Update and New Considerations in Cotton Insect Management Insect Management • Review of status of Lygus IPM – What do we know & need to know? – Address two questions; Spatial & chemical control – Selective options for Lygus control? Peter C. Ellsworth IPM Specialist Maricopa Agricultural Center University of Arizona • Whitefly Management – Review basic guide for cotton – New information on Knack Early Season Cotton Management Meeting 26 May 2004 – Historical performance Ellsworth/UA Lygus IPM… …depends on 3 basic keys Ellsworth/UA Key Elements… …what have we got? 3 2 1 Ellsworth/UA Avoid Adults; Control Nymphs Lygus Can Be Managed! Even side-by-side Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA 1 Spray all you want! Lygus hesperus Adult • Can cause damage • Cannot be reliably controlled • Key to movement & reproduction Ring Analyses to Determine Range of Impact of Lygus • How are Lygus densities in focal fields related to source potential of surrounding crops? C Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA Adults move; Nymphs don’t Lygus Associations • Seed alfalfa fields are sources of Lygus for cotton fields. This effect does not extend beyond 1 mile. • Cotton fields are sinks for Lygus. This effect disappears beyond 0.5 miles. • Strategic placement of crops could help alleviate Lygus problems. Ellsworth/UA 00F3threshold Ellsworth/UA Adults move; Nymphs eat! 3 Sprays 0 Sprays UTC Note height difference Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA 2 Avoid Adults; Control Nymphs! Yield & Revenue : Density 104 87 60 53 35 0 <== ave. costs • Maximum Yield @ 1.7 nymphs / 100 1.5 R2 = 0.86 1 0.5 • Maximum Revenue @ 5.2 nymphs / 100 0 -0.5 -1 • Recommendation: 4 nymphs with at least 15 total Lygus -2.5 per 100 sweeps -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 (‘15:4’) Threshold (in nymphs / 100; 15T) -1.5 -2 Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA Sampling & Thresholds Sampling & Thresholds 100 sweeps 13 Adults + 4 Nymphs (17:4) is over ‘15:4’ Spray Ellsworth/UA Sampling & Thresholds Ellsworth/UA Timing Late Season Controls (when should you stop spraying?) 13 Adults + 3 Nymphs (16:3) Lygus Termination (LT) 5-Aug 16-Aug Spray Dates 23-Aug 6-Sep 2 wk < c.o. 1 wk < c.o. 1 wk > c.o. 20-Sep 3 wk > c.o. LT4 is under LT3 ‘15:4’ LT2 Not Yet! LT1 c.o. = cut-out or nodes above white flower = 5 Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA 3 High Populations Late Season 2003 Experiment • Two planting dates: April 30 & May 28 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 • Three varieties: SG215BR, DP449BR, DP555BR • Two irrigation termination timings: Aug. & Sept. • Four Lygus chemical control terminations High heat stress & fruit shed July-August a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a bbb a a a b a b bb c Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Late Late Late Late Late Late 215 215 449 449 555 555 215 215 449 449 555 555 Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Extremely productive “fall”, long, open and dry Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA Nymphs / 100 s Yield : Nymphs Relationship 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 48 200 42 150 36 30 24 18 1 12 0.5 6 0 0 Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Late Late Late Late Late Late 215 215 449 449 555 555 215 215 449 449 555 555 Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt 50¢ Cotton Returns a a a a a a a b b b 100 a a a bb a a a a a a b a bb a a a b a a a a b b a a a a a a bb b b bb a a a a a b b b c c Don’t Spray 50 0 -50 -100 2 3 Sprays 0 1 Spray 0 Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Opt Late Late Late Late Late Late 215 215 449 449 555 555 215 215 449 449 555 555 Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Late Opt Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA Yield (03F4Eff) Effective & Selective Chemistry * * * * Flonicamid (4 Sprays) • Effective chemistry is available, but limited to broad spectrum materials (I.e., Orthene or Vydate) Orthene (5 Sprays) Regent a • Selective technologies have been key to managing whiteflies and pink bollworm Vydate b b b c c (5 Sprays) d (5 Sprays) f f g g g f • Can selective agents be found for Lygus? Control (0 Sprays) O VCDF RU Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA 4 Whitefly IPM… Snow in Phoenix? …depends on 3 basic keys 3 2 QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1 Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA The Penalty is Severe & Lasting Basic Guide • Initiate WF control with IGRs! – Consider either IGR, if Courier (= Applaud) is not used locally in melons; Use Knack, otherwise. – Use full rates (8 oz product); DON’T CUT RATES! QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Avoid neonicotinoids in cotton, where they are depended on locally for melon & vegetable production – I.e., Intruder or Centric • Follow timing guidelines – 40% of leaves infested with 3 or more adults plus – 40% of leaf disks infested with 1 or more large nymphs • Don’t Get Distracted Ellsworth/UA Major Points of Insect Growth Regulation pyriproxyfen Knack® Adult Ellsworth/UA IGR-treated Untreated 4th, “pupa” Egg Crawler 2nd 3rd Courier ™ ™ buprofezin Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA 5 Bioresidual v. Chemical Residual Females Sterilized for 4 d* 1 feeding bout Recent studies on field residues of pyriproxyfen (Knack) to understand where and when Knack is capable of killing whiteflies b i o l o g i c a l i n s e c t i c e How long does Knack last on or in cotton leaves? Mean Dead Eggs (% ± SEM) How long does Knack sterilize females for? 100 Female Male Water 80 60 Even males can ‘sterilize’ females % Dead Eggs 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Days after 14-hr Exposure to Knack Days After Treatment Ellsworth/UA Knack Sterilized Eggs on Treated Leaves for 30 Days Ellsworth/UA Field Decay of Knack Residues Don’t Cut Rates! 100 8 Fourth Leaf on day 0 80 7 Ca. 7 d half-life Pyriproxyfen (PPM) 6 60 % Dead Eggs 40 PPM 20 y = 6.9867 e 5 − 0 .1072 X R 2 = 0.8986 4 3 2 0 1 Knack Water 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 0 30 5 10 15 20 25 Days after Spray on Cotton Days after Spray on Cotton Ellsworth/UA 2003 WF Management Demonstration Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA Real World Example (03F22) 20 18 YIELD LIMITING 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 15-Jul 15-Aug Defoliated 15-Sep Intruder (2.3 oz) Knack (8 oz) Courier 70WP (8 oz) UTC Ellsworth/UA 6 Historical Comparisons Knack 1996 Knack 1997 UTC > 12.8 (9/16) 3 3 1996 7 1997 6 6 6 2 6 2 7 7 6 1 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 July 7 6 August September 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 June 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 June 6 6 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 July 7 August 6 September Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA Knack 1998 Knack 1999 UTC > 3.0 (8/10) UTC > 3.3 (8/16) 3 6 3 19988 2 7 6 6 2 7 8 7 6 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 0 8 7 7 June 6 7 6 6 8 6 9 9 7 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 7 6 August 7 8 6 0 6 September 9 6 9 6 6 6 9 6 6 87 8 6 8 6 6 6 87 7 8 July 7 6 6 8 8 7 6 1 6 6 6 1999 7 8 1 9 8 7 6 6 8 97 7 June 9 8 6 7 9 8 7 8 9 8 July 8 9 8 6 7 August 9 7 8 6 September Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA Knack 2000 Knack 2002 UTC > 10.6 (8/3) UTC > 6.4 (9/18) 3 8 69 3 9 8 2 7 6 0 0 6 2 0 2000 9 8 7 6 6 0 7 7 2002 8 1 6 7 0 0 6 2 9 9 7 6 6 6 0 97 June 8 7 9 8 6 7 July 9 8 9 1 9 6 6 6 0 7 8 0 08 August 6 9 0 6 9 0 6 8 8 7 9 7 8 69 7 6 9 9 7 6 6 September Ellsworth/UA 0 2 June 2 6 97 28 728 9 6 7 July 9 8 9 0 9 2 2 0 9 6 6 2 8 6 8 6 9 6 6 87 6 2 7 6 6 6 2 0 0 9 6 6 8 6 8 7 6 8 0 2 08 August 2 7 6 6 6 9 0 87 2 8 7 8 6 9 7 8 69 8 6 September Ellsworth/UA 7 Historical Performance of Knack, 1996–2002 Knack 2003 UTC > 18.0 (9/18) Consistent timing, consistent results Application made 10 d late 3 3 1996 9 8 19988 2003 7 6 0 0 6 0 0 7 2 7 6 6 9 7 3 0 2 2 6 6 3 728 9 28 June 6 7 9 9 2 2 0 9 8 6 0 2 8 0 2 6 7 9 0 8 6 August 9 9 7 6 0 6 September 2 June 6 97 28 728 9 6 7 July 9 8 9 0 9 2 2 0 9 6 6 2 8 6 2 9 6 6 8 69 7 8 7 6 9 6 6 8 6 2 7 87 2 7 2 0 0 6 6 08 July 6 9 6 2 8 97 8 1 9 6 6 7 3 2 6 6 3 9 6 1999 2002 3 8 2 2 0 2000 3 7 3 3 1 9 0 6 2 3 3 7 1997 6 3 6 2 8 0 2 2 6 7 08 6 6 9 0 87 2 8 7 August 8 6 9 7 8 69 8 6 September Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA Don’t Forget! (1992) Historical Performance of Knack, 1996–2003 Incorrect timing, less effective results 3 1996 2 3 0 3 3 7 3 2 2 7 6 7 6 7 0 6 2 June 2 9 6 97 28 728 9 6 7 9 8 9 0 3 9 2 2 0 8 0 July 9 6 6 2 8 3 6 6 3 3 9 9 6 6 6 3 3 8 2 3 0 0 1999 2003 2002 6 9 0 2000 1 QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture. 19988 7 1997 6 6 2 08 August 2 7 6 6 6 9 0 87 2 8 7 8 6 9 7 8 69 8 6 September Ellsworth/UA Basic Guide Ellsworth/UA Acknowledgments • Initiate WF control with IGRs! – Consider either IGR, if Courier (= Applaud) is not used locally in melons; Use Knack, otherwise. – Use full rates (8 oz product); DON’T CUT RATES! • Avoid neonicotinoids in cotton, where they are depended on locally for melon & vegetable production – I.e., Intruder or Centric • Follow timing guidelines – 40% of leaves infested with 3 or more adults plus – 40% of leaf disks infested with 1 or more large nymphs • Don’t Get Distracted Ellsworth/UA • Virginia Barkley who supervised and others (7) who conducted the sampling • Christa Ellers-Kirk for assistance with analyses • Larry Antilla, Jerry Kerr and the rest of the ACRPC staff who provide crop maps & coordinates • Steve Husman, Dave Langston, Jennifer Jones and cooperating growers involved with the implementation of the Maricopa Community Wide Lygus Action Plan • ACGA and Cotton Incorporated who supported (pce) the Lygus termination studies Ellsworth/UA 8 Information •• All All University University of of Arizona Arizona crop crop production production & & crop crop protection protection information information is is available available on on our our web web site, site, •• Arizona Arizona Crop Crop Information Information Site Site (ACIS), (ACIS), at at A C I S •• http://cals.arizona.edu cals.arizona.edu/crops /crops http:// http://cals.arizona.edu/crops Ellsworth/UA 9