Author Index
This index lists the page numbers on which authors are cited. Only the first author is listed when
the reference was written by more than two authors.
Aarefjord F. 97, 98
Abramowitz A. 448, 450
AcheforsH. 65
Adalsteinsson H. 231
Adamstone F.B. 205
AdcockJ.A. 6,11,45
Alatalo R.V.
137
Albrecht ML.
151
Alcaraz M. 341, 346, 347, 348, 358
AldrichJ.C. 440
AH A.
196, 213
Allan I.R.H.
151
Allan J.D. 357, 370, 377, 390
Allen K.R.
1, 23, 44, 45
Allen T. 355,356,357
Altmann J. 349
Ambler J.W. 344, 374, 375
Ambiihl H.
110, 112, 454, 455, 459
Amren H. 28
Anderson D.V. 96
Anderson F.S.
106
Anderson N.H. 2, 4, 145, 174, 178, 182,
183, 192, 193, 194, 197,211,216
Anderson R.O.
107
Anderson R.S. 374
Andrews J.D.
115
Androkovics S.
117
Anraku M. 343,352,353, 354, 374, 376, 379
Arashkevich Y.G. 367
Armitage K.B. 8, 446, 449
Armitage P.D.
113, 115
Armstrong F.A.J.
110, 111, 186
Arnold D.E. 345, 378, 390, 394
Aron W. 70, 74, 79
Arthur C.R. 365
Arthur J.W.
180, 219
Aston R.J. 8, 10
Badcock R.M.
149
Bagge P. 197
Baker J.H. 96, 102, 105
Bal A.K.
343
BamstedtV. 445
BanseK. 6, 7,8, 11,44
Barber W.E.
107,150
Barnes H. 429
Barnes J.R. 99, 107
Bartels H. 432
Barton D.R.
112
Baskerville G.L. 47, 232, 233
Baudouin M.F. 231,245
Bayless J.D.
108
Baylor E.R. 347, 376
Bayly I.A.E. 299, 300, 331
Beattie DM.
116
Beaver J.R.
252
Beers J.R. 69
Beeton A.M. 96, 97, 102
Bell R.K. 363, 367, 368, 394
Benjamin R.B. 360
Benke A.C. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 19, 42,
43,44,46,47,48,49, 137
Benke S.S.
BergK.
47
423,447,451,452,459
Berman M.S. 357, 359
Berzins B.
119
Beyers R.J. 440
BigelowN.K.
115
BiochinoA.A.
118,119
BiochinoG.I.
118,119
Bird A.H. 99
Bishop J.E. 136, 141, 145
Bishop J.W. 454,456
Bisson P.A. 108
Blakar I.A. 94
Blazka P. 393
Blueweiss L. 353
Bobiatynska-Ksok E.
3
Boddington M.J. 107
Boerger H.
180, 182, 183, 189, 194, 218
Bogatova I.B. 345
Bogdan KG. 346, 364, 370, 375, 377, 383
Bohrer R. 345, 375
Bohrer R.N. 443, 454
Bond R.M.
366, 367
469
Author Index
470
Borkott H.
261
Borkowski T.V. 6
Borutsky E.V. 167, 187, 192, 197, 207
Bottger K. 216
Bottrell H.H. 8, 28, 37, 60, 62, 63, 65, 67,
69, 79, 230, 234, 243. 244. 246, 250. 251.
252, 254
BouliereF. 70,79
Bownik-Dylinska L.
BoxG.E.P.
252
290
Boyd CM.
343, 345, 375, 389
Boyle T.P.
164, 206
Brandl Z. 344, 346, 362, 363, 374, 375
Bretschko G. 99, 187, 192, 197, 209
Briggs R.
430
Bright P.L.
179
Brinkhurst R.O.
3, 8, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94,
102, 149, 150
Brock M.L.
Brock T.D.
365
365
Brooks J.G.
134
Brown C.J.D.
152
Brownlee K.A. 232
Brundin L. 166, 207
Bryan J.R. 430
Bryant R.J
116
Brylinsky M. 4,9,10,11
Bryson R.A. 62
Buikema A.L. 454
Buikema A.L. Jr. 376
Bullock T.H.
449
Bulnheim HP.
Bumpus D.F.
427
74, 76
Bunting D.L. 419, 421, 455, 458
Burgis M.J. 10, 38, 49, 50, 52, 53, 62, 231,
234
Burke M.V. 3
Burky A.J. 360
Burns C.W. 234. 245. 339, 343. 345. 346.
347, 348, 350, 360, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366,
370, 377, 386, 352, 367
Burton W. 89, 90, 149
Buscemi P.A. 354
Butler M.G.
173, 176, 214
Butorina L.G. 453
Cairns J. Jr.
96,99, 151
Calow P. 103, 112, 113, 115, 117, 392
Cannon H.G. 338, 339, 342, 344, 347, 348
Cantrell M.A.
197
Capblanq J. 62
Caperon J. 364
Carey F.G. 431
CarrilloR.J.
179,196,220
Carpenter G.F. 231,259,260
Carpenter J.H. 429
Carrit D.E. 429
Carter C.E. 93, 94, 102, 103
Caspers H.
196
Cassie R.M. 27, 256, 284
Caswell H.
31
CattaneoA.
119,374
Chambers M.R.
115,117
Chanut J.P. 358
Chapman M.A. 419, 422, 458
Charles W.N. 89,91,149
Chemical Rubber Company 432
Cheng L.
175, 213
Chesson J. 388, 389
Chisholm S.W. 369, 377
Chodorowski A. 61
ChutterF.M.
133,151,152,153
Ciborowski J.J.H.
143
Clark L.C. 430
Clarke E.B. 65
Clarke G.L.
1,74,76
demons R.M.
152
Clifford C.H. 91
Clifford H.F. 33, 143, 150
Cloutier L.
Clutter R.I.
216
309,310,312
Cochran W.G. 112, 118, 266, 275, 277, 278,
287, 290, 298, 299, 300, 304, 306, 314, 324,
329, 330
Cock M.J.W. 388, 389
Coffman W.P.
179, 181, 221
Cole L.C. 281, 330
Coleman A.
371
Coleman M.J. 42, 136
Coleman N.
105
Colquhoun D. 229
Comita G.W. 231, 234, 245, 419, 421, 446,
449, 453, 458
Comita J.J. 76
Confer J.L.
76, 344. 374, 375
Conover R.J. 339, 346, 348, 355, 358, 359,
362, 363, 364, 367, 369, 376, 377, 383, 391,
392, 394, 449
Conover W.J. 299, 300
Cook K.Z.
143
Cook P.P. Jr.
176, 177, 215
Cooley J.M. 25, 33, 332
Coon T.G. 6, 7
Copping A.E. 364
173, 180, 191, 195, 210, 217
Corbet P.S.
Corkum L.D.
143
Corner E.D.S. 350, 352, 355, 379
Coughlan V. 353
Coveney M.F. 231, 370
Cox D.R. 290
Crawford G.W.
1, 5, 42
Creeze M.
149
Cremer G.A. 456. 457
Crisman T.L.
Crossman J.S.
252
151
Author Index
471
Crowley P.H. 352, 377
CubaT.R.
137
Cuff W.
105
CulpJ.M.
141
Cummins K.W.
131,253,339
DusogeX. 11,44,93,105
Duval W.S. 355, 357, 448, 455
Duxbury A.C. 82
CurlH.C. 352,378
Currie R.I. 76
Cushing D.H. 379
Cushman R.M.
1, 137
Czeczuga B.
3
Eckblad J.W. 5, 42, 44
Edmondson W.T.
I, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 28, 29,
31, 32, 38, 240, 245, 254, 255, 281, 346
Edmunds G.F. Jr.
109
Daflern J.R. 180, 186, 218
DaggM.J. 344,345,365,374,375
Daggett R.F.
Dall P.C.
115
138
Danks H.V.
Ekbohm G.
Ekman S.
Elliott J.M.
196
Davenport J. 425
David H.A. 294
Davies D.M.
Edwards R.W.
196, 216
Davies I.J. 176, 183, 190, 193, 196, 197,
199,200,203,208,209,214
Davies R.W. 141
Davis C.C.
115
Davison W. 438, 443
Deason E.E. 355, 358, 359
deBernardiR. 79,231,346,378
DeBovee F.
150
DeCosta J. 6, 7, 8, 45
DeCosterW. 115
DeMott W.R. 231, 363, 364, 368, 378
167, 175, 182, 208, 213
231,234,378
DerasK.M.
110,111
DermottR.M. 3,4,9
Desai B.N. 96, 97, 102
9, 32, 38, 206, 210, 231
Egloff D.A. 343
Eichhorn R. 28
Ejsmont-Karabin J.
63, 74
231,232,233,234,243,245
89
89, 95, 103, 112, 140, 141, 143,
145, 150, 153, 198, 270, 274, 438, 443
Ellis D.V. 96,97,102
Elmgren R.
120
Elster H.J. 29, 62
Enfield M.A. 152
Epp R.W. 421,447,448,449
Eriksen C.H. 455
Eriksson L.
102
Eriksson S. 338, 343, 347, 348
Erman D.C. 94
Esaias W.E. 352,378
Etienne M. 375
Ettinger W.S.
176, 214, 375
Evans M.S. 62,119,120,231,245
Everitt D.A. 93
Dendy J.S.
deNoyellesF.
DeSilva P.K. 103, 112
Dickson K..L. 96, 99
Di Cola G. 231
Dillon P.J. 360
DimondJ.B.
145
Dodson S.I.
135, 143, 147, 336, 374, 375
Dollar A.M. 394
Donaghay P.L. 361
Donald G.L.
108
Doohan M. 231, 246, 250, 251, 375, 419,
421, 458
Downing J.A. 47, 88, 104, 106, 119, 120,
140, 273, 292, 349, 354, 364, 367, 368, 369,
372, 373, 376, 387
Drake CM. 95,112
Draper N. 314,330
Dries R.R. 420, 427, 429
Dumont H.J.
62, 230, 234, 240, 243, 244,
245, 250, 251
Duncan A.
I, 4, 38, 44, 231, 260, 346, 355,
362, 377, 388, 447, 456, 457, 462
DunnettC.W.
305
Fahy E.
108
Fairchild G.W.
116
Farris R.A.
149
Fast A.W. 167, 182, 209
Fatt I. 431
Fedorenko A.Y. 344, 374, 375
Fee E.J. 203
Feig Y.S. 371
Feldmeth C.R. 427, 455
Fenchel T.
120, 252, 339, 375
Fenlon M.W. 4, 8
Fenn W.O. 433
Ferencz M. 99
Fernando C.H.
94, 102, 344, 346, 362, 363,
374, 375
Ferrante J.G. 358
Ferrari I. 64
Ferraris C.
103
Findley W.C. 244
Finlay B.J. 7, 8, 120, 252
Fisher R.A. 312
Flannagan J.F. 89, 90, 93, 94, 96, 102, 149,
150, 151. 154, 165. 191. 195, 196, 197. 208,
217
Fleminger A. 309,310,312
472
Author Index
Fletcher C.R. 392
120, 371
Fliermans C.B.
Flury J. 94
Force R.K.
Forstner H.
FouldsJ.B.
Fox B.W.
Fox H.M.
Foxton P.
Francis V.
430
431
422,459
368, 369
347, 376, 429, 452
76
362, 364, 383, 394
Frank G.H.
172,174,211
Frank P.W.
331
Franke U. 419, 420, 422, 449, 452, 455, 459
Frankenberg D. 391
Franklin W.R. 96
Fraser A.W.
33
Fremling C.R. 195
Frenzel P. 120
Frey D.G. 343, 344
Friedman M.M. 341, 343
Friesen M.K. 196, 197
Frolander H.F. 76
Frost B.W. 336, 344, 350, 352, 353, 358,
360, 361, 365, 374, 375, 379, 380
FrostS.
133,149,150
Fryer G.
338, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348
Fukuchi M. 385
Fuller J.L. 344
Furnass T.I.
244
Gak D.Z. 5, 44
Gale W.F. 93, 94, 96, 99, 102, 107, 110,
111, 112, 150, 151
Gallepp G.W.
146
GallucciV.F.
151
Gallup D.N. 344, 345, 352, 354, 365, 367,
377, 379
Ganf G.C. 393
Gannon F.A. 252
Gannon J.E. 252, 255, 344
Gannon S. 344
Gascon D.
113
Gaudy R. 352, 355
Gaufin A.R. 152
Gauld D.T. 337, 338, 339. 343, 344, 346, 350
Geen G.H. 354, 355, 357, 379, 448, 455
Gehringer J.W.
Geller W.
70, 74, 79
343, 344, 346, 350, 352, 363,
365, 366, 367, 376, 377, 379
George D.G. 9, 11, 32, 38, 68, 69, 231
GerkingS.D. 115,117,152
GerritsonJ. 340,341,344,361
Giani N. 92, 94, 99, 102
Gibbs K.E.
151
Giguere L.A. 419, 447, 453
Gilbert J.J. 63, 346, 352, 364, 366, 367,
369, 375
GillespieD.M.
Glass N.R.
Gledhill T.
GlimeJ.M.
19,43,137,152
446
194, 219
152
Gliwicz Z.M.
343, 344, 345, 353, 355, 360,
361, 370, 371, 377, 388
Gnaiger E. 416, 417, 420, 423, 428, 431,
432, 438, 443
Godbout L.
136
Goldman C.R. 231, 370
Golterman H.L. 3, 368, 391, 430
Gophen M. 231, 245, 363, 364, 458
Goss L.B. 419,421,455,458
Gostan J. 256
Goulder R.
99
Grabacka E.
Grainger J.N.
119
443
Grandilewskaja-Decksbach M.L.
Grant J.W.G. 299, 300, 331
166, 207
Gray F.R.S. 348
Green J. 33, 64
Green J.D. 419,422,458
Green M.B. 212
Green R.H.
103, 270
Griffiths F.B. 364
Grill D.W. 345, 375
Grygierek E. 344
Gulati R.D. 370
Gulliksen B. 110,111
Guyer G. 193, 207
GuziurJ. 91,113
Gyllenberg G.
423, 425, 427, 429, 439, 448
Haberer K. 368
Hairston N.G. 347, 376
Hakala I. 93, 94, 102, 150, 421, 429, 440,
443, 446, 448, 456, 459
Hakkari L. 8, 10
Halcrow K. 425
Hales D.C.
152
Hall D.J. 9, 10, 33, 38, 79, 336, 343, 355,
369, 372, 373, 376, 377
Hall T. 368
Hamburger K. 437, 463
Hamill S.E. 3, 5, 10, 44
Hamilton A.L. 42, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 99,
167, 181, 183, 192, 195, 208, 209, 219
Hamilton W.J.
349
Hammer V.T. 231,245
Haney J.F. 33, 76, 343, 355, 364, 365, 366,
367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 376, 377,
383, 386
Hanson J.M.
3
Harbison G.B. 355, 357, 358, 359
Harding J.P.
27
Hardy A.C. 78
Hargis J.R. 367, 370, 386
Author Index
Hargrave B.T. 354, 379
Harkness W.J.K. 205
Harper F.
178, 196, 216, 218
Harper P.P. 216
Harris R.P.
350, 354, 377, 379
Harrison A.D.
Hart D.D.
Humphreys W.F. 413
Hutchinson G.E. 2
Hutson R.
193, 207
Hynes H.B.N. 8, 42, 112, 131, 136, 140,
141, 145, 147, 149
173, 186, 190, 196, 210, 218
146
Hartland-Rowe R.
133
HaslerA.D.
115,345
Hawkins B.E. 231,245
Hayward R.S. 344, 345, 352, 354, 365, 367,
377, 379
HeckyR.E. 252
Heinbokel J.F. 367, 375, 379
Heinle D.R. 38, 370
Heisey D. 376, 452
Hemmingsen A.M. 446
Henrickson L.
Henson V.
473
IdeF.P.
Ikeda T.
215,217
368
lilies J. 178,189,191,197,216,217
Infante A.G. 343, 344, 345, 352, 362, 377
Ishi H. 370, 385
Ivanova M.B. 51, 377, 447, 455, 459
Iverson T.M. 8
Ivlev V.S.
1
Ivleva I.V. 448, 449, 450
Iwao S. 270
152
65
Heron A.C.
72
Herricks E.E.
137
HerzigA. 231
Hibbert C.J. 3, 6
HigerA.L.
152
HiglerL.W.G.
152
Hildebrand S.G. 143, 145
Hildrew A.G.
147
HileyP.D.
112,115
Hillbricht-Ilkowska A. 9, 11, 370, 374, 376
Hilsenhoff W.L.
134
Hirayama K. 375, 379
Hitchman M.L. 431,432
Hobero R. 354
Hodgkiss I.J. 62, 64
Hokenstrom J.C. 42
Hollibaugh J.T. 363, 364, 365
HollingC.S. 336
Holme N.A. 87, 95, 97
Holopainen l.J. 93, 101, 103, 419, 420, 422,
Jacobs J. 388, 389
JacobsenT.R. 231,234,245
Janicki A.J. 6, 7, 8, 45
Jassby A.D. 370
Jensen C.R. 439
Jepson W.F. 24
Jcrmolajev E.G. 62
Jesson J.
8
Johannes R.E.
336, 342, 365, 391
Johnson M.G.
3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11. 44 89
91, 203
Jonasson P.M. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 107, 149,
166, 186, 187, 190, 192, 193, 207, 423
Jones A.A. 96, 97, 102
Jergensen C.B. 376
Juday C. 65
Judd W.W.
173,209,217
Junk W.J.
116,117
Juul R.B.
103
440, 446, 449, 459
Holtby L.B. 368
Holterman W. 359
Hongve D. 92, 93
Horka J.
103
Horn H.S.
176,177,215
Home A.J. 231
Horton P.A. 346, 350, 351, 365, 376, 388
HoshiT. 376,452
Howard J.D. 94, 97, 99, 102
KaeslerR.L.
137
Kajak Z. 3, 11, 44, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94, 102,
105, 106, 107, 119, 149, 150, 151, 162, 173,
175, 194,208,212, 344,374,376
KahTJ. 119, 231, 315, 316, 317, 319, 321,
322,326, 327,364,374,381
Kamler E. 419, 420, 423, 425, 427, 429, 459
Kanwisher J.
440
Kaplan E.H. 97
Karabin A. 374, 376
Howard-Williams C.
113
Howmiller R.P.
108, 110, 149
Karlsson M.
Hrabackova-Esslova M.
Hrbacek J. 64, 65
Hughes DA.
141
Hulberg L.W.
141
Keller V.A.
141, 143
Kennedy J.R. 393
Kerfoot W.C. 375
Kersting K. 352, 359, 376, 419, 422, 425,
Hultin L.
141
Humpesch U.H.
8
Humphries C.F.
179
346
150
446, 453, 454, 458
Keuls M.
305
Kevern N.R.
107, 150
Author Index
474
Kibby H.V.
352, 363, 367, 372, 377, 419,
422, 440, 443, 446, 458
Kimerle R.A. 2, 4, 174, 182, 183, 192, 193,
194,211
KingE.W.
93
King F.D. 444, 445
KirchnerW.B. 99
Kititsyna L.A. 8
Klekowski R.Z. 377, 427, 430, 433, 434,
435, 436, 437, 446, 447, 453, 455, 459
Kling H.J. 252
KlugMJ. 339
KnappR.J.
149,151,152
Knoechel R. 364, 368
Knowles S.C. 354, 357, 377, 379
Kobayashi K. 376
Koehl M.A.R. 340, 341, 347, 348
Kohler S.L.
143, 144, 146
Kolipinski M.C.
152
Konstantinov A.S. 452, 454
Korinek V. 51
KossR.W. 94
Kott P. 279, 294
Kovala P.E. 252
Kramer R.H.
145,152
Krause H.R.
Krause I.
Krey J.
368, 391
231
360
KrezoskiJ.R. 93,99
Kring R.L. 352, 376, 377
Krishnaswamy S. 440
Kritzler H. 97, 99
Kroger R.L.
145, 149
KruegerC.C. 42,137
Kuhry B. 327
KutkuhnJ.H. 291,312
Kutty M.K. 96,97, 102
Lasenby D.C. 376, 392, 422, 459
LatjaR. 231,253
Lautenschlager K.P.
358
Lavandier P.
5, 11
Lavigne D.M. 413,446
Laville H.
5, 8, 10, 189, 192, 196, 199, 203
Lawler G.H.
165, 191, 196, 208
LawtonJ.H.
113,375,413
Laybourn J.E.M. 252, 375
Laybourn-Parry J.
Lean D.R.S.
Learner M.A.
189, 191, 192, 193, 196
Lebour M.V.
344
Lebrasseur R.J.
350
Lechowicz M.J.
LeCren E.D. 2
388
Lefevre M.
344, 390
LeggettW.C. 3,113
Legner E.F.
152
Lehman J. 216
Lehman J.T. 231,336
Lehmkuhl D.M.
145
Lei C. 33
LeimerothN. 419,421,458
Lemcke H.W.
231, 240, 344, 375, 414
Lenton G.M.
113
Lenz J. 355
Leonard J.W.
151
LeSage L.
173, 186, 190, 196, 210, 218
Leslie P.H.
31
Lewis W.M. 78, 374, 375,421,447, 448, 449
Likens G.E. 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 44, 62, 63, 231,
245.250,251, 255,429,432.456
LindebergB.
173,175,213
Lindcman R.L. 2
Lloyd M.
270
Lorenzen C.J.
Levtrup S.
364
438
Lowndes A.J.
Ladle M. 9
LairN. 231
Lam R.K. 336
LammersR.
173,210
Lamotte M.
70, 79
LampertW. 231,240,296,344,346,358,
448, 458
365, 393
338. 339, 342, 344, 346, 348,
388
Lucas C.
Lucas C.E.
99
379
Lumer H.
347
Lund J.W.
Lynch M.
256
336
362, 363. 364, 365. 369. 370. 375. 377, 390.
393. 394. 414. 415. 419. 442. 443. 454
Lane E.D.
152
Lane P.A.
120, 376
LangC.
112
Langeland A. 62, 64, 77
Langford R.R. 62, 68,293,294,392,422, 459
LangfordT.E.
180,186,218
Lapchin L.
11
La Row E.J.
453
La trance J.D.
252
Larsen P.F.
Larsson P.
98
65, 67
Macan T.T.
112, 113, 115, 117, 131, 149,
150, 151, 152, 164, 193, 194, 206, 217, 219
Mackas D. 345, 374, 375
Mackay R.J.
146
MackeyA.P. 97,112,115,117,151
MackieG.L.
152
MaeseneerJ.
103
Magnin E.
178, 196, 216,218
Makland P.S.
102, 107
Makarewicz J.C. 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 44, 62, 231,
245.250.251,255,456
Author Index
475
Malicky H.
216
Malone B.J.
62
Monokov A.V.
Mangum C.
450
Mood A.M.
Momot W.T.
Mann K.H. 3, 4, 9, 427
Marchant R. 8, 10, 11
Marcotte B.M. 344, 347, 348, 392, 393
Marcus L.F. 327
Marler P.R.
349
Marshall B.E. 91,96,99,102
Marshall S.M. 343, 344, 345, 352, 358, 362,
379, 381
Marsot P. 346, 360, 361
MartienR.F. 9,10,11,42
Martin F.B. 42, 137
Martin J.H. 358
Mason C.F.
Mason J.C.
116
131,152
Mason W.T. Jr.
Masteller E.C.
107
217
MathiasJ.A.
3, II
Matuszek J.E.
11
May J.M. 306
Mayzaud O.
345
Mayzaud P. 345
McAlister V.L. 355, 357, 358, 359
McAllister CD. 352,379
McAllister D.E. 243
McCallum I.D.
McCauley E.
255
231, 315, 316, 317, 319, 321,
322, 326, 327, 381
McCauley V.J.E. 115, 116, 174, 189, 192,
193,212
McGraw J.T. Jr. 260
McDiflett W.F. 448
McElhone M.J.
110
McGowan L.M. 99
Mclntyre A.D. 95, 97
McLachlan A.J. 99, 117, 197
McLachlan S.M. 99
McLaren I.A.
6
McMahon J.W. 339, 343, 345, 346, 347,
348, 350, 352, 363, 365, 367, 376, 377, 379,
381
McNaught D.C. 4, 8, 364, 370, 377, 383
McNeil] J. 413
McQueen D.J. 62, 355, 370, 377
Meadows P.S.
Mecom J.D.
MenzieC.A.
Merritt R.W.
Messick C.F.
Mettrick D.F.
99
10
42,137
131, 132, 136, 339
108
107
MikulskiJ.S. 4,5,7,11,44
Milbrink G. 89, 90, 93, 94, 102, 103, 149
Miller R.B.
164, 196, 205, 217
Miller R.B. 9,11
Minto M.L.
115, 116, 117, 152
Mires J.M. 231
6, 11
9
354
Moore J.W. 89
Morgan J.J. 439
Morgan K.
394
Morgan N.C.
1,162,164,176,177,182,185,
186, 189, 190, 193, 194, 196, 206, 210, 215
Mortimer C.H. 432
MosherS. 6,7,8,11,44
Moshiri G.A. 443, 452, 454, 459
Moshalenko B.K. 3
Motoda S.
78
Mozley S.C. 96, 103, 109, 121
Mulder M. 98
Mulla M.S. 175,213
Miiller H. 343, 344
Miiller K.
143
Mullin M. M. 350, 352, 365, 380, 381
Mundie J. H. 131, 149, 150, 151, 162, 163,
164, 166, 170, 174, 179, 181, 182, 185, 189,
190, 192, 194, 206, 208, 211, 217, 219, 220
Murray T.D. 89,91,149
Murtaugh P.A. 313, 344
Nadin-Hurley CM.
Nagell B. 423, 427
Nalewajko C.
346, 355, 362, 377, 388
360
Naumann E.
338, 339, 342, 343, 347, 366,
367
Nauwerck A. 6,7,8,9,44,45,352, 353,354,
355, 363, 364, 366, 367, 370, 377, 383, 384
NeedhamJ.G. 161, 178,215
Needham P.R.
132, 133, 136, 151, 153
Nelson D.J.
136
Nevcau A.
11
Neves R.J. 3, 8, 9, 10, 11
Newell R.C 446, 449
Newman D. 305
Nexo B.A. 437
Nicholls K.H. 360
Nichols F.H. 3
Niesiolowski S.
117, 118
Nilsson L.M. 422, 459
Nimi A.J. 426
Nival P. 343, 353, 358
Nival S. 343, 353, 358
Noble R.G.
153
Nordlie K..J.
180, 219
Northby J.A. 426
Northrop F.S.C.
I, 12
Noven B. 231,246
Nowak K.W. 456
Obreshkove V.
O'Brien F.I.
8
33. 421, 433, 448, 450, 459
Author Index
476
O'Brien W.J. 231,234,352,376,377
O'Connor J.F.
136
O'Conners H.B. 358
Ogawa S. 375, 379
O'Grady S.M. 69
Ohle W. 430
Olausson E.
149
Oliver D.R.
196
Oliver J.S.
141
Oliver R.L. 250
Omaly N. 70, 79
Oman M.D. 369
Omori M. 244
Omori M.O.
343, 374
Opdyke D.F.
164, 182, 183, 185, 196, 197,
205
Opitz E. 432
Orcutt J.D. Jr. 231, 234, 239, 244, 245,
246, 253, 345, 377, 378
Orr A.P.
345, 352, 358, 362, 379, 381
Oscarson H.
152
O'SullivanA.
112
Owen G.H. 68
Owens T.G. 444, 445
Paasivirta L. 213
Pacaud A. 366
PaceM.L. 231,234,239,244,245,246,
252, 253, 256
Packard T.T. 444, 445
Paflenhofer G.A. 341, 346, 347, 348, 350,
354, 355, 357, 377, 379
Palmen E.
166, 185, 187, 189, 190, 196, 208
Palmer D.S.
343
Paloheimo J.E. 29, 32, 36, 388
Pantin C.F.A. 344
Paquette R.G. 76, 83
Parker J.I. 358
Parsons T.R.
350, 355, 356, 357, 359, 360
Patalas K. 9, 64, 65, 68, 78, 80, 328, 330
Paterson C.G. 6, 8, 10, 11, 94, 102, 107,
108
Pearcy W.G. 456
Pearre S. Jr. 243
Pearson R.G. 97,98, 112, 151
Pearson W.D.
145, 152
Pechen G.A.
38
Peckarsky B.L.
145, 147
Pederson G.L.
134, 135, 140, 143, 144,
6, 7, 8, 9, 231
Peer D. 6, 8
Peet R.K.
137
Pennak R.W. 67
PersooneG.
115
Persson G. 231, 232, 233, 234, 243, 245
PeterkaJ.J.
115,117
Peters R.H. 42, 292, 293, 296, 307, 336,
345, 347, 354, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 368,
370, 372, 387, 392, 393, 394
Petersen C.G.J. 94
Peterson B.J. 343, 356, 371, 377
PetrT.
116
Phear E.A. 452
Phillipson J. 457
Pidgaiko M.L. 8
Pieczynska E.
113, 116, 118
Pieczynski E.
116
Pielou C.E.
270
Pilarska J. 375, 419, 458
Pinel-Alloul B. 6, 9
Planck R.J. 243
Pointing P.J.
143
133
Pollard J.E.
Pomeroy L.R.
Ponyi J.E.
354, 455
370, 376, 377
Porter K.G. 231, 340, 341, 343, 344, 345,
347, 348, 353, 362, 371, 376, 377, 378, 379,
390, 452
Potter D.W.B.
189, 191, 192, 193, 196
Poulet S.A. 346, 352, 357, 358, 360, 361,
370
Pourriot R. 343, 344, 345, 375
Powers C.F. 91, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103
PrejsK. 94,99, 120
Prepas E.E. 29, 33, 64, 79, 301, 302, 343
Price C.A. 261
Prikhod'ko T.I. 9, 11
Prins R.
145
Pritchard G.
152
Priymachenko A.D. 3
Propp M.V.
426
ProsserC.L. 417,450
PrusT. 421,459
Przytocka-Jusiak M.
119, 120
Puffer J.H. 355
Qadri S.V.
RabeniC.F.
RadfordD.S.
152
151
133
Ragotzkie R.A. 62
Rainbow V. 250,251
Ranke-Rybickova B. 344, 374, 376
Ranta E.
103, 105, 106, 419, 420, 421, 422,
429, 440, 443, 446, 448, 449, 456, 459
Rao K.P.
449
Rapport D.J.
344, 346
Rassoulzadegan F.
256, 375
Ravera O. 231,245,449
Raymont J.E. 440
Redfield G.W. 231
Reisen W.K.
145
Author Index
Resh V.H. 10, 101, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136,
139, 140, 143, 146, 147, 148, 153
Rey J. 62
RichmanS. 419,421,432,440,443,446,
453, 458
Ricker W.E. 24, 268, 267, 279, 325, 327
Riggs D.S. 39, 48
Rigler F.H. 25, 28, 29, 33, 64, 292, 293,
294, 296, 307, 336, 337, 339, 343, 345, 346,
347, 348, 350, 351, 352, 358, 361, 362, 363,
364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 372, 377,
379, 381, 386, 392, 393, 394
All
Scholander P.F. 434
Schonborn W. 252
Schram M.D. 244, 245
Schroder R. 348
Schultz T.W. 393
Schwoerbel I. 29, 62
Schwoerbel J. 79, 87, 95, 254
Scott D.C. 136
Scott W.
164, 182, 183, 184, 196, 197, 205
Sebestyeii O.
115, 120
Selin P.
8, 10
Sell D.W. 62
RingelbergJ. 347
RinneJ.N. 96,102,105
Shapovalova I.M.
Shcherbakoff A. P.
Robertson A. 91, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103
Roff J.C. 422, 446, 449, 455, 456, 458, 459
Rogers J.N. 357, 385
RognerudS. 62,64,77,231
Sheldon R.W. 353, 355, 356, 357, 359
Shiozawa D.K. 99, 107
Shireman J.V.
103
Short R.A. 5,44
Shushkina E.A. 447
Siebeck O. 62
Siedler E. 343
Siefken M. 446,449
Siegel S. 300
Rohlf F.J.
32, 266. 284, 286, 290, 294, 299,
300, 304, 306, 308, 311,312, 314, 326, 327
Roman M.R. 353
Rosen R.A. 231,234,245
Rosenberg D.M.
101,134,169,185,186,
188. 199. 200. 202
115,116,118
419,433,449,458
Saionen K. 231, 253, 254
SandbergG.
192,196,199
448
Simmons G.M.
103, 150
Singh P.J. 344
Sivertsen B. 91,97,102
Skogheim O.K. 231
Slack H.D. 90
Slobodkin L.B. 336
Small L.F. 361,456
Smirnov N.N. 393
Smith D.F. 364
Smith F.E.
347, 376
Smith H. 314,330
Smith K.L. Jr. 94, 97, 99, 102
Smith P.E. 71, 72
Smith W. 95, 97
Smock L.A.
108,230
Sandrock F. 189, 195, 196, 216
Sapkarev J.A. 112
Smyly W.J.P. 9, 62, 115, 231, 374
Snedecor G.W. 266, 275, 278, 290, 298,
Rosenberg G.G. 339, 346, 369
Rosenberg R.
10
Roth J.C. 231
RoweG.T. 91
Roy A. 446, 449
Rubenstein D.I. 340
Rublee P.A. 353
Ruggio D.
112
Runge J.A 359, 365
Ruttner-Kolisko A. 64, 68, 246, 247
RytherJ.H. 352,353,381
Saraceni C.
112
Sigmon C.F.
299, 300, 304, 306, 314, 324, 329, 330
SarkkaJ. 107,120
Sarvala J. 103, 105, 106
Satomi M. 342, 354, 391, 455
Saunders J.F. 78
SaundersJ.W. 355
Snow N.B. 231,245
Sokal R.R. 32, 266, 284, 286, 290, 294, 299,
300, 304, 306, 308, 311, 312, 314, 326, 327
Solem J.O. 89
Soltero R.A. 231
ScaviaD. 388,389,390
ScharfE.M. 427
Sorokin Y.I.
Soszka G.J.
Scheffe H. 300, 307, 308
ScherbaS. Jr.
151
Schiemer F. 447
Schindler D.W. 6. 7. 8, 9, 45. 62. 63, 65. 67.
Southwood T RE.
Speir J.A.
197
Spomer G.G. 336
Sprules W.G. 242
77, 231, 246, 352, 362, 367, 419, 421, 454,
459
Schmidt E.L. 120, 371
Schmitz E.A. 260
Sprules W.M. 189, 196, 216
Stanczykowska A. 119,120
Stanford J.A. 108
Starkweather P.L. 346, 352, 355, 358, 364,
366, 367, 369, 375, 377
Schober U.
370
9,362,363,384,441,442
115,117
24, 27, 87
Author Index
478
Steams S.C.
Steel R.G.D.
Stewart J.A.
347
232, 233, 240, 305
119,120
Stewart J.M. 375
Stock nerJ.G.
110,111
Storch O. 338
Strachan I.M. 448, 458
StraSkraba M. 381,456
Strathmann R.R.
Strayer D.L. 9
Street M.
360
174, 212
Strickland J.D.H. 355, 429
Strickler J.R. 340, 341, 343, 347, 348
Stross R.G. 9, 38
Stuart A. 277
Stumm W. 439
Sublette J.E.
167, 175, 182, 208, 213
Sullivan B.K. 343, 344
Sushchenya L.M. 377, 446
Sutclifle D.W. 6,8,9,11,101
SwenbergJ.A.
109
Swift M.C. 231, 245, 344, 374, 419, 421,
434, 446, 459
Swiss J.J.
9
Uhlig G. 252
UlanoskiJ.T. 448
Ulfstrand S.
Usinger R.L.
151
132, 133, 136, 151, 153
Utermohl H. 354
Uye S.-l. 6, 8
Vallentyne J.R.
196, 203
Van Arkel M.A. 98
Van der Leeuw W. 352, 376
Van der Leeuw-Leegwater C.
419, 422, 425,
446, 453, 454, 458
Vanderploeg H.A. 357, 358, 388, 389, 390
Van Winkle W. 450
Vargo S.L. 430
Verduin J. 440
VerolletG.
111,112
Viaud G. 347
VijverbergJ. 8,9,28,37
Vincent B.
96
Vlymen W.J. 447
Vollenweider R.A. 449
Vologdin M.P.
115, 116, 118
Voshell J.R. Jr.
103,150
Tachet H.
111,112
Taguchi S. 370, 385
Tailing J.F. 429
Waddell A.B.
189, 206, 210
Waide J.B. 42, 44, 46
TannerJ.T.
WaiteS.W.
Taylor T. P. 94
Teal J.M. 203, 425, 431, 440, 461
69,372
Walker K.F. 6,8, 10, 11, 107
Wallace J.B.
1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 42, 44, 339
Walton E.O. Jr.
143
Wang C.H.
369
Ward E.B.
115
Ward F.J.
363, 367, 368
Tezuka Y. 377
Thamdrup H.M. 97
Thayer G.W. 92, 102
Thiel H.
107
Thienemann A.
179
Thompson J.D. 93,94,99, 110,111,112,151
Threlkeld S.T. 32, 33, 231, 375. 415
Titmus G.
174, 212
Tonolli L. 3, 4
Tonolli V. 62, 67, 69, 75, 76, 78, 79,
Ward J.V. 5, 44
Wartinbee D.C.
181, 221
Waters T.F.
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
38, 42, 44, 45, 131, 143, 145, 149, 151, 152
Watson N.H.F. 231, 260
Watson S. 381
Wattiez C. 9, 62, 231
Webster K..W. 345, 347, 363, 364, 377
Wegleiiska T.
51
Welch H.E.
167, 169, 170, 189, 191, 192,
81-83, 348
Torrie J.H. 232, 233, 240, 305
196, 203, 209
Welch P.S. 90,95, 115, 117, 152
Townsend C.R.
147
Trama F.B. 419, 422, 446, 449, 459
Tranter D.J. 71,72
TrewD.O. 301,302
Werner E.E.
113
Westlake D.F.
118
Wetzel R.G.
117,429,432
Whittaker R.H.
137
Tschumi P.A. 430
Tseyev Y.Y.
11
Tudorancea C.
103
Wiebe P.H.
Wiebe W.J.
Tappa D.W.
136
355
Tash J.C. 108
Taub F.B. 394
Taylor L.R. 290,291,292
TukeyJ.W.
281,290
Tulletl P.A.
89
Turner V.J.
358
62
364
Wiederholm T.
89, 90, 93, 94, 102, 107,
108, 149
Wiens A. P.
185, 188, 199
Wiggins G.B.
110
Author Index
Wightman J.A. 392, 432
Wigley R.L. 97, 102
Wildish D.J. 6, 8, 105
Wiley M.J. 143, 144, 146
Wilhm C.
103
Willen E. 354
Williams D.D. 3, 107, 108, 136, 179, 219,
220
Williams N.E.
107, 108
Williams W.D.
10,11
Williamson C.E. 346
Willis D.L. 369
Willoughby L.G. 9, 11
Wilson D.S. 336, 360, 377
113,179
Wilson R.S.
Winberg G.G.
1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 38, 44, 240,
245, 254, 255, 450
WingfieldCA. 429
Winkler L.W. 429
WinsorC.P.
118
Winterbourne M.J. 42
WiseEJ.
112
WisseloA.G. 430
Wissing T.E. 8, 9
Wohlschlag D.
164, 191, 197, 206
Wold J.L.
178, 216
Wolnomiejski N. 4, 5
Wood L.W.
479
99
Wotton R.S. 423, 440, 455, 459
Wright J.C. 38
Wrubleski D.W.
186
Wuycheck J.C. 253
Yentsch C.S.
Yevich P.P.
76, 82
107
Yocum W.L.
69
Young S. 347
Zahner R. 455
Zaika V.E. 6
Zankai N.P.
370, 376, 377
Zar J.H. 266
Zaret R.E. 341
Zeiss F.R. Jr. 354, 455
Zelinka M. 3, 4, 7, 10
Zelt K.A.
150
Zeuthen E. 445, 446
Zimmerman M.L. 8, 9
Zimmerman U.
110, 112
Zndanova G.A.
11
Zwick P. 3,42,216
Zytkowicz R. 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 103
Taxonomic Index
Acartia clausi
A. tonsa 367
A. sp.
361
C. sp.
386
Amphipoda 109, 190, 459
Ancylus fluviatilis 113,452
Anisops sp.
C. sp. 99, 197, 279, 374, 376
C. irivanatus 419, 421, 446, 447, 453, 459
Cheumatopsyche pettiti 133, 139
300, 331
Ankistrodesmus sp.
Anuraeopsis sp.
367
Asellus aquatkus
144
144
B. vernus
454
237
Chironomus anthacinus
B. longispina
244
C. sp.
B. sp.
377, 379, 382-387, 391, 453, 456, 458-459
Clams
101
Cloeon dipterum
419, 423, 459
Clunio marinus
196
Collotheca sp.
248
77, 236
64, 235
Conocfuius sp. 247
Copepoda 7, 120, 236-237, 243, 341, 343.
236
78. 361, 367
345, 358, 363, 366, 377, 379, 391, 392, 456,
Brachionus calyciflorus 367, 419, 421, 458
B. plicatus 246, 419, 420, 458
B. rubens 419, 458
B. sp.
458
Crane flies
162
Crayfish
101
Cricotopus sp.
195, 196
247
Bylhotrephes longimanus
B. sp.
77
Cyclopoid copepods 119, 338, 346, 374
Cyclops abyssorum 11, 423
C. bicuspidatus 448, 451, 458
C. ieuckarti 419, 458
C. scutifer 236-237
C. spp. 67, 68
83
Caddisflies
10, 132, 146, 162, 191, 197
Calamoecia lucasi
Calanoid copepods
107
Chlamydomonas sp. 352
Chlorella sp. 367, 453
Chydorus sphaericus 77, 236, 367
Ciliata 99, 120, 252, 256, 339, 346, 375
Cladocera 7, 119, 120, 234-236, 243, 338,
339, 346, 352, 357, 358, 363, 365, 366, 374,
67
B. obtusirostris
6,192
C. anlhracinus 451, 459
C.plumosa 192
Black fly larvae 117,423
Blue-green algae 345, 346, 378
Boeckella delicata 419, 422, 458
Bosmina coregoni
99, 108, 119, 120, 162, 182,
183, 186, 187, 189, 191, 195, 196, 197, 199,
200, 203, 276, 452
Chironomini
196
421, 459
Asplanchna brightwelli
A. sp. 247
Asterionella sp. 367
Baetidae
Baetis sp.
Chironomidae
247
Arctodiaptomus spinosus
Anemia sp. 375
Ascomorpha sp. 247
B. longirostris
367
Chaoborus flavicans 447, 452, 459
C. punctipennis 448, 451
419, 458
338, 339, 343, 352, 354,
357-359, 365, 374, 377, 379, 382-387
Calanus hyperboreus 367
C. sp. 344, 346, 360, 367, 379, 385
Calliopus laeviusculus 367
C. strenuus
237, 419, 458
C. vernalis 236
C. vicinus 237
C. viridis 237
Cyprinidae 190
Celithemis fasciata 46
Centropages sp. 367
Ceriodaphnia lacustris 244
C. quadrangula 235
C. reticulata 64, 235, 238-239, 241, 458
Damselflics
190
Daphnia ambigua
481
234
Taxonomk Index
482
D.
D.
D.
D.
D.
D.
D.
cephaiata 300, 331
galeala 234, 452
galeata mendotae 32, 367, 452
hyaline, 32, 77, 234
iongiremis 361
longispina 234, 238, 241, 367, 458
magna 235, 345, 347, 359, 367, 419, 421,
422, 443, 446, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455,
458-459
D. obtusa 449
D.parvula 234,238,241,244
D. pulex 234-235, 244, 287-288, 296-297,
331, 351, 355, 367, 419, 421, 443, 446, 453,
454, 455, 458
D. retrocurva 234, 332
D. rosea 33, 292-293, 295-296, 305-309,
366, 367
D. schodleri 235, 367
D. sp. 65, 67, 78, 79, 243, 268-270, 272,
279, 280, 289, 313, 343, 346, 347, 359, 376,
377, 386, 432, 453
Diaphanosoma brachyurum
D. leuchlenbergianum 64
77, 235
D. sp. 68, 78
Diaptomus ashlandi 313
D. gracilis 64, 236, 422, 446, 458
D. graciloides 458
D.ieptopus 8,67,419,421,458
D. minutus 67, 293-294, 297-299
D. oregonensis 293-294, 453, 458
D. pallidus
D. sicilis
Gammarids
101
Gammarus Jossarum
419,420,422,449,
452, 455, 459
G. pseudolimneaus
145
G. pulex 422,459
Gastropus sp. 248
Gerridae
132
Glyptotendipes paripes
192
G. sp.
186
Gymnodinium sp. 367
Gyrinid beetles
190
Halipid beetles 190
Harpacticoid copepods
119
Heterocope appendiculata
H. saliens 237
237
H. sp.
83
Heterotrissocladius grimshawi
H. marcidus
Hexagenia sp.
195
Hexarthra sp. 248
Hirudinea 138-139
Holopedium gibberum
H. sp.
192
192
67, 235, 243
367
Hydropsychidae
133
367
236, 238 239, 241. 419. 421,
458
68, 245, 346, 367, 377, 446, 449, 453,
460
Dicosmoecus gilvipes
1 46
Dinoflagellates 379
Diptera
134, 135, 136, 143, 162, 190, 203.
204, 459
Disparalona rostrata
Dragonflies
236
190, 191
Ecdyonurus venosus
Empididae 189
Ephemerella ignita
Ephemeroptera
E. intermedius
Kellicottia longispina 67
K. sp.
248
Keratella cochlearis 28, 249
K. quadrata 248, 251
Ladona deplanata
454
109, 134, 135, 136, 143,
Epilheca sp. 46-49
Euchlanis sp. 248
Eudiapiomus gracilis
E. graciloides
Ilyoctiptus sordidus 236
Ilyodrilus hammonensis 451
Isonychia sp. 447
Isoperla huresi 420, 423, 459
Isopoda 459
454, 459
144, 145, 162, 166, 179, 186, 194, 196, 459
Epischura nevadensis 304
E. vulgaris
248
236
D. siciloides
D. sp.
Filinia sp.
237, 367, 419, 448
L. sp.
Leeches
138-139
Leptodora kindtii 67, 68, 77, 236, 376, 443,
451,452,454,459
L. sp. 65, 83, 374
455, 458
64
77
423
192
192
Limnocalanus macrurus
68, 237
Euphausiids 387
Eurytemora hirundoides
46
Lauierbornia coracina
Limnocalanus sp.
376
Lillorina litlorina
449
Lumbriculus rivalis
451
361, 422, 446, 451,
Taxonomic Index
Macrocyclops albidus 447
Mayflies 4, 145, 162, 191, 423
Megaloptera 162
Mesocyclops brasilianus
M.edax 237
449
M. hyalinus 64
M. leuckarti 77, 237, 245
Metazoans
120
Micropsectra contracta
192
Microtendipes sp.
192
Mites 190
Mixodiaptomus laciniatus 11
Mollusca 459
Mussels 7
Mysidacea 101,289,459
Mysis relicta 392, 421, 432, 443, 446, 457,
459
Mysis sp.
376
Protozoa 62, 64, 119, 120, 230, 240,
251-253, 255, 256, 257, 261, 339, 375
Pseudodiamesa arctica 192
Psilotanypus rujovittatus 192
Rhincalanus nasutus 367
Rhitrogena semicolorata 454
R. sp. 459
Rhodotorula sp. 293, 367, 386
Rotatoria 7, 8, 37, 63, 64, 119, 230, 240,
246-251, 255, 257, 261, 339, 346, 352, 375,
387, 456, 458
Saccaromyces sp. 367
Scapholeberis kingi 236
5. sp. 367
Scenedesmus sp. 367, 454
Scirpus sp.
Nematoda
119
290, 313, 344
Orthocladiinae 196
Orthocladius spp.
192
Ostracods 119
Paratanytarsus austriacus
Pelecypoda 106
Penilia smaekeri
192
294
Perlidae 143
Pisidium amnicum
419, 420, 422, 446, 449,
451
Plecoptera 134, 135, 136, 143, 162, 194, 459
Plectrus palustris 446, 453
Pleuromamma xiphias 367
Ploesoma sp. 249
Polyarthra sp. 249
P. vulgaris 67
Polyphemus pediculus
Pompbolyx sp. 249
P. sp.
236, 453
83
192
451
Prorocentrum sp.
447, 452, 456, 459
Snails 10, 282-286
Sphagnum sp.
116
Spiders 190
Stenonema pulchellum 419, 422, 446, 451,
459
Stoneflies 132, 145, 162
Streptotheca sp. 367
Synchaeta sp. 249
Tanypodinae 192, 196
Tanytarsus inoperlus 192
T. lugens 192
T. sp.
459
Procladius choreus
S. vetulus
Simuliidae 191, 196, 216, 459
Skistodiaptomus oregonensis 25
Odagmia ormata
191
Odonata 162, 195
Oligochacta 99,110,119,120
Ponteporeia sp.
116
Sida crystallina 236, 367
Simocephalus exspinosus 421,459
Neomysis mercedis
Nitzchia sp. 367
Notholca sp. 249
P. casertanum
483
192
Tardigrada 119
Testudinella sp. 249
Thais lameilosa 282-286
Thermocyclops hyalinus 49-54, 237
Tintinnidae 367, 375
Tobrilus gracilis 441
Tn'chocerca sp. 249
Trichoptera 109, 134, 135, 136, 143, 162,
179, 190, 194, 196, 197
Trissocladius sp.
192
Trout 23
Tubifiex barbatus 423, 451
Tubificids
108
Typha sp.
116
367
Protanypus forcipatus
192
Water striders
132
Subject Index
Absolute accuracy, emergence sampling
190-193
Abundance 187, 191, 192, 197, 198, 199,
200, 228
Acclimation 449
Accuracy 4, 100, 270
emergence sampling
see relative accuracy
Artificial, streams
substrates
troughs
Ash 392
190-193
rate measurement
Age
accuracy
errors
190
Age analysis of embryos, value of 35
Age distribution, embryo population 32
of embryos, diurnal fluctuations 35
diurnal variation 33
effect on r 33
Age structure, variability 41
Aggregation, see spatial heterogeneity
Alcohol 79, 108, 188, 189, 210
Algae, blue-green 166, 191, 345, 378
Allometric equation, algai growth 353
Altitude 240
Anaesthetization 343, 348, 372, 373
Analog-digital converter 242
Analysis, of covariance 332
of variance 292
general recommendations 302
nested
one-way
radiotracer techniques
zooplankton
394
392
recommendations 394, 395
specific activity 393, 394
underestimates 393
use of unassimilable material
retention 342
371
390
Associations 141, 147, 148
Autocorrelation 379
Average cohort method see size frequency
method
Average, mass 229
moving 281
running 281
Axis of variation 279
b see birth rate, instantaneous
(i (beta) see finite birth rate
311
Balance sensitivity
300
245, 250
Basin morphometry 8, 199, 203
Beads and inorganic particles 360
ciliates 375
flavoured 360
glass beads 360
latex beads 360
Anatomical characteristics 32-33, 243
Anchoring techniques 169-170
ANOVA see analysis of variance
Antenna, copepod 340
Aquaculture 3
Area measurement 23
Arithmetic probability paper
393
interpretation 394
limitations 391
338
11
393
incomplete labelling of food
Algal community composition 336
Alkalinity 9
Allen curve method 23
Allochthonous, inputs 11, 205
materials
392
excretion of tracer
fecal analysis 391
fecal pellets 391
6
mortality rate
390
394
assumptions
direct 392
165, 206, 209, 215, 218, 219
Additivity 289, 290
Adult:exuviae ratios
141
Ash free dry weight 19, 392
Assimilation, definition 342
efficiency, definition 342
subsampling 279
Acridine orange 120, 375, 376
Acrylic sheet
143, 144, 146
101, 133, 134, 141, 142, 152
natural diatomite 360
plastic spheres 360
27, 283
485
Subject Index
486
Beads and inorganic particles—contd.
problems and limitations 361
recommendations 361
sand 360
selection against 361
size distributions offered 361
size selection 361
surface charge 361
taste selection 361
Behavior,
stream benthos 144, 14S, 146
Benthos, hard substrate
110-112, 161
macrophyte dwelling see
phytomacrobenthos
pond 10, 120
samplers, Benthos corer 94, 102, 136
bow wave effects 105, 220
box sampler 112, 132
corers 93-94,96,101,105,136
Ekman grab
89-93, 94, 96, 101, 103,
105, 149, 150
FBA corer 94
Franklin-Anderson 94
Gilson corer 94, 102
hard substrates
110-112
hydraulic 97,110,112
hydraulic closure 89
Kajak-type corers 105
Kajak-Brinkhurst corer
Mackin corer 96
Marukawa 104
modifications
93.102.105
88-89
multiple corer 93,101-102,105
orange-peel grab 97
Petersen grab 94-96, 103
PONAR grab 94, 96, 97, 103
pressure wave effects
106
quadrats 112
redesign 121
relative accuracy see relative accuracy
rock faces 110-112
Shipek 94,96
Shockwave 89
size 88,93,94,96,97,101, 104, 105,106
Smith-Mclntyre 94. 96. 97. 103
Benthos—contd.
sampling, accuracy—contd.
scuba divers 93,110,146,151
sediment depth 99
shallow water 89, 94
winter 93
sieving 97, 105
suspension feeding 339
Bias, ratios 134, 139, 389
Biological interactions, stream benthos
146, 147
Biomass 228, 229, 257
estimates, precision, 132, 133, 137, 147
229, 257, 258
estimation, comparison of techniques
260, 261
groups of species 259
integral 45
phytoplankton 9
relationship to production 5, 44-45
stream benthos
132, 133, 137, 147
Biovolumes 356
Birth rate 49
assumptions in measurement 32
conversion between finite and
instantaneous 30-31
finite 29
instantaneous 27, 29, 30
example calculation 34-36
potential finite 34
recommended method of measuring
32-36
relative to population size 27
Blue-green algae
166, 191, 378
rejection of 345
Body, size 6, 7, 8, 42, 203
width
243
Brillouin's index
137
Bromophenol blue 253
Bubbling samples
Budgets 4
C:N ratio
203
Cahn electrobalance
substrate penetration see substrate
penetration
suction hose
112
Surber
112,132,133,134,148,149,
150, 151, 153
Camera lucida
Carapace 339
Van Veen grab
Carbon
19
Content
230, 253
91, 96, 97, 103, 104
sampling, accuracy 101-103, 107
and macrophytes 91
cobble bottoms
112
efficiency 105-106
precision
103-105,133,136,137,138,147
problems, remedy for
regression estimation
120
112
253
245, 250
Caliper 242
Calorimetry 253
344
measurement
253
determination, accuracy
254
precision 254
sensitivity 253
Carbon dioxide
118, 253, 439-442
excretion 416, 439-442
145,
Subject Index
Carbon dioxide—contd.
measurement
Clutch size 8
Coefficient of determination
440-441
change in pH 440
infra-red analysis 440
radioisolope method 441
Carbonated water 343, 372, 373
Carnivores 8, 343
Carnivorous zooplankton 9
Carnoy fluid
110
Carrying capacity 6
Coefficient of variation
259
counting
subsampling
353
360
Cellulose acetate butyrate 165, 168, 208
Census problem, zooplankton 59
266
density gradient 108, 250, 260-261
isopyenic gradient 250
Cephalothorax 243
Cerenkov radiation 368
Chambers, counting 255
sedimentation 255
Chemoreceptors 343
Chi-square lest 256, 270, 287, 289
goodness of fit 286, 287
homogeneity of samples 289
Chloral hydrate 348
Chlorophyll 386
Choice of sampler, benthos 87, 102, 120
emergent insects 162, 163, 197-199
general
12
stream benthos
147-148
zooplankton 60, 79
Choice of, transformation 291, 292
variable type 308
weighing technique 257-259
Cinematography, high speed 348
Clarke Bumpus sampler, improvements
76
instructions for use
81-83
see also zooplankton samplers
Clearance rate see grazing rate
118
284
weight 245-246, 258, 259
Coefficients, orthogonal 304
Cohort 22, 228
identification 27, 46
population determination
24
production conversion to annual
24
44
Colonization, stream benthos 141 145, 148
Combining probabilities 312
Combustion, high temperature 253
Community structure, stream benthos 147
Comparative efficiency aw relative accuracy
163,206,211
Central tendency, indices of
Centrifugation 62
256-257, 258
recognition
Cell volume:dry weight conversion
229, 241, 257, 258,
phytomacrobenthos
see also electronic particle analysis
Cell counts, skewed distribution 354
Cell fragments 358
Cell size modification 346
Celluloid
329
185, 199, 200, 201,
229, 254. 268, 279
biomass estimates
Cartesian diver 421,435-438
Cell carbon:dry weight conversion 360
Cell chlorophyll:cell volume conversion 360
Cell count methods, agitation 353
algal growth 353
algal sedimentation 352
assumptions 350
counting algae 354
excretion by zooplankton
problems 352
relative accuracy 382
rotifers, 375
487
Comparison of,
means, important considerations 274
sample means and population means t-test
296
two independent means, t-test 297
two means, t-lest. heterogeneous variances
298
Comparisons, multiple planned
multiple unplanned 303
of means
292
Compartmental analysis
Competition
303
11, 336
stream benthos
Composite samples,
439
146, 147
replicate 278
zooplankton 64
Compression, protozoans
Computer packages
Computer programs
Cones
318
318
252
168, 169, 190,207.208.210.211,212
213,214,217,219.220
Confidence interval 103, 133. 147. 153 245
250, 254, 271
on predicted values 239, 323
slope of a regression 322
Confidence limits 4, 272
Continuity correction 287
Control, use of II, 305
Converting subsamplcs to population estimates
280
Coprophagy
391
Correlation 140, 143. 327
and causation 314
coefficient 314. 328, 379
spearman rank
329
critical values 329
Cost effective aw efficiency
Subject Index
488
Cost, emergence sampling
161. 163. 166,
168, 177, 197. 199, 216. 217
measurement of carbon 254
Coulter counter sec electronic particle
228
algae 354
cells, comparison
255
chambers 255
error 233
protozoans
rotifers
255
samples
279
Dispersal
255
zooplankton
254 257
Covariance see analysis of covariancc
Cross products 318
Crystal violet
343
Cumulative-weighing technique 251
141-145
267
see spatial heterogeneity
Dissecting needle 244
Distribution, binomial 268
clumped
140, 147, 270
contagious
133, 140, 147, 270, 274, 279
determination of 140-141,283
homogeneous 255
horizontal, zooplankton 59
normal 268. 270, 271, 272, 273, 283, 297,
315
of difference data 301
of the data 268
Poisson 268. 270. 274, 289, 291, 292, 354.
358
random 255, 268, 279, 289
regular 292
Currency 2
Current velocity
10, 163
Curvilinear model
379
CV see coefficient of variation
see also spatial heterogeneity
skewed
267, 270
unknown
Data, discontinuous
Diversity
268
ranking 299
retrieval 243
smoothing 281
storage 243
transformation see transformation
Death rate 49
instantaneous 27. 30
Defecation 342, 390
determination of 366
Density gradient centrifugation
108, 250
see also centrifugation
Density, stream benthos
132. 138 139
Depth, 177. 183, 187.188, 197. 198. 199. 200.
201, 203, 209
Design, factorial 308. 309
mixed model 311
nested 308
paired data 301
see also sampling design
220, 221
Dry mass
19
ash-free
19
Dry weight
19, 230, 232-233. 244-245
Drying time 245
Drying zooplankton 245, 250
Dunnett's test
305
Duration of size classes see development time
Dyes and stains
107
Eclosion
162, 187, 194, 195
Ecosystem stability
10
Effects, fixed 311
main 311
random 311
Efficiency, counting samples 229
emergence sampling
162. 172. 185,
190-195, 199
308
Detrilivores 8
Detritus
143
Development rate, feeding stages
Difference data, distribution of
59
11, 132, 136-138, 147
Drift
134, 143-145, 152, 177, 179, 220
sampling
134, 143-145, 152, 177. 179,
discrete 268
processing 243
in situ determination 51
variation with temperature
Development time 42
egg 28-29
estimation 50-51
total 43
279
vertical, zooplanklon
d see death rate, instantaneous
two-way
246
Dispersion, indices
analysis.
Counting
Digestion, differential 344
Dimensions, for volume estimation
measurement of 240, 242-243
49. 51
see accuracy, relative accuracy
see also sampling effort
Egg development,
rate and temperature 28-29
thermal statification 33
time, temperature 8, 50, 64
Egg, membranes 51
mortality 34-36
rotifers 37
50
301
population
32
Subject Index
Egg, membranes—could.
Emergence, arctic—contd.
sampling, accuracy—contd.
production 8, 10, 19
instantaneous rate 36
sac
frequency of emptying 172,218,219
interpretation 169, 179, 187, 190, 197,
51
Egg ratio method 29
Electivity see food selectivity
Electrical sorting
108
200, 202, 203
techniques
Electrobalance
245, 250. 251
Electrode (oxygen),
membrane covered 422, 425, 427, 428,
430-432
dropping mercury 423, 427, 430
Electron transport system activity,
respiratory 416. 444. 445
Electronic digitizer 23
Electronic particle analysis 346, 352, 353,
355, 385
accuracy 357
advantages 356
apparent food selection
358
calibration 356
cell destruction
357
ciliates 345
computer simulation 359
data selection 359
fecal pellets 358
357
Embryos counting 33
Emergence, arctic
189. 195. 196
asynchronous
195
diel periodicity
196
diurnal variation
182.196,197
195-197
prediction of 203-205
sampling, accuracy
190-195, 198
arctic 184, 195, 196
bottle size
166, 184, 188
catch loss
172, 188, 195
debris
192
203
temperature
195, 196
162, 184, 188, 189, 190,
trap saturation
184, 185
winter 170, 171
seasonal, computations 202, 203
studies, history
161, 190
importance of 161, 197, 205
design
197-203
synchronized
195, 196, 197
temperature
189, 190, 195, 196
traps, anchoring
169-170
176, 177, 179, 215
baffles 179,188,189.190,194, 206, 207,
208,211,212,213,217.218,219
163, 177, 215-217
box 177, 179, 182, 191, 193, 194, 206,
210-213,215,217-220
characteristics of sampling chamber
162, 188, 189, 190, 194
clogging
166, 184, 188, 191
cone see emergence traps, funnel
construction
167-169,205-221
cost
161, 163, 165, 166, 168, 177, 197,
199,216.217
depth of placement
183, 184, 187, 190
209
32-36
patterns of
171, 189, 198, 200, 201, 202
163, 177
185, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202
162, 187, 188, 189. 190. 191,
recommendations
184, 186, 187, 188,
190, 194, 197, 198, 199
shallow water 172-177, 187. 197.200.
cage
357
particle size modification 358
principle 355
recommendations 359
relative accuracy 382
sieves 359
sources of error 357
uncritical use 355
very small cells 356
Ellipses 251
Embryonic development 28
stages
long-term
mesh size
precision
predation
at water's edge
food selection experiments
high cost
489
177. 179. 216, 220
depth of placement
187, 199, 200
example problem
199-203
exuviae
162. 163, 172, 173, 179, 181,
188, 190, 205-214, 217. 218, 220
float colonization
171,186,187
fluctuating water level
177. 218, 219
designs
163-181,205-221
entrance baffle
179, 188-190. 194.
206-208, 211-213. 217-319
floating
163,172.177,179,182,186,
193. 194, 196. 205-207. 211,212,
217-219
floats 171, 186, 187
flowing waters 177-181,215-221
for rocky shores
177
funnel *161, 166-169, 173, 182-194, 199,
200,207-209,211-214.217
greenhouse
177, 189. 195. 216, 217
hose
187, 209
ideal characteristics
162,163
lead weights
169
mesh size
163, 177, 179, 206, 215, 217,
219.221
opacity: efficiency
182, 183. 184
Subject Index
490
Emergence, arctic—contd.
traps, anchoring—contd.
pool
177, 179
preservatives in
188, 189, 190, 210
pyramid
163, 177, 179, 184, 185, 188,
191, 194, 205, 206, 209, 210, 216,
218-210
recovery of insects
163, 172. 173, 177,
187, 188, 189, 205-220
relative accuracy see relative accuracy
riffle 177
selective 179
shallow water
172, 173, 174, 175, 176,
177, 209-215
size
166, 172, 184, 185, 199, 200
sources of error
181-191
stabilization
169, 170, 179, 208, 210,
214, 217, 219
staked
172,182,193,211,212,218
submerged
163, 166,167, 168, 172,182.
185-194, 196, 207-209, 213, 214
tent
161, 163, 177, 179, 188, 205, 210,
214-218
tilting 186
transparency
turbulence
165, 166, 182-184. 194
217
Emergent vegetation
162, 172, 174, 209-211
Empirical relationship 182, 203-205
Energy 2, 3, 19, 342
336, 395
transfer
Engineers
F-tesl
300
Fashion, scientific
46
Fatigue in microscopy 242
Fecal, analysis 343
pellets 391
Feeding and grazing measurement, age of
food 381
appendage movement 341, 347
behavioral studies 345
carbon content 360
cell counts
349, 374
change in food concentration
chlorophyll 360
ciliates 375
2, 336, 395
121
348
comparison of methods 382, 383. 385.
386
crowding 379
dissections
343
dry weight
360
dyes and particles 347
electron microscopy 343
energy
errors
360
379
ethology
349
experimental artifacts 379
fecal pellet 345
fluorescence analysis 345
gut contents
344
Enumeration see counting
gut enzymes
345
Environmental impact
gut passage time
laboratory 349
Entomological aspirator
163, 206. 210
107, 137, 143, 148
Epifluorescence microscopy
120
Epilithic benthos 87
Equations, length:weight 232, 233. 234-237
see also length:weight conversion
Equitability 137
Equivalent spherical diameter
Excretion 342
Expected frequency distribution
288
23
145
285, 287.
361
342
342
photocells
348
recommendations
rotifers
Error
133, 136, 138
allowable 273
propagation 47,233,238-241,261
Evenness
137
Excess production hypotheses
microscopical
morphological
regurgitation
356
Erwin loops 347
Estimates of produciion. improvement of
Ethanol 79,118,368
349
cinematography
194
vandalism
163, 170
vents
163, 173, 214, 219, 220
weather
162, 163, 191, 196
Emergent insects, protection
162, 163, 179,
184. 188-190, 194, 205, 211. 216.
now
Experiments, stream benthos
140-141,
143-144, 147, 148
Exponential equations for population growth
30, 31
Extensive sampling
198
Exuviae
162, 163, 172, 173, 179, 181, 184.
188, 190, 205-214, 217, 218, 220
contribution to production 52
381, 387, 395
344
375
see also beads and inorganic particles
see also cell count methods
see also electronic particle analysis
see also gut passage time
see also predation rate
see also radiotraccr techniques
staining 343
starvation 379
stroboscope 348
survey of experimental conditions 381
Subject Index
Feeding and grazing measurement—contd.
utility of measures 395
vessel size 379, 383
videotape 348
Feeding and grazing rates
browsing 374, 388
dipterous larvae 374
effect of, age 377
body-size 377, 387
container volume
crowding
8, 376
387
food
food
food
food
light
pH
sex
387
cell size 377, 387
concentration 379, 387
quality 377,378,381
size 377. 378
376
oxygen
376
temperature 376, 387
egg-bearing animals 377
377
food availability 388
predaceous zooplankton 374
prediction 387
selectivity 388
taxonomic differences 383
Feeding, discontinuous 346
raptorial 339
rate, definition 337
statistics of 354
community 372
selective 344
zoobenthos 339
Field estimates of feeding and grazing
apparatus
371
62-63
3
Fixed variables see variables
Fixing see preservation
Flight 184, 188, 197, 207
Float colonization 171,186
Floats 169,170-172,186,187,205,209-212,
2)5,217,218,220,221
winter 171, 172
Flow rate 10
Fluorescent, dyes 120
stains 120,371,375,376
Food availability 9, 49
Food, groove 339
preference 344
zooplankton 377
production 8
377
377
ephippiate animals
Filtering rate see grazing rate
Filtration rate see grazing rate
Filtration, selective 259, 260
Filtration, zooplankton samples
Fine hairs 251
Finite birth rate 31
usual measurement 31-32
Fish 3, 113, 162, 187, 188, 190
dynamics 3
production, prediction of
stocks 336, 338
yield 3
387
experiment duration
491
quality
8, 9
selection 346, 357
selectivity, comparison of techniques
disadvantages of indices
recommended index
zooplankton 388
389
size, zooplankton see feeding and grazing
370
rates
supply
49
Forage ratio 389
electronic cell counts 370
fluorescent stains 371
Gliwicz's technique 371
Formaldehyde 33, 78-79, 108, 109, 118,
188, 189, 243, 252, 372
gut contents
Formalin see formaldehyde
Formulae, volume 247-249
Freezing benthos samples 108
Frequency-of-use, benthos samplers
benthos samplers:sediment 99
374
Haney's technique 342, 372
importance of 370
limitations 372
littoral animals 372, 373
microscopic cell counts
multiple foods 372
on bacteria
370
370
periphytic material
374
radiotracer techniques
relative accuracy 386
370, 372
Film, photographic 144, 146, 347
Filter basket 339
Filter funnel, zooplankton 63
Filter-feeding, rarity of 337
Filtering, appendages 339, 340
chamber 339
currents
339
388
389
health hazard
Fresh weight
109
87, 88
320
preserved weight differences 244
:dry weight conversion, rotifers 246
Functional relationship 314
Functional response
Furcal rami
243
379
Gauld's equation 350
Gauze see zooplankton nets
GeigerM tiller counter 363, 368
dual isotope experiments 369
Gelatinous sheaths 245
Subject Index
492
Generations see voltinism
Geometric formulae 246, 251
Geometrical, approximations 246
Homogeneity of variance, Bartlett's test
F-test
maximum F-ratio test
formulae 246
Glass fiber filter 259,260
Glucose 342
Glycerine 110,210
Glycerol 343
Gradient diver 437
Gradients, sampling 198, 278
Grazing, pressure 336
rate, as mortality of algae 390
definition
efficiency of tests
spatial variation
Homogeneous variances
332
Homoscedasticity see variance homogeneity
Horizontal gradients 198, 278
Human activity, effects of 4
Hynes method see size frequency method
Hyperbolic curve 379
Hyporheic zone
136,150
Hypotheses
1,4, II, 12,46,336
350
IBP see International Biological Programme
Ice 170-173, 183, 196
In situ studies (respiration) 456, 457
Incipient limiting food concentration 350,
351, 352
Independent tests of significance,
372
temporal variation 372
see also feeding
see also suspension feeding
species-specific rate 338
Growth 26,41-42
constant rate 37
curve 43
effect on production estimation
combining
171
Infra-red gas analyzer 253, 419, 422, 440
26,41-42,
exponential 26, 37
functions 45
Growth increment summation method
23,
37,43
assumption in 49
example 48
see also production calculation
Growth rate 6, 8, 28, 37, 49
instantaneous 38
laboratory measurement
37
65, 68
Integration, numerical approximation
Interaction terms 311
Interactions, first order 311
Habitat
366, 367
366
147, 161, 163, 172, 173, 177, 187,
195, 198, 199, 202, 205, 209, 240
Habits, stream benthos
147
Heat gun
169
Heat production
416, 417
Helmets 243
Herbivores 8, 243
Heteroscedasticity see variance,
heterogeneous
Hill's ratio
138
Histogram, frequency 283
Homogeneity of sampling variances
202
International Biological Programme 2, 19
Intersetule distance, irrelevance 341
Intuitive development of turnover method
344
366
temperature
350
see also feeding rate
Insect samplers, terrestrial
161
Instantaneous growth rate method 37-38,137
see also production, calculation
Instantaneous rate of change of population
27,30
Gut passage time 366
body size 366, 367
food concentration
366
taxonomic differences
Ingestion rate 108
effect of food concentration
Integrated samples
51
Gut contents, interpretation
312
Industrial banding
137, 139
techniques
293
295
337
effect of food concentration
field application 338
rates, community 372
natural
295
293
39
Investigator differences, microscopy
Isopropanol 108
Isotope cost 363
Isotopes see radiotracer techniques
Ivlev model 379
Ivlev's index 389
Kahle's fluid
110
Killing see preservation
Kolmogorov-Smirnov, statistic
test, goodness of fit 286
Krogh's curve
292
32
450,451
Labor see efficiency
Laboratory streams
143, 144, 146
242
Subject Index
Labrum 339, 340
Latitude
171, 195, 196, 202, 240
Lead weights 89,169,171,172
Leaky sieve concept 343
Least significant difference (LSD) 240
Least squares
estimation 314
linear fit see regression
Length measurement 240, 242-243
precision 239, 240
Length:weight conversion 43, 47, 108, 230,
232-233, 234-237
benthos 47, 108, 230
see also equations, length:weight
Life cycles, benthos 107
Life history 6,161,198
stream benthos 137, 139-140
Life-span 6
Light 182,188,205
Liquid scintillation counter
Cerenkov radiation
chemoluminescence
363, 373
368
368
digestion 368
tissue solubilizer 368
Literature survey, experimental conditions
381
weighing techniques 230
Littoral zone 7, 11, 197, 202, 203
Logarithmic, curve 379
mean 39,49
Lugol's iodine 252, 368
Macrophyte, articulation
118
beds 11
density 116,118,205
mass, relation to benthos density
surface area
119
weight
119
Mallory's triple stain 344
Malthus 6
118
Management of aquatic resources 2, 3, 4
Mandibles 339
carinate 343
grinding 343
Mandibular palps, copepods 340, 341
Manipulation, stream benthos 140-141,
143-144, 147, 148
Mann-Whitney test
Mass
299
233
see also weight
Mastication
338
Material transfer 2, 395
Mating success
195
Maxillae 339, 340
Maxillipeds 339,340
Mean, arithmetic 266, 268, 272, 273, 289
geometric 232, 267
493
Mean, arithmetic—contd.
harmonic 267
logarithmic 39, 49
population 274
weighted 275
Means, comparison of, see comparison
Median 267
Meiobenthos see microbenthos
Mercuric chloride 252
Mesh size, emergence traps 163, 177, 179,
206, 215, 217, 219, 221
see also sieve size
zooplankton filtration 63
zooplankton samplers 77-78
Methyl cellulose 348
Methyl violet b 343
Mettler Microbalance 245, 250
Microbalance 246, 250, 253
Microbenthos, constituents 119
importance 120
samplers, grabs
120
size 120
small diameter corers 120
suction
119-120
sieve size
119-120
Microcomputer 242
Micrometer, stage 240
Microscope, compound 255
dissecting 240, 244, 255
inverted 255
inverted compound 240
Migrations, insects
191, 195, 197
Mineral cycling 336
Mode 267
Morphometry
11, 199, 203
Mortality 26, 38, 40. 41, 42, 43
algal 355
and production estimation 38, 44
curve
44
effect on production estimates
26
exponential 26
functions 45
increment 43
insects 187, 188, 189, 191, 195
summation 23
Mortality summation method, assumption in
49
Mouth parts, zooplankton
Moving average
MS 222
339
281
348
Multiple regression see regression
Multivariate hypotheses, use of average
experimental conditions
11, 381
Multivoltine see voltinism
Narcotization 246, 252, 344, 366
comparison of techniques 344
Subject Index
494
Narcotization—contd.
natural zooplankton 371
see also anaesthetization
Percentage composition
stream benthos
134
Newman-Keuls method
Nitrogen
19
Non-randomness 256
Philosophers of science 1
Photomicrography 252
Non-normality
Percentage data
305
77
291
Photosynthesis
289
Nonparametric, analysis of variance 300
correlation analysis 329
test 299
Normal distribution see distribution
Number, of individuals 229
of samples 47,270,273
for given precision
133, 139-140, 153,
273
see also replicate samples
Nylon net, adherence of zooplankton
64
203
Phototaxis, insects 182, 188
Physiology 7, 342
Phytomacrobenthos
87,112-119
samplers, aluminium drums
efficiency
116
Gerking 115
Macan
115-116
macrophyte specific
118
McCauley 116
mesh bags
115
Minto
nets
115
116
119
plastic bags
Observation boxes, stream benthos
144,
145-146
Observation chambers, zooplankton 346,
347
Observation, stream benthos
143, 144, 145,
146, 147
Ocular micrometer 240
Open-flow respirometer 417, 419, 423,
426-429
Optimal foraging 336
Optimal sampling for stratified design
198,
199, 275
Ordination
146
Organic matter content, sediments
10
Outliers 267
Oxycaloric equivalents 438
Oxygen
8, 9
consumption 416-438
determination, ceriometric
electrodes 430-432
430
photometric end-point detection
Winkler method 429, 430
partial pressure 432
P/B
430
5-6, 7, 8
factors affecting
44
in estimating production
method, limitations 44
prediction of 45
Paired comparisons, t-test
44
301
Paired tests, advantages 303
Parameters, difference between actual and
estimated 267
Particle size modification 358
Particulate matter clogging nets 64
Patchiness see spatial heterogeneity
Patterns of discrete variables 270
115, 119
plastic boxes 115
plastic chambers 119
pond net
113
quadrat
115
selectivity
115
Shapovalova & Vologdin
size
116
116
special problems
116
tubes
115
sampling, accuracy
118-119
effort
118
macrophyte specific 118
regression technique 117
Phy tomicrobenthos 113-115
Phytoplankton, biomass 240, 260, 381
competition
388
production 203-205
succession 388
tube sampler 260
Pilot survey 273, 278
Pipette, automatic
stempel
254, 255
254
Planimeter 23
Plankton chambers 255
Planned comparisons, multiple 303
Plastic foam 171, 186
Plastics 163, 165-168, 171, 182, 186, 206,
208-221
degradation by sunlight
properties of 165, 167
Poisson distribution 258
see also distribution
Poisson series 256
165, 168
Polarized light 344
Polarographic oxygen sensors
Pollen
430-432
166
Pollution, detection of 2, 3-4
Polyethylene film 163, 182, 208, 209, 211,
213,216,218
Subject Index
Polypropylene foam
171
Polystyrene 171, 186, 209, 218,221
Polyvinyl lactophenol 343
Pond net calibration
115
Pooled samples 277
Population, density 7
dynamics, benthos
107
estimates, inaccurate 87
growth 30-31
statistics 46
Power curve 379
Precision 100, 116, 273
biomass estimates
rate, considerations 375
determination 374, 375
errors 375, 376
field measures 376
partial ingestion 375
saturation
195
Predator prey interactions
144, 145-146,
147, 336
Predators 143, 144, 145-146, 147, 189, 190
Prediction 314
number of replicate samples
106
of dry weight 232
of feeding rates 336, 387
of grazing rates 387
of insect emergence 203-205
use of regression 324
Predictions of feeding rales 387
Preliminary sampling, stream benthos
140,
147
Preliminary survey see pilot survey
Preservation, algae for feeding experiments
354
benthos 108-110
concentration
107,244
destruction 252
distortion 33, 78, 109, 252, 343
egg bearing animals
egg loss 78
freezing
increment summation method
42, 43, 48
instantaneous growth method
tracer loss
23, 38,
37-38
mortality summation method 23, 137
see also growth increment summation,
size frequency method
simplified methods 42
estimation, example for recognizable
cohorts 46-49
for population in steady state, example
49-54
improvement of 23
required data 46, 47, 54
simplified methods 42, 46
insect
197
of eggs
19
of newborns
19
primary 9, 203
relationship to biomass 5, 44-45
secondary, definition
1, 19
importance of 2
principle of calculation 19-22
relation to alkalinity 9
relation to nutrient conditions 9
theoretical justification for research 2
stream benthos
132,136-137,138-139,
145, 146, 147, 148
to biomass ratio see P/B
Profundal zone
197
enrichment
11
Programmable calculator 318
Prolate spheroids 251
Proportional data 291
Protandry
196
Protozoan biomass, accuracy and precision
252
Protozoans, concentration of 62
counting 256
mass determination 251-252
preservation 252-253
staining 253
448, 449
Qualitative studies
181, 182, 190, 198
Quartz combustion tube
253
244
368
weight loss 33, 108, 243, 244
zooplankton 78, 243-244, 252-253
328
calculation, for mixtures of species 42
from turnover in numbers 38-39
Q10
188, 189, 207, 210,
212, 214
time
Product moment correlation coefficient
Production
33
108, 244
in emergence traps
Preservative, concentration of 109-110, 189,
252
Probabilities, combination of 312
Probability paper 27, 283
257-259
counting 256-257
necessary in counting 257-258
phytomacrobenthos samplers
119
stream benthos
133, 136, 137, 138, 147,
153
weight determination 233, 245-246, 251
Predation 10, 32, 33, 41
and emergence
162,187,188,189,
190-192
on egg bearing females 32, 33
495
r see correlation coefficient
r see rate of population increase
496
Subject Index
r-square see coefficient of determination
Radiation, solar 10
Radioactive tracer, kinetics 39
Radiotracer techniques 352, 362
acclimation
advantages
365
362
assimilation
364, 392
assumptions 362
calculations 362
choice of isotope 363
cost 363
counting precision
disadvantages
errors
364
362
365, 368
Geiger-M tiller vs. scintillation
gut passage time 366
history
363
362
Regression
10, 23, 47, 314
alternatives to 325
assumptions of 315
and correlation 328
Bartlett's three-group method
bias 47, 232, 379
calculations 318
coefficients 332
significance 320
comparison of 332
comparison of types 327
correction log: log 232
exponential decay 331
exponential growth 331
functional
118,325
geometric mean 325
graphical techniques 315
labelling food 364
labelling natural food 364
limitations 369
long-term 387
long-term vs. short-term 363
loss of tracer 368
multiple isotopes 363, 368, 374
precision 362
intercept
relative accuracy
nonlinear
382
removal of animals
365
respiration 441,442
rinsing animals 365
rotifers 375
safety 363, 364
see also liquid scintillation counting
self-absorption 363
specific activity of food 364
stopping feeding 365
tracer excretion 363
washing food cells 365
Random distribution 254-255, 268
see also distribution
Random number table
Random sampling
270
136, 147, 198, 199, 270,
277
Randomized block design 303
Randomness in subsampling 256
Range 267
Rankit method 284
Raptorial selection 341
Rate of population increase 8
Ratio population estimates 278
Ratios, statistical problems 354, 389
Recommendations, assimilation rate
measurement 394, 395
feeding and grazing measurement 381,
387, 395
lengthtweight regressions 240, 244
statistical analysis 333
weighing techniques 251
Rectilinear model 379
325, 326
318
intercept testing
323
length -weight 232-233, 234-237, 259
linear 36, 314
model 1
239, 314
model II
multiple
315, 325
7,314,387
linear
330
331
polynomial 331
population estimates 278
precision 243
residual variation 319
slope
318
standard linear
314
use in prediction
232-233, 234-237, 243,
324
with common slope
332
Relative accuracy, benthic pyramid trap
194
benthos corer 94
benthos samplers
101
box traps
182, 189, 193, 194, 195
Clarke Bumpus sampler
corers
76-77
94, 96, 101
Ekman grab 90, 96, 97, 101
emergence traps
182, 193-195
feeding and grazing measurement
funnel traps
Gilson corer
382
185, 187, 189, 193, 194
94
hard bottom samplers
112
hydraulic samplers 97
phytomacrobenthos samplers
119
PONAR grab 96, 97
Smith-Mclntyre grab 96, 97
stream emergence traps
194, 195
submerged traps 185, 187, 189, 193-195
surface traps
185,189,193-195
Van Veen grab 96, 97
weighing techniques 251
zooplankton bottles 64
zooplankton pump samplers 68
Subject Index
Relative accuracy, benthic pyramid trap—
contd.
zooplankton samplers 60, 68
zooplankton traps 65
zooplankton tube samplers 68
Removal-summation method
23, 137
see also production, calculation
Replicate samples 88,103,105.106,257, 268
benthos 88, 103, 105, 106
emergent insects 198, 199
non-normal distributions 274
number necessary 62, 106, 133, 147-148,
199
stratified random sampling
199, 276
stream benthos 133,139-140,153
too few
120, 273
too many
273
zooplankton 61-62, 257
Residual, mean square 232
variance
104
variation see regression
Respiration
51
egg 51
Respiration rate 390
effects of
activity 447
body-size 445-447
conversion factors 444
crowding and container size
diel rhythms 447
food 453,454
hydrostatic pressure 456
light 454
455
oxygen tension 450-453
pH 455
temperature 448-450
water current 454-455
general 414, 415
interspecific comparisons
transport
110
Sampler
attraction, benthos
101
avoidance, benthos 101
zooplankton 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 72
Samplers see listing by fauna, e.g.
benthos, emergent insects, stream
benthos, phytomacrobenthos,
zooplankton
Samples, composite 278
pooled 277,278
Sampling, design 47, 270
effort, benthos 93, 106
effort see also efficiency
intensity and population density 244
random
198, 270
ratio estimates 278
regression estimates 278
spatial gradients 278
strategies for insect emergence 197-203
stratified random
198, 199, 275
systematic 198,277
variability 62, 233
Scheffe's test 307
Scintillation see liquid scintillation counter
Searching rate see grazing rate
Sedgewick Rafter cell 255
processing
419, 457-460
in situ 456, 457
open-flow systems 426-429
oxygen consumption 417-438
432-435
105
very fluid
94
Sedimentation 62, 203
chamber 255
Sediments 87, 97-100, 110, 203
Selectivity, zooplankton food 388
zooplankton samplers 68
Self-purification 4
Separation of phytoplankton and
zooplankton 259-261
Sestonic carbon 386
Setae 338, 339
guard
343
plumose 343
442, 443
Rhodamine b 107, 376
Rinsing zooplankton 245
Rotifer populations, production calculations
37
mass estimation
283
emergent insects 162, 198, 199
see also replicate samples
weight determination 250, 251
Sample, storage 110
see also substrate
choice of method 415
'closed bottle' vs. open-flow 424
closed systems 424-426
CO2 excretion 439-442
direct calorimetry 416.417
•divers' 435-438
volumetric
Sample size, determination of distribution
Sediment, compression 105
organic matter content 10
penetration
10, 99
measurement
units 420, 444
RQ (respiratory quotient)
Rheotaxis 68
497
246-251
spiny 343
Settling rale, zooplankton
Setules 338
Sewage treatment 4
Sex ratio 268
Shannon indices
137
Shotgun approach 330
255
Subject Index
498
Sieve size, benthos sampling 107
microbenthos 119, 120
Sieving, benthos samples 105, 106-108
Simpson index 137
Size classes 288
arbitrary 43
Size of samples 273
Size structure, zooplankton 60
Size-frequency method 42, 137
history of debate 42
limitations of 43
Smoothing data 281
stream benthos
Sorting, benthos samples see sieving
samples stream benthos 148, 150
zooplankton 244, 260, 261
Spatial discontinuities see spatial
heterogeneity
Spatial distribution 64
benthos 47, 88, 103, 107
box
drift
grabs
133, 136, 139, 140-141,
147, 150
zooplankton 59, 62, 68, 76
Spatial variability see spatial heterogeneity
Species richness
137
Specific, activity 393, 394
stains 120
Spheres 251
Square counting 23
Stability
10
Staining zooplankton 343, 344, 376
Standard deviation 267, 268, 272. 275, 276
301
of ratios 364
Standard error 47, 103, 274, 277, 304
difference between means 297
finite population correction 272
of differences 301
of the mean 271,272,298
weighted, finite population correction 275
weighted mean 275
Standing crop (biomass or numbers)
197,
203
stream benthos
132, 149
134, 140, 141, 147
corers
136, 149, 150, 151
Dendy
134
depth limitations
151
design
132, 147, 148
zooplankton 64
Spatial heterogeneity 336
benthos 88, 103, 117, 169, 185, 199, 200,
201, 202
indices 137-138
phytomacrobenthos
118
of differences
132, 133, 136-137, 144.
147
Starvation 344, 348
Statistical analysis, recommendations
stream benthos
133,136-137
Statistical packages, use of 318
Statistics, descriptive 266
151
cages
33
stream benthos
136
zooplankton 64-65, 68
Stream-bed modifications 4
Stream benthos samplers, airlift
Allan grab
149,151
bias 134, 139
utility 281
Sonification
107, 394
of eggs
Steady state populations 23
production of 36
Stone size
112
Stones see benthos sampling, cobble bottoms
STP (standard temperature and pressure),
420,444
Stratified sampling
112, 198, 199
benthos 112
333
Hess
134, 143-145, 152
149, 150, 151
149, 151
kick
133, 149, 151
mesh size 150
netted
133, 149, 150, 151, 152
shovel
149, 150
size 149, 150, 152
standardized travelling kick method
(STKM)
suction
151
Surber
133
132, 133, 134, 148, 149, 150, 151,
153
tapered mesh bags
141
variable penetration
136, 150, 151
Stream benthos sampling, backwash
143,
149, 150, 151
comparative 148
current
151, 152
disruption of substrate
149, 152, 221
in vegetation
152
interval
137, 139-140, 147
investigator differences
133, 148, 151
mesh size
139. 143, 147
methodology
132, 147-148
mixed substrate 151
objectives
147
precision
program
133, 136, 137, 138, 147
132, 147-148
rules
147-148
sample size
132, 133, 136, 137, 138,
139-140, 147-148
SCUBA
146, 151
standardized
148
stony substrate
138-139,151
temperature
transects
washout
152
139, 140
149
Subject Index
Streams, artificial 143, 144, 146
Student's t-test 233, 272, 273, 296, 298,
301,305,321,322,323
Studentized Newman-Keuls method
Studentized range 306
30S
Subsampling
254-255, 279
a subsample 256
accuracy 279
large organisms 279
Substrate, and sampler choice 97
habitable 138, 139
particle size 10
penetration, benthos samplers 97-100
corers
94
Ekman grab 90, 96
Peterson grab 96
quality 8, 10
see also sediment
unconsolidated 87
variable penetration 97-99, 136, 138-139
Succession 2
Sugar flotation
107
Sugar-Formalin see preservation
Sum of squares 267, 318
Surface area 11,138-139
Suspension feeding, contemporary view, 340
mechanism 338
see also grazing
traditional view 338, 340
Swimming legs, copepods
499
Timing of emergence
195, 196, 197, 202
Toxic wastes 4
Transect sampling 198
Transformation 256, 270, 298
and zero values 291
angular 291
arcsine
291
Box and Cox method 290
checking 290
choice of 291,292
determination of 290
fourth root 292
logarithmic 291,292
of difference data 303
reason for 289
square-root 291,292
stream benthos
140
Taylor's method 290, 291
Tukey's method 290
unsuccessful 299
Traps, insect emergence see emergence traps
Trends with time, smoothing 281
Trophic status 7-8, 42
Trophic-dynamics 2, 3, 4
Tungsten needles
251
Turnover of biomass 38
Turnover of numbers 38
Twin-flow respirometer 428
340
Swirling flask 254
Systematic sampling, disadvantages
stream benthos
136, 139
277
Ultrasonic treatment 107
Ultraviolet illumination 120
Univoltine see voltinism
Urosome 243
Taxonomy 7-8, 161, 198
Taylor's power law see transformation
Technology, new
Temperature
Variability, insect emergence
261
8, 50, 240
and emergence sampling
162, 184, 188,
189, 190, 195, 196
combustion
253
cycles and production estimation 50
differential effect on embryonic stages 33
drying zooplankton 245, 250
Temporal patterns of emergence
195-197,
200, 201
Terminal claw
243
Theories
ecological 259
general 336
of biological production
199, 200, 201.
202, 205
2, 4
Thermal pollution 3-4
Thermal stratification 33
Thigmoreceptors 343
Thoracic legs, copepods 340
Time-specific analysis 27-28
long-term 200, 201, 202
stream benthos samples
132-133, 148
Variable type, choice of 308
Variables, continuous
dependent 314
discontinuous 268
fixed 308
268
independent 314
random 308
Variance 256, 267, 270, 273, 274, 289
benthos samples 88, 104
emergence samples
185, 198, 199, 200,
201,202
equal 275
estimated mean weight 233
grazing rate estimates 358
heterogeneity of 289
heterogeneous, consequences of
298
Subject Index
500
Variance—contd.
homogeneity see also homogeneity
homogeneous 292, 297, 315, 332
length 259
of weight estimates 232
stabilization 291
to mean ratio
weighted
270, 289
298
weighted average 292, 298
zooplankton samples 62
Vegetation
162, 163, 172, 195, 198
see also macrophyte
Vertical, distribution benthos 99, 203, 208
gradients 198, 278
Viscosity of water 340
Viscous media 343
Vitamin B 12 342
Voltinism 6, 43. 45, 46
Volume, calculations 243, 246, 252
determinations, for mass 247-249, 251
estimation 240, 247-249, 252
mass determination 251
Volume: fresh weight conversion 246
Volumes, calculation 252
Volumetric technique, accuracy and precision,
251
Water temperature and production
estimation
Wave action
50
162, 163, 169, 170, 172, 186,
187, 184, 199
Weighing, accuracy
245
counter-balance technique 245
for area measurement 23
pan weight 245
precision 245
zooplankton 244-245, 250-251
Weight, copepodites 51
determination, sample size 250, 251
eggs
51
estimates, precision
increment 51
male 53
nauplii 51
preservation effects
233, 238-241, 258
243-244
see also mass
Weight: length conversion
Wind action
162, 169, 172, 196, 199, 218
Winter float
171
Zooplankton, as automata
behaviour 347
biomass 381
constraint 346
counting 254-257
feeding, biased description
browsing 346, 388
see also length:weight conversion
Weight-specific respiration rate 445, 446,
458, 459
Weighted sampling, zooplankton 64-65, 68
Wet oxidation 253
Wet weight 230
Wet weight:dry weight conversion 230
Whipple disc 240
Wilcoxon rank sum test 299
Wilcoxon signed-rank test 303, 313
349
currents
347
detritus 355
direct interception 340
effect of crowding 354
electrostatic impaction 340
gravitational deposition 340
inertial impaction 340
motile particle deposition 340
scavenging 346
see also feeding
selective observations 349
nets, characteristics of fabric 72
clogging
72, 74
filtration efficiency 72
flow meters 74
mesh size 72-74
selectivity 72
shape and structure 72
volume filtered by 74
observation, light conditions 347
prey selection
341
removal from water samples 62
samplers, Apstein net 70
avoidance 59-60, 260
bottles 61
Clarke Bumpus 64, 74
improvements 76
instructions for use 81-83
direction of approach 62
Friedinger bottle 64, 68, 78
Hardy 78
Henson net 70
high-speed 78
Juday net 68, 70
Motada
78
net hauls
230,233, 234-237
349
64, 259, 260
opaque 62
Patalas trap
plankton nets
68-69
69-74
plankton traps
65
pumps 65-69
operation of
69
quick closure of 62
relative accuracy see relative accuracy
Ruttner bottle 64, 68-69
Schindler trap 64, 65, 77-78
transparent
62
Subject Index
Zooplankton, as automata—contd.
samplers, Apstein net—contd.
tube
65-69
77
vertical net hauls
64
sampling, and phytoplankton
large lakes
69
Zooplankton, as automata—could.
sampling, and phytoplankton—conid.
shallow water
Van Dorn bottle
in rivers
501
64
small lakes
sensing motion
79
taste
67
64
343
343
weighing see weighing
Zooplanktophagology
395