access to credit
pressure
for
it
to
be
fixed
or
It implies that territories are clearly
growth of the informal sector to improve
defined as to who is responsible for what.
the
This
encourage
would
imply
enforcement
of
a
shift
blanket
standards
from
approach
at
the
of
a uniform
degree to one that is selective not only
land. These
pricing mechanisms, or
(assuming an equitable power structure).
traditional
i
secondary territories
standards
efforts
of
to
foster the
construction
self-upgrading
of
the
and
built
environment.
A
relation
between
a
centralized
i.-r~x-
What is the role of a public agency
agency and a local community as outlined
above,
land
has interesting implications on
.
use
In
developments
most
informal
workspaces,
housing
manufacturing
it
before,
may
mean
as
suggested
a
definition of territories where the public
acts
and
leaves
it
where
for
agency
with residential structures. For example
community pressure to resolve accepting
us
consider
a
manafacturing
unit
power struggles. Or it might seem to be a
idea
to
keep
open
a channel
of
causing "smoke-pollution". The decision
good
whether the unit is belching out smoke, or
communication between what is decided by
encroaching upon a public footpath, or a
law
source of noise pollution,
user's priorities.
that
is often
decided
is an
by those
issue
and the
realities
Both also
who are
of
site
and the
suggest a shift from a
directly affected i.e surrounding houses
highly centralized decision towards one
are able to put pressure to force the unit.
that is localized, thus being able to deal
to another
is
with site specific realities, and temporal
There might be a
shifts in socio-economic priorities. It
The
location.
however not that simple.
situation
suggests a shift
towards defining
strong monopolistic power group in place
also
that curbs any form of community action.
responsibilities incoporating what can be
Or it might
simply be
that
workshops
are on
of
a residential
within
because the
the main road instead
cluster
and
therefore are safe even though it might be
violating a social norm. It could also be
that
although it may seem to be causing
smoke pollution,
it may not be
a issue
with the surrounding households because
there
is
a
implicit
agreement
that
certain times of the day it is shut off.
"000 "O"W"OR
On one hand
outlets, and retail are often intermeshed
let
IM
in such a complex situation?
at
locally
undertaken,
intervention.
without
centralized
a
a
C
*
41
10
tt
;-Y-~--~~
well defined. It
are clear and the goal is
is
also relatively simple to work out "who
will pay for what". The aspect that needs
negociation
is
the time and phasing of
construction.
The construction of the new roof is a
relatively simple affair technically. Most
of the construction is
carried out on the
basis of the existing structure.
Suresh is
able to reuse the asbestos sheet roofing
in the extension of the kitchen and toilet
undertaken at the back of his house.
rest
of the material he
dealer
of
second
hand
sells
The
to the
materials..
The
neighbours,
having three daughters and a
grandmother,
are faced with the problem of
having
no
construction.
one
to
supervise
the
They therefore have to hire
a local contractor to lay the roof.
:1 -
-Ii
----~~
-
--
THEORY:
The emergence of these kinds of day care
centers
and
nursery
schools,
have
.&OEM
important implications on the social role
~aT.
SIGN
of
aRDS.
,.LEIR4CAL
RADIo,10-A
I
women living in the lower and middle
income groups. They provide an opportunity
JNGINEE.
for them to employ themselves and being
RECOR.C R.
able to leave their child for half a day.
1W90 IN CNE VJ4.R.
cP-..
IN INMALN' ANP
With the growing trend towards nucleur
MoR IGAi -r.V.' s ,
families and when both husband and wife
-ALSO A&SCENT FO
WC MICY. (LLISL
CMWRAA
work, this is an important service. As
CDvtrA:rnoN OF NrPIA.
with other facilities, it is important to
SOL7UTH JENJ>
SCI-HOOL
C-21...
MEDIDIRM
=AJAIP A
that
realize
NiURSARY SCH&CL
KtILN:AGRMRT.
-GPSlWI
I
the
scale
and
the
institutionalized nature of the operation
a personalized
providing
service - an
important criteria for any mother.
rAL.
1
II
0Qs
(4L
iar-
*arp-
--
-----
a
----
000!
I
-
11~
~~~
1;,---~--.
-~1_;__1,,.~,,
iiehl ~---.
The neighboirs
a
lm
day-care
center
convenient
;..;~,
in
job
_~~~_i
decide
this
for
to open up
space. It
the
is
ladies of
a
Ilii-riiili -----,_--x_-_._
if'
the
house. The-e are an increasing amount
of
working mcthers in the neighbourhood
and
such a venture wbuld run well. Being on
the
upper
floor,
they
do
not
option of opening up a shop,
viable function for them.
space
is
space
for
easily
equipment
tables
needed
is
is
a
In addition the
converted
evening
so this
the
and
very
to
a
living
nights.
simple-
a
The
few
and chairs bought second hand and
painted,
a cotton "duhhri" to
the floor,
also
the
have
and some playthings.
contracts
company"
be spread
a
to transport
local
on
The family
"school
children
back
bus
and
forth from the neighbourhood. The school
bus/modified
manufactured
in
cycle
,the locality
rickshaws
itself.
"5s
are
The
I
V W.4%
r;--;-r^~----~^-r~
------rmglWg~K
J
;iiiY
li--i.-~I_
_--~~sU1~iP~_~^; ~i ___-~rCI-
-*
w
*
t VS
((Of
w
we.
~
*
II
running of the school is
closely limited
There
to the functioning of their home.
is
amount of
a fair
flexibility
other
each
of the
conversicn
structure'
is
form
of
the
brick walls.
is
times
in
balcony
of
and
painted
with
to
in
is
it
A part of the interior
plastered
"school
a
to
enclosed
The
need.
relatively simple,
a shed
the
substitute
ladies of the house can easily
for
as
Al -
half
wall
form
a
blackboard.
-E
1
Y &I
F-
CYCLy
VAN
T(TDE OMNE
SN& FABICA- f D
BUtCJ
PAvWemVeT
sOF
stT ue o~ ~EneS
0
10
0
9
0
The
toilet ani
enlarge
to
decide
family
ALTERATIONS:
AND
ADDITIONS
PHYSICAL
the
kitchen areas. There are two
the layout:
basic char ges made in
a) the
existing Litchen is constructed adjacent
to the original
structure,
and
b)
the bath
is shifted out toward the courtyard. .The
to facilitate
bath and WC are separated
usage at the same time. The major cost of
the
alteration
additional
that,
most
reused in
is
cost
the
piping required.
of
the
existing
some form or
of
the
Other than
material
another;
is
the old
bricks are broken down for ballast for the
foundations,
and
some
of
it
is
build the nonload-bearing walls.
sheets
of roofing
is
retrieved
used to
Asbestos
from the
changes made in the front room to be used
to cover the toilets.
4
.~a~,x-~-
I
~e~l~~~ll-
9 ,
r ci :i:
, ,1!,
i,
4i
~~
-"~
c~"~-~1~~1~~~1-wP-suPlrara~
:
U..a
I
-
-
flee U
-.
ses
.
a
a.
.pa
to
~
1SI
~a~
I~l
CIII
r~ ll-9
r~a
---- -
~..~~~....
'
~s~ac-9~-
eTA GIE 4
jl-
If
)
J
RODF PLAN
-
0
N%..
RPLANS'
~i
AMMOlNS
4LT5RATION4S
A
1) EXTrA FWain- WOOM
1OI&&T m AccoJawtI
WAMTAN17*K.
4-9
If 1.
-10@
10
o0 "1 0-
Mo
I"!P,
- pq
UJb%-~i-~~
'
iSLi
j_.-ornw
i ummrle
rt
-
STAGE
1973 - 1978
INTRODUCTION:
CHANGES IN THE F MILY:
Babloo,
The family experiences an important
change
in
their
lifestyle.
Suresh's
cousin Ram has decided to get married.
has recently become a partner
repairing electronic
He
in a firm
equipment and
is now
Suresh
art
to the
decides
ensuing space
to
from serving
night,
managed
it
is
build
an
shortage,
extra
as a sleeping
also used
as
a
space
small
by Suresh's parents (now in
sixties).
Granddad
has
room.
given
at
shop
their
up
his
previous job of fabricating wooden crates,
as it became too strenuous for him.
1~~
decides to open up
his own photographer's studio.
no
life.
major
changes
in
Suresh's
They are both middle-aged
are watching
their
There are
or
Mala's
and
they
children grow up to be
individuals themselves.
thinking of settling down.
Due
now 21,
EIrrE
sTPu q..c/
INT-MF P3UJC PARK.
LAmAbb.-P
'!
.ADITIOAL
cv
...
PLLUC SPA4E:
..----
It is important to note that although
THEORY:
The
event
provides a useful
of
public
and
private
insight into the way space is transformed
redefinition
during extreme circumstances. Public space
territories, the hierachies and spacial
is appropriated for short durations and
relationships
adjacent roads are blocked and occupied
Thus, now the cooking activites shift from
for
the kitchen to the internal
private functions. The living unit
still
remain
the
same.
courtyard
and
itself undergoes a redefinition of what is
the internal court in front of the unit
public and what is private.
becomes
-- r---c~---l-nrT~-~~LLO
I ~ILP-I
-l--B--
part
of
the
unit
with
its
activities shifting out onto the road.
a
_
there is a temporary change of use and a
1~6_11111
1
4C~ -~L
IIIIII
1_
-
TLbll~B~
-?B~LV-a-~rrcl-
song
--
*~~i~-"YI~~~
RAM GETS MARRIED:
The event
festivities.
relatives
is a week long affair of
The
house
and friends
is
crowded
ROAP
with
joining and helping
to structure the elaborate ceremonies. Ram
w-w&
.. L
is joined by hip mother and his brother's
familyThe
of five.
a couple and a young girl
main
ceremony
is
performed
at
the
brides place.As part of the obligations of
the bridegrooms family they are supposed
a dinner for both
to host
This
is
arranged
neighbourhood
structure
the
is
the families.
at
where
park,
put up. The tent
marriage
the
ceremony
and
local
a
is
tented
used for
the
party. Part of the structure extends onto
the road,
blocking
it
for one evening.
A
smaller tented structure is erected in the
internal
courtyard
used as a kitchen.
of the block
UPPER
dinner
and
is
tOWER
FL.OO R
s~oOR
PAY -V D'AY
USAGE.
UPoEtt F;:Lop
NIGt.
LDOR
LFLWER
tUPpg- RhaI? .
JLPPEJ?
FLOO1gJ
Vf6
; -
~
r
x----SI~p~ya~----
I
IIC.I
-~LI--
L.^-l11.4
;
- R
I,
iMONO
9
PR~---_;llpopollo~-
Th "
h1
C
ouse
itself
is
tLransformed
into
a
compact hotel- housing 6 men, 4 women, and
three children, During the day there are
even more peop e, as they are joined by
relatives and friends
The main p oblem arises at night when
space has to be made
for
everyone to
sleep. Most of the internal space except
are cleared of moveable
for the toilets
furniture
bedding on
to
incorporate
the
floor.
In
wall
to wall
addition
the
street in front is used as a extension and
some people sleep in the tented structure
within the courtyard.
IWER
MARRI A4-
FLO ORD
PU10f\
I~~--i--a+ag
i-------l2~
v1i42
TO
a~oi-TERM 1MASFORMAcs
9) MSTRIAC1MAaZ 1WLAM1NS44IPS wrrTN
2) A POpI~4TE
mI k1604S
PUL-iC M
"-Mmrtmy tog. P~tVAME UwA(off
RGLAMNJSNIP BErWSEN 'bArC~ 4' F:UONT
114 BOTH CASES.
MATAE
rf9
tnWhf iLK"
NETWRK.
c'aliFJ6
OILK t4NME1Z
5(ATieE OIL.
rMPT76A/.
5Y
WiX P4.JLA~e
INCZNWEVCS TV 4.cLLECT
s G F'xwrO
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Fvit
uzmyA
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GQe)
YoL4NWeX MMAegS
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IKcac vxw4
I
*Acess om oq gAnoo am. . d) 4czY$ 4vt uN,~
~44t~' 04M~LK( FOR. ft0MPA 4r4MpTlON
OIZ -cow
mD SrltFET -rip ass4imaejwm
IV tow~a PR I CED
Rice ,
SCI44t , &RA)N SOWETUS C&AUN1.-
AC*9
Fftam
c'OvvsxrAe~r *PAjomi
CWP.
& OAT LTC.
4) aO'4Thcrs W0eLOPeJ' 1ITH UPeA
IN0oeAW. &&1O4# 0 flt JA.4PLy~te~J
OeLF
At U.LATives)
1%10
MALA'S
JOB:
Mala
has taken up another
job,
she
delivers milk from a local government milk
booth.
The milk is
hours
each
distributed
early
available for only two
morning,
and
it
on the basis of ration
is
cards.
The ration cards are collected from the
various
families.
family does not
there is
order
a possibility
Sometimes,
its
that
when
complete
a
quota,
Mala can buy
the extra milk for her children at home.
The
other
they have
been
great
able
advantage
to
buy
is
that
cement
at
government regulated prices from cement
depots.
This is
only available
in
limited
quantities on the basis of ration cards.
It
I
IMFVItV*WT ASP6trS OF
I
I rMSICAL STVj9C14jtNv.~
4) C8NITALLY LoeA1V Wlunlllj
IRS M~tI&MKXfooo, Arpo
JL4NctioN cr A MICOL6,1WGI
IMCOM~e HCUSWiN AtJb A
LOWSM I#NCZOftAM.~
-*-, 1'MO, hmgmr clocisrs
PLAcrs PLLwi& r-r
%UtG4W'7SP~h1aTCjPAI6
IN nIs itirnjmap
MILIC so*Tw LOCATWD 4T
7"JA imCi~l
Rol
-mw'tu
IMM.Lroy ALUc.S FDI
IMRpogMA CaA'f~LJWUVJL4 <GtoF ramm copiw*..
Q) AvAijASggrry PF iiF~.e
OE
%V
-
ILI.
50iTH
V-*f
Thw
A
aMAM'S
tVgJA02 IV
:p
n
SRUCTt4RESI
ftR. MAYcI~MM
IMPACT.1
-MINIMAL
-
ITr,Se -ryPE-5
HEiALTH CLINICS
flfQ
PPZ%/I1V0 A M.A5 H^4BLE HE.ALTHI.
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.3MVI icE. UN
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~~:-'rL-rx~-uaL-~la~~
-_~s~-~
BABLOO'S STUDIO:
Babloo has decided to leave his job
at the photographer
his
He rents a room in one of the
own studio.
blocks
neighbouring
form his studio.
room is
off in
and start
converts
and
The
to
conversion of the
-
simple affair
a relatively
it
the
front opening enlarges and a counter space
The interior space of the shop
is added.
is
very simple -
it is divided into two
for storage and
parts, a back room used
processing, and a front room serving as an
office
and
Part
courterspace.
of
the
counter space is rented to a friend of his
who
person
has
corner.
front
In
watch
watches.
The
glass
encased
repairs
a
addition
he
at
one
uses
the
box
also
repair
part of the shop as a sleeping space
,at night.
(45
--- THEORY:
Most of the ground floor residents
have converted their room fronting the
These
main road to shops or workspaces.
codes
by
are not altered,
implicit
The
a) the room functioning purely as a
the space is rented
out or run by one member of the family
full time, similar if he or she had a full
time job.
means
The income generated either via
rent
of
earnings
or
and
conventions,
are
rules
enforced
form
a
commercial
combination
of
and
through
ground.
are a
three businesses
running side by side, but
This permits
with a common
flexibility
of
switching from one to another in times of
changing market conditions.
provides
implies that the
enterprises
two or
a good
substantial part of the household income.
On the other. hand, it
specific
social pressure.
transformations are of two types:.
commercial venture --
site
they are replaced
example of this.
the artist working on
is
a technician
Babloo's shop
He is
jobs,
special
there
for regular commercial
family cannot re-use the space during the
"slack" hours - that is during the late
evening or the night.
For the person who
is running the shop such a possibility
work,
an accountant,
boy
who
is
part
informal
of
the
larger
This intermesh of formal
organization.
and
and also a delivery
jobs provides
a very
good
and
take
exists, but only to a limited extent.
to
opportunity
develop
links
Although the shop is rented out, the
advantage
of
both.
The
security
of
a
landlord still has a reasonable control
over what uses the shop is put to and as
formal
sector function
and legitimacy and
the flexibility along with the illegality
to "who" is
renting.
social conventions as
There are strong
to the nature of
of the informal.
establishment
Thus it is the basis
of
networks
-
at
for
the
commercial or manufacturing activities
informal
and
formal
scale,
each
that can exist within residential clusters
interdependent with each other.
in the neighbourhood.
Furthermore, the shop being directly
In addition by subletting part of his
connected to the residential
unit is
shop to the watch repairer, Babloo is a
subjected
control.
support for yet another link -
Thus
to
even
although
a stricter
formal
zoning
laws
regarding commercial venture manufacturing
to people
who might be starting off and attempting
to gain a foothold into the system.
hi'
_
.
-
-
~
~
~~.........
.....-.-.
..-
.
The major
the
income does not come from
photographic
jobs,
serving as a retail
outlet
photographic
major
but
from
it's
for MIDAS,
Babloo
company.
and
travels to the head office to collect
deliver
orders.
a
At the same time he also
does some small time printing, but these
are sporadic.
photograph
profitable
gets
work
rush
jobs.
Sometimes he gets hired to
marriages,
which
affair.
Occasionally
from his
previous
he
boss
is
a
also
to
194
do
THEORY:
b) The
shop or
workspace
function
secondary
economy of
performing a
within
the house. In
extra room built is
9
general
the
this case
the
primarily used
for
domestic living and partly transformed
to
temporarily
take
a commercial
on
9b
function. The products sold are usually.
goods
for
daily
consumption:
cookies,
bread, dairy products and cold drinks. The
shop is managed by whoever is
the
house- usually the
around in
elderly
ladies of the house. The logic is
or the
simple,
9I
to use a space to be productive at a time
of day when normally it
would
not be
productive. Although the profit of margin
is
small,
it
never-the-less
provides some
9b
form of security, and there is always a;
possiblity of the shop
full
time,
as
a
being opened up
regular
commercial
enterprise.
Another
space
--
dLe
C*-F1~~
~
IIW(I~
JllkCB-
version
is used
is
when
as a work
a ,semi public
space. This
is
-
~-~n~~
---~~
THE SHOP:
The front room, apart from being used
as
an
small
extra
bedroom,
shop.
It
is
also
used
as
a
is a simple alteration -
a
hinged counter fixed to the window and a
few shelves
added to the adjacent wall.
eON A1%
They store eggs, dairy products and
cold drinks in
counter
an ice box.
folded
is
away
At night, the
and. the
becomes a bedroom once more.
run by whomever is
in
room
The shop is
the home during the
daytime - Mala is
able to help sometimes,
otherwise
usually
it
is
her
daughter,
mother-in-law, or sometimes even Suresh
helps out during the evening.
SRI- LAmKA.
A bedroom has been
converted into a shop
Negombo
.~LEL-53"g~-'
__
illustrated
the story
in
by
Suresh's
father who uses the road side to fabricate
crates
Thus commertial
function,
ventures can change their
sometimes
cease
to
exist and
theirfore utilise space and location to
whatever degree allowed by other dominant
functions.
They are
opportunistic, and
9
temporal in nature. Due to the relatively
small
investment needed,
they can easily
be transformed to meet market demands or
due to social circumstance.
.
.
...
...
.
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i) I
"ICK9
PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO THE
HOUSE.
Ram's
marriage
on the spatial
has
important
impacts
They have known the owner
usage within the house. To
support such a large family now,
for quite some
time now and they can depend upon him to
changes
supply un-adultrated
building materials
have to be made in the existing structure.
(especially
They decide to build additional space in
the flexibility
the front of the room they had
to pay him over
a period of
a month or
Suresh and Ram agree to share the
two,
the
is
whereby Suresh pays
collect
added.
cost of construction,
previously
3/4 and Ram pays the rest. Suresh knows
that
Ram would have to move into another
place
in
the
construction
hiring
two
supervises
next
is
again
masons
the
few
work
years.
The
carried
and
out
by
labourers.
He
with
the
help
Babloo. The addition is a simple
technically.
the
An
existing
posssible.
is
effort
structure
As
before
affair
made to alter
as
little
as
the materials
bought from a small local
of
retail
are
outlet.
193
as
cement).
an
A big advantage is
of credit,
when
enough.
they are able
family
able
to
-::5
-A
INFORMAL CONSULTANCY:
The neighbour contacting his engineer
friend is a form of informal consultancy.
It
plays an important role in highly
informal
skills
sector has
.
for
which
the
not developed
the
construction,
specialized
"engineer friend" is
The
brought in only for those stages which the
owner
is
too
not
comfortable
r9
about-
services, R.C.C roofs, inserting beams in
wall, and to supplement
to a existing
existing
skills
procedures. The
and
construction
professional relations
between the client, the consultant, and
the
builder
is
flexible,
relatively
unaffected by professional interests,i.e.
standards and procedures adopted to follow,
official norms. Another advantage is that
the fee paid need not be in monetory
terms. As in this case the payment is by
91
way of a favour to be returned when the
engineer contacts Suresh when he
needs
help from that department.
I-m------ --a
--
o
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.
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--
:
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1~9l~a~
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p
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o
010,14,P1oil
~;-5~i~z~mnurr~-Earasarm~d~*tr~
The
The modification to the kitchen and
toilets
is
a major
Their
job.
upstairs
neighbour is also interested in increasing
his kitchen and toilet
decide
they
to
paid
for
by the
pays
for
the
neighbour
lower
cost
the
of
cost
As before,
the
share
The
construction.
areas.
while
roof
of
is
Suresh
The
superstructure.
costs of the foundation is shared by both.
The neighbour,
working as a stenographer
in the public works department, is able to
get some rough plans drawn up from one of
his friends who is a junior engineer. They
agree to pay him a token fee. With Suresh
now working for the Land
would
always
engineer
to
be
ask
Commision, there
for
opportunities
him
for
a
favour
the
in
return.
195
additional
area added upstairs
toilet
and
kitchen
are located over the
entry below to facilitate the extension of
services.
The "engineer
useful technical
the
existing
friend" gives some
advice to save as much of
piping
as
possible.
The
manhole therefore is not altered, to avoid
complications.
~
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A z7arAmV.
3A45 Aa
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L^.
A\
RooF- PLAN
ADDITIS
ADDI AT\IONS
1) C0O
Top
4(4NI
r
IING
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ftw
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RAM
WIPtP.-
MALA WREP4,
0a
STAGE 5.
1979 - 1984
CHANGES IN THE FAMILY:
The
family
has
important changes.
experienced
By
himself
has
daughter
have married.
traditions
the daughter
her husband's
for
four
retired
family.
years
and
this
and
In
time
his
some
Suresh
son
keeping
and
with
goes to live with
Babloo been
has
married
two children.
Suresh's cousin Ram also has a young child
of 3-1/2.
space
shortage
children.
decides
Thus the family faces a severe
with
8
To ease the
adults
and
situation
3
Ram
to move out with his family.
201
~
-~--llp-s~
~ -~----PIZLlillQL1I~
THEORY
The evolution of Barsaties - rooftops
has had
implications
important
in the
process of densification and generation of
additional housing in Delhi as a whole.
Despite
form
providing the minimL..
of
shelter, the advantages of location make
them very attractive to young families and
individuals who need accomodations in the
process of settling down in the city.
In
the
(largely
neighbourhood
lower
middle
of
Bhogal
class),
such
accommodations play an important role in
providing a stepping stone for families
like
f
that of Ram, who
want to stay in
the area to maintain job opportunites and
socio-economic realtions
have
previously
with groups they
known.
For
them,
Jisplacement would mean having to start
again in a new neighbourhood, developing
contacts
and
linkages
and discovering
networks and how things work. The owners
of the Barsaties are assured of a steady
income and a possibility of increasing the
rent
by
upgrading
construction.
attract
a
qummea e
enaggagigi"100
NWN
Sometimes
higher
construction
the
of
rents,
the
quality
of
in
to
order
standards
rental
unit
of
are
RAM:
is
The apartment
family.
on
with
links
maintain
of
terrace
the
one
rest
the
RW '
in order
one of the neighbouring blocks
to
0I
.,
in
decides to rent an .apartment
Ram
of the
a one room unit
blocks-
the
of
commonly known as a barsati. It has a main
5'x
x 13'
12'
room of
as
wooden
plank
over
inconvenience
some
area
bathing
a
serves
the
by
placing
and
some
plastic
sheet
Despite
these
advantages
Suresh's
is
a
major
ROOF.
resolved to
old
for
minimal
are many.
an
placing
The
WC.
of the toilet
extent
by
of
also
and
roofless
is
toilet
8'.The
area
a cooking
and
asbestos
roofing.
amenities,
They live
close
the
to
family, which is a big advantage
especially
with the young children.
Ram is
also close to work, his contacts.
203
Y~"~I-asll~\P~La~
----
superior
to that
the
of
the
other
landlord's own
On
given
inter-dependence
landlord
foregone
and
in
tenant,
order
to
the
tenure
relationships
between
the
rents
are
due
hand,
house.
to
rent
extra
get
charged,
the rents
a
is
"decent"
Never the less,
to a still
to
paid
any. The
form of
is unclear,
whether
if
surrounding
units.
they would are accessible
lower income group. The Bhogal
implict control
blocks predominantly middle class would
as to the kind of people accepted within
offer such marginal accomodations to the
that community. Whether this is positive
lower income groups. The rent, apart from
tenant,
Thus there is an
or negative is a difficult issue given the
being obviously dependant upon size of the
definition of "decent", but it certainly
unit and quality of construction,
indicates a strong desire to maintain the
greatly
quality of the living environment of the
block, its
block
with the day to day living.
PLACES FOR THE
to
A variation of this form of accomodation
has evolved over the roof of the toilet
blocks. In this case the social stigma of
building over
by the image of the
location with main
roads and
state. It would be very difficult
general
OOREST:
influenced
is also
maintain
housing
in
formal
such
a
source
variety
to provide
of
tenure
systems and catering to a range of income
groups.
a toilet block would lower
3.011
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-- ---;- --
slJ- ~-- IIP~
PAIII-(
IWIN6
Although there is
major
for
_
W
a more
additions,
usage can be obtained
negotiation.
V
limited space available
efficient
via the process of
The Bhogal
case demonstrates
I:;;;
some
interesting
cases
of
territorial
change via negotiations.
An occupant of a unit appropriation
a.
- the unit adjacent to his or her own (or
a similar effect via a socio-process like
marriage).
b.
A link established
and a lower unit - an
sewcondary
major
vertical
between an upper
introduction of a
circulation
being a
intervention.
c.
An amalgation of a semi-provate or
semi-public
territory
efficiency
the
of
to
previous
improve
individual
territories.
d.
Appropriation of the toilet zones:
due to the common toilets
not being used
thay are liable to be encroached upon by
adjacent
units.
encroachments
are
Most
in the
of
form
these
of
rooms
built adjacent to the existing structure
rather
than
within
it.
The
toilets
occupying corner plots are prime locations
but
due to an
image
problem and social
stigma thay are one of the last
be encroached upon.
2Ole
iu
.~
CIIC-.~ae.
I*CL
R
...~ -C
II1II1II~;
areas
to
e
~
.
ci
Ir~
I
I
I
9
~cr.--;
;.. --.--.-- -. I-.L-----
be disappating some of that experience, at
The story of Suresh and his wife Mala
scale,
a local
illustrate another
interesting aspect,
fairly easily
accessible.
The scale of the operation is important;
that of elderly people being a useful part
operating locally from one's home provides
of the system, contributing to it in an
active way.
The retirement age in most
public offices ranges from 53 to 56.
At
that age, Suresh would probably have
about
gathered
experience.
Thus,
25
to
his
30
years
job apart
of
from
helping to support his family would also
the flexibility of operation, reduces the
cost
of
overhead,
and
thus
being
accessible to a larger range of clients.
Obviously the lack of a telephone
is
a
handicap but it is not a crucial component
in processes and dealings that are largely
informal.
i
Th .(.1".
Bf~D~:&::- SE;T C~7.-,_.,
'' '"'
''''"~~j
I::i;:ii_...--~t;;r
iLt
rhua*l,*lt.~i2i~:.
~j:i,
P
r)
FRIO..C
.:U:SI
.,
L : -
-
-.-
; ; : - :-
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Ci
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I
7.
.
.
.
.
.
.-..
.
SURESH
SURESH'S WIFE MALA:
:
Suresh applied for early
from his government job.
years
he
has
consultancy
addition,
insurance
For the
been
offering
and
legal
time
from
agent
small
to
been doing
past
in
experience
with
The
commission
on
wife and Suresh) takes charge of the shop
to what he
for the
his
of
past
bureaucracy,
obtain
house
involves
small
rather
the
as
a
contract.
office
a fair
sign-board
than
whom
he
he
old
Suresh
serves
of
more
uses
the
traveling.
to
the
work
A
of a address
advertisment, most
obtained through
able
was
although
amount
unable to work as a
Mala
insurance work he recently
through
colleague
Suffering from some
maid
was at the suggestion of his
started
too
an
he
attracts a lot of clients dealing with the
government.
became
is
familar
the
for her.
it
she is
two jobs form
Because
strenuous
as
back problems,
the government
years.
25
milk,
delivering
In
time
each policy sold. The first
had
time
advice.
obtaining a
the bulk of his work,
last two
left her previous job of
Mala has
retirement
jobs
personal contact.
being
and
servant.
they
have
been
(helped
able
by Babloo's
to expand
to
occupy the entire room as Ram moved out
with his
family.
They sell
a range of
dairy products and general merchandise and
it
has
become
neighbourhood.
well-known
The
shop has
important source of income.
in
become
the
an
4-)..
This
section
important process of
Babloo,
now
illustrates
linkages
an
developing.
having
been able to
consolidate himself is
now able to help
other entrepeneurs to reach
a similar
position. By employing the two boys,
he is
in effect training them.
It is not certain
that they will also be photographers,
but
training is a valuable
tool and the
opportunity to get into the system.
The watch repairer himself
is on the
LIMFORMAL
PPINTIN NG i PrOcCESSINC'OW
A)m*fOPjcVr-J
MA
L
IAA e
S
pWMGPARIC
4ET
0P
WAX PAIP
A.SICNMET-SENTS
MrSON
VO MIDASA
(-e
-"
cCOSTS
E)
*I
SALiY
*
aft. %O
41CI~
-
maybe not as successful as
Babloo, but he too is carving
out a place
for himself. At present he has
been able
to put up his own shack and
it is likely
that he would be able to rent
a space in
the main market.
Babloo is also in the
process of forming new linkages, and
In the two cases the
structure provides the necessary
flexibility
to
cope
with
market
informal
~EhlwI'MS
up
changing old ones.
T
'a45
way
OF.vHA.
17NAC
APSI
P
I M S SC
WC
fluctuations.
The
S
repair
story
of Babloo
person illustrates
and
the watch
some
important
--
~FBi*-llll~t-----YI-~
BABLOO:
Babloo
is
now
a
full
time
photographer, apd has stopped doing part
time work for his previous
boss.
He has
hired two young teenagers and taught them
filmprocessing,
jobs
he works
although for some special
himself. He
handles
the
business side, obtaining orders for the
company
and
photographic
assignments.
Sometimes he subcontracts extra jobs to
another photographer friend of his.
Babloo has. also made contact with a
local architectural office who are able to
give him a fairly constant supply of work.
They prefer him to formal photographers
because he can be called during a rush job
to do some last miniute photography and
corrections.
to
terminate
Ifl this goes well,
his
link
with
he plans
MIDAS,
the
large photo company.
Due to
the
expansion of Babloo's
.1
k-
processes
of
socio-economic
change
effecting physical transformation in the
L
BACK
.L
city as a whole.
These changes,
although
incremental in nature are comprehensive in
scale.
They
development
are
of
of
a result
also
linkages
the
with formal
institutions and networks.
Thus
,E4.FILLIhW &P
what
were
previously
neighbourhoods with poor residential usage
I
are now being transformed to incorporate
scale manufacturing and
small
activites.
commercial
The evolution of these other
functions happen on what was previously
territory with ambiguous control.
important,
growing
Ag, GOus .
in
a city
informal
groups
to
positions which
markets
also
income
networks.
INI I IAL r KJVlI
ILLEC
L-. MNCROAC 4MENTS
-. YIPI --
I
~~~~-l~~"~~~-91~+L"PIXJ94
'~~
Il~-~b-
POOf
the
ON AM6(mOLuS
- TE ENCROACHMENTS
GctEA4R
Cs
Q T4=FPCGFrTy
-------
C----~IC~~
^-sll~~---^----1~1
I~
locate
facing
a
possibility
themselves
in
allow them access
to
and employment.
allows
higher
TWRRI'TEDRy - PLArC.
Por
TW
CA Te5PITroIAL APPP-O P'A-no
WITHJ
t-1HE FABRIC.
sector,
is
of such a structuring allows for the lower
income
INC.REA.ME.NTAL
that
Most
links
to
groups
The structure
develop
and
the
between
informal
• ..
..
.
.
..
~~-~~"
business, his watch repair person (a close
friend of his for five years now) has g6t
to move out.
adjacent
to
0AGGRCAT
He decides to build a shack
Babloo's
studio,
uses part of the office to
..r Q~;A
IO
____1
but still
store his
equipment at night.
I
I
I~';L
.
~.~ -.1
II
~~r.' S
I
-~
--
-
---
Implication
On
The
Local
Informal
Construction Industry:
The
shift
construction
in
the
nature
from major
of
additions to
incremental alterations, affects the local
construction industry and is
an indicator
of important processes that evolve in the
local industry.
the
evolution
It is also the basis for
of
nonconstructive
processes
within
informal
sector.The
predominant charecteristics
A) The
formation
manufacturing:
To
improve
subsectors of
retail
outlets
form
important subsectors with direct links to
quite varied in nature:
1.
of
The emergence of component
fabrication,and
These incremental
these
are:
processes
: '
changes can be
of
the
the main construction market.. These can be
the
standard
in the manafacturing of metal grills for
of
construction: walls plastered, painted,
staircases and windows,
services upgraded,
for water tanks and evaporative coolers,
storage
2.
windows
enlarged or
areas introduced.
cement
To improve the performance of the
staircases
grills
for
sheet metal
ventilators,
constructed
out
of
boxes
steel
tee-
structure through the use of mechanical
sections,
components
-
including sanitary ware. These often have
evaporative
coolers,
exhaust
3.
water
booster
electric
pumps,
fan
linkages
,
and a variety of the components
to tericiary processes,i.e. oil-
fans.
painting and finishing as
To improve the image of the house
metal grill
related
to
a
fabrication unit. Sometimes
- introduction of fancy design metal grill
work for balcony or staircase railing.
~
~IT--..~l~l-------.--
Ibil~l*ll
----WICs-
C----~-sF^prsq
~
---11--1-sls~sl~.1lIC~*Pil
-I---r~-lp-r_-y---yy_
-~i .IC_~_-__r
-- ~--P
----qlC-_
~I-~--
--~---~ ~--~,.~~~
MODIFICATIONS TO THE HOUSE:
The
more incremental
now
is
made
changes
d and
a)
b)
more
by
main
and
light
replacing
larger
enlarged
the old
wooden
grill
metal
is
done
from
opening
is
done
frame
by
a
The
a grid of
together.
at
in
let
facade.
very simple -
sections iwelded
fabrication
to
This
ventillation.
construction is
tee
is
roo
a new
edibles
rats and cockroaches, c) the door
of the
are
the shop
painted,
to protect
made
house
the
in nature:
plaster
counter is
to
the
The
local
construction market where window grills
and staircases
are fabricated with similar
techniques.
2 '5
~--
-.--.---,.~---..IPrsCr~
accross
develop
linkages
CITY
SITr
related
ftA.
"wool
S-auN
processes, i.e. water
tanks connected
L^Fw
with
implictly
the
booster
of
market
"
or the fabrication of bicycle vans
pumps;
buses) to cater to
(used as school
S
a
~
~~~IcmrlY
Ct0WWW-
Llvb
-h7L. .
city
1~~~~41
r~orrCYC
I
wr
the
emergence of local "primary" kindergardens
the
within
centers
care
day
and
neighbourhood.
residential
Y
B) Opportunities for specializa.-an
I-IMLE
E
and training: It induces specialization in
C fDC
Pr
J
I.9;aIALS
& ComfO
rW
TS
*LA
CONLEY FA64iCAfN.
* NOM
- CONSRUCTIDN
*STSEL
various degrees of specificity, i.e. metal
working- it
could
fabricating only
range
metal
from
P... -
a person
staircases,
i
/W I
I
4
*1MCQtA1J1CAL
4.~*6MD
S aLrEo
ftsILLt
M
eM
SCILLED
t SkILLUD
I
while
PT:
others would manufacture a whole range of
frames for
grills,
items such as
I'ry
SUNIT
This
various
of
training
opportunities
to
also
induces
processes
upgrade ones
I
ncEs
, A LARGER
SCALE..
thus allowing for flexiblity to cope with
conditions.
3E
413 d seg
tanks,smaller metal grills for balconies,
market
!H
water
A)ST CPAg
PDr
A OmlA
and
skills,i.e.
REPLACGD
RODOM
a person starts off by fabricating sheet
C) rVAUWRAV
metal tanks, then learns basic welding of
metal
frames-to
grills,to
fabrication of staircases.
does
not happen
described
above
perhaps
the
~
NEW WALL
This obviously
in a linear
fashion
as
but through linkages
within a manufacturing process,i.e. the
manufacturing
r
.
I
-
I~-~-
of
-- -
grills
~
--.
is
closely
2J4
.
.~
-
-'
.
.
. .
Suresh
decide to
water
in
and
water
also an
availability
being
of
low,
morning
neighbour
install a booster
a G.I.
There is
his
is
upstairs
pump to
store
take up on the roof.
attempt to improve
water.
only
Water
pressure,
available
and evening.
the
in
the
ID
This would ensure a
continuous water supply for most part
of
the day.
The pump is bought
locally
from Ram's
shop. Ram gives them a good price on a new
pump, but Suresh decides to buy a secondhand
repaired
made-to-order
one.
The
water
tank
from the local market.
It
is
is
fabricated from sheet metal according to
specifications
The installation
two days.
within
a range of sizes.
of the tank takes about
Suresh hires a plumber who is
recommended
by
Ram.
The
plumber
is
a
specialist who dealt with booster pumps
before, and is able
to give a informal
gaurantee towards its maintenence.
'-
ICUU~---C~L~
MGREGATE
m
m
MC-,
ALTO
.ECL
GAk'\CATlON
BoDY
(jPAIR W-
AA. 7
.-IN.-r .r
N-IC .
MC44A /
..
.AI JL&
S.
P
SP TA
Ma-rAL
7P
.#S-T
TAwNKQ
le
same
work
of the main
V4ATS*
Bo'rS-r15t.
Thus jobs are
ftAr
narket demands
C) Trends
towards mixed use within
residential environments:
Ills
sub-markets
evolve
in
these forms of
close
proximity to
s
--
~----~-----I
- --
C.Iy
ea I T
um900"TmA&~
-- r-t
-Tl4F-
Cb*w,~.J
olaIwAPALS
L
*A
b~~**~~
Ww1W
ACd4LSI
"MTJAL-s
MAEIALS
& CDMftweWTS
FACADE
Ve~.DIIJ(~
*oCDMfLITFASMIATION.
* om~ - coNSIRUCT! ON
0crrpENTW
ati~ETIUCAL
SeMI SKCILLED
LA14£KILLM
iLA~1
LUtNIT
-Ib
AT A LARC-CR
S CAL F- &
each
other,
the
and
areas
residential
where they are ultimately in a finished
form.
mostly
is
This
one
of
interdependence
the
to
due
of
process
manufacturing upon the other, either by
being
part
a
of
fabrication,retail
of
sequence
or sharing services,
workspace, often a portion of the
market
being devoted to "steel items", i.e steel
L
NL,W
=as.
Wr.
grills,
frames,
tanks,
or
staircases,
"cement
and water
components", -i.e.
cement grills, sanitary ware, and
TS.TS
floor
tiles.
ICA=TON
0
CAL
ounLnz.
ASsEMP8LY -a FOCtM
WHOLB., oiS ASzeMLy
Pr REusG,CNGe.
.SAJ
T',c
wgILS.
I
I
*
MIDWA
t'H~SKa
U ....r
....-
I -:M
.p-
PRASE Lrtr-1
...... ............
r-L.ECAL
...
MD AY.
..... 0-400,01001
...............
"--0
10I0iI
.......
T--
.......
.......
.
P7'..-
DMtOP
WATErP WMVA6E
NOE~ I.
________
A~P~5
kc-t
Ly-rm FbvWI LS, DS ASEABLI
rbX P.VSE=,r.HAIGE.
7TJtKS.
C.OOLP-.
*METAL
STAWLC4SES.
Mw-ums.
* SAtJITAC(*
WAFOUP.AV
.Z4ZJ
SANDP
, AC-PZATB Ocm-Z.
*CIAT 1VS
SECTIONS.
A majority of the work force
live in
close proximity to the place of employment
role in the way
usually in rented accomodations. Another
evolve. Due
part of the support activities,
manufacturing
evolving
in
the
form
of
supplemented
street restaurants and "Hotels",
food and night shelter.
this is
providing
plays
Transportation
to
an
important
linkages and relations
the
close
proximity
processes
and
of
retail
outlets, a variety of informal means of
transport
manual
are
carts,
motorised
vans
formed.
They
bicycle
vans,
to
range
from
3-wheeled
!NTRPR
-LA-nONS4IPS
PEVELOPlJ
BETWEEN
NON CoNST4CP11ON
SfCTVtZ~S
regular pickups. The
industry of this support service maintains
its operation.
The maintanance of these
itself represent a significant informal
work
:~
r~~T~ab.
force.
-rrr
---. ar r~--.lsl---~----~~~~----
-,-~--"I- ..I-- C*sl~-.I.--yl
I
3p
Lovp
wer
A
M~PO~MATh#LS
OP- UIKAGS
1k
2
0
(
AM~f;(UC AFMPFo ATEI>
rD pzoc-clE tAsS1'4
K
0
lb
2
I0223
L
THE CEMENT CRISIS.
are
This incident provides an important
construction
out",
since
jobs at
most
of
the
that time were large
insight into the unintentional impacts of
governmental
government policy of material supply on
approved contractors.
construction markets.
3)
During the late seventies and early
projects
by
government
Growth of black markets and wide spread
adultration of existing stocks.
eighties, the goverment, to cope with the
4)
shortage of cement, decided to restrict
maintenence activities of informal housing
its sales only by the use of ration cards.
environments.
The policy was aimed to restrain excessive
5)
consumptionby the rich. The impact
labour
was
A
slump
force.
largest
rate of construction due to the limited
country
supply of one of its basic materials.
informal
had devastating direct
and indirect impacts
construction markets.
on the informal
They were:
of cement availiblity at
1) Lack
informal retail
in
the
Unemployment of
however more wide spread --a slack in the
The policies
unskilled
Delhi
having
construction
has
upgrading
the
industries
in
the
1/3-1/2
construction industry. About
(Unskilled
labour
to
crush
interdependant
the
informal
sector
affected.
This
ration
cards
are
only option
Those who do have
faced
with
tough
in
the
1/4-1/3
of
stones
and
carry bricks.)
activites
Their
its
this labour force is comprised of women.
access to ration cards are excluded from
markets.
of
employed
6)
formal
building
of
almost
sector
and
one
outlets. Most of the urban poor not having
being informal outlets.
In
addition
secondary manufacturing
were
sector
with
also
formal
and
seriously
employs
another
large segment of the informal workforce.
competition from the upper income group,
~
"pushed
Another
serious disruption
was more
who in times of scarcity obtain materials
of
through "contacts".
overall
2) Contractors working at a small scale
the important process of interdependence
a
institutional
blackout
3*JC -r
111--^-
-
nature.
it
rrr I
Due
to the
severly disrupted
~---~ ------
-
the flexiblity with which informal markets
between
another.In
one
a
informal
time of
conditions people
activity
fluctuating
and
market
operate
is
reduced
options
alternative
switch jobs due to the
complete
breakdown
When a supply
usually happens within the
drastically reduced
work
metal
and
skills
(a
person
fabricating
grills would shift to sheet metal
water tanks).
Thus
in a blanket approach,
Ir.MWr
4m
L
black
-----------Ci-r~--lIllrr~---l----l-_-l~
a
of
that
the
therefore
and
basic
a
functioning.
material
is
it creates an overall
therefore
and
flexibility
disrupts
this
would ease employment
situations in changing market conditions.
STAuAS
I _WAT,: - ~W
L,
I " I
PI4SE I-
out
reducing
of market
easy access and exit possiblities. This
same type of
thus
PHASE
n'-PHSE m-m
I
I/
I
I
e L 11 CAL
- Y', ...
.TS
MIDWA-Y....
Is-~-~_li-~-.-.
"-
I-is
- q~cw~
44*~
6A9A/7Mctw/
*
1i!.71e6ozalS
.O.
*w
0 4 A4644
7Z-
S Ov
e-
,L
'V
I,;vqk
/,Its,
N
J
-
-
- -
-
Immool mul
-
-F65)'ZMA-r OT=
r=VALL)A'nON
MAT-Cq AALs
FWANCIE,
0917 INEV.
&GNS9.A71CT,4
comsTrwcnotj
rop-MALt=17VvTAZ6
-Www-.L
C-ZAIEZ47CV.
bsutEz STO
q.
AEvDVWzxrAm
cla"AMSWMI
jsKrg pmc Aprzz
k4vjs
S4VIAVw SW.
TO COMPAIZE
2 mmeY
42EDIr Faw MC7
Is -rA. G s
1.04 'ra-ft-Iry
Is"AIgr
OWA"S
weft
A
PM#,*
OW7-
,wwAerA;
Ao Xr
A4xr -t-
o. Awpomw*&
##Vljuft ONO
IACZ--
yaze
A-11
.73;ms OF AGWVOMM
,
Ou
L
ZMAMSNfrs
IXr-AM I
IAII
wArm
s--*uwr
aaclgl-
Fl-,
gy
S~rAEF 5 .
Maa
COA0Vr- t
AIFW
AW1m7Al
N/
.10i
pftWAd0
g~m
-
'AddfV#r)
MAFING
Z3
mi
eva
FMIM
MILA
w
GIuPIas
v
4
MCK
1967 - 1972
UAALA
I"low
18954
T
,.jaiSOM
ftWAI*.
MALA MUSH95.
CO.FATR Cw.MOTHR.
-I
t21~4
j~
L
z
C
~I
'o-
j
"2
Cf
Lb
V)
1<
A
0
4J4
ziIV
iain~
., .iidi~~i-i~iL-iis;-utur~WI~~
I111, i*-.-.I-I~_L1IY^~U
O6SERVAT
(ONS
RESIDENTIALUNI T LEVEL:
PHYSICAL
SOCIAL
1) CREATION OF SEMI-OPEN SPACES TOWARDS
DEFINING SEMI-PRIVATE AND SEMI-PUBLIC
TERRITORY.
EVOLUTION OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACES
1)
TO ACCOMODATE ADDITIONAL MEMBERS, SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITIES.
APPROPRIATION OF AMBIGIOUS TERRITORY,
2)
TOWARDS DEFINITION OF OPEN, SEM I-OPEN AND
BUILT SPACES.
DEFINITION OF A "FRONT" AND A "BACK"
2)
TO DEFINE SEMI-PUBLIC, SE M I-PR VATE,
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ZONES WITH N THE
DWELLING UNIT.
ADDITIONS AND
3)
DEFINED TERRITORY.
ALTERATIONS
TEMPORAL
3)
SPACE.
AND ALTERATIONS
ADDITIONS
4)
NEGOTIATED TERRITORY.
5)
WITHIN
AMBIGIOUS
OF
PUBLIC
WITHIN
INCREMENTAL ADDITIONS TO IMPROVE:
A. EFFICIENCY - STRUCTURAL, LIGHT,
VENTILATION STANDARDS
B. IMAGE-PAINTING,DECORATIVE GRILLWORK, FENESTRATION.
APPROPRIATION OF
6)
WITHIN TOILET BLOCK.
APPROPRIATIONS
TEMPORAL SHIFTS IN USAGE - SHIFTING
4)
IN LOCATION BUT MAINTAINING THE EXISTING
HIERACHY OF SPACES.
EVOLUTION OF NEGOTIATION PROCESSES TO
5)
HELP SET UP INFORMAL COMMUNITY NETWORKS,
COMMUNITY
SCALE
BLOCK
FOR
BAS IS
ORGANIZATION.
TERRITORY
OF
RESALE ABILITY
7)REUSEIBILIT Y,
IMPORTANT
AS
MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTIONE
CRITERIA IN THE PROCESS OF LJPGRADING.
6)
SECURITY OF TENURE AS A DETERMINANT
FOR SOCIAL LINKAGES TO DEVELOP (SOCIAL
LINKAGES LINKED PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC
INTERDEPENDENCE).
PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS - HEIGHT, WIDTH,
8)
PLOT SIZE AS A DETERMIN ANT OF OPTIONS OF
TRANSFORMATION. OPTIONS INCREASED VIA THE
PROCESS OF NEGOTIATION.
,~,
ECONOMIC
NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL AND CITY LEVEL
1)
EVOLUTION OF MULTIFUNCTI ONAL SPACES
TO ACCOMODATE EXTRA EARNING MEMBERS MONETARY
AND
NON-MONETARY BENEFITS
(CONTACTS).
PHYSICAL
2)
EVOLUTION OF COMMERCIAL/FABRICATION
ACTIVITIES TO HELP HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIES.
1)
DEFINITION OF AMBIGIOUS "PUBLIC
TERRITORY TO PRIVATE CONTROL T O EFFECT
MAINTENANCE AND UPGRADING POSSIB ILITIES STREET EDGE, STREET JUNCTIONS, INTERNAL
COMMON COURTYARDS.
3)
EVOLUT ION OF BARSATIES (ROOFTOP
RENTAL UNITS) AND "EXTRA ROOMS" ON RENT CATERING TO PERSONS OF VARIOUS INCOME
GROUPS AND CI RCUMSTANCES.
2)
EVOLUTION OF TEMPOR AL STRUCTURES TO
PROVIDE FLEXIE ILITY OF USE, TEMPORAL
DEFINITIONS OF TERRITORY AND EFFECT SOCIO
ECONOMIC EQUITY.
4)
TO
EVOLUTION
OF
CHARACTERISTICS OF
A
RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURH OOD;
OF PUBLIC TERRITORIES AND
SEMI-OPEN STRUCTURES SUP
ACTIVITIES.
IMPACTS ON
INFRASTRUCTURE.
RENTAL POSSIBILITIES AS AN INCENTIVE
IMPROVE STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION.
5)
SECURITY
INVESTMENT.
OF
TENURE
AS
A BASIS
FOR
MIXED
USE
PREV IOUSLY
REDEFINITION
EMERGENCE OF
PORTING SUCH
SERVICES AND
4)
OVERALL DENS IFICATION OF EXISTING
STOCK
IMPACTS
SERV ICES
ON
.AND
INFRASTRUCTURE.
Z39
2440
~ ~- ---- --..
II-
--
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
LINKS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN FAMILY
1)
AND LESS
IN THE CITY (BLOCK)
MEMBERS
URBANIZED AREAS.
FAMILY ACTS AS A
TEMPORARY/PERMAiNENT SUPPORT. REDEFINITION
OF THE TRADITIONAL EXTENDED OR JOINT
EVOLUTION OF NETWORKS FOR THE
FAMILY.
POOR TO "GET INTO THE SYSTEM".
EVOLUTION OF LINKAGES BETWEEN BETWEEN
2)
FAMILIES OF THE HIGHER INCOME GROUP TO
IMPLICIT
INTERDEPENDANCY AND
EFFECT.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.
1)
EVOLUTION OF INFORMAL CONSTRUCTION
AND NON-CONSTRUCTION MARKETS PROVIDING
SKILLS AND RESOURCES FOR SITE SPECIFIC
CONDITIONS AND PRIORITIES.
2)
INFORMAL MARKETS PROVIDING EMPLOYMENT
AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRAINING AT VARIOUS
LEVELS OF SKILLS AND PERSONS OF SOCIO
ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCE.
3)
LINKS STRENGTHENED BETWEEN INFORMAL
CONSTRUCTION AND INFORMAL NON-CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES.
3)
EVOLUTION OF "SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS" DAY CARE CENTERS, NURSERY AND PRIMARY
SCHOOLS, CLINICS.
4) LINKS STRENGTHENED BETWEEN INFORMAL
COMMERCIAL AND FABRICATION AND FORMAL
COMMERCIAL AND FABRICATION MARKETS.
4)
EVOLUTION OF INFORMAL LINKAGES AND
NETWORKS AS A BASIS OF GRASS ROOT
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS.
5)
FINANCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN
INCOME GROUPS.
POSSIBILITY OF CROSS
SUBSIDIZATION FOR COMMON "SERVICE" AND
"SOCIAL" INSTITUTION - HEALTH, EDUCATION.
POSSIBILITY OF SUPPORT, SPUR TO INFORMAL
CONSTRUCTION MARKETS.
IMPLICIT CROSS
SUBSIDIZATION FOR THE POOR.
EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL SERVICES CATERING
5)
TO THE UPPER INCOME GROUPS WITH MONETARY
AND NONMONETARY BENEFITS TO THE POOR.
6)
EVOLUTION OF TEMPORAL STRUCTURES ON
AMBIGIOUS TERRITORIES - SUPPORT FOR THE
VERY POOR IN LOCATIONS CRUCIAL FOR THEIR
SURVIVAL - PHYSICAL STRUCTURING TO EFFECT
SOCIAL EQUITY.
EVOLUTION OF TEMPORAL STRUCTURKt
6)
PROVIDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE VERY POOR
TO START SMALL SCALE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
WITHIN THE PRIME COMMERCIAL ZONES, THUS
ENCOURAGING EQUITY WITHIN THE BUILT AND
UNBUILT FABRIC.
POSSIBILITY OF COST RECOVERY TO PAY
7)
FOR ADDITIONAL STRAIN ON INFRASTRUCTURE
AND EXTERNALITIES THRU INCREASE IN LAND
COST RECOVERY ON A ONE TO ONE
VALUE.
BASIS WITH PROCESS OF UPGRADING.
241/
--m-10010
OR
Milo0 "1op"fl, dom
--~~.=F~ai
lli-iss~rrrrr*loet~-
~4
Refrences:
- Mans struggle in an urbanizing world.
C. Abereham
J.F.C. Turner- Housing by People.
Housing in Three dimensions-Terms of refrence for
the housing questioned re-defined.
Freedom to build.
New directions in Housing.
Petty Comodity Housing or dweller control.- A
Rod Bugress critique of Turner's position.
- The Urban In-Formal sector.
I.L.O. Pub.
- Selected Papers In Urbanization
Maitra
-Land Use Controls
Yadav.C.
-Shelter Provisions in Developing Countries.
Apte.C.
Commercial
B.Chaterjee -The Evolution of Substandard
Residential subdivision in Delhi.
IHS, 83.
N.J.Habraken. - Transformations Of The Site.
- Supports.
Open House no 5, 80.
Akin Mabogunje- Standards.
_ u
rr*rrurs
IlrC
1
--
1
,
n
.
-
a
I
II
Now