France I: Burgundy • Northern and Southern Rhone
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France I: Three VERY different wine producing regions Geography: • Burgundy • Northern and Southern Rhone • Loire Valley Mark Whitmore Department of Natural Resources Cornell University 16 February 2011 Climatic Influences: Atlantic Interior Mediterranean Burgundy Rhone What makes wines unique? Loire What makes wines unique? Terroir! Elements of Terroir • Climate • Soils • Biota • Culture Elements of Terroir • Climate – macro & micro – Precipitation • When • What form • How much – Insolation • Cloud cover • Impacts pruning techniques – Wind • Air movement affects phytosanitation , or plant health Air movement affects phytosanitation, or plant health • Impacts pruning techniques – Temperature • Length of growing season • Daily maximum/minimum Elements of Terroir • Biota – Soil • • • • Microbes Fungi Worms Bugs – Bugs • Pollinators • Pests • Natural enemies – Fungi • Leaf molds • Grape molds – Animals • Birds • Wild boar • Horses Elements of Terroir • Soils – Parent Material (pH) • • • • Limestone Granite Schist Volcanic – Depth • To basement layer • Presence of cracks in basement layer – Composition • Clay content and color • Texture – Cultivation history • Organic matter • Chemical use – Chemical use – herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers • Soil biota Elements of Terroir • Culture – Vineyard practices • • • • • • Soil amendments Chemical use – Chemical use – herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers Vine care ‐ Vine care ‐ tilling, pruning Organic or biodynamic Machinery Harvesting – Harvesting – machine or hand – Vinification • • • • Economics Ageing or elevage Ageing or elevage Yeasts Market demands, fashion – Attitude • • • Acceptance of new ideas, new flavors Judging for AOC acceptance and at competitions Strength of cultural history or tradition Burgundy Burgundy Chablis: The Grapes: •Chardonnay •Pinot Noir •Classification: •Chablis Grand Cru •Chablis Premier Cru •Chablis •Petit Chablis •Gamay •Chardonnay •Aligoté Aligoté •Pinot gris Burgundy Burgundy La Côte d’Or La Côte d’Or The Grapes: Classification: •Pinot Noir •Grand Cru •Premier Cru •Cru •Bourgogne Rouge or Blanc •Bourgogne Aligote •Bourgogne Passetoutgrains •Gamay •Chardonnay •Aligoté Aligoté •Pinot gris Burgundy La Côte de Nuits Vosne Romanée Limestone, Clay, Hillsides Villages: •Fixin •Gevrey-Chambertin •Morey Saint-Denis •Chambolle Musigny •Vougeot •Vosne Romanée •Nuits-Saint-Georges Vosne Romanée Vosne Romanée Vosne Romanée Vosne Romanée Burgundy Burgundy La Côte de Beaune La Côte de Nuits La Côte de Beaune Clay, Limestone, Gentler slopes Villages: •Aloxe Corton •Beaune •Pommard •Volnay •Meursault •Puligny Montrachet •Chassagne Montrachet •Santenay •Maranges Beaune Beaune The Vines Harvest Vinification Bottling Élevage Mâcon: Burgundy Clay, Limestone •Chardonnay •Gamay AOC: •Pouilly Fuissé Fuissé •Saint Véran •Mâcon Burgundy Beaujolais: Granite, sand •Gamay Northern Rhône The Grapes: •Syrah •Chardonnay •Viognier •Marsanne •Roussane Yeast is the difference! Northern Rhône Northern Rhône The AOC: The Attributes: •Côte Rôtie •Condrieu •Saint Joseph •Hermitage •Crozes Hermitage •Cornas •Saint Péray •Granite/Schist base •Steep hillsides •Small production •Lots of work Northern Rhône Northern Rhône Côte Rôtie: Hermitage: SYRAH! •Syrah Granite and gravels •Viognier up to 10% Southern Rhône The Grapes: •Grenache •Syrah •Mourvedre •Carignan •Cinsault •Marsanne •Roussane •Grenache blanc •Clairette •Viognier Southern Rhône The Classification: •“Grand Cru” Cru” - NO reference to Côtes du Rhône on label •Chateauneuf du Pape •Gigondas •Vacqueyras •Beaumes de Venise •Vinsobres •Lirac •Tavel - only rosé rosé •Côtes du Rhône Villages – name of villages on label •Côtes du Rhône •Côtes du Ventoux •Vin de Pays •Vin de Table Southern Rhône Loire Valley The Terroir: Clay, Gravel The Grapes: Limestone •Cabernet Franc WIND! Mistral •Cot (or Malbec) Malbec) •Cabernet sauvignon •Gamay •Chenin blanc •Sauvignon blanc •Chardonnay •Melon (or Muscadet) Muscadet) Loire Valley Loire Valley Muscadet: The AOC: •Muscadet •Coteaux du Layon •Chinon •Vouvray •Touraine •Sancerre •Pouilly fumé Granitic sands Flat, coastal plains Atlantic ocean Oysters The Grape: •Melon (or Muscadet) Muscadet) Loire Valley Loire Valley Coteaux du Layon Chinon Schist Hills near the river Clay and Limestone Clay and flint or silice Gravel Sweet or semisemi-sweet Chaume Premier Cru The Grape: •Chenin blanc The Rot: •Botrytis - Noble Vouvray Loire Valley Cliffs and hills next to river Clay and Limestone Clay and gun flint Dry SemiSemi-dry (tendre (tendre)) SemiSemi-sweet (demi (demi--sec) Sweet (moelleux (moelleux)) Sparkling (petillant (petillant)) The Grape: •Chenin blanc The Grape: •Cabernet Franc Touraine Cheverny Valençay Loire Valley Flats and small hills Clay and gun flint Gravel and sand Red, white, rose, sparkling The Grapes: •Cabernet Franc •Cot (or Malbec) Malbec) •Gamay •Chenin blanc •Sauvignon blanc •Chardonnay Loire Valley Loire Valley Sancerre Pouilly Fumé White clay and limestone Kimmeridgean marl Clay and gun flint (silice (silice)) Gentle hills and flats Clay and limestone Clay and gun flint Hillsides with different exposures The Grapes: •Sauvignon blanc •Pinot noir The Grape: •Sauvignon blanc Finis!
