Beaufortia
SERIES
OF
MISCELLANEOUS
MUSEUM
ZOOLOGICAL
No.
PUBLICATIONS
AMSTERDAM
-
1952
9
Early
delta
the
in
populations
JANUARY
of
the
30
Scheldt I
river
by
P.J.
van
INTRODUCTION.
1.
The deltas of
impossible
form
the
Schelde;
(Dutch:
is
der Feen
Museum, Amsterdam
ZoAtogisch
to
Holocene
strip of
a
Escaut)
exact
trace
Meuse
Rhine,
rivers
French:
boundaries
delta of
the river
three rivers;
the
of
region
to
Netherlands
the
Scheldt
is
sand
the
to
the southern
so intimately that
them.
and
east
of
part
about
it
they
50 km
and northwest and
the
The
southeast.
the joint deltas of the
nearly identical with the present
it is
Together
peat),
and
west
the
and Scheldt
Maas),
between
(clay,
deposits
wide, lying between the North Sea
Pleistocene
(Dutch:
connected
are
province
Zealand of
Netherlands.
fluctuations of
Secular
the average level of
the
in
sea
relation to the
land, both positive and negative, together with sedimentation and erosion,
from the earliest
times onward
the local boundaries
salt water and the rate of
the
vegetation
the Roman
and
At
the séa
above
latter
is
is
the
on
earlier,
with
drained
rily
a
water
for
>)
originally
levels
in
In
and
artificially
Some of
resting
more
a
our
had
man
era,
of the river branches and
of
rows
sand dunes
on
large part occupied
is
kept
the aid of artificial
low level.
mounted
course
Moreover,
the region.
of
on
since
an
the
ever
water
ditches.
or
one
piece of land which
water
of
beginning
10
(height
border
to
40
m.
The
the land.
rather flat, varying only from 1.5 m. above to
1.5 m. under
(Normal Amsterdam Gauge), and is. since about 1200 A.D. or
somewhat
a
modified
present day, continuously
interrupted by broad estuaries,
level),
sea
N.A.P.
side
the
in
the rivers and
level in
the
land and
the whole character
occupation
increasing influence
to
The
water.
changing influx of
drainage of the land always deeply influenced
between
the soil
marine
Received AprU
only
later
or
1951.
the
an
the
pumps
profiles
clay
10.
times
in
sand,
from
dikes
when
outside
by
free
and sluices.
surrounding
of
(A polder
the
The land of
waters
polder,
for
draining
by windmills
polder
land
and covered
by
or
have
a
polder
tempora-
show
about
purposes,
other
1
m.
is
the
sur-
engines.)
layer
a
is
surrounding
unfavourable difference between
driven
the
„polders".
by
the influx
of
of
peat,
clay and
2
sand.
After
from 0.1
locality,
the
formed in
the
a
1.
of
25
x
Amsterdam
the
alternating
mm.
ÅBERG,
1916,
two
istence
11
p.
or
more
whole
delta
extensive
area.
the growing
of peat
wonder
we
that
the
3
sea
construction
water
A
Up
of
inside
sandy beach gives
succeeding regression
the Dutch
brought
regressions
lateral
the
a
(Western
sides
peat at
2.5
m
sluice
new
1903/3.1, catalogue
only
dunes
in
—
and
1908
no
ex-
type, Åberg).
(Normal
harbour.
I
coast
into
N.A.P.
317.
dunes
signs
in
of
the peat layer
(TESCH,
a
Now
in.
Mentioned
probably
estuaries,
transformed
along the
this
the
1920—1930,
regression
narrow
was
correlated
are
earliest
during
rather
drained,
formation of
delta of the Scheldt both in
present
i
in
a
of old and young dunes
the
the
thin
are
(e.g.
42.
insufficiently
If
find
and
with
them
in
L.).
of dunes. On
row
however,
sand,
included
1935). During
a
to
that the peat has been
clay, and
fossils
locality
lacking and
peat is
gently sloping
a
Terneuzen,
No.
zones
region,
peat
butted,
1903 at
p.
of
the
on
1949). The rising of
MEER,
DER
and
is evident
Cardium edule
Oudheden, Leiden,
van
allowed the influx
2.
from
the surf
thin
axe,
Found
It
transgressions
Gauge), during
Rijksmuseum
VAN
know
we
transformed into
are
Polished flint
76
x
as
sand.
the
overlying clay
from
varying
now,
In other spots
m.
of the
pressure
is
environment. The
water
transgression
sandy bars
Fig.
189
up
4.0
parallel bars (Timmermans,
to
series
a
to
the edible cockle,
During
rise
fresh
a
the peat layer
only clay and
deposits,
of
shells
m.
shows
profile
marine
drainage and by
by
shrinking
the thickness of
sand,
or
sea
manner,
presence
of
and
the
into
shore
we
men
an
and
cannot
in
and in the oldest parts of
the
the
dunes.
POLISHED
to
now
no
FLINT
AXE
palaeolithic
IN
THE
or
PEAT.
mesolithic
objects
have been
found
in
3
the delta of the Scheldt. The only
flint
found
1)
(fig.
axe
the
in
The type
only with much uncertainty.
Atlantic neolithic culture,
or
tal
and
Europe
or
two
in
use
3.
centuries before
couple of
times
inward
displaced
archaeological
of
OF
FLINT
ON
considered
are
as
made
were
type
with
early
as
2.
in
the
in
of
Arrowheads
the
dunes
Museum
Scheldt.
This
Scheldt,
which
of
flint.
van
A
tanged
Haamstede
at
modern tools.
more
been destroyed
from
the
the
desert,
a
dune
het
Zeeuwsch
restricted
very
has
school
numerable
continuously
at
Burgh
A.D., all scattered
Here he collected
the "wood-bar
is
in
only
free
the
technique"
arrow
and
a
in
barb
Another arrowhead of
in
the
hill
at
an
of
region
same
the
Beaujorxitt
No.
periods
the
has
its
at
one
the
in
from
from Bronze
flint
form, with
ever
1911
to
to
the
the pri1940
in-
16th century
sandy hills.
changing
made with
are
One of them
to
the
during
changed,
teacher in
from
Age
tang
A.
B).
highly interesting
(fig. 2). They
a
J.
of
delta of
water
sea
this
HUBREGTSE,
collected
"pressure-flaking".
fasten it
(fig.
to
the
2
A)
stem
both sides.
flint
(fig.
3),
technique, has been found
southern border of
9
A.
}.
by
specimens
Wetenschappen, Middelburg.
In
height.
valleys between the
or
Found
mm.
three
A.
the dunes themselves have
form and
in
der
18
x
of
the
was
four arrowheads of
highly characteristic
of
the
specimen
Genootschap
(Zeeland),
of all
remains
barbed, 35
and
continuously
area
remained
of Schouwen the late
region
mary
sea
from
the island
part of
dunes in
the
by
and
geological
a
southwest
oldest
(one
these last four millennia. Meanwhile,
like
one
still
B
HUBREGTSE
Now
as
probably
was
A
Fig.
dated
Western
HILLS.
Both
the
be
the so-called
to
same
dunes have
the dunes
polished
a
can
the Western parts of Continenform
SANDY
the
the wind.
by
viewpoint
Schouwen
of this
later, together
big parts of
isolated piece
an
B.C., but the
2000
neolithic culture is
a
belongs
in
occuring
Axes
centuries
ARROWHEADS
Several
or
in Britain.
of
trace
peat. Such
the
tanged
on
delta
a
of
(but
not
Pleistocene
the
Scheldt.
barbed),
or
made
late-Pliocene
4
A
few arrowheads of
collected
in
h
Leiden,
districts
of
the
the
the
in
1877—1903, AEERG,
PLEYTE,
heden,
flint, of
dunes
old
the
1916;
1930/7.9).
of
Rhine
the
Hillegom
They
abundant
are
Pleistocene
inland
or
dun-s,
in barrows.
rarely
The described
sidered
arrowheads
subtle
as
centuries
after
Western
and
of
traces
B.C.
2000
Central
Fig.
Late
their
on
the
in
De KAUTER
at
Now
Kon.
hill
in
The
finds
tanged, 22
southern
border
mm.
which
the
of
Museum, Middelburg.
P.
(2)
Found
is
later times,
(HAWKES,
early treks
its
Central
in
the
the
Europe,
in
Europe,
question
delta
1910 by
of
TESCH,
the
Bell
Beaker
Folk,
whether
put,
still
1911, Tijd-
and
purely brachycephalic
there in the late Middle
the
least original;
only
is
rural
1948).
connection
any
the
in
or
already
second
early
populations
living
Ages.
Fig.
Fi g.4
4.
Fig.
5.
Bow
From
the
has
been
500
B.C.
of
fibula
Museum
the
the
period.
as
same
found.
1500
Next
to
in
(fig. 6)
conclusion
existence
of
that
Italian
form.
AND
are
22
4 and
the
fine
The
decoration
bow
massive.
is
of
the
1500 B.C.
in the delta of the Scheldt
5)
has its
relations
fibulae from
surface.
WEAPONS
exact
dated between 850
in
mm.
three items dated between
are
commercial
Italian import
x
be dated before
1000 B.C.
time
51
5
2.
showing
can
(fig.
which
leech
Fig.
BRONZE, FIBULA
period
Finds of
of
item,
described above
fibula of leech form
specimens
the
and
Drawing
finds
bronze
a
IMPORTED
The
to
of
collector
in
elements
1934; KEITH,
there
brachycephalic
millennium B.
the
of
at
was,
Scheldt
through
C.,
delta
purely
the
Locality,
or
river
97.
25,
dolichocephalic
blended, passing
A
to
Pliocene
a
brachycephalic
1947; CAMERON,
be
may
purely
blended with
it
1949; CHILDE,
1940,
Tentatively
4.
the
through
scarce
too
are
con-
in
3.
during
between
Spain,
17
x
Aardrijkskundig Gen.
be
may
Beaker Folk
Inner
allow any further conclusion. The Bell Beaker Folk
ly and
region
(Nieuw Namen),
the
at
the
Ned.
from
way
Britain.
to
delta
the Bell
of
Arrowhead of flint,
3.
Scheldt.
flint
migration
Pleistocene
schrift
Fig.
of
a
Europe,
Dr TESCH
Fig.
;
Oud-
van
the
in
heath
in
been
( Katwijk-Binnen
Rijksmuseum
;
mostly scattered
Netherlands,
have
and related forms,
same
delta
the
Britain
with
same
as
analogues
and
well.
in
750 B.C.
Italy
period
in
nothing
1000
and
Italian
It leads
existed
England
in
this
prove
5
bronze arrowhead
A
and
1000 and
dated between
Continental Europe
and
bronze spear head
a
B.C.
500
in
and
have
(fig.
their
7
Fig.
7
Fig
Fig.
6.
Bronze
1895, La
LIUS,
ÅBERG,
7.
Bronze
in
Italia. O.
Italie, 1 pl.
VI
MONTE-
Fig.
N.
60.
früheisenzeitliche Chronologie,
1.
8.
arrowhead,
Bronze
x
16
mm.
Locality,
mm.
Locality,
collector
and
120
spearhead.
x
25
collector
and
2.
Fig.
as
30
2.
Fig.
as
Museum
7.
en
179.
Museum
Fig.
und
Found
form.
civilisation primitive
1930, Bronzezeitliche
67, Fig.
Fig.
leech
fibula of
References
o
ABERG.
N.
1916
Die
CAMERON,
19.34
CHILDE,
The
1947
The
1940
1949
den
Niederlanden.
skeleton
of
British
Neolithic
man.
dawn
of
European civilization.
F. C.
The
J.
HAWKES,
in
GORDON
C.
HAWKES.
Steinzeit
J.
V.
S
prehistoric
foundations
of
Europe.
C.
Prehistoric
Britain.
KEITH, A.
1948
MEER,
A
K.
1949
PLEYTE,
new
VAN
The
theory of
human
evolution.
DER
formation
of
the
dunes.
Boor
en
Spade 3,
149.
W.
1877—1903. Nederlandsche oudheden.
TESCH, P.
1920—1930
TIMMERMANS. P.
1935
Duinstudies, Tijdschrift
D.
Proeven
over
den
may
both
Britain.
6
Fig.
8)
and
analogues
invloed
van
Kon.
Ned.
golven
op
Aardri|kskundig
een
strand.
Gen.
8
be
in
6
Photomechanical
reproduction