Update and New
Considerations in Cotton
Insect Management
Peter C. Ellsworth
IPM Specialist
Maricopa Agricultural Center
University of Arizona
Early Season Cotton Management Meeting
26 May 2004
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Insect Management
• Review of status of Lygus IPM
– What do we know & need to know?
– Address two questions; Spatial & chemical control
– Selective options for Lygus control?
• Whitefly Management
– Review basic guide for cotton
– New information on Knack
– Historical performance
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Lygus IPM…
…depends on 3 basic keys
3
2
1
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Key Elements…
…what have we got?
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Lygus Can Be Managed!
Even side-by-side
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Avoid Adults; Control Nymphs
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Spray all
you want!
Lygus
hesperus
Adult
• Can cause
damage
• Cannot be
reliably
controlled
• Key to
movement &
reproduction
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Ring Analyses to Determine
Range of Impact of Lygus
• How are Lygus densities in focal
fields related to source potential of
surrounding crops?
C
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Lygus Associations
• Seed alfalfa fields are
sources of Lygus for cotton
fields. This effect does not
extend beyond 1 mile.
• Cotton fields are sinks for
Lygus. This effect
disappears beyond 0.5 miles.
• Strategic placement of crops
could help alleviate Lygus
problems.
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Adults move; Nymphs don’t
00F3threshold
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Adults move; Nymphs eat!
UTC
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3 Sprays
0 Sprays
Note height difference
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Avoid Adults; Control Nymphs!
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Yield & Revenue : Density
104 87
60
53
35
0 <== ave. costs
1.5
2
R = 0.86
1
• Maximum Yield @
1.7 nymphs / 100
0.5
0
-0.5
• Maximum Revenue
@ 5.2 nymphs / 100
-1
• Recommendation:
-1.5
4 nymphs with at
-2
least 15 total Lygus
-2.5
per 100 sweeps
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25 30
35 (‘15:4’)
Threshold (in nymphs / 100; 15T)
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Sampling & Thresholds
100 sweeps
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Sampling & Thresholds
13 Adults
+
4 Nymphs
(17:4)
is over
‘15:4’
Spray
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Sampling & Thresholds
13 Adults
+
3 Nymphs
(16:3)
is under
‘15:4’
Not Yet!
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Timing Late Season Controls
(when should you stop spraying?)
Lygus
Termination
(LT)
5-Aug
Spray Dates
16-Aug
23-Aug
6-Sep
2 wk < c.o.
1 wk < c.o.
1 wk > c.o.
20-Sep
3 wk > c.o.
LT4
LT3
LT2
LT1
c.o. = cut-out or nodes above white flower = 5
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2003 Experiment
• Two planting dates: April 30 & May 28
• Three varieties: SG215BR, DP449BR, DP555BR
• Two irrigation termination timings: Aug. & Sept.
• Four Lygus chemical control terminations
High heat stress & fruit shed July-August
Extremely productive “fall”, long, open and dry
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High Populations Late
Season
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a
b b b
a a a
a a a
b
a
b
b b
c
Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Late Late Late Late Late Late
215 215 449 449 555 555 215 215 449 449 555 555
Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt
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4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Nymphs / 100 s
Yield : Nymphs Relationship
48
42
36
30
24
18
12
Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Late Late Late Late Late Late
215 215 449 449 555 555 215 215 449 449 555 555
Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt
6
0
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50¢ Cotton Returns
200
a a
a
b b b
150
100
a a a a
a a a
b b
a a a a
b
a a
a
b b
a a a
b
a a a a
b b
a a a
b b b
a a a
b b b
a
a a a a
b b b
c c
Don’t Spray
50
0
-50
-100
3
Sprays
2
0
1 Spray
0
Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Late Late Late Late Late Late
215 215 449 449 555 555 215 215 449 449 555 555
Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt
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Effective & Selective
Chemistry
• Effective chemistry is
available, but limited to
broad spectrum materials
(I.e., Orthene or Vydate)
• Selective technologies have
been key to managing
whiteflies and pink bollworm
• Can selective agents be
found for Lygus?
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Yield (03F4Eff)
*
*
*
*
Flonicamid
(4 Sprays)
Orthene
(5 Sprays)
Regent
a
Vydate
b b
b
c
c
(5 Sprays)
d
(5 Sprays)
f
f
f
g g
g
OVCD F RU
Control
(0 Sprays)
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Whitefly IPM…
…depends on 3 basic keys
3
2
1
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Snow in Phoenix?
QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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Basic Guide
• Initiate WF control with IGRs!
– Consider either IGR, if Courier (= Applaud) is not used
locally in melons; Use Knack, otherwise.
– Use full rates (8 oz product); DON’T CUT RATES!
• Avoid neonicotinoids in cotton, where they are
depended on locally for melon & vegetable
production
– I.e., Intruder or Centric
• Follow timing guidelines
– 40% of leaves infested with 3 or more adults plus
– 40% of leaf disks infested with 1 or more large nymphs
• Don’t Get Distracted
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The Penalty is Severe & Lasting
QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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pyriproxyfen
®
®
Knack
Major
Points of
Insect
Growth
Regulation
Adult
4th,
“pupa”
Egg
Crawler
2nd 3rd
Courier
™
buprofezin
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IGR-treated
Untreated
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Bioresidual v. Chemical Residual
Recent studies on field residues
of pyriproxyfen (Knack) to
understand where and when
Knack is capable of killing
whiteflies
How long does Knack sterilize
females for?
How long does Knack last on or
in cotton leaves?
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
c
e
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Females Sterilized for 4 d*
1 feeding bout
Mean Dead Eggs (% ± SEM)
100
Female
Male
Water
80
60
Even males can
‘sterilize’ females
% Dead
Eggs 40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Days after 14-hr
Exposure
to Knack
Days After
Treatment
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Knack Sterilized Eggs on
Treated Leaves for 30 Days
100
Fourth Leaf
on day 0
80
60
% Dead
Eggs 40
20
Knack
Water
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Days after Spray on Cotton
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Field Decay of Knack Residues
Don’t Cut Rates!
8
7
Ca. 7 d half-life
Pyriproxyfen (PPM)
6
PPM
y = 6.9867e
5


− 0.1072 X 
R 2 = 0.8986
4
3
2
1
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Days after Spray on Cotton
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2003 WF Management
Demonstration
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Real World Example (03F22)
20
18
YIELD LIMITING
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
15-Jul
Defoliated
15-Aug
15-Sep
Intruder (2.3 oz)
Knack (8 oz)
Courier 70WP (8 oz)
UTC
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Historical Comparisons
Knack 1996
3
1996
6
6
2
6
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
June
6
July
August
6
6
September
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Knack 1997
UTC > 12.8 (9/16)
3
1997
6
7
6
2
7
7
6
1
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
6
7
June
7
7
7
6
7
July
6
6
7
August
6
7
6
6
September
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Knack 1998
UTC > 3.0 (8/10)
3
19988
7
6
6
2
7
8
7
6
1
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
87
8
6
7
June
6
6
8
7
8
6
7
July
8
8
August
8
7
8
8
7
6
8
7
6
8
6
September
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Knack 1999
UTC > 3.3 (8/16)
3
9
8
7
6
6
2
1999
7
8
7
6
1
7
6
6
9
9
7
6
9
6
6
6
6
0
6
9
6
6
87
8
6
97
June
9
6
6
6
8
798
6
7
98
July
9
7
8
8
August
8
9
8
7
6
9
8
7
69
8
6
September
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Knack 2000
UTC > 10.6 (8/3)
3
9
8
7
6
0
6
2
0
2000
7
8
7
6
1
6
7
0
6
0
9
9
7
6
9
6
6
6
6
0
8
6
97
June
8
798
6
7
98
July
9
7
8
0
08
August
6
9
0
0
9
6
6
6
6
6
87
8
9
0
8
7
6
9
8
7
69
8
6
September
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Knack 2002
UTC > 6.4 (9/18)
3
9
8
7
6
0
6
2
0
7
2002
8
2
1
6
2
0
7
6
0
7
6
2
9
9
7
6
0
June
2
97
2 8
7 29 8
6
7
98
July
9
0
6
9
2
2
0
9
6
2
8
6
2
6
6
6
6
9
6
8
0
2
08
August
2
7
6
6
6
87
2
8
9
0
8
7
6
9
8
7
69
8
6
September
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Knack 2003
UTC > 18.0 (9/18)
Application made 10 d late
3
9
8
2003
7
6
0
3
6
2
0
3
3
3
7
3
3
8
2
3
1
6
2
0
7
6
0
7
6
2
9
7
6
3
0
2
June
2
9
6
97
2 8
7 29 8
6
7
98
July
9
0
9
6
3
6
2
8
6
3
6
6
6
6
3
9
9
2
2
0
8
0
2
08
August
2
7
6
6
6
87
2
8
9
0
8
7
6
9
8
7
69
8
6
September
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Historical Performance of
Knack, 1996–2002
Consistent timing, consistent results
3
1996
19988
1997
6
0
6
2
9
7
0
2000
1999
7
2002
8
2
1
6
2
0
7
6
0
7
6
2
9
9
7
6
0
June
2
97
2 8
7 29 8
6
7
98
July
9
0
6
9
2
2
0
9
6
2
8
6
2
6
6
6
6
9
6
8
0
2
08
August
2
7
6
6
6
87
2
8
9
0
8
7
6
9
8
7
69
8
6
September
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Historical Performance of
Knack, 1996–2003
Incorrect timing, less effective results
3
1996
19988
1997
6
0
3
6
2
0
2000
3
3
7
3
2
2
0
3
7
6
7
6
2
0
9
7
6
2
June
2
9
6
97
2 8
7 29 8
6
7
98
July
9
0
9
6
3
6
2
8
6
3
6
6
3
0
3
9
6
6
3
8
3
6
1999
2003
2002
1
9
7
9
2
2
0
8
0
2
08
August
2
7
6
6
6
87
2
8
9
0
8
7
6
9
8
7
69
8
6
September
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Don’t Forget! (1992)
QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Ellsworth/UA
Basic Guide
• Initiate WF control with IGRs!
– Consider either IGR, if Courier (= Applaud) is not used
locally in melons; Use Knack, otherwise.
– Use full rates (8 oz product); DON’T CUT RATES!
• Avoid neonicotinoids in cotton, where they are
depended on locally for melon & vegetable
production
– I.e., Intruder or Centric
• Follow timing guidelines
– 40% of leaves infested with 3 or more adults plus
– 40% of leaf disks infested with 1 or more large nymphs
• Don’t Get Distracted
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Acknowledgments
• Virginia Barkley who supervised and others (7)
who conducted the sampling
• Christa Ellers-Kirk for assistance with analyses
• Larry Antilla, Jerry Kerr and the rest of the
ACRPC staff who provide crop maps &
coordinates
• Steve Husman, Dave Langston, Jennifer Jones
and cooperating growers involved with the
implementation of the Maricopa Community Wide
Lygus Action Plan
• ACGA and Cotton Incorporated who supported
(pce) the Lygus termination studies
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Information
•• All
All University
University of
of Arizona
Arizona
crop
crop production
production &
& crop
crop
protection
protection information
information is
is
available
available on
on our
our web
web site,
site,
•• Arizona
Arizona Crop
Crop Information
Information
Site
Site (ACIS),
(ACIS), at
at
A
C
I
S
•• http://
cals.arizona.edu/crops
http://cals.arizona.edu/crops
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