Biofuels: Unlocking the Potential
Jennifer Holmgren
UOP LLC
The International Conference on Biorefinery
October 6-7, 2009
Syracuse, New York
© 2009 UOP LLC. All rights reserved.
UOP Overview
• Leading supplier and licensor of processing
technology, catalysts, adsorbents, process
plants, and technical services to the petroleum
refining, petrochemical, and gas processing
industries.
• UOP Technology Furnishes: 60% of the world’s
gasoline; 85% of the world’s biodegradable
detergents; 60% of the world’s para-xylene.
2003 National Medal of
• 3400 employees worldwide.
Technology Recipient
• 2008 Financials: $1.9 billion in sales.
• Strong relationships with leading refining and
petrochemical customers worldwide.
• UOP’s innovations enabled lead removal from
gasoline, the production of biodegradable
detergents, the first commercial catalytic
converter for automobiles.
Biofuels: Next in a Series of Sustainable Solutions
Agenda
y Global Context
y Our Vision
y Technology Solutions
y Life Cycle Analysis
y Summary
Macromarket Summary: Through 2015
y Global energy demand is expected to grow at
CAGR 1.6%.
–Primary Energy diversity will become increasingly
important over this period with coal, natural gas &
renewables playing bigger roles.
y Fossil fuels are expected to supply 83% of energy
and 95% of liquid transportation needs
y Biofuels are expected to grow at
8-12%/year to ~2.0 MBPD
Source: IEA, 2008
Petroleum Refining Context
Butane
Gas Processing
Unit
H2
Light Naphtha
Crude Oil
(Topping)
Latest Refining
Technology
Development
& Licensing
Isomerate
LPG
Isomerization
H2
Crude Oil Distillation
Crude Treating
& Desalting
ButaneButylene
Naphtha
Light
Distillates
Heavy
Distillate
Vacuum Distillation
H2
H2
H2
Light Distillate
Hydrotreating
H2
Atmospheric
Gas Oil
Gas Oil
Hydrotreating
Flue Gas
Diesels
BTX
Distillates
Diesel and Heating Oil
Fluid Catalytic
Cracking
Gasoline
Gasoline, Naphtha, Middle Distillates,
Gasoline
Kerosene and Jet Fuels
Hydrocracking
Diesel and Heating Oils
Lube Oil
Production
Solvent
Extraction &
Deasphalting
Vacuum Resid
Gasoline
Jet
Fuels
LPG Solvents
Reformate
Aromatics
Production
H2
Gas Oil
Fuel Gas
Alkylate
Naphtha
Hydrotreating
Light Olefins
Production
Sulfur
Iso-octane
Iso-octane
Production
Alkylation
Etherification
Catalytic
Reforming
Heavy Distillate
Hydrotreating
Sulfur Plant
Isobutane
Alcohol
Product Treating Blending
Light Ends
Lube Oils
Heavy Fuel Oil
Asphalt
Visbreaking
Environmental
Controls
Fuel Oil
Lube Oils
Syngas/Steam
Coking
Energy
Conservation &
Management
(Power
Production)
Geases
Asphalts
Gasification
Diesel
Heating
Oils
Electricity
Coke
Plant
Maintenance/
Reliability/
Safety
Plant Upgrades
& Revamps
Natural Gas
Natural Gas, Fuel Oil
Gas-to-Liquids
Hydrogen Production/
Purification/Recovery
Fuel, Wax
H2
Massive Scale
Technology Evolution Expected
y Refining: ~100 years
y ~750 refineries
y ~85M BBL of crude
refined daily
y ~50M BBL transport
fuels; ~6M BBL of
aviation fuel (~250 M
gallons/day;
90 B gallons/year)
y Complex but efficient
conversion
processes
Biofuels: A Quickly Changing Landscape
2007
2008
2009
y All biofuels are good y Not all biofuels are good y Credit Crisis:
Stimulus focused on
y More, faster
y Concern for food chain
Green Tech
impact
&
competition
y No criteria to
for land/water
measure impact of
UOP Position
adopting biofuels
y Measured biofuel
y Emphasis on life
adoption
y Availability of
cycle analysis as a
“inexpensive” bio
y Utilization of LCA
way of measuring
feedstocks
analysis to “qualify”:
“sustainability”
link
to
GHG,
energy,
y Government
y Ensure technology is
sustainability
mandates and
feedstock flexible
incentives favor
y Bio feedstocks tracking
y Focus on 2nd
ethanol and biodiesel energy prices
generation
y Government mandates/
technologies
incentives increasingly
y Create partnerships
technology neutral
between feedstock
y Emphasis on “real”
suppliers and fuel
biofuels
producers
Increasing Awareness of Potential Impact
Our Biofuels Vision
• Produce real “drop-in” fuels instead of fuel additives/blends
• Leverage existing refining/ transportation infrastructure to lower capital
costs, minimize value chain disruptions, and reduce investment risk
• Focus on path toward second generation feedstocks
Oxygenated Biofuels
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Renewable
Energy
Fuel
Fuel &
&
Power
Power
Hydrocarbon Biofuels
Diesel
Jet
“Other” Oils: Camelina,
Jatropha, Halophytes
First
Generation
Natural oils
(vegetables, greases)
Second
Generation
Lignocellulosic
biomass,
algal oils
Gasoline
Getting There
Reduction in
Climate Active
CO2 Equivalents
Algal
Lignocellulosic
Cost
Life Cycles
Efficiency
Sustainability
Technology
Biofuels
Sustainability
Net Energy
Production ≤
Consumption
Distributed
Emissions
Standards
Supply Chain
World Trade
Feedstock
Availability
Uncompromised
Product Quality
Vehicle Fleet
Energy
Content
Agenda
y Global Context
y Our Vision
y Technology Solutions
y Life Cycle Analysis
y Summary
Biofuels Overview: Technology Pathways
Feedstocks
= UOP Areas
Sugars
Dehydration
Fermentation
C6 Sugars
Starches
Enzyme
Conversion
Products
Ethanol
Distiller’s Grain
C5 / C6
Sugars
CO2
Renewable
Energy
Acid or Enzyme
Hydrolysis
Direct
Conversion
Lignin, Cellulose
& Hemicellulose
Pyrolysis/Thermal
Depolymerization
Lights
Gasification
Hydrotreating
oil
Bio-
ng
Sy
FischerTropsch
as
Alcohol
Synthesis
Hydrotreating
(Jatropha,
Camelina & Algal)
H2O
Green
Diesel/Jet
FCC
Natural Oils
2nd Gen Feeds
Green
Gasoline
Co-Feed
Transesterification
Glycerine
FAME or
FAEE
Current biofuel market based on sugars & oils.
Use bridging feedstocks to get to 2nd Generation Feeds:
Algae & Lignocellulosics
Renewable Diesel and Jet Chemistry
HO
O
H2
CH3
HC O O
CO2
CH3
Triglyceride
MW=700-900
H2O
+
H2O +
H3C
CH3
OO
O
CH3
Free Fatty Acid
MW=200-300
O
CO2
H3C
UOP Catalyst
H3C
CH3
CH3
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH2 +
CH3
H3C
Straight Chain Paraffins
y Natural oils contain oxygen, have high
UOP Catalyst
H2
molecular weight.
y First reaction removes oxygen – product
CH3 CH
3
is diesel range waxy paraffins
CH3
CH3
CH
H3C
3
y Second reaction “cracks” diesel paraffins
H3C
+
Synthetic Paraffinic
to smaller, highly branched molecules
Kerosene
CH3
H3C
y End product is same as molecules already
CH3CH3
+
present in aviation fuel
CH3
H3C
y End product is independent of starting oil
Feedstock flexible, but with consistent product properties
UOP/ENI Ecofining™ Green Diesel
y Superior technology that
produces diesel, rather than
an additive
y Uses existing refining
infrastructure, can be
transported via pipeline,
and can be used in existing
automotive fleet
y Two units licensed in Europe
with first commercial start-up
in 2010
y Excellent blending
component, allowing refiners
to expand diesel pool by
mixing in “bottoms”
y Can be used as an approach
to increase refinery diesel
output
Process Comparison vs. Biodiesel
Natural Oil/
Grease
+
Biodiesel
Biodiesel (FAME)
(FAME)
+ Glycerol
Green
Green Diesel
Diesel
+ Propane
Methanol
Natural Oil/
Grease
+
Hydrogen
Performance Comparison
Petrodiesel
Biodiesel
Green
Diesel
Baseline
+10
-10 to 0
40-55
50-65
75-90
Cold Flow
Properties
Baseline
Poor
Excellent
Oxidative
Stability
Baseline
Poor
Excellent
NOx
Cetane
UOP Renewable Jet Process
y Initially a DARPA-funded
project to develop process
technology to produce military
jet fuel (JP-8) from renewable
sources
y Targets maximum Green Jet
production
y Green Jet Fuel can meet all
the key properties of petroleum
derived aviation fuel, flash
point, cold temperature
performance, stability
y Certification of Green Jet as a
50% blending component in
progress
Built on Ecofining Technology
Natural Oil/
Grease
Deoxygenating/
Deoxygenating/
Isomerization
Isomerization
Green
Green
Diesel
Diesel
Natural Oil/
Grease
Deoxygenating/
Deoxygenating/
Selective
Selective Cracking/
Cracking/
Isomerization
Isomerization
Green
Green
Jet
Jet
DARPA Project Partners
Available for License Q3 2009
Completed Flight Demonstrations
Feedstock:
Jatropha oil
y Successful ANZ Flight
Demo Date: Dec. 30 2008
Feedstock:
Jatropha and algal oil
y Successful CAL Flight
Demo Date: Jan. 7 2009
Feedstock: Camelina,
Jatropha and algal oil
y Successful JAL Flight
Demo Date: Jan. 30 2009
Key Properties of Green Jet
Jet A-1
Specs
Jatropha
Derived
SPK
Camelina
Derived
SPK
Jatropha/
Algae
Derived
SPK
Flash Point, oC
Min 38
46.5
42.0
41.0
Freezing Point, oC
Max -47
-57.0
-63.5
-54.5
max 25
0.0
0.0
0.2
<3
1.0
<1
1.0
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg
min 42.8
44.3
44.0
44.2
Viscosity, -20 deg C, mm2/sec
max 8.0
3.66
3.33
3.51
max 3000
<0.0
<0.0
<0.0
Description
JFTOT@300oC
Filter dP, mmHg
Tube Deposit Less Than
Sulfur, ppm
y Over 6000 US Gallons of bio-SPK made
Production Viability Demonstrated
Fuel Samples from Different Sources Meet Key Properties
Certification-Qualification Phase
- ASTM D4054 Fuel Qualification Process
Specification
Properties
Fit-For-Purpose
Properties
Component/Rig
Testing
Engine/APU
Testing
FRL 4.2
FRL 6.1
FRLs 6.2 & 6.3
FRL 6.4
ASTM
Review
Accept
& Ballot
Reject
ASTM
ASTM
Research
Research
Report
Report
Re-Eval
As Required
ASTM
Specification
ASTM
Specification
ASTM Balloting
Process
OEM Review &
Approval
FRL 7: Fuel Class Listed in Int’l Fuel Specifications
ANERS
September 22, 2009
Mark Rumizen, FAA/CAAFI
Federal Aviation
Administration
16
ASTM D7566 Issued Sept 1
D1655
5.1 Materials and
Manufacture
Table 1
Fuel Produced to D7566 Can
Be Designated as D1655 Fuel
D7566
Blend Comp’s Criteria
and Blend % Limits
Av Turbine Fuel Containing
Syn HC’s
Table 1
Annex 1
Annex 2
50%
Other Adv Hydpross’d
Other Adv Fuels or
SPK Fuel
Fuels or
Processes Blends
Processes
Annex 3
ANERS
September 22, 2009
Mark Rumizen, FAA/CAAFI
Blended Fuel
Performance
Properties
• Body of Spec Applies to
Finished Semi-Synthetic Fuel
• Annex for Each Class of
Synthetic Blending
Component
• Allow Re-Certification to
D1655
• Annex 1
– Hydroprocessed SPK
• Includes 50% FT Fuel
SPK from Lipids
expected in
2010
Federal Aviation
Administration
17
Algae: Multiple Sources for Fuels
Wild Algae
Low Production
Costs
High Pre-Treatment
Costs
Enhanced
Algae Strains
Heterotrophically
Grown Algae
Moderate Production
Costs
Moderate Pre-Treatment Costs
Moderate Production Cost
EcofiningTM
Green Fuels
Jet, Diesel
Low Pre-Treatment
Costs
Pyrolysis Oil to Energy & Fuels
Corn Stover
Refinery
P
P
Biomass
Fast
Pyrolysis
Mixed Woods
P
P
P
P
Pyrolysis
Oil
Electricity
Production
Available
Today
Fuel Oil
Substitution
Transport Fuels
(Gasoline, Jet
Diesel)
Chemicals
(Resins, BTX)
3 Years to
complete
R&D
Conversion to Transport Fuels Demonstrated in Lab
Collaboration with DOE, USDA, PNNL, NREL
Envergent Technologies LLC –
UOP / Ensyn Joint Venture
• Formed in October 2008
• Provides pyrolysis oil technology for fuel
oil substitution and electricity generation
• Channel for UOP R&D program to
upgrade pyrolysis oil to transportation
fuels
• Leading process technology
licensor ~$2 billion in sales, 3000
employees
• Co-inventor of FCC technology
• Modular process unit supplier
• Global reach via Honeywell & UOP
sales channels
• Over 20 years of commercial fast
pyrolysis operating experience
• Developers of innovative RTPTM
fast pyrolysis process
• Eight commercial RTP units
designed and operated
Second Generation Renewable Energy Company
– Global Reach
© Envergent Technologies 2009
Rapid Thermal Process (RTPTM)
Technology
Pyrolysis Oil
Solid Biomass
Proven Technology, full
scale designs available
y 510°C, <2 seconds
y Biomass converted to
liquid pyrolysis oil
y Fast fluidized bed, sand
as heat carrier
y High yields; >70 wt%
liquid on woody
biomass
y Light gas and char
by-product provide
heat to dry feed and
operate unit
RTPTM Pyrolysis Oil Properties
y Pourable, storable and transportable
liquid fuel
y Energy densification relative to biomass
y Contains approximately 50-55% energy
content of fossil fuel
y Stainless steel piping, tankage and
equipment required due to acidity
y Requires separate storage from
fossil fuels
Comparison of Heating Value of Pyrolysis Oil
and Typical Fuels
Fuel
MJ / Litre
BTU / US Gallon
Methanol
17.5
62,500
Pyrolysis Oil
19.9
71,500
Ethanol
23.5
84,000
Light Fuel Oil (#2)
38.9
139,400
Suitable for Energy Applications
RTPTM Product Yields
Feed, wt%
Hardwood Whitewood
100
Typical Product Yields,
wt% Dry Feed
Pyrolysis Oil
By-Product Vapor
Char
Yields For Various Feeds
70
15
15
Ensyn has tested over 70 types of
feedstock in RTP pilot plant
Biomass
Feedstock Type
Hardwood
Softwood
Hardwood Bark
Softwood Bark
Corn Fiber
Bagasse
Waste Paper
Cellulosic Feedstock Flexible
With High Yields of Pyrolysis Oil
Typical Pyrolysis
Oil Yield, wt% of
Dry Feedstock
70 – 75
70 – 80
60 – 65
55 – 65
65 – 75
70 – 75
60 – 80
Feedstock Sources
y Forestry and Pulp and Paper
– Wood chips, sawdust, bark
– Forestry residues
y Agricultural
– Residues – corn stover, expended fruit
bunches from palm (EFB), bagasse
– Purpose-grown energy crops –
miscanthus, elephant grass
y Post-consumer
– Construction and Demolition Waste,
Categories 1&2
– Municipal solid waste (future)
y DoE study 2005 - > 1 billion ton
per year available in United
States alone
Cellulosic Feedstocks Widely Available
Feed Handling / Preparation
• Water is a heat sink
• Dried to 5-6 wt% moisture content for efficient RTPTM reactor operation
• Size impacts heat transfer
• Biomass sized to 0.125-0.25 inch (3-6 mm)
• Capacity of unit expressed on bone dry feed basis
• BDMTPD
• Zero water content
Raw Biomass
Up to 40%
Moisture
Feed
Handling
Prepared
Biomass
“As Fed”
5- 6 wt%
Moisure
0.125 to 0.25”
RTP
Pyrolysis Oil
“As Produced”
Storage
RTP is Self-Sustaining –
Excess Heat Dries Raw Biomass
RTPTM Flow Diagram
RTPTM Process – 3D Model
RTPTM Operating History
& Commercial Experience
y Commercialized in the 1980’s
y 7 units designed and operated in the US & Canada
y Continuous process with >90% availability
Plant
Year
Built
Operating Capacity
(Metric Tonnes Per Day)
Location
Manitowoc RTPTM – 1
1993
30
Manitowoc, WI, USA
Rhinelander RTPTM – 1
1995
35
Rhinelander, WI, USA
Rhinelander Chemical #2
1995
2
Rhinelander, WI, USA
Rhinelander RTPTM – 2
2001
45
Rhinelander, WI, USA
Rhinelander Chemical #3
2003
1
Rhinelander, WI, USA
Petroleum Demo # 1
2005
300 barrels per day
Bakersfield, CA, USA
Renfrew RTPTM – 1
(Owned and operated by
Ensyn)
2007
100
Renfrew, Ontario,
Canada
Note: design basis for wood based plants assumes feedstocks with 6 Wt% moisture content.
Significant Commercial Experience
Envergent Video
Pyrolysis Oil as Burner Fuel
• Energy densification/improved
logistics and flexibility
• Relatively low emissions
(NOx, SOx, ash)
• Consistent quality/improved
operations
- ASTM D7544, Standard
Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid
Biofuel, established last month
• Stainless steel piping, tankage
and equipment required due to
acidity
• Requires separate storage from
fossil fuels
25-30% Lower Cost than #2 Fuel
Oil on an Energy Basis
Property
Value
Test Method
Gross Heat of
Combustion,
MJ/kg Point, oC
15 min
ASTM D240
Pyrolysis Solids
Content, wt%
2.5 max
ASTM D7544,
Annex I
Water Content,
wt%
30 max
ASTM E203
report
ASTM E70
Kinematic
Viscosity, cSt @
40 °C
125 max
ASTM D445
Density, kg/dm3
@ 20 °C
1.1 – 1.3
ASTM D4052
Sulfur Content,
wt%
0.05 max
ASTM 4294
Ash Content,
wt%
0.25 max
ASTM 482
Flash Point, oC
45 min
ASTM D93,
Procedure B
Pour Point, oC
-9 max
ASTM D97
pH
Pyrolysis Oil Energy Applications
RTP
Unit
Fuel
Burner
Heat
Gas
Turbine
Electricity
CHP
Diesel
Engine
Optimized
UOP
Upgrading
Technology
Gasification
Syngas
Fischer
Tropsch
Green
Gasoline,
Green
Diesel &
Green Jet
Hydrocracking/
Dewaxing
y Compatible with
specialized turbines
y Specialized burner tips
improve flame/burning
y Convert to steam to
use existing
infrastructure
y Use as a blend in
diesel engines
y Upgradable to
hydrocarbon fuels
Multiple Applications for Pyrolysis Oil,
a Renewable Fuel Available Today
ENV 5233-09
Pyrolysis Oil:
Production of Green Electricity
y Compatible with specialized
turbines
y Green electricity production
cost is 0.10 $US/kW-h
– Includes RTP operating cost
and 15-yr straightline
depreciation of CAPEX
(including gas turbine)
y Experience in stationary
diesel engine as blend with
fossil fuel
– Operation with 100%
pyrolysis oil under
development
Conversion to Transportation Fuel
Integrated Bio-Refinery (IBR) Complex
Spent Air
Air
Water
H2
Generation
Unit
Wastewater
Steam
Fuel
Utilities
Biomass
Rapid
Thermal
Processing
Unit
Pyrolysis
Oil
Conversion
Unit
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Ligno-cellulosic Biomass to Fungible Fuels
ENV 5233-17
The Future: 100% Renewable Jet
The hydroplane ran on 98% Bio-SPK and 2% renewable aromatics
Jet A1
Spec
Starting SPK
Woody Pyrolysis Oil
Aromatics
Freeze Point (oC)
-47
-63
-53
Flash Point (oC)
Density (g/mL)
39
0.775
42
0.753
52
0.863
Creating Biorefineries
Ecofining™
Transport Fuels
(Diesel, Jet
LPG, naphtha)
Palm Oil
Ecofining and Palm Oil
Electricity
Fuel Oil
y Enable production of superior
quality Diesel and Biofuels
for Aviation
y LPG instead of Glycerol
y GHG Reduction
y Export Markets
RTP and EFB/Residues
y Overcome EFB logistics
limitation
EFB and Residues
y Palm Oil GHG reduction
y Expand business opportunities
vs. direct firing
RTP™ Pyrolysis
y Cost competitive with fossil
fuel oil
New Business Opportunities with Improved Sustainability
Agenda
y Global Context
y Our Vision
y Technology Solutions
y Life Cycle Analysis
y Summary
Scope of WTW* LCA
Petroleum
Based Fuels
Green Distillate
from Waste Tallow
Green Distillate
from Energy Crops
Seed Fertilizer Fuel Chemicals
Energy Crop
Farming
Energy Crop
Transport
Extraction of
Crude Oil
Waste Tallow from Meat
Processing Industry
Tallow
Processing
Transport of
Crude Oil
Refining
Gasoline, Jet, Diesel
Consumer
Use
Tallow
Transport
Hydrogen
Renewable Jet
Process Unit
Green Diesel, Jet
Consumer
Use
*WTW is either “well-to-wheels” or “well-to-wings”
Oil
Extraction
Plant Oil
Oil
Processing
Oil
Transport
Hydrogen
Renewable Jet
Process Unit
Green Diesel, Jet
Consumer
Use
Life Cycle Analysis for Renewable Jet Fuel
90
80
1.2
70
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
60
5000
50
4000
40
3000
30
2000
20
0.2
0
0 Kerosene
LUC Error Bar
1000
10
0
Jatropha
Green
Jet
Non-renewable, Fossil
Renewable Biomass
Renewable, Water
Tallow
Green
Jet
Soy
Green
Jet
Non-renewable, Nuclear
Renewable, Wind, Solar, Geothe
Kerosene Jatropha Camelina Tallow
Green
Green
Green
Jet
Jet
Jet
Cultivation
Fuel Production
Use
Soy
Green
Jet
Oil Production
Transportation
Significant GHG Reduction Potential
Basic Data for Jatropha Production and Use. Reinhardt, Guido et al. IFEU June 2008
Biodiesel from Tallow. Judd, Barry. s.l. : Prepared for Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority, 2002.
Environmental Life-Cycle Inventory of Detergent-Grade Surfactant Sourcing and Production. Pittinger, Charles et al. 1,
Prarie Village, Ka : Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 1993, Vol. 70.
0
-500
g CO2 eq./MJ
1.4
g CO2 eq./MJ
MJ (Input)/MJ (Output)
1.6
Greenhouse Gases
Cumulative Energy Demand
Pyrolysis Oil vs Fossil Fuel LCA
120
Comparison of GHG Emissions
Cradle to Delivered Energy
Energy Extraction
GHG Emissions
gCO2 eq/MJ
100
80
Pyrolysis Oil Production foot print
similar to fossil energy alternatives
Assumed biomass transport distances
60
y 200 km for logging residues
y 25 km for short rotation forest crops
40
20
0
Petroleum
Crude Oil
120
Hard
Coal
PyOil
Natural Canadian PyOil
from
from
Gas
Oil Sands
Crude Oil Logging Willow
Residues
Comparison of GHG Emissions
Cradle to Delivered Energy, and Burned
Life Cycle
GHG Emissions
100
gCO2 eq/MJ
PyOil
from
Poplar
80
through combustion
60
40
20
0
Petroleum
Fuel Oil
Hard
Coal
Natural
Gas
PyOil
from
Logging
Residues
PyOil
from
Willow
PyOil
from
Poplar
Pyrolysis Oil Life Cycle foot print
Greener than other alternatives
y Carbon neutral combustion emission
y 70-88% lower GHG emissions
y SOx emissions similar to Natural Gas
Pyrolysis Oil vs. Fossil Fuel LCA
Comparative Analyses using GHGenius Software
GHG Emissions – Wood Feedstock
Fuel
Feedstock
Fuel Dispensing
Fuel Distribution & Storage
Fuel Production
Feedstock Transmission
Feedstock Recovery
Land-use Changes,
Cultivation
Fertilizer Manufacture
Gas Leaks & Flares
CO2, H2S Removed from
NG
Emissions Displaced
Sub-total Fuel Production
Fuel Combustion
Grand Total
% Change Compared to
Heating Oil
Heating Oil
Natural
Gas
PyOil
Crude Oil
Natural
Gas
Wood
Residues
402
698
8,412
1,401
8,081
g CO2eq/GJ
0
2,063
1,376
0
1,708
874
361
9,555
0
0
25
0
0
0
1,900
0
3,540
0
0
0
642
0
-128
20,790
68,718
89,508
0
9,330
50,432
60,762
0
10,790
301
11,091
-32.1%
-87.6%
Canadian Scenario
Sawmill Residues
RTP unit located at sawmill site
Feed Transportation Distance = 0
PyOil 88% lower GHG than
Petroleum-derived heating oil
LCA Result courtesy of Don O’Connor
(S&T)2 Consultants Inc.
11657 Summit Crescent
Delta, BC
Canada, V4E 2Z2
Achieving Sustainability
y Renewables are going to make up an increasing
share of the future fuels pool
– Multitude of bioprocessing approaches possible
– Fungible biofuels are here
– Essential to overlay sustainability criteria
y Proven technology available today can efficiently convert
natural oils to green diesel and green jet fuel and residual
biomass to power
– Wide spread implementation requires creation of a credible
supply chain
– Availability of sustainable feedstocks is a key enabler
– Market pull required to accelerate implementation
y Important to promote technology neutral
and performance based standards
and directives to avoid standardization
on old technology
Create a Portfolio of Options
Acknowledgements
y AFRL
– Robert Allen
– John Datko
– Tim Edwards
– Don Minus
y Air New Zealand
– Grant Crenfeldt
y Aquaflow
– Paul Dorrington
– Nick Gerritsen
y Boeing
– Billy Glover
– James Kinder
– Mike Henry
– Darrin Morgan
– Tim Rahmes
– Dale Smith
y Cargill
– Bruce Resnick
– Michael Kennedy
– Ian Purdle
y CFM
– Gurhan Andac
y Continental Airlines
– Gary LeDuc
– Leah Raney
– George Zombanakis
y ENI
– Giovanni Faraci
– Franco Baldiraghi
– Giuseppe Bellussi
y Ensyn
– Robert Graham
– Barry Freel
– Stefan Muller
y GE
– Steve Csonka
– Mike Epstein
y Sandia
– Ron Pate
– Warren Cox
– Peter Kobos
– William Fogleman
y Sapphire
– Brian Goodall
– Kulinda Davis
y The Seawater Foundation
Global Seawater, Inc.
y Solazyme
– Carl Hodges
– Howard Weiss
y Japan Airlines
– Takuya Ishibashi
– Koichiro Nagayama
– Yasunori Abe
y Michigan Technical
University
– David Shonnard
y Nikki Universal
– Yasushi Fujii
– Masaru Marui
y NREL
– Richard Bain
y PNNL
– Doug Elliot
– Don Stevens
y Pratt & Whitney
– Tedd Biddle
– Mario Debeneto
y Rolls Royce
– Chris Lewis
– Harrison F. Dillon
– Anthony G. Day
y South West Research Institute
– George Wilson
y Sustainable Oils
– Scott Johnson
y Targeted Growth
– Tom Todaro
y Honeywell / UOP
– Amar Anumakonda
– Roy Bertola
– Andrea Bozzano
– Tim Brandvold
– Michelle Cohn
– Graham Ellis
– Tom Kalnes
DOE
– Joseph Kocal
Project DE-FG36-05GO15085
– Steve Lupton
Paul Grabowski
– Mike McCall
DARPA
– Prabhakar Nair
Project W911NF-07-C-0049
– Sunny Nguyen
Dr. Douglas Kirkpatrick
– Randy Williams
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