ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER
INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR:
IMPLICATIONS FOR ROAD SAFETY AND
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COUNTERMEASURE
DEVELOPMENT
by
Michael A. Regan
Eve Mitsopoulos
2001
Report No. 180
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
Monash University Accident Research Centre
Report Documentation Page
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Project Investigators
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
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CHAPTER 1
1.2.1
Review of the Literature on the Interaction between Drivers and
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MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
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CHAPTER 2
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16
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DRIVERS AND PASSENGERS
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UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
17
CHAPTER 3
Chapter 3 Summary of ACT Crash Data of
Passenger Presence in Crashes
3.1
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18
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
SUMMARY OF ACT CRASH DATA OF PASSENGER PRESENCE IN CRASHES
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19
CHAPTER 3
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20
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
SUMMARY OF ACT CRASH DATA OF PASSENGER PRESENCE IN CRASHES
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21
CHAPTER 3
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22
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
SUMMARY OF ACT CRASH DATA OF PASSENGER PRESENCE IN CRASHES
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UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
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CHAPTER 3
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24
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
TELEPHONE SURVEY OF CURRENT PASSENGER ROLES
Chapter 4 Telephone Survey of Current
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4.1
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25
CHAPTER 4
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26
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
TELEPHONE SURVEY OF CURRENT PASSENGER ROLES
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UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
27
CHAPTER 4
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28
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
TELEPHONE SURVEY OF CURRENT PASSENGER ROLES
Hello, my name is [interviewer’s first name], and I’m calling from the Monash
University Accident Research Centre in Melbourne. We are conducting an
important survey on road safety that takes five to ten minutes to complete, and
I was hoping to ask you some questions. The survey is about the ways
passengers interact with drivers to influence road safety. The survey is
voluntary, completely confidential, and you can stop at any time. Would you
be able to help us?
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44
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
TELEPHONE SURVEY OF CURRENT PASSENGER ROLES
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MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
TELEPHONE SURVEY OF CURRENT PASSENGER ROLES
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UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
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CHAPTER 4
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48
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES
Chapter 5 Group Discussion Of Drivers’
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MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
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MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
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MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
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7DEOH
UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
55
CHAPTER 5
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5.3.2
Group Discussion
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56
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES
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Roles that passengers are currently playing to influence driver behaviour;
drivers’ perceptions and reactions to these roles; critical determinants of
these effects
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When you are learning to drive, you have a person sitting next to you. It’s
very helpful. You need them. But they can also be a distraction when they’re
telling you to do this, this, and I’d just like to concentrate on holding the
steering wheel or going straight ahead. (F1640)
I was reversing in a car park – thought it was clear. My passenger said
“stop” – she saw another car reversing behind me – that was really good.
(F3122)
Passengers can be helpful. My friend recently had an accident. I was there
but wasn’t watching out, or I may have helped prevent the accident.
Passengers may see cars coming out of side roads that the driver misses.
(F1640)
My wife tells me if I’m speeding – I break the speed limit a lot – tells me I’m
going over 90… I appreciate what my wife does. (F1107)
I get annoyed to be told I’m speeding, but will generally slow down if asked to.
(F2378)
I find their general presence distracting – less likely to see lights change or
stop signs. They reduce my attention span when they’re chatting. (F2723)
UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
57
CHAPTER 5
Was distracted by a passenger looking for something in my wallet. I was
trying to help find the item when driving – we almost crashed. If I’d been
alone, I’d have pulled over and looked for the item. When I ask a passenger to
look at a map, I tend to look too, which is dangerous. Entrusting tasks to
passengers can be dangerous. (F2175)
Dangerous situations can occur very suddenly – passengers may not see the
danger before the driver. If passengers see potential dangers earlier and point
every one out to you, this can become annoying. (F2723)
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I drive in a car pool that includes a young driver, who used to drive in a jerky
way. By us giving him hints, like stay on your side of the road, not to overtake,
when to take the high beam down, he’s improved over the past 6 months. We
would worry about things he didn’t notice. At first, we’d just let it go, but if he
kept repeating mistakes, we’d tell him. He seemed to be happy to take our
advice – it may have been because we were senior to him. (F1534)
7KLVODVWH[DPSOHDOVRLOOXVWUDWHVWKHLQIOXHQFHRIGULYHUDJHUHODWLYHWRSDVVHQJHUDJHRQGULYLQJ
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I’d be more cautious if strangers were in the car – don’t know what they’re
prepared to put up with. (F2723)
58
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES
Driving with strangers is difficult. I feel like the host so have to pay more
attention to them to put them at ease, point out landmarks. Strangers are not
safe. They are less likely to comment on my driving if I’m driving badly.
(F2157)
…I would feel less inclined to comment on a stranger’s driving. (F2499)
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… if they are going too fast you speak up, but not to be helpful or distracting.
My dad drives very fast and even though we will tell him to slow down, he
won’t or will only slow down a little bit. He finds it annoying. (F1356)
…because I’m just a learner, I never say anything to an adult driver, except
for my parents. (F1356)
Would find driving with my parents painful – there are no social barriers, no
courtesy. Driving with my friends is more relaxing. They won’t comment
unless there’s danger. Parents will comment on a wider range of things.
(F2723)
I probably drive more carefully with passengers, I wouldn’t drive fast or
anything, but my friends would drive faster to show-off. My male friends are
the ones who have cars, I can’t generalize to my female friends, but it’s mostly
the males who show-off. I think age is important, even though I’m really close
to my grand-dad and I don’t like his driving because he goes too slow, I won’t
say anything at all to him, but I would with my mum, but not with my friends.
(F1356)
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UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
59
CHAPTER 5
I have a friend who enjoys tail-gating learners. It makes me feel embarrassed
and I’ll say “slack-off” or “back-off”, but not “slow down”. He’ll usually do
it, but he’s a lost cause. I still let him drive me around – it’s a male thing –
really hard to tell him to slow down – comes down to being male. I’m scared
but can’t say anything… (F3505)
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I slow down when the car is full - don’t want to be responsible for the deaths
of four other people. (F2723)
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I think that passengers shouldn’t pick on small things about driving because
you get frustrated, and I know that when I’m angry I drive faster. They should
give constructive criticism. (F1640)
When I’m driving at night in the country, I’ll say, “I’m driving, but you have
to look out for the kangaroos”. You delegate and share the tasks, especially
on long trips. (F1199)
If driving in the country, would nominate a passenger as a watcher. (F3438)
60
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES
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After the fact comments aren’t constructive. It’s better to say, “hey, this guy is
about to hit us”, than “ this is the guy who nearly hit us”. (F1629)
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Phones, radios, windscreens, should all be left up to the passenger. (F1356)
As a passenger you have to remember that the driver is doing work, so if it is
busy they have to do more work and so you have to quieten down a bit to let
them work as well as they can. (F1813)
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Potential countermeasures for implementing positive passenger roles
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This would give carte blanche to back-seat drivers to torture drivers. It could
achieve the opposite of what you hope for. Message needs to get out on
complexity of driving task. Campaign should be along the lines of “look after
the driver”, “help the driver in these ways”, rather than “passengers should
do this or that”. (F2499)
Probably if you tell them that they are going to save their lives and other
people’s lives. Have to make people worry about losing what they have.
(F1883)
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UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
61
CHAPTER 5
Passengers have to realise that the driver is taking their life into their hands
and if they don’t speak up and there is a crash, then they only have themselves
to blame. (F1883)
Public awareness is important. Should say to passengers that you have a
responsibility as a passenger for the safety of everybody in the vehicle
including the driver. (F1534)
… My suggestion is to get drivers into regular training regime that will
include this sort of thing. It might not work for all drivers, but at least if you
train the drivers well they can say to the passenger these are the sorts of things
I’d like you to look out for while I’m driving. (F1629)
I think that the passenger should be part of driving programs done at schools,
but I don’t think that many teenagers would take up on that unless it was in a
test. (F1356)
… a lot of it comes down to driver training. Re-educating drivers and
organizing passengers. But I still think that this is the responsibility of the
driver. (F1606)
Need to teach passengers how to say things – make them aware that back-seat
driving can be very distracting but in certain circumstances is useful. (F2556)
Need public awareness campaign as passengers are generally uncomfortable
commenting on the driving of others. (F2723)
Driver education is important – teach drivers that passengers do count.
Drivers are responsible for safety and comfort of passengers but also
passengers should be given the opportunity to tell you if they’re
uncomfortable. (F2175)
We need to make it easier for passengers to speak up – emphasise their right
to speak out (F3481)
In Queensland there’s a campaign using a sign saying “Passengers, it’s your
job to keep the driver alert”. You need to make it easy; have street signs
asking “Is your driver going too fast?”. If the passenger sees it, they’ll think
about it. (F3625)
Remind drivers what it’s like to be a passenger and remind them that just as
they may want to comment on the driving of others, so their passengers may
want to comment on their driving. Treat others as you want to be treated.
(F3481)
Need to target drivers, not passengers. Drivers often have no passengers so
have to rely on their own judgment. (F3505)
You need to encourage passengers to speak out. Drivers won’t ignore them
totally. (F3438)
A lot of schools have driver education – incorporate the benefits of passengers
in this instead of always focusing on the driver. Can also ask questions about
passengers in “L” test. (F3909)
62
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES
I think that the passenger should be part of driving programs done at schools,
but I don’t think that many teenagers would take up on that unless it was in a
test (F1356)
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UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
63
CHAPTER 6
Chapter 6 Summary of Findings & General
Discussion
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64
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS & GENERAL DISCUSSION
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UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
65
CHAPTER 6
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CHAPTER 7
Chapter 7 Recommendations for
Countermeasure Development and Further
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68
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COUNTERMEASURE DEVELOPMENT AND FURTHER RESEARCH
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CHAPTER 7
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MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
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Appendix A
Telephone Survey
UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR
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APPENDIX A
82
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
TELEPHONE SURVEY
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APPENDIX A
84
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
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APPENDIX A
86
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APPENDIX A
88
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
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90
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APPENDIX A
92
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
FOCUS GROUP RECRUITMENT
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Focus Group Recruitment
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APPENDIX C
Appendix C Information to Focus Group
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Appendix E
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