Advances in Understanding Insect Dispersal to Improve
Pest Management in Vegetable Crops
Successful Management
Adapted to a Mobile,
Polyphagous Whitefly Pest in a
Diverse Cropping System
What Am I Doing Here?
• Vegetables?
• Dispersal?
Peter C. Ellsworth & John C. Palumbo
Arizona Pest Management Center /
Department of Entomology
University of Arizona
Section F Symposium, ESA, December 20, 2005
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What Am I Doing Here?
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Bemisia tabaci, Biotype B
• 33 µg
• > 600 hosts
• Mobile adult form
• Cotton?
• Movement?
• Introduced to U.S. in
late 1980’s and AZ in
early 1990’s
• Reduces yields,
contaminates with
honeydew & vectors
viruses
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Veggie Losses
• Reduced Yields
Dispersal and IPM
–
–
–
–
• Description of System
Leaf necrosis
Fruit size
Plant vigor
Maturity
• Reduced Quality
– Damage potential &
economic impact
– Intercrop interactions
– Chlorosis
– Low sugars
– Sooty mold
• Bemisia movement
• IPM System
– Impact of dispersal
– Cross-commodity
management
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1
Damage to Cotton: Direct,
Yield Loss
Biological Defoliation (UTC, 1992)
Yield Loss
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Excreted Sugars Host
Sooty Molds
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$100M Problem
Sticky cotton could not
be sold at a premium
price after outbreaks in
1992 & 1995.
Quality Loss
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Arizona Cotton Insect Losses
(1990–2004)
Foliar Spray Intensity
Whitefly
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Pink bollworm
14
12
10
8
$217
$113 (ave. cost / A)
$106
$138
2
0
Other
IGRs, Bt cotton,
& AZ IPM Plan
introduced
$121
$111 $108
6
4
Lygus bugs
$68
$103
$85
$37
$64
$56 $62
$53
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
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2
Mass Movement
Shared Whiteflies and Shared Chemistries
Among Key Whitefly Hosts
Intercrop Interactions
Spring Melons
Winter Vegetables
Fall Melons
Cotton
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J. Hatch
Whitefly Movement &
Dispersal
One Man’s White-Fly…
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Short-Range Migration
What Do We Know?
From Byrne, Blackmer et al.
• < 5% have sustained flights > 2 hrs
• Ca. 6% exhibit behaviors consistent with migration
• After which, sustained flight (> 15 min.) required to
respond to visual cues
From Byrne, Blackmer et al.
• Longer flights during morning hours in females,
though flight is possible all day
• Females have greater rates of climb
D. Byrne
• < 1 d old or > 7 d. old, flight muscles not adequately
developed for flight
• Longer duration flights at 3 – 5 d of age
• Gravid females do fly, though > 4 eggs inhibits longduration flights
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J. Hatch
• Heavily dependent on wind direction
• Mark / recapture of individuals up to 2.7 km
• Bimodal distribution with majority near source
(“trivial” flyers) & some at ca. 2.2 km (“migrators”)
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Adult Population Dynamics
Adult Population Dynamics
Cotton
Cotton
Adults per leaf
Adults per leaf
300
20
100
Emigration
10
15
Immigration
10
1
5
0.1
28-Jun
Emigration
Immigration
0
26-Jul
4-Jul
23-Aug
1997
From Naranjo & Ellsworth,
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2005
Adult Population Dynamics
1-Aug
29-Aug
1998
26-Sep
From Naranjo & Ellsworth,
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2005
Whitefly IPM…
Cotton
…depends on 3 basic keys
3
Adults per leaf
60
50
2
40
30
20
Emigration
Immigration
10
1
0
27-Jun
25-Jul
1999
22-Aug
19-Sep
From Naranjo & Ellsworth,
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2005
Whitefly IPM
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Unstable
Missing elements of
“Avoidance”, e.g.,
“Areawide Impact”
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Areawide Impact
…depends on stable
systems of management
to be in place for all
sensitive crops in order
to reduce area-wide
pressure or movement.
Whitefly IPM
3
2
1
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Selective & Effective Chemistry
…the insect growth
regulators (for cotton)
& Admire (for veggies)
sit at the center of our
pyramid.
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Overwhelming Pressure
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Shared Whiteflies and Shared Chemistries
Among Key Whitefly Hosts
Areawide Pressure
Intercrop Interactions
Dome Valley
Winter Vegetables
Spring Melons
Admire 1st used
60
Nymphs per sq. cm.
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50
Admire standard
Untreated
Widespread
use of Admire
40
Palumbo, in press
30
IGRs in cotton
introduced
20
10
10
1
0
'93
'94
'95
'96
'97
'98
'99
'00
'01
'02
'03
'04
'05
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Fall Melons
Cotton
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Whitefly IPM
Whitefly X-IPM…
…depends on cooperation
among grower’s of
cotton, spring &
fall melons, &
vegetables.
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Neonicotinoids: A Major Class
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Neonicotinoids: A Major Class
A.I.
Product
Application
Crops Uses
A.I.
Product
Application
Crops Uses
Acetamiprid
Acetamiprid
Assail
Intruder
Foliar
Foliar
Lettuce, Cole
Cotton
Acetamiprid
Acetamiprid
Assail
Intruder
Foliar
Foliar
Lettuce, Cole
Cotton
Dinotefuran
Venom
Foliar, Soil
All
Dinotefuran
Venom
Foliar, Soil
All
Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid
Admire, etc.
Gaucho, etc.
Provado, etc.
Soil
Seed
Foliar
Melons, Lettuce, Cole
Cotton
Lettuce, Cole (Cotton)
Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid
Admire, etc.
Gaucho, etc.
Provado, etc.
Soil
Seed
Foliar
Melons, Lettuce, Cole
Cotton
Lettuce, Cole (Cotton)
Thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam
Centric
Cruiser
Platinum
Foliar
Seed
Soil
Cotton
Cotton
Melons
Thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam
Centric
Cruiser
Platinum
Foliar
Seed
Soil
Cotton
Cotton
Melons
Clothianidin
Thiacloprid
Clutch/Poncho various
Calypso
Foliar
?
?
Clothianidin
Thiacloprid
Clutch/Poncho various
Calypso
Foliar
?
?
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Risks by Community
• Complex cropping system
• 3 major whitefly host crops
• 4 major production windows
IRAC Symposium • Saturday at 9:30A
Paper 0722 – John C. Palumbo
“Grower Initiated Model for Sustaining Neonicotinoid
Efficacy Across Commodities”
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–
–
–
–
Winter vegetables
Spring melons
Summer cotton
Fall melons
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6
Three Common Communities
Risks by Community
• Cotton-Intensive, Multi-Crop, and Cotton / Melon
• Simple cropping system
• 1 major whitefly host crop
• 1 production window
– Summer cotton
(other crops grown but not major hosts for whiteflies:
alfalfa, wheat, barley, sudan grass, corn)
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Communities Defined
by Principal Treated
WF Hosts
Spatial Considerations
• Whiteflies residential inseason
• Opportunity for 3 – 4
“transfers” per year
• 2.2 km range for < 5% of
population, annual range
of 6.6 – 8.8 km
Cotton
Vegetables
Melons
Buckeye
Yuma
• Whitefly “communities” =
all those sensitive host
crops grown within a 2mile radius annually
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Cross-Commodity
Agreements on
Neonicotinoid Use
Sharing Neonicotinoids
Neonicotinoid* Limitations:
Maximum usage by crop per season
1 use
Community
Cotton
Melons
Vegetables
Multi-Crop
0
1
1
Vegetables
Cotton / Melon
1
1
—
Melons
Cotton-Intensive
2
—
—
*Seed,
1 use
1 use
Soil, or Foliar
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1 use
Cotton
Palumbo et al. 2003
Yuma
0 uses
2 uses
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Group Adoption
• Section level pesticide
records (1 mile square)
• Measure temporal & spatial
changes in adoption
• E.g., neonicotinoid usage
In cotton,
CI: 2
CM: 1
MC: 0
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Dispersal & Mgt. of Bemisia
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Dispersal & Mgt. of Bemisia
• While ostensibly a sedentary insect through most
of its life cycle, whiteflies can and do effectively
move through our agroecosystem.
• Careful consideration of the consequences of this
movement by stakeholders and researchers has
led to the development of a refined IPM strategy.
• These refinements consider the spatial risks (e.g.,
for outbreak conditions & for resistance) and
should help sustain cross-commodity
management of this pest areawide.
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Dispersal & Mgt. of Bemisia
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APMC
http://cals
http://cals..arizona.
arizona.edu/crops
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