“Vegetable Weed Control in the Desert” Barry Tickes University of Arizona
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“Vegetable Weed Control in the Desert” Barry Tickes University of Arizona Yuma Agricultural Center 25 Herbicides Registered In Arizona And California 2008 20 15 10 5 0 Cotton Alfalfa Wheat Melons Cole Crops Lettuce 9 New Herbicide Registrations Since 2000 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Cotton Wheat Alfalfa Melons Cole Crops Lettuce Herbicide Registrations 20 Acres 15 Cotton Alfalfa 10 Wheat Cole Crops 5 Melons Leaf Lettuce Head Lettuce 0 10 20 00 20 90 19 80 19 70 19 60 19 Year Lettuce Weed Control/ Low Deserts Sowthistle Sunflower Prickly Lettuce Groundcherry Silverleaf Nightshade 1965 Y concentrate on bed top or injury can occur. Prefar CA/AZ 1968 N irrigation to push down to where weed seeds Kerb CA/AZ 1969 N Poast CA/AZ 1984 Y Select CA/AZ 1987 Y Good Control Partial Control No Control Pigweed Lambsquarters CA/AZ Malva Wild mustard Balan Purselane CA/AZ Nettleleaf Goosefoot Herbicide Shepardspurse Other London Rocket Nightshade Winter annual Sunflower Summer Annual Goosefoot Available as a generic Mustards Year first registered or expected Grasses Barry Tickes University of Arizona Revised 6-08 Comments Must be mechanically incorporated. Do not Incorporate with high volume of sprinkler are germinating. Will leach below weed seeds if applied too early or with too much sprinkler water. Delayed application often necessary. Will not control annual bluegrass or Sprangletop. Always use COC. Use highest rates to control annual bluegrass and Sprangletop. Can use either NIS or COC with Select Max but only COC with Select Lettuce Weed Control/ Low Deserts Sowthistle Sunflower Prickly Lettuce Groundcherry Silverleaf Nightshade 1965 Y concentrate on bed top or injury can occur. Prefar CA/AZ 1968 N irrigation to push down to where weed seeds Kerb CA/AZ 1969 N Poast CA/AZ 1984 Y Select CA/AZ 1987 Y Good Control Partial Control No Control Pigweed Lambsquarters CA/AZ Malva Wild mustard Balan Purselane CA/AZ Nettleleaf Goosefoot Herbicide Shepardspurse Other London Rocket Nightshade Winter annual Sunflower Summer Annual Goosefoot Available as a generic Mustards Year first registered or expected Grasses Barry Tickes University of Arizona Revised 6-08 Comments Must be mechanically incorporated. Do not Incorporate with high volume of sprinkler are germinating. Will leach below weed seeds if applied too early or with too much sprinkler water. Delayed application often necessary. Will not control annual bluegrass or Sprangletop. Always use COC. Use highest rates to control annual bluegrass and Sprangletop. Can use either NIS or COC with Select Max but only COC with Select Lettuce Weed Control/ Low Deserts Sowthistle Sunflower Prickly Lettuce Groundcherry Silverleaf Nightshade 1965 Y concentrate on bed top or injury can occur. Prefar CA/AZ 1968 N irrigation to push down to where weed seeds Kerb CA/AZ 1969 N Poast CA/AZ 1984 Y Select CA/AZ 1987 Y Good Control Partial Control No Control Pigweed Lambsquarters CA/AZ Malva Wild mustard Balan Purselane CA/AZ Nettleleaf Goosefoot Herbicide Shepardspurse Other London Rocket Nightshade Winter annual Sunflower Summer Annual Goosefoot Available as a generic Mustards Year first registered or expected Grasses Barry Tickes University of Arizona Revised 6-08 Comments Must be mechanically incorporated. Do not Incorporate with high volume of sprinkler are germinating. Will leach below weed seeds if applied too early or with too much sprinkler water. Delayed application often necessary. Will not control annual bluegrass or Sprangletop. Always use COC. Use highest rates to control annual bluegrass and Sprangletop. Can use either NIS or COC with Select Max but only COC with Select Lettuce Weed Control/ Low Deserts Nightshade Lambsquarters Sowthistle Sunflower Prickly Lettuce Groundcherry Silverleaf Nightshade 1965 Y concentrate on bed top or injury can occur. Prefar CA/AZ 1968 N irrigation to push down to where weed seeds Kerb CA/AZ 1969 N Poast CA/AZ 1984 Y Select CA/AZ 1987 Y Good Control Partial Control No Control Pigweed Wild mustard CA/AZ Malva Shepardspurse Balan Purselane CA/AZ Nettleleaf Goosefoot Herbicide London Rocket Other Winter annual Sunflower Summer Annual Goosefoot Available as a generic Mustards Year first registered or expected Grasses Barry Tickes University of Arizona Revised 6-08 Comments Must be mechanically incorporated. Do not Incorporate with high volume of sprinkler are germinating. Will leach below weed seeds if applied too early or with too much sprinkler water. Delayed application often necessary. Will not control annual bluegrass or Sprangletop. Always use COC. Use highest rates to control annual bluegrass and Sprangletop. Can use either NIS or COC with Select Max but only COC with Select Modern Chemical Era: in the last 15 years……. Chemistry Products Spectrum 1. Neonicotinoids Admire, Assail… Whitefly, aphid, beetles 2. Spinosyns Success, Radiant Worms, leafminers, thrips 3. Diacylhydrazine Confirm, Intrepid Worms 4 Pyridine Fulfill Aphids 5. Pyridine - IGR Knack Whiteflies 6. Oxadiazine Avaunt Worms 7 Thiadiazine Courier Whiteflies 8. Carbozimide Beleaf Aphids 9. Diamides Coragen, Synapse Worms, Leafminers 10. Ketoenols Oberon, Movento Aphids, Whiteflies U.S Crop Acreage 2008 • • • • • • • • • • • Field Corn Soybeans Wheat Alfalfa Cotton Head Lettuce Broccoli Romaine Leaf Lettuce Spinach Cauliflower 86,351,000 75,718,000 55,685,000 20,980,000 9,470,000 151,000 126,000 82,5000 53,9000 37,400 36,910 P. McDougall (Crop Life America and European Crop Protection Assn.) Arizona Crop Acreage 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 Acres Total Total 1,000,000 Field Crops 800,000 600,000 Vegetable 400,000 Vegetables 200,000 Fruit and Nuts 0 1978 1987 1997 Year 2007 California Crop Acreage 10,000,000 9,000,000 Total 8,000,000 7,000,000 Acres 6,000,000 Field Crops 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 Fruit and Nuts 2,000,000 Vegetables 1,000,000 0 1966 1976 1986 Year 1996 2006 UNTREATED BALAN Treflan/sudan Herbicide EPTC (Eptam) Linuron (Lorox) DCPA (Dacthal) Bentazon (Basagran) Pronamide (Kerb) Napropamide (Devrinol) Pendimethalin (Prowl H2O) Oxyfluorfen (GoalTender) Metolachlor (Dual Magnum) Clopyralid (Stinger) Dimethenamid (Outlook) Halosulfuron (Sandea) Carfentrazon (Aim) Flumioxazin (Chateau) Vegetable crop(s) Date First Registered Date New Registrations Carrots 1960 2009 Spinach 1962 In progress Cole crops, Onions (Formulation) 1965 2002 Onions, carrots 1968 In progress Lettuce (Formulation & Chemigation 1969 2004 and in progress Lettuce 1969 In progress 1975 In progress 1976 2005 1977 In progress Cole crops 1987 2003 Carrots, onions 1993 In progress Melons 1993 2004 Melons, transplanted fruiting vegetables 2000 In progress Onions, asparagus 2001 In progress Cole crops, onions, transplanted lettuce (Formulation change) Cole crops, onions, celery, leeks (Formulation change) Spinach, carrots, transplanted lettuce Untreated Eptam 3.5 pt. (3X) Prowl H2O Prowl 3.3 Dacthal 6F 75W Kerb 50W Kerb 3.3 Rates: 1-2 lbs. Rates: 1.2 - 2.4 pts. Kerb Chemigation Applicators GoalTender Chemigation Equipment GoalTender 6oz. Untreated Lettuce Weed Control Yuma County Arizona 2009 100 100 93 82 90 80 70 60 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 Herbicides Cultivation Hand Hoed Non-chemical Weed Control Exclusion Mechanical Solarization Hand Labor Cultural Prevention Labor 1850-1882 1890’s – 1900’s 1920’s – present Chinese Era Japanese Era Mexican Era Cultivation Cultivation • Advantages • Disadvantages • • • • Roots,shoots and above ground portions of the weeds are destroyed and buried. Surface crusts are broken up,aeration and water penetration is improved. Other pests may be controlled • • • Perennial weeds can be dispersed. Weed seed brought to the surface. Moisture loss and soil erosion Crop roots damaged Soil Solarization - Clear polyethylene - 4-6 weeks - Moisture Disadvantages Advantages • Time • Non-chemical, broad applicability • Only effective at shallow depths • All weeds not controlled • Controls other pests as well • Effective on some seeds 2005 field soil solarization trial 2005 field soil solarization trial Fusarium wilt at crop maturity Cultural Control Methods • • • • • • • • • • • • • Crop Rotation Mulch Planting Preplant Germination of weeds Water Management Planting Pattern Fallow Stale Seedbed Planting Time Variety Selection Smother Crops Competitive Crops Grazing Biological Control (insects) • • • • • • • • • • • • • Biological Control (Diseases) Allelopathy Flooding Weed Free Seed Weed Laws Row Spacing Crop Population Clean Borders and Edges Timely Crop Destruction Land Selection Planting Date Reduced Tillage Natural Enemies Traditional Breeding •STS - SU tolerant soybeans •Poast Protected Field Corn •Clearfield (Imi resistant) corn wheat, canola, sunflower, rice Genetic Engineering (GMO’s) •Glyphosate resistant crops •Glufonsinate (Liberty-Link) resistant •BXN (Bromoxynil) resistant Conclusions • Because of the costs to develop and register pesticides, the development of new herbicides for vegetables is unlikely. • Reliance on cheap labor has always put vegetable growers in a precarious position. • Non-chemical cultural practices, automated cultivation equipment and old herbicides will likely continue to be relied upon. • With the help of the IR4 Project the industry will remain competitive.. THANK YOU Extra Slides Family: Brassica/Crucifer Crops: Bok Choy, Napa, Mizuna, Kale, Kohlrabi, Turnip Greens, Mustard, Tatsoi, Arugula, Radish, Daikon Herbicides Prefar Trifluralin Dacthal Stinger Poast Select Year First Registered 1962 1967 1970 1987 1984 1991 Family: Umbelliferae Crops: Cilantro, Coriander, Parsley, Dill, Parsnip, Fennel Herbicides Prefar Lorox Poast Year First Registered 1962 1965 1984 Family: Aster Crops: Endive, Escarole, Chicory, Radicchio Herbicides Prefar Trifluralin Kerb Fusilade Poast Select Year First Registered 1962 1967 1969 1984 1984 1991 Family: Amaranth Crops: Spinach, Chard, Beets Herbicides Roneet Dual Magnum (AZ. Only) Poast Select Year First Registered 1987 1977 1984 1991 Head Lettuce Arizona - California 145000 125000 California Acres 105000 85000 65000 Arizona 45000 25000 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 Year Leaf Lettuce Acres Arizona - California 54000 49000 44000 39000 34000 29000 24000 19000 14000 9000 4000 California Arizona 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 Year Broccoli Arizona - California 144000 124000 California Acres 104000 84000 64000 44000 24000 Arizona 4000 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 Year Cauliflower Arizona - California 43000 38000 California Acres 33000 28000 23000 18000 13000 8000 Arizona 3000 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 Year Romaine Arizona - California 70000 60000 California Acres 50000 40000 30000 20000 Arizona 10000 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 Year Spinach Arizona - California 43000 38000 Acres 33000 28000 California 23000 18000 13000 Arizona 8000 3000 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 Year Cantaloupe Acres Arizona - California 63000 58000 53000 48000 43000 38000 33000 28000 23000 18000 13000 California Arizona 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 Year Onions (Spring) Acres Arizona - California 9500 8500 7500 6500 5500 4500 3500 2500 1500 500 California Arizona 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 Year $186/ac. Untreated: 2007 $138/ac. Untreated: 2008 $12/ac. Dacthal 14pts.: 2007 $16/ac. Dacthal 14pts.: 2008 $15/ac. Prefar 6qts.+ GoalTender 6oz.: 2007 $18/ac. Prefar 6qts. + GoalTender 6oz.:2008 2008 New Tolerances (246) • 125 Fungicides • 89 Insecticides • 32 Herbicides (8 veg.)
