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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
9693/01
MARINE SCIENCE
For Examination from 2008
Structured Questions
SPECIMEN PAPER
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the question paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part
question.
For Examiner's Use
1
2
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Total
This document consists of 17 printed pages and 1 blank page.
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1
Fig. 1.1 shows a marine food chain.
energy input
250 units
phytoplankton
45 units
organisms Y
80% energy
loss
seals
90% energy
loss
sharks
92% energy
loss
For
Examiner's
Use
killer
whales
95% energy
loss
Fig. 1.1
(a) What is the source of the energy input to the food chain?
[1]
(b) Suggest the type of organisms labelled Y.
[1]
(c) Calculate the percentage of the energy input that is converted into the biomass of the
phytoplankton.
Show your working.
[2]
(d) Calculate how many units of energy reach the sharks.
[2]
(e) State two ways by which energy is lost from the food chain.
1
2
[2]
(f) Describe the role of photosynthesis in the food chain.
[2]
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(g) Fig. 1.2 shows the changes in the biomass of phytoplankton throughout the year in a
temperate ocean.
For
Examiner's
Use
Y
40
35
30
phytoplankton 25
biomass in
arbitrary units 20
15
X
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
month
Fig. 1.2
Describe and explain the shape of the graph between points X and Y on the curve.
[4]
[Total: 14]
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2
(a) Explain how parasitism and symbiosis differ from each other.
For
Examiner's
Use
[3]
(b) Describe the interrelationship between zooxanthellae and their host.
[4]
(c) Giant tube worms, Riftia pachyptila, are found on the ocean floor growing close to
hydrothermal vents. These organisms have no mouth or digestive system.
Explain how these tube worms survive in this environment.
[3]
[Total: 10]
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3
Fig. 3.1 shows the numbers of different species of organisms on the coral reefs of
Indonesia in 1996. The data was collected by several different surveys over a period of
two years.
For
Examiner's
Use
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
number
of 1200
species
1000
800
600
400
species
fish
echinoderms
molluscs
sponges
gorgonians
soft corals
hard corals
red algae
brown algae
0
green algae
200
Fig. 3.1
(a) Calculate the percentage of all the species of algae that were red algae.
[2]
(b) The number of different species of sponge in 1996 has been estimated to have fallen
by 6.6% from the number of species in 1980.
Calculate the number of species of sponge in 1980.
[2]
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(c) Suggest why the data given in the chart may be unreliable.
For
Examiner's
Use
[2]
(d) Fig. 3.2 shows the changes in the percentage of coral cover on the reefs from 1996 to
2002.
60
50
40
30
percentage
cover
20
10
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
year
2001
2002
2003
Fig. 3.2
(i) Describe the pattern shown in the graph.
[3]
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(ii) Suggest three reasons for the decline in the percentage of the coral cover of the
reef.
For
Examiner's
Use
1
2
3
[3]
[Total: 12]
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4
(a) Outline briefly the theory of plate tectonics.
For
Examiner's
Use
[4]
(b) Outline three pieces of evidence for the theory.
1
2
3
[3]
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(c) Explain how tectonic processes can cause volcanoes.
For
Examiner's
Use
[3]
[Total: 10]
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5
(a) Fig. 5.1 shows a section through a black smoker chimney.
For
Examiner's
Use
Large bacterial and animal communities have been observed close to these black
smokers but no plants are found.
(i) Explain this observation.
[3]
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(ii) Describe the processes taking place at the sites labelled 1 to 4 on Fig. 5.1 and
how these lead to the formation of the chimney.
For
Examiner's
Use
[4]
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(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the relative temperature of seawater close to a hydrothermal vent.
Continue the line to show how the temperature of the seawater changes as it passes
over the hydrothermal vent.
temperature
distance
position of
hydrothermal
vent
Fig. 5.2
[3]
[Total: 10]
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6
(a) By what other name are tropical cyclones known?
[1]
For
Examiner's
Use
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a section through a tropical cyclone.
(i) State the minimum temperature at A.
[1]
(ii) Give the letter of the point at which the winds are strongest.
[1]
(iii) Name the process that provides the latent energy for the development of the
cyclone.
[1]
(iv) State what happens to the air pressure as the air rises from A to D.
[1]
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(c) Describe three possible effects of cyclones on coastal communities.
For
Examiner's
Use
1
2
3
[3]
[Total: 8]
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7
(a) Fig. 7.1 shows the phosphorus cycle on land and in the sea.
LAND
For
Examiner's
Use
SEA
terrestrial
organisms
soil
1
phosphorus
in freshwater
phosphorus
in surface
waters of sea
2
rock
marine
organisms
3
phosphorus in
the sea bed
Fig. 7.1
Describe how phosphorus in soil becomes part of the tissues of marine fish.
[3]
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(b) Fig. 7.2 shows the winter concentration of phosphate in the surface water of the Baltic
sea from 1970 to 2000.
2.0
1.8
concentration
/ µm per dm3
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
year
Fig. 7.2
(i) Table 7.1 shows the amounts of phosphate-containing fertiliser used from 1970 to
2000.
Table 7.1
year
1970
1972
1974
1976
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
phosphate/ tonnes
60 000
72 000
156 000
118 000
84 000
76 000
64 000
56 000
48 000
40 000
36 000
32 000
28 000
28 000
24 000
Plot this data on the graph using an appropriate scale on the right hand axis.
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[4]
For
Examiner's
Use
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(ii) Calculate the rate of increase in the phosphate concentration from 1970 to1982.
Show your working.
For
Examiner's
Use
[2]
(iii) After 1974 the use of fertiliser fell. Explain why the concentration of phosphate in
the sea continued to rise.
[1]
(iv) Suggest a reason for the large increase in phosphate concentration from 1992 to
1994.
[1]
[Total: 11]
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