,.
THE *SUPPORTS' DESIGN FOR A BLOCK IN THE ALAMO SQUARE AREA,
SAN FRANCISCO
By
Jane jira
Hongladaromp
B.Arch., Chulalongkorn University,Bangkok, Thailand
1977
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Degree of
Master of Architecture in Advanced Studies
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
June
@
Jane jira
1979
Hongladaromp 1979
Signature of the Author
Departmenit of AYchitecture
Mav
10,1979
Certified by
Anne Vernez-MoudonAssistant Professor
of Architecture ,Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by
BeinartChairmiln
Professor Jul.
Departmental Committee for Graduate Students
Rotcf
I IUTE
JASI!C"HUSETT
OF TECHNOLOGY
JUL
~31979
LIBRARIES
Abstract
THE 'SUPPORTS' DESIGN FOR A BLOCK IN THE
ALAMO SQUARE AREASAN FRANCISCO.
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 10,1979, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Architecture in Advanced
Studies.
This thesis is an attempt to use
SAR methodologies as tools to formulate
design guidelines for a housing development in the Alamo Square area, San Francisco.
Design guidelines will deal with
two levels; one is the block level ( or
the way in which the new housing will
fit within the existing fabric), second
is the building or unit level ( or the
way in which the dwellings will be de-
guidelines. These rules are expressed in
the form of an urban tissue model at the
block level and of support principles at
the building level.
An analysis of user profiles within individual households has been carried
out and households and house types have
been correlated. This analysis leads to
the development of behavioral norms and
,related housing needs which are used to
evaluate sector groups in terms of their
potential for housing different types of
households.
The final stage deals with the
application of the units (supports) into
the block (tissue model).
signed within the buildings).Design rules
derived from previous research made for
this area regarding the existing character of the environment and its visual
Thesis Supervisor: Anne Vernez-Moudon.
Title: Assistant Professor of Architecture.
quality will provide a basis for the
2
Acknowledgements
This thesis comes into being with great input from
many people.I would like to take this opportunity to
thank my advisor; Assistant Professor Anne Vernez-Moudon,
who inspired me and helped supervise my thesis.I had a
chance to work with her on San Francisco project during
Summer of 1978.By then I formed and developed the ideas
for my thesis subject and goals.
I would like to thank my thesis readers; Professor
N. John Habraken and Associate Professor Sandra C. Howell
in helping me for the input that help me achieve my thesis goals.They shared the constructive ideas and supporting
ideas in the area of my interest in my thesis.
English writing is rather difficult for foriegn student
who does not have English as native language.I would like
to thank Instructor Abelle Masonmy teacher in English who
generously spent her time with me correcting my writing
on some parts of my thesis.
All people mentioned above shared the great contribution to me and my thesis.
3
Table of contents
1. PAST HISTORY
1.1 Housing design issues
7
1.2 SAR methodologies as tools to resolve the problem
9
2. PURPOSE
3.
11
ALAMO SQUARE AREA:SAN FRANCISCO AS A CASE STUDY
15
4. ANALYSIS
5.
6.
4.1 Existing immediate environment
18
4.2 User profiles of individual households
25
4.3 Correlating of household and house type
33
4.4 Correlating of household and location
34
DESIGN
PROPOSAL:TISSUE LEVEL
5.1 Tissue model proposal for block # 822
38
5.2 Documents
47
5.3 Calculation of tissue model
76
DESIGN PROPOSAL: SUPPORT LEVEL
6.1 Support model proposal
79
6.2 Support system A
81
4
6.3
Support system B
6.4
Support system A + B
6.5
90
6.4.1 Type(A + B)1
103
6.4.2 Type(A + B)2
109
Comparison
7
SUPPORT APPLICATION IN TISSUE MODEL
8
PARTICIPATORY PROCESS:MANAGEMENT,DESIGN DECISIONS AND
117
119
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES.
127
CONCLUSION
131
10
APPENDIX AsSAR METHODOLOGY
135
11
APPENDIX B: SAN FRANCISCO HOUSE
155
FOOTNOTES
188
BIBLIOGRAPHY
190
9
5
1.
PAST
HISTORY
6
1.1 Housing design issues
After World war II, the short-
limits of time and money is distinguish
age of houses was the critical problem
household types and then group the same
of housing. Both the private and public
types together. Thus what we get is hous-
housing projects had used the industial-
ing for the elderly, housing for young
ized building system to resolve these
couples, for small families, for large
issues, constructing as many buildings
families, etc.. By surveying individual
as possible. The uppermost thing in peo-
needs and lifestyles, the designer can
ple's minds was the quantity of housing
base his plan on the average requirement.
units.
However the problem still cannot be solved
Nowsdays, the emphasis is no
thoroughly because people are different:
longer that of quantity but the quality
they have different tastes, different
of housing in terms of form and function
habits, different
becomes the crucial issue. People cannot
to their age,
find the housing that suits their needs
background.
because in housing projects built for
the architect
masses of people it is impossible to
information about the
design dwellings that fulfil the require-
so
ments of all the potential dwellers. The
to serve their specific requirements. we
best that architects can do within their
judge whether that architecture is good
lifestyles
according
sex, occupation, and
In the single house
design,
has to have all of this
future
occupants
that he is able to design
the space
7
or bad, by evaluating it
in terms of func-
tions and how well it can serve the requirements of the people who use it.
Therefore since the specialists - the architects, the developers, the
builders, etc. cannot know the individual
user requirements they must limit their
scopes. That is,they should provide the
basic design structure of the dwellings,
leave plan sufficiently flexible so that
the dwellers can make decisions about
space use for themselves. In this way, the
dwellers, who will remain long after the
planners have left, will have a say in
their own living environment.
8
1.2 SAR
methodologies as the tools to resolve the housing problem
Since the sixteen months of
way of understanding what people want.
being a student in Housing Design and
Within this description of the
Related Method program in the depart-
critical housing problemthis thesis is
ment of architecture at M.I.T.,I have
an attempt to develop a design proposal
had an opportunity to study SAR philo-
for housing that overcomes this difficul-
1
2
sophyits methodologies and some of its
ty.It is based on the SAR philosophy and
applications throughout many countries
uses the SAR methods as a design evalua-
in Europe.The philosophy and approach
tion and more generally as a communication
are based on the principle that the user
tool.
must participate in the housing design
process.Its methods have been developed
to introduce
the dweller once more into
the housing design process;to make participation of the dwellers possible.As I
mentioned earlier,in housing process built
for masses of people it
is
impossible
to design dwellings that fulfill the requirements of all the potential dwellers.
Therefore participation is an efficient
9
2.
PURPOSE
10
2. Purpose
The intention of this thesis
-
is to propose the design of a support:
which is defined as the element of
Public facade type
How they changed overtime.
The support will be designed
dwelling which lies beyond the con-
to enable the accommodation of different
trol of the dweller and represents the
types of dwellings of varying sizes and
physical framework of professional de-
configurations. Those are:
3
cision making power, within a chosen
- Dwellings for young singles.
tissue tissue for a specific site:block
- Dwellings for young couples.
# 822 Alamo square area, San francisco.
- Dwellings for couples with
young children.
(fig. 1)
The proposed support will have
- Dwellings for middle age couples with teenage children.
the relationship with its immediate environment in terms of the overall form
-
Dwellings for middle age couples with grown children.
and its means of access. In order to do
this, studies about San Francisco Victo-
-
Dwellings for elderly couples.
rian setting have been made including:
-
Dwellings for elderly singles.
-
Victorian tissue
-
Lot subdivision
be able to accommodate different types of
-
Victorian house
dwellings are;
The reasons the support should
u
L
1)
LuL
1
-
-
- -
I I
JL
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~+~1
uiu~w iri L7iI~
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I t
-
SI
-A
ASS
iF~
77.4
__
-"
754
tovq~
J~
LI
cii
I
1/'
Lu[J~i ~JLL
--
.
It
Al
~!
777
2'
Li:
nin
LE
Alamo
Square
j:i
aaiW
i
.1
1-1
VII
LIf p
-rLC
.Aak.
....
221
PIP,
WI
W/
4,su
IWI*
Fig. 1
12
-
-
To make the community lively with
elderly when they need help from
different activities of people
the stronger people in the other
of different ages and backgrounds.
age groups,
To locate each individual house-
fire.
hold type effectively for exam-
-
for example in
case of
To allow people within the communi-
ple, the best location of the dwell-
ty to talk and exchange their
ings for the elderly and young cou-
ideas with the others of different
ples with young children is the
ages.
ground floor or the floor that
-
To assure benefit the young singles
has direct access to the ground,
and the young couples who are al-
but the dwellings for middle age
ways away from their units during
couples with grown children and
workdays. That is since some peo-
young singles or young couples
ple in other household types re-
may be located on the upper floors,
main at home and children always
thus they can be set on top of the
play nearby, it is difficult for
units for the elderly or for the
thief to operate.
young couples with young children.
-
To benefit the children and the
13
3.
THE ALAMO SQUARE AREA ,SAN
FRANCISCO:
A
CASE
STUDY
14
3.
The Alamo Square area, San Francisco: a case study
The Alamo Square area has been
closely to the size of the lot and in
a residential neighborhood in the north-
relationship to the adjacent houses.The
western portion of San Francisco
building foundations on those lots va-
for over 100 years.The vast majority
ried according to the slope of the land,
of streets are laid out in a grid ig-
but the upper portions of the buildings
noring the presence of hills.The basic
tended to be standardized in their height
block situated in this area is 412'-6"
and bulk.
by 275'-0",with the long dimension run-
These factors and the creative
ning in the east-west direction.Each
abilities of San Francisco architects
block was originally subdivided into
and builders over the past centuryhave
six large parcels of 137'-6" by 137'-
led to the patterned beauty we now per-
6" each which were sold for further sub-
ceive.
division into lots whenever the demand
Block # 822,one block in this
for land was sufficient to warrant an
area has been chosen as a tissue model
increase in density.The most common lot
and support model design case study for
frontage dimensions were 25',27'-6" and
these reasons:
9
30'.On the lotsvarious types of individual houses were built corresponding
1.It is
an urban residential
area.The buildings in the area are mostly
15
10
two to three-storey town houses which
cisions in
utilize the concept of supports and
and support model.Most of the information
SAR methodology.In addition,this area
and the data on which this thesis is
has an abundance of town house exam-
based was done in
plesall of which show a relationship
for the arts funded study,"Urban Form
between the building and the open space,
And Change:San Francisco",carried out
i.e. the front facades and the streets.
in the department of Architecture at
2.It provides the desired context for a new housing proposal based
the level of tissue model
a national endowment
M.I.T. under the direction of Assistant
Professor Anne Vernez-Moudon.
on the existing building prototype,i.e.
attached house , with or without recess,
semi-detached housewith or without recess.
In additionmy personal experience of having done for several months
the infilled projects for block
#
823
(Alamo Square area) provides me the information and data about this area which
are needed in order to make design de16
4.
ANALYSIS
17
4.1
Analysis of existing surrounding blocks
A general analysis of existing
block tissue around the Alamo square
was already presented in "Urban Form
and Change: San Francisco". In this chapter a more specific analysis of the
ALAMO
SQUARE
existing surrounding blocks of block #822
will be made because these surrounding
blocks have undergone the least
change
and retain to-date the original Victorian
-A
characteristic of the city fabric. For
L
the most part , the general treatment
of the existing block tissue can be used
------
for the new tissue model thus retaining
its existing environment. However
some
characteristics such as the relationship
between buildings, the typologies of
public facades, and the heights of the
buildings are fragile and need relation18
ship to its immediate environment.Therefore
the specific analysis of the surrounding blocks
is needed.
This analysis will be presented as
follows:
1. Location and shape of built elements in relation to open space.
2. Set back location.
3.
Facade patterns in relation to
side location of the buildings on
the lot.
4. Heights of the buildings.
5.
Roof line of the buildings.
19
1. Location and shape of built elements
803
in relation to open space.
The existing surrounding
HAYES
blocks are mostly occupied by narrow,
L
822
deep townhouses.These townhouses are
developed singly from lot to lot.
most of them expanded the whole width
"ELL
of the lot create the morphology of
closed building block with private
courtyard in the center.Light wells
and recesses are located in the center of these buildings and along the
For detailed study of housessee appendix B.,
sides of the houses.In considering
pp. 157-163-
the location of the building with the
front lot line most of the buildings
are located along the street without
front yardexcept in some buildings
in block
#
823.
20
2. Set back location.
_
There are three positions of
i
- -
front facade in relation to the
front lot linethese are:
1. On the lot line.
2. Maximum 5'
823
i
set back from the
L~~l~
lot line.
3. From 5'
to 25' set back from
the lot line.
Most of the buildings in the intermediate location have setback of 5'
For detailed study of set back location,
see appendix B.,
p. 187,
from the lot line (usually depth of
the bay windows) except the ones in
block # 823 have the setback of 25'
from the front lot line.The corner
buildings are emphasized by having
no setback.The corner building
of
block # 823 which is the detached
house has the setback of 25'.
21
3. Facade
patterns in relation to side
location of building on the lot.
Most of the intermediate
803
ALAMO
SQUARE
buildings of the same block have the
same setback.That is:the intermediate
I~~~-oPOP
buildings of of block
#
827 have the
same setback of 5',the same setback
823-1--
happen in block # 803 and block # 821,
while the intermediate buildings of
block
#
823 have the same setback
of 25'.This setback character com827
bines with the attached house type
without recess mostly found in this
For detailed study of facades, see appendix B.,
pp.179-1
86
existing surrounding blockcreate
.
the continuity of the facade along
the street with a few opening of the
recess.
22
4. Height of the buildings.
The two to three-storey town-
803
houses are mostly found in the inter-
ALAMO
SQUARE
LID
mediate location.The corner location
HAYES
are emphasized by higher apartment
buildings;i.e. one corner building
822
1
of block
#
803 is six-storey apart-
ment.The others are three-storey
buildings.Only one corner building
~T
T
of block # 821 is one storey building
and one corner building of block
#
827
823 is two-storey detached house.
one storey
two storeys
three storeys
more than three storeys
For detailed study of heights of the buildings
see appendix B. , p.
173.
23
5.
Roof line of the buildings.
Buildings with different roof
shapes and heights create the noncontinuity of the roof line.There
are many combinations in building
RATES
heights and roof shapesthese are:
-
One-storey building with flat
roof.
-
Two-storey building with flat
roof.
-
Two-storey building with gable roof.
-
Three-storey building with
gable roof.
-
Three-storey building with
flat roof.
-
Six-storey building with flat
roof.
24
I
4.2 User profiles of individual households
In the support housingthe final
floor plan will not be predetermined.Thus
it is impossible to evaluate the design of
a support by examining the dwelling unit
plan.In order to evaluate the layout possibilities of a dwelling,the concept of basic
variation has been developed.A basic variation is a notation of the positionin a specific sector groupof a certain group of
functions which together form a housing program.Each sector group gives a great many
possible basic-variations.The analysis of
user profiles of individual household is to
be used as a guideline to examine which basic variation of the sector groups matchs
I
with which household type.In other words,
which household type is possible in that sector group according to this analysis.
25
is there; they tend to walk farther and
climb more stairs to their units; they have
less personal property to pack in and out.
Young single
They require a full measure of safety from
theft during their extended absence.
People in this group generally
Young singles best fit into effi-
are only moderately concerned with terri-
ciency or one-bedroom units which can either
tory. They are away from units during
be integrated into interesting location
workdays and fairly mobile on weekends.
or clusters of larger house types - tops,
They seek privacy in an environment that
corners, above garages, etc.
enhances social interaction, mostly privacy inside their unit. Identity is
generally not a great concern since young
single people are fairly mobile moving a
lot and are not able to pay for the more
unique physical amenities that give a
housing environment strong identity.
Inconvenience is generally acceptable if
the trade-off in the form of lower rent
26
room or a study room.
The one-bedroom unit, which need
not be ground oriented one, has the same
Young
couple
If both are working, the descrip-
tion of young single generally applies.
However, if one person remains at home,
there is an increase in several of human
needs. For the person at home the amenities of good orientation, daylighting,
location adaptability as the young single
unit. A unit may also have a full kitchen
rather than a kitchenette because of the
increasing tendencies of both members to
cook together and also providing optional
space for laundry equipment.
It may be a small row house, town
house, or maisonette.
sunshine, view, are essential. While peer
socialization is still very important,
young couples need more time to be by
themselves. For the most part young couples
get along quite well in one-bedroom units.
However if both are working and they can
afford it , they may have a two-bedroom
unit for the option of having a guest
27
on what the children are doing, but the
children themselves prefer to play in the
orbit of their mothers. An extra storage
Couple with young children
for children toys is needed.
Couples with young children may
With the transition of a two
find their personal privacy and terri-
generation family, attention is focused
tory
on the development and well being of
children and thus require a minimum amount
young children. The children's territory must be able to be limited and
well defined with physical barriers such
as fences, railings doors, gates, etc.,
when needed by some family life styles.
Couples with young children
should be provided with ground orientation and private outdoor play space.
Play spaces in an out of doors should
severely encroached upon by the
of "adults only" space, at least during
evening hours.
If
the site allows a percentage
of single level housing, two or three
bedroom patio houses would ideally accommodate these families. If not, they can
also manage well in medium-sized row houses
or town houses, again provided ground
oriented amenities are accessible.
be provided within sight of mother. Not
only do the mothers like to keep an eye
28
of spaces for socializing a new space,
the play or family room must be added.
The living spaces are needed to be kept
Middle age coupleteenage children
open for use together or closed off into
separate rooms so that the children can
One difference between couples
entertain their own friends separately.
with young children and grown children
Living spaces with good acoustical insu-
is usually the number of bedrooms needed.
lation are preferable or physically sepa-
A private bedroom for each grown child
rated and with separate entry. The
is desirable and should not be near the
rooms for parents and teenagers need
parents, allowing privacy for all members
separation and each proximate to bedrooms.
of the family, because of frequency of
Consequently units may require as many
coming or going of teenagers and their
as four bedrooms, a separate dining room,
friends. Other space requirement increase
a play or family room, a utility room.
in proportion to the number and size of
bath-
The row house, town house and patio
members; for example group space like
house have to be large to accommodate so
the dining and living rooms must allow
many spaces.
for more chairs, bigger tables, etc..
In response
to the demand for diversity
29
bedroom or study. A third bedroom is a
nice luxury for over night visitors.
Choice of large living room and dining
Middle age couple, grown children
room will be good for the groups tend to
entertain more frequently. The town house
Middle and late middle age is
is the most efficiency choice, but row,
considered by many as the best time of
maisonette, or terrace would also be
life. Children are gone, housework are
appropriate.
less and free time is more plentiful.
People are generally still
physically
active.
Since territory does not have to
be shared with children, couples can
spread out a bit and have more privacy.
Convenience is
desirable so that leisure
time can be enjoyed. With fewer family
members less space is required. Most
house types work well. Two bedrooms are
about right: one for sleeping and one for
30
had before but enough to hold selected
cherished possessions. Since stairs are
difficult for the elderly to climb, they
Elderly couple
Elderly single
must be ground oriented or in elevator
buildings.
People at this age have changes
The elderly require a greater
in the structure and functions of their
sense of safety since they feel, and general-
bodies which make them slowly react and
ly are, less able to protect themselves
lack of mobility. They require as much,
from harm. Easy egress in case of fire
or more floor area to carry on their
are necessary.
activities as would a young person carry-
The elderly make greater use of
ing on the same activities. On the other
the bedroom than any other age group except
hand, elderly people do require special
babies. An efficient and commodious bed-
design adaptation of spaces to account
room is important for any household but
for possible physical limitations. And
for older people it is absolutely necessary.
because of their limited strength and
This is partly because of the need for
stamina, convenience is also essential.
rest periods but also, as people grow
This means that the elderly require effi-
older, many become more susceptible to
ciently organized space, less than they
illness and are bedridden more frequently
31
than younger people, and also bedroom
types, they should not be located on phy-
furniture is larger and more numerous.
sically or socially isolated parcels of
Privacy in the bedroom is important.
land, so that they can enjoy the experience
In the dwelling units containing two
of watching children at play, people
residents it is essential that one resi-
passing by or doing simple outdoor acti-
dent be able to carry on normal living
vities, etc.
activities (including entertaining visitors) without serious loss of privacy to
the other person in the bedroom. This
means no direct visual accessibility
should exist between the sleeping area
and the entry or exit, living and dining
rooms. The circulation between the bedroom and the bathroom must be direct and
close because of frequency of use at night
and frequency vision problems at night.
The elderly can cluster with
their peers, but their units must be
reasonably close to the other household
32
4.3 Correlating household and house type matrix
HOUSEHOLD
BEDROOM
young single
one
young couple
one
row
HOUSE TYPE
patio
town
flat
0
maisonette
terrace
0
0
two
0
0
couple,
young children
middle age couple,
teenage children
two
three
three
four
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
middle age couple,
grown children
two
three
one
two
0
0
0
g
0
0
0
0
0
0
elderly couple
elderly single
_
_
0
0
_
0
0
0
0
one
33
4.4 Correlating of household and location within a building
AS A GUIDELINE
TO DETERMINE
SECTOR
GROUP OR GROUP OF SECTOR GROUP ON WHICH FLOOR IS SUITABLE
TO EACH HOUSEHOLD.
TWO STORIES WITH FLAT ROOF OR WITH ATTIC
MAISONETTE ( young couple,
middle age couple with teenage children,
middle age couple with grown children.
...
...
FLAT ( couple with young children,
elderly couple,
elderly single. )
FLAT ( young single ,
young couple.
FLAT ( young single,
. .. ... . .
FLAT (
young couple,
middle age couple with grown children.)
couple with young children,
elderly couple,
elderly single.
FLAT ( young single,
young couple.)
TOWN HOUSE (couple
middle
middle
elderly
with young children,
age couple with teenage children,
age couple with grown children,
couple.)
34
THREE
STORIES WITH FLAT ROOF OR WITH
MAISONETTE
ATTIC
(young couple,
middle age couple with teenage children,
middle age couple with grown children.)
FLAT (young single,
young couple,
middle age couple with grown children.)
FLAT (couple with young children,
elderly couple,
elderly single.)
MAISONETTE
(young couple,
middle age couple with teenage children,
middle age couple with grown children. )
HOUSE (couple
middle
middle
elderly
with young children,
age couple with teenage children,
age couple with grown children,
couple.)
FLAT (young single,
young couple.)
FLAT ( young single,
young couple,
middle age couple with grown children.)
FLAT ( couple with young children,
elderly couple ,
elderly single.)
35
FLAT (young couple,
young single.)
FLAT (young single,
young couple,
middle age couple with grown children.)
TOWN HOUSE
(couple
middle
middle
elderly
with young children,
age couple with teenage children,
age couple with grown children,
couple.)
FLAT (young single,
young couple.)
MAISONETTE
(young couple,
middle age couple with teenage children,
middle age couple with grown children.
FLAT (couple with young children,
elderly couple,
elderly single.)
36
5.
DESIGN PROPOSAL: TISSUE LEVEL
37
5.1
Tissue
model proposal for block# 82Z
Stages of design decision:
1. Tissue type stage.
2. Function model stage.
3. Tissue model stage.
1.
Tissue type stage.
The proposed tissue type for block
# 822 is based on the tissue types developed
for the Alamo Square area,San Francisco,
TI
J
by Hans Christian Lischewski in his thesis
submitted to the department of Architecture
at M.I.T. in 1978.
--
This proposed tissue type is a
%
combination of closed and open
7
iF
Fig. 2
blocks with diagonal alley circulation conU
4,
TISSUE TYPE
built zone
I
(
- - ->
building
main street- vehicular circulation in two directions
cross street- vehicular circulation in two directions
alley - vehicular circulation in one direction.
necting the two main streets (fig.2). The
reasons for this proposal are as follows:
1. The morphology of the surrounding blocks is a closed building block with
38
803
closed corners.(fig.3 )
2. While the Victorian buildings have depth'
up to 60',the modern buildings have less
82
floor plan depth.Thus additional built ele-
821
822
ments may be located in the inner space
of the block.
3.
Fig. 3
llel to cross streets gain more open space
It
lb
between the inner buildings and the buildtb
-t
I
I
*............................
The inner block buildings located para-
.
I
ings along the cross streets than the open
I.
I.
:1
space formed by the inner buildings and
I
**.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.~**:*.*.*~*:
I
I;
the buildings along the cross streets when
I
ii,
Fig 4
the inner buildings are located parallel
(p
I
I
I
I
I
I
6
4,
Fig. 5
lb
I
~~
I
I
I
I
I
to the main streets. (fig.4 )
4. The alley connects the two main streets
use less space than the alley connects the
-
two cross street because of the shorter
dimension.(fig.5 )
5. The alley will give access to the parking
39
lots in the courtyard for the corner locations.
6. The closed building block creates the
greatest sense of communitylocation and privacy.It helps define territory and provides
surveillance.The interior courtyard also increase social contact between residents witFig. 6
STRONG ENCLOSURE
sense of community, location,protection,identity
hin the block.(fig.6 )
'I am in a courtyard'
7. The benefits of diagonal alley circulation are:
-
I
. .
..
I
A feeling still remaining of one
large closed block which is the
dominant characteristic of the
-
I
existing environment while pro-
:
viding access to parking in the
4
Fig. 7
courtyard.(fig.7 )
STRAIGHT ALLEY CIRCULATION
feeling of dividing: two or three small blocks
instead of one large block.
-
A reduction in
the use of short
cut because the outsider is not
sure whether it is a through traffic
40
or a cul-de-sac alley,also the distance of the alley is greater than
the distance of the cross street.
-
A signal to drivers to drive slowly within the block.
2.
Function model stage.
An analysis of San Francisco town
houses shows that private gardens are situated in the courtyards and parking is located
along the street and under the buildings
with access from the street.
In the proposed function model for
block # 822,the parking for the intermediate
location will be provided under the building
(fig.8 ).This solution is proposed because
4,
Fig.8
FUNCTION
MODEL
of the topography of the block:it is hilly
with a 6 degree angle of slope on the long
sideand a 7 degree angle of slope on the
short side.To deal with this slope the build41
ing requires an element to act as the platform so that the main building can be placed
upon it
independently from the ground.The
base would serve as this element.Using the
base in this way wouldn't waste any valuable
living space since it is very close to the
public zonelthat is the street and the side
walkand privacy would be difficult to achieve
here and also it lacks light and ventilation.
Therefore by allowing parking facilities we
are utilizing otherwise wasted space.An additional benefit is that the parking lot area
in the courtyard can be reduced(about 70%).
For the corner locationthe parking
lot will be provided in the courtyard because
the corner location are danger for the car
access.
The function model selected for
block # 822 will have a public green area
42
in the courtyard.This space will serve the
people in the community.Children can use it
as an outside meeting space since there are
many units (units on the upper floors) do
not have their own private yard.
3. Tissue model stage.
The difference between tissue models based on one function model is caused
mainly by the building height.The building
height,i.e. the number of storeys on the block
strongly influences the density of the tissue
12
model.However,the tissue models do not only
vary in building heightsthe tissue elements
will also have different dimensions in the
horizontal plane such as streetsparking area
and courtyards.
All design decisions made in this
tissue model stage regarding the position and
43
dimension of thematic buildinginon-thematic
1516
buildings,thematic space ,non-thematic space
17
and functions will mainly be based on the idea
in retaining the characteristic of existing
neighborhood. Because this neighborhood has
been developed for over 100 years and has its
own character, differs from other neighborhoods.
It is worthy to be maintained.
The proposed rules for the tissue
model will be derived from
1. General characters of existing
neighborhood.
The characteristics of existing neighborhood such as the two to three-storey townhouses, setbacks of the buildings, the pattern
of 25' to 35'
building widths,etc.will be re-
tained.
2. Specific characteristics of existing surrounding block buildings.
44
Although the general characteristics
of the existing neighborhood will be used as
the rules for the new tissue modelsome specific rules are needed when dealing with the
specific sitesuch as the relationship between
buildings,the typologies of the public facades.
These characteristics are fragile and can create the strong visual impacts for the streetscapethus the elements of the surrounding
block buildings must be
considered.
However preservation is
not the
sole objective of the design decision.The new
tissue model must also fulfill the design criterias such as access of lightventilation and
privacy.Therefore the proposed rules will also
regulate the location and the dimension of the
open space to fulfill such criterias while protecting the scale of existing neighborhood.
These rules are derived from some textbooks
45
such as * Site Planning 'by Kevin Lynchindividual and group funded studiesi.e.' Change Without Loss'under the direction of Daniel Solomon,
'Spatial Structures'.Working paper, Housing and
Settlement Series, by Anne Vernez-Moudon.
46
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F
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nto 418
system of zoning, agreements with respect to
the morphology of the thematic elements
DOCUMENT 1+2
AGREEMENT SHEET I
01
01
AI
L0i
--5'
25'
2
21'2
A
26'
21'
139'
171'
21
21'
-X
26'
.-
16'
01
PI
0
0
4
J
0
G)
Uj
0
4
U
section B
W.r~.. -v..
26' 21' I
sectionJ--.-
- --
88'
-
-f
| 21'l 26' 121' I
-
152'6"
, .
121'| 26'
|
47
Explanation.
n The buildings at the corner location
5'
II
property line
property line
will have no setback or maximum setback of 5'. The building at the in-
..... ........
. .............
..............
............
....
X. .
............
. ........
%V.. % e* .
a,
S
termediate location will have minimum setback of 5' and maximum set-
X.
..........
back of 25' from the property line.
oj
Oi
0-I
(a.
CORNER
Analysis of existing surrounding
LOCATION
blocks shows that most the corner
5
property line
--- ------ 25'
property line
building have no setback, only one
corner building of block # 823 which
is the detached house has setback of
INTERMEDIATE
LOCATION
20' from the property line. The
buildings in the intermediate location of the same block have the same
setback, i.e.,the intermediate buildings of block # 827 have setback of
5' and the intermediate buildings of
block # 823 have setback of 25'.
48
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nto
4 8
DOCUMENT
I
EXPLANATION SHEET I
explanation with respect to the morphology
of the thematic building (baywindows excluded)
01
01
max
0t
402'6"
0
16'
%-X
%
.- -
A.--.:..--
B
- -.
.-..-.- .A
5'
26'
21'
-.
-5
26'
21
171'
139'
-. .--..
-A
Bt
B
21
-
2fw
26'
16'
--
26'
-5
min 150'
16
o
26 12r1
72'
121! 26'1 2r1
136'6"
12fI 26'
1
0)
section
49
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to
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nto
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2 6
3 7
I
8
4
8
DOCUMENT I
EXPLANATION SHEET 2
explanation with respect to the morphology
of the thematic building ( baywindows included)
01
01
16'
z5'
-- 5
26'
262f
I-
2f
-
139'
U......
0
(D
0
0r
16 ,26'121'v
21'
26'
26'
--
16!
.-- 5~
U)
PI
0
171'
72'
12Ti 26121
1~b7b
13'=
b
izY-
zI
W
section B I
~
26I' 122
section
21| 26' I 2f I
88'
152'6"'
I
2r 26'I i
so
.
m--
-116A.14-
Explanation.
n The minimum dimensions of B-zone;an
area which always contain building,
5'
...........
....
.......
for the corner location and the inter-
.1
6'
6'
X'
5'
mediate location are 26' and the maximum dimensions are 52'. The minimum
dimension of B-zone for the inner
block location is
dimension is
26' and the maximum
68'.
5I'I6 1 6d10' 5'
c
minimum
living space
While
= maximum living space
r=-i minimum service space
rzzz=='i maximum service space
cminimum living space
C
i
4 maximum
the Victorian town houses have
a very deep floor plan of up to 60'
and provide minimum light for the rooms
living space
MINIMUM DEPTH OF THE BUILDINGS
. MAXIMUM DEPTH OF THE BUILDINGS
in the middle of the house
by means
of light well and recess which are
about 8' to 4' respectively", these
these cannot fulfil the requirement
of privacy and optimum light for human's needs. Thus the new dimensions
of B-zone have been chosen on the basis of criteria on privacy and light.
51
Explanation.
n The minimum height of building at the
corner location is three storeys and
the maximum height is four storeys,exeluding base and roof storey. The minimum height of building at intermediate location is two storeys and the
maximum height is three storeys, excluding base and roof storey. The maximum height of the inner block buildings
is two storeys excluding base and roof.
Analysis of the existing situation shows
that the buildings in this area are
mostly two to three-storey town houses
and the corners are emphasized by higher apartment buildings. Thus to maintain the scale and the character of
existing environment, the rule for the
height of the building is regulated.
52
Explanations
04
corner location and the intermediate
01
ob
location must not be shifted. For
ob
B
: :-
a Front facades of the buildings in the
main street
cross street
the inner block buildings, the front
facade may or may not be shifted.
Analysis of existing surrounding
....... ...........-. .
blocks shows that buildings with the
CORNER
AND INTERMEDIATE
LOCATIONS
same setback from the property line
is the character of existing street-
02
ob
B
scape. Thus to maintain this charac-
ob
+:-:--:-.:-:
:
courtyard
ter the rule regulates the position
of the front facade has
INNER
been made.
BLOCK LOCATION
53
Explanation:
m Front facade and back facade of the
building may or may not have bay win01 zone
20
dows. The bay window must remain with5
ob-margin
in the ob-margin which is 5' deep.
.....
.......
..
..
.................
. . ................
.. ..........
.. ----------------------..........
......
X
..................
B zone
Analysis of San francisco houses shows
that bay window is the dominant morphological element of the streetscape.
Its functions are not only providing
extra light and view for residents
but also enlarging the room. Therefore
in the new tissue model, the rule for
the application of bay window is included.
54
Explanation: m The minimum and the maximum depths of the
I
base are the same as the minimum and the
3t
3
maximum depths of B-zone. The base of the
0
0
corner building may extend further in the
3
C
0
0
a
E
front and in the back. In the front the
i
PQ
----------------------
... - ............
dlllml
42'
"'
otI
21'
the back the base may extend of about 21'
CORNER LOCATION
CL
O
base may extend to the property line. In
from the back facade. The bases of the inI
-
termediate and the inner block buildings
3:
40
ID
C.
may extend in the front of about 5' from
3:
39
0*
r
___
g
5' from the back facade.
42'
5
INTERMEDIATE
the front facade and in the back of about
8 INNER BLOCK LOCATIONS
--
n The maximum height of the base is 7'-6".
To allow parking underneath the increment
building , the base height must have enough
headroom for cars. An average max. car
height is 6'-3". The rule 7'-6" anticipates
the structural depth of the above floor.
base
6"
..'...:..:.
s
55
Explanation:
* The roof storey which is the gable
parapet 4' hig
roof must not be set back from the
front facade. The roof storey which
is the flat roof must be set back
from the front facade of at least
10'. The roof storey of the corner
68'9"
CORNER LOCATION
CL
location must be set back on both
Ci
0.
0'
2'
sides of at least 10'.
parapet 4' high-
.....................
......................
The maximum height of the existing
surrounding intermediate buildings
-(D
is three storeys with gable roof
25'
68 9"
m10'
Therefore if the roof storey with
INTERM EDIATE
.1
LOCATION
flat roof is needed, it must be set
back from the front facade from the
visual line of the pedestrian on the
opposite sidewalk . In addition to
maintain the amount of light to the
first floor of the opposite buildings.
56
Explanation:
m Buildings with the gable roofs must
....
:...
have the gable roofs face
the street2
Analysis of the existing surrounding
block buildings shows that buildings
with gable roof have the gable roofs
faced the street. Thus to retain this
existing streetscape the rule for the
-:.gable
roof in the new tissue model is
regulated.
57
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3
4
F
5
6
7
8
DOCUMENT I
EXPLANATION SHEET 3
explanation with respect to the morphology
of the thematic building (corner location )
01
W4
0
01
min-max-75'
min-max-75
l
U
165'
15' 26'
21
-A
~
.
....
.
.
139'
02--
.-
--- :.-...
-- -
171'
.-- 'm
N
aNZ
211
2f'
26'
:::S#266
16'
L~mn-xnia7
0.-
0
*14
U
16,
6'121'
!
01
Qi
C.)
-
nRn-max-75'
72'
12'1 26'1 21'|
136'6"
12f I 2'1
211 26'| 21 I
152'6"
|2r
U,
section B
t 26'| 21'Il
section A
88'
26' 15
. .... .
58
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nto 1418
DOCUMENT
I
EXPLANATION SHEET 4
explanation with respect to the morphology
of the thematic building ( Intermediate location)
01
----------.............
6'
2 '
226
A4
A.
21'
-3
-.........
........---- --. $$x ::::X..:::r
+ :
x -X- -- - -
.
.. .. ...
:
~~ ~ ~
w .-.-.
0
Q'
W
w -
-..w- .. .:-o-- - - -w-::::.:
------...
-.. .
w
139'
e-
=
17f
2f
__
26'
=V
26!
16'
-5
26'
0
.0
440
section B
26' I 21l
88'
I 2fl 26'
! 2f
I
152'6"
2r1 26'
4"-Nxi
section A
.
.--. -
l
59
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[81
2 6
3 7
4I 8
DOCUMENT I
EXPLANATION SHEET 5
explanation with respect to the morphology
of the thematic building (inner block location)
01
01
54
~5
26'
21
16'
-E
5'
26'
A
A,
211
B
139'
171'
2f
-
-j-W
26'
16'
-
21'
-5
01
Mi
U
0
93
0
.r,
21' i
16, 26' 1
0
G)q
4-;
section B
72'
136'6"
88'
| 211 26' I 2f I
I 21'1 26
16
-
I A -.-
...... ,....
26'21'
12r1 26'1 21'i
152'6"
12r1 26' I
.----
section
A
60
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nto
to
3 7
48
5
e-6
DOCUMENT
2
EXPLANATION SHEET I
explanation with respect to the morphology
of the thematic space (maximum dimension)
01
01
.,..;***:;::;::
.::
I
Ve.
......
-..-.-
I
A.
.
I
.
-. ---.-......-
26'
2f
-A
-
14ma 178' 6"
..xm
max
__l
139
S
max
max 130 8
194'6" '
...
171
--
..............:..........--.2
-
26'
21'
0
0i
0
-a
,
.16
72
2fl 26'12f!1
136'6"
12f 26'1 2f 1
152'6"
1 1 26'
16
---.
section B
| 26'I21'
sention A
1
..
...
...--.
88'
.-...---
.........
I 2r|
26'|
1
M F
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3
7
nto
4
801n
DOCUMENT 2
EXPLANATION SHEET 2
explanation with respect to the morphology
of the thematic space ( minimum dimension )
94
0
16'
-S-5
21'
-
Z5' 26'
26'
2r
139'
171'
2f
-~
21'
26'
--
16'
-5'
0,
At
0
0
0
0
4~
.,
U,
section
26' 121 1
sectiont
88'
12fl 26' 12f I
152'6"
12r1 26'
5
62
The minimum dimension of courtyard
Explanation:
between the intermediate buildings
and the inner block buildings is 72'.
"The spacing between buildings has
--.
iI
-an
important effect not only on the
Intermediate building
72
K.round
inner block building
left over for outdoor use but
also on the livability of the interior
rooms. Every room should have adequate
light and air: a substantial piece of
sky should be visible through the windows from normal standing positions
in the room to ensure good daylight
and prevent claustrophobia. A minimum
standard may be that from each window,
in principal rooms, the major part of
the forward 60-degree cone of vision
should be unobstructed by anything
that is more than half as high above
22
the sill as its distance from window."
63
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4
DOCUMENT 5a
AGREEMENT SHEET I
agreements on position with respect to functions
of the thematic building
8
01
01
V4
-5'
16
15' 26'
. ......... .:...
..... . ... . ...
...........
:.........-::.:..:.........................-..
-A
B
-
21
-X
139'
O2
171'
21'
...
Xx-x2
26'
16!
Buildings in corner locations can contain commercial functions such as
shops, offices , and social services. Buildings in intermediate and inner block locations
must have only residential function.
136-6"
121'l 26
16
72'
l21'l 26'l 21'
16g 26' i 21' i
0
0
.5
UI
PI
94
-1!
0
0D
in
section B
n
26' 21'
sectionAL-.---.------
88'
211 26' 12f
152'6"
I 21'
26'l1
64
Explanations:
N The intermediate building and the inner block
building must be used only for residential purpose. The corner building may be used for residential, commercial purposes and social services.
n The bases of the corner buildings may be used
for both commercial and residential purposes.
The bases of the intermediate and the inner
block buildings must be used only for residential purpose. A combination of parking and living spaces is possible if the regulations of
the San Francisco Municipal Code regarding
light and ventilation are fulfilled.
n The roof storey may be used for residential
space in
23
every location.
To achieve good living environment, the intermediate and the inner block buildings have only
residential function while allows the commercial to occur in the corners.
65
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DOCUMENT 5 b
AGREEMENT SHEET I
agreements on dimensions with respect to functions
of the thematic building
01
01
-
16'
5'
26'
21
~5'
26'
2-
4
139'
17f
2f
-
26'
-- 5'
16'
0
0
U)
26'
-~5
Qt
01
V4,
U
21'
0
0
'
6g, 2V Zri
'r
-
02
72
'
12r 26 1 2P
136'6"
26'12r I
88'
12fl 26'! 2f
16'
- -.
...
ex
Isection B
12 I 26
152'6"
I 21 26'
1
---section
A2.
66
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to
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nto
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1 5.
2 t
L43 ,71hS
DOCUMENT 6 a
AGREEMENT SHEET I
agreements on position with respect to functions
of the thematic space
01
16.
~-5'
26'
A
-5
26'
2
2f
21
139'
171'
2f
21'
6'
26'5
16!
car circulation
pedestrian circulation
0
0
0
16' , 26' 121' I
*1-4
0
a)
U,
72'
I 2rI 26'1 21'
-
5
private yard
parking
public green area
136-6-
26
2f1 26
16
0
a)
U,
section B
S26'l 21'l
.. ....
section
88'
21', 26' 1 2f I
tlx :r%
152'6"
221 26'
67
Explanation:
n
v~.
:i::~i::::::l~ii~i1..:::.i1:.:i:::::::::.::..i:::. :::.....
150
The nearest side of the alley to the
.....
mamn street
nearest corner must not be less than
150'
0
: :::
::: ..:.:.:.:: ..:. ::-.. :.:
=::::::::
Street intersections should be a mi-
nimum of 150' apart.4
68
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4 8E
2 -1
3 7
DOCUMENT 6b
AGREEMENT SHEET
agreement on dimensions with respect to functions
of the thematic space
I
01
QI
---
I
61
I1
(5:
16'
zz5@
26'
. . ............
..................
6
.
--
21'
-----
----
-- - -- - :-
-: : : ---- : .:. ...
+ ::.......---
....
...
.:X;:
:
139'
17f
................
. .
.....
...
..
..
...
. . .:
2f
21'
-
26'
--5'
16'
0
26'
-
-5-
if private courtyards occur in location 1. then the ob-margins are unbuilt.
if public green areas occur in location 2.,the max. dimensions of public green areas are 28' x 28'
0
1
167g,26
0)
U)
-
U,4
r
72'
|2rl 261
ZrI
' "
136 6
TT2
section B
26' I 21 1
88'
I 2Ifj 26' 1 2f I
152'6"
12ri 26'
69
section
----- :
Explanation:
* The alley will have vehicular circulation in one direction. The maximum
....
:..
......
a
... '......6
..
I
3
width of the alley is 20' ( 12' for
0)
driveway and 2 x 4' for the paths)2s
Analysis of the existing surrounding
block shows the dominance of closed
building block character with a few
k4' *
12'
Ok4'N
openings for access. Thus to retain
this existing streetscape, the opening for an alley in the new tissue
model must be narrow.
70
M F
1 5
tb
to
ntb
nto
2 6
# 7
4T
DOCUMENT 3
AGREEMENT SHEET I
agreements with respect to the morphology
of the non-thematic building
01
,AM]Ln
IA
mn-ax
U1
16'
-5'
26'
-5'
26'
2
2f
2f
B
"'U'
139'
171'
.01
2f
-
26'
5'
16'
I
0
0
.F4
*~
0
0
01
Qi
mi-
0
0
0r
kmin-max N
21'
26'
_5'
a
16' 26' 1 2ri
72'
I 21 1 26'
12r1 26' 1 21
1
U,
.....
Isection B
26'l21'l
88'
I 21fl 26' 12f
ac~~tnn
A
..............
152'6"
S1'l 26'
71
tb
to
ntb
nto
M F
1 5
2 6
[8I
DOCUMENT 4
AGREEMENT SHEET I
3 7
agreements with respect to the morphology
of the non-thematic space
01
01
V.4
0
A
16'
=!V
26'
26'
2
21'
2f
-
139'
171'
2f
21'
26'
-5'
16'
-
26'
--.
5
path
min 4'
max 8'
0
,
0
0
-- w-w...
..
section B
26'12r i
88'
12f 26' I 2f I
152'6"
12r 26'
y
72
section
Explanation:
* Paths are the pedestrian circulation
in the courtyard. The width of a path
in the courtyard should be between 4'
and 8'.
If a path provides access to
the street ,it will have a maximum
width of 8,'
Analysis of the existing surrounding
block shows the dominance of closed
building block character with a few
openings for access. Path is an open
space in the built area. Therefore
to retain the existing streetscape,
the opening for a path in the new
tissue model must be narrow.
73
tb
to
ntb
nto
M F
1_ 5
2 6.
7a
DOCUMENT
AGREEMENT SHEET
I
agreements on position with respect to functions
of the non-thematic building
3VT1
4 8
01
01
.'
1.
.-..
A_
-X . - ..
. :..: ..
- -.-
..
-
-
-
~ -~~~~
.:::-:.:::.:.:::--..... . -.- ::::::.e
-- :::--:.:::.:2B
16'
116
26'
:, : -:. . :
- 5 261
21
B
..
.....
. .. . .2
02
171'
139'
os
02~
..-.
XX
26'
t
~ ~ ~~~~~~......
functions~
ofnnteatcbidns.tlcto...
0
-In
4.'
o0
e
U,
sos, fie~oi
o1
21'
~2f
evcs
A0
4.
o
+,
en
26' 121' I
88'
1211 26' 12f
l
152'6"
121' 26'
74
section A
..
M F
tb
to
ntb
nto
[_2 i 6
K13 57
8a
DOCUMENT
AGREEMENT SHEET
agreements on position with respect to functions
of the non-thematic space
I
01
01
max
140'
min 80'
-5'-5'
--
MB
22 M
02:
139'
-
-i:
--
171'
N
139_
poid
edsrincicltin
pah
it
teblc
aeloae
ady
btee
-....
-
26'
adn
17f
2
26'
pts
i p
0
+a
.14
0
...
..
...
H
26' 21'
88'
1 2fl 26' 21'
152'6"
12r1 26' 14
-A
"
section
-. :
75
5.3 Calculations of tissue model
AREA BLOCK (NET)
113,4375 SQ.FT
TOTAL BUILT
237,727.5 SQ.FT,
F.A.R
01
~
2.1
01
>
TOTAL BUILT AT GROUND
~I*
W
W
8.
-e
U
FP
*
50,475
SQ.FT
PRIVATE
35,397
SQ.FT
SEMI PUBLIC
27,565.5 SQ.FT
( 50%
of ob-margin will be built
V,
OPEN SPACE:
1W "r
I
I
ft
BUILDING
*Uw I
44.5%
COVERAGE
NUMBER OF DWELLINGS
wtg
Or Ia
urr
@ 650 sq.ft
365
@ 850 sqft @ 1,100 sq.ft 0 1,250 sq.ft @ 1,400 sq.ft
279
216
190
AVERAGE SQ.FT PER DWELLING
i,100
NUMBER OF DWELLINGS PER ACRE NET/GROSS
Corner location :
169
82.9/56.9
NUMBER OF CARS PER DWELLING
4 storeys
+ base + roof storey.
Intermediate location :3 storeys
+ base + roof storey.
365
279
216
190
169 dwellings
Inner block location : 2 storeys
+ base + roof storey.
.73
.95
1.2
1.4
1.6
76
AREA
BLOCK (NET)
113,437.5 SOFT
TOTAL BUILT
192,4725 SQ.FT
F.A.R
O-
17
01
TOTAL BUILT AT GROUND
50,475
SOFT
PRIVATE
35,397
SQ.FT
SEMI PUBLIC
27,565
SQ.FT
( 50% of ob-margin will be built)
rM Fe
OPEN SPACE:
Wa
BUILDING COVERAGE
ii
44.5%
NUMBER OF DWELLINGS
I
~
ivii,
t
ISIWIV,
,,a,
,,, w~
.650 sq.ft
296
@ 850 sq.ft
226
1100 sq.ft
174
@ 1250 sq.ft
O 1400 sq.ft
153
AVERAGE SQ.FT PER DWELLING
137
1,100
NUMBER OF DWELLING PER ACRE NET/GROSS
Corner location :
3 storeys + base + roof storey
Intermediate location
2 storeys + base + roof storey
296
226
IT4
153
Inner block location
2 storeys + base + roof storey
.9
1.18
1.5
1.7
66.8/45.8
NUMBER OF CARS PER DWELUNG.
137 dwellings
1.9
77
6.
DESIGN PROPOSAL: SUPPORT LEVEL
78
6.1
Support model proposal
In the existing environment,most
Analysis of existing immediate
of the buildings are developed singly
buildings also shows that the most common
from lot to lotcreate the buildings
house types are the attached type with-
of different sizes according to the
out recess and attached type with recess.
sizes of the lots.Some lots are combined
Therefore two support systems will be de-
together created larger sizes of the
veloped.One is the support system for
buildings.However the most common lot
shallow dwellingsthe other is the support
frontage dimensions are 25',27'-6" and 30'
system for deep dwellings.Each of these
and the patterns of 25' to 35'
two support systems can create buildings
building
widths are mostly found in this area.
The support design proposal for
a block in this area will retain this
without recesses.And by combining these
two support systemsdwellings with recesses will be derived.
character.That is,it must provide visual
Bay windows with different shapes
division into narrow segments 25'(min.),
and sizes are the dominant morphological
50'(max.) along the street facade by
element of the streetscape in this area.
means of steppingsetbackor separate
They do not only provide extra light and
structurewith each division having at
view for residentsbut also enlarge the
least one entrance.
room by pushing out from the house.The
27
79
maximum depth of bay windows is
5'.In
directions. The local existing Victorian
order to respect the essential charm
houses also allow two directional connec-
and characteristics of this neighbor-
tions in the floor plans!8
hoodbay windows with different shapes
and sizes are an additional support
material added to the support principles.
The structure of these support
systems is the wooden structure,which
has been used locally since wood is
available and lower cost than concrete.
however the timber span available is
limited up to 16*,beyond this is rare
and expensive.
One criteria for the support
system is to provide two directional
connections which will give more advantages in design flexibility than
only one directional connection
because the plan can expand in two
80
6.2 SUPPORT SYSTEM
A
The support system for shallow
5'
o
10'
dwellings. The zone distribution of
this support system consists of:
6'
alpha/gamma margin
alpha zone
a10,
5.
alpha/alpha margin
alpha zone
5'
10'
6'
10'
alpha/delta margin
5'
The alpha/gamma margin and the
alpha/delta margin are the spaces for
bay windows which can be built or not
built from the front facade and the
back facade. The dimensions of these
two margins are based on the maximum
dimension of San francisco bay windows.
Zoning analysis in the next following
page will show the relationship between functions and the zone distribution.
81
Zoning
analysis
r~i
L
le N,
Bl, B2,B3
4
4
LOJv-e
r
W
n
i
vi
. X10'
tA+
BLB
BI, B32,B3
: C 10'
1-
:- 10'
:-1N10'
BATHROOMS
I
I'
II
||
STAIRCASES
~
I
Ic:::*:*::
>::
10'
>
::::::::::-
10'
WALLS
82
Sector
B2
B5
KI
K2
analysis
++-
[
- DF
so'
EIL] fJ
K
9 ...::::: 10
:...
''..
10,
X 10'
-
E/B2
E,/B3
%:JL
.
-
-.
~F7I7l
IZIZL
711111
13
0 0 13
I,
r)
I
I
L~.
I fl-.~VIIII
AI~I~I
..................
...................
.....................
..................
....................
_____________________
0
Oa
......................
...
... ......
...............
..........
......................
......................
.
...
..
I....
...
.....
.....................
...............
....................
....................
.... OC 10
83
Sector analysis
~u
* .
I
L
L/E
.,I
Ii L.~L--1
uJ,3
0
l
lv
I
0rI 0L[:
I
0I
2LJ
p
IJL iO
a
K
.1
S10'
+L
h221rV2J ~I1A7
I
62/BI
-B-83/BI
A20EV'21
.......
.....
............... 4......
.....................
...............
...
. . . . .. .
*-*
....*
9
K2
BI/KI
B2/KI
B3/KI
-4-
...
......................
-.-.-...
9-4-
*.
- --
20'
U-
._____
.________________..___________-_____-_
I
- -.-*.*-.
- .- o.-.
-
I
cc10
Ie
I
I-
-
84
Increments of building
From the support systemma*
.....
I
*..*.**.*
.....
I
I
........
.
.........................
a
..........
5
10N
6'
15'
10'
0
15'
20'
20
a 10'
ny different sizes of buildings
can be defined according to sec-
5'
25'
30'
type Al
tor widths of 10',15' and 20'.
35'
type A2
type A3
These increments of building from
.
......
...................
10'
..........
25' to 50'
are based on existing
6'
20'
20'
15'
10
15'
15'
10'
15'
building widths in this area.
a 10
....
5'
40'
type A4-a
15'
40'
type A4-b
10'
20'
I
ment of building type Al will be
51
further investigated in
0
20
15'10'
45'
type A5-a
I
::
:a
:::
I
1
15'
10
-
a
its
sec-
10
10'
tor groups(dwelling sizes) basic
5'
variations and subvariations be-
50'
type A6-a
type A5-b
i
In this thesis the incre-
40'
type A4-c
1'
1'
1
1
45'
-.....
-.....
-.
'
I
I
cause it
*
:
5'
u
,
10'
is
the most common build-
ing width in this area.
6'
15'
10'
10'
15 '
:
10'
15'
15'
10'
15'
20'
15'
:
a 10'
5'
50'
type A 6-b
50'
type A6-c
50'
type A6-d
85
SUPPORT
SYSTEM
Increment of building
.........
A
Al
TYPE
:.aO
a 10'6'
25'
Roof
3
: -- ^---
rdiroof
---
------
_
_
__--
2 nd
---
1 st
- -
--
Base
Variations
1
2
3
SCHEMATIC
SECTION
86
Sector
groups
1. first fi.
2. second f 1.
3. third fl.
4. roof storey
S 25'
25
25'
"25'
- . - ---
..
..
.
..
..
.
...
..
--
10'
...
87
Sector
groups
1. first f1.
2. second fl.
3. third f1.
4. roof storey
0: 10'
(X 10,
25'
" 25'
25'
"
25'
Cx 10'
01 10'
...-
.....................................
.........
...............................
....
.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
... ..........
..............
...............
...........
.
..........
...... .... ..........
..... .......... ...........
. . . . .
...
.......0.,.7...::*,.*-*-*-'-*.,.*.*.*.*..,..*.*.....-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.............
...............
...............
..
..............
.
...............
......................
........................
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............
.............
.......
................
.......................
..............
...........................
X. ................
.............
...... ........ ...........
........
....
-M--. 0-
................
(X 10
0 1 10 ,
88
Basic variations and sub-variations
K2 I
8
LL1
-
KZ
8
82
bg3
D3-#
~
81
DI
81
84
L
3
The basic variations of the sector group without bay window ( minimum size of dwelling) are
shown here.Actually they are the same with the basic variations of the sector group with bay window
because the bay window only enlarges the room,no
additional room is possible.
These basic variations are the ones of the town
house for couple with young children.They are based
on these criterias:
- a I bathroom on ground floor should be near
exit or entry.
- Children's rooms should be placed near pa-
U
I
-rT
AD
t
I
B3
ELt
rents room.
- Play spaces in and out of doors should be
within sight of mother.
89
6.3 SUPPORT
5'
a 10'
61
~310'
61
a10'
5'1
SYSTEM
B
The support system for deep
dwellings.The zone distribution of this
support system consists of:
- alpha/gamma margin
5'
10'
-
alpha zone
alpha/beta margin
-
beta zone
-
alpha/beta margin
10'
6'
-
alpha zone
10'
-
6'
alpha/delta margin
5'
The alpha/gamma margin and the
-
alpha/delta margin are the spaces for
bay windows which can be built or not
built from the front facade and the back
facade.The dimensions of these two
margins are based on the maximum dimension of San Francisco bay windows.
Zoning analysis in the next
following page will show the relationship between a function and a zone distribution.
90
Zoning
analysis
cc
10'
1310'
a 10'
c10'
810'
0[10'
BATHROOMS
STAIRCASES
WALLS
91
Sector
-
1
analysis
K-I-.-!
j-tj
BI
......
*KI
B3 U
U
I
-- r-I
(x 10'
K2E
_______________________________I~
vi
kGTh1
~-
A
I
Fill]
F
KX
10'
-
...........
...................
~nvui.
~
E Bl
E/B2
E/B3
_______________________
I II
++
U
L
1-
---- - ---- - ---
: c 10'
A
A
lHe-'-1I
A
II-e---i
A
92
Sector analysis
L/E
'J
r 0
I
r
n 13
00
..........
..........
...........
cc 10
..........
1 WI I I
/
20'
B2/I
B3B
F
~~
JI/-
IBL/V J-
IJ
4+-
Bc 10'
....
20'
PL21J..
............
*........
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
L~J
~22
..........
OC
10,
..........
..........
..........
93
Sector analysis
a 10'
(x 10'
KI
b
:
II+
t
K2
b
E)
rl
-10
I
I
...
.. ..
.....
..
..
..
.
,
94
Increments
of building
5'
From the support systemmany different sizes of buildings
.....
:
6
..:...
.
::
can be defined according to secc-
.:.....
6'
10
15
10
20
15'
.....:Za.10'
20'
tor widths of 10',15' and 20'.
These increments of building
35'
30'
25
type B3
type B2
type B1
from 25' to 50' are based on
5'1
51
1'
A10'
6
20
15'
10
....
5
10'
existing building widths in this
area.
In this thesis the increment of building type B1 will
5
----
'
'
40'
type B 4
'
45'
type
B 5-a
ty
45'
peB 5-b
--
6'
sector groups (dwelling sizes)
5'
-:o
10'
i
10'
15'
10'
15
15
.
50'
type
:
15
B 6- a
101
'
i
15'
be further investigated in its
10'
o----i
10'
-
50'
50'
type B 6-b
type B 6-c
61
tions because it is the most com-
6'
mon building width in this area.
: a 10'
15'
1-
basic variations and subvaria-
-
5'
95
B
SUPPORT SYSTEM
Increment of building
TYPE
Bi
5'
: 10'
6'
010'
-........
..
....I
......
6'
a10'
5'
Roof
2
nd
:_:4:.:______--;____--;._:_:_-_--_-_-
B
1
Base
Variations
--
-
3rd/roof
-
_
....................-a.e........
.
.........
- -
. .
i$$1$$$$$
1
2
3
4
5
SCHEMATIC
6
SECTION
96
- -
- -
1. first
Sector
fi.
groups
2. second fl.
3. third fl.
4. roof storey
a lo'
a 10'
B
25'
25'
I--M
r~u~
B10'
~MA~
-Li
cx1'
c
a~
10'
~L~-
25'
'4
25'
IU I
a io'
I
.-..:-g(X
C 10'
%Pw-
*
d~-1-
I ~
F I ---
VV
B 10'
0C 10'
~)cK
C 10'
(E
10' - __j~I~iitT~~~
~
~
__
.:?~'
. .__
__
_
h'
97
Sector
1. first fl.
groups
2. second fl.
3. third fI.
4. roof storey
-
---
:--E
a
aa
11
10'.
a
10'
a
10'
___LEZIIV~iiikffi U
--
I
~~~1~~
25'
2
H
-4
3
25'
25'
i!
25'
a10'
CC10'
B
(X
---
C10'.
Bl1'
------------
~wuwr.w~
~!
------
I
3
L~QM
7a 10'
s~1
M-A
N5
--
10'
K
.
i
lo
'N
*1IF
*
A
98
Sector
1. first fl.
2. second fl.
groups
3. third fl.
4. roof storey
>cx
a10,
( 10'
a io'
a.
*.
(x log
2
25'
S
FLIaw
U
4
3
25
25'
25'
a 10'
B3
M10'
UT
C 10'
a
01
2
C 10' -
I
-
- -
:::-a
10'
:
-...
:. C 10'
-.
...........
----- -
99
Basic variations
and sub
-variations
..............
..............
..............
...............
..............
BI
E'/3
..............
+
W..
4
-1--
............
-X:
E
- -
BI
E'/83
K2
E L
L
===..
4-
..
83-+
~I
.a
A MM
'~
I
--
_
,~I,,
_-
~10'
r4-F
~
U
Ut-
~4flZTT
I
:IiI~
an
..............
I
...............
..............
..............
f
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..........
..............
...............
~X10'
....
- I
_K2
E L
,The basic variations indicate the position of
a certain group of functions in a sector group without bay window (minimum size of dwelling) are shown
here.Actually they are the same as the basic variations of the sector group with bay window because
the bay window only enlarges the room,no additional
function is possible.
Since this is the sector group on the first
floor.The positions of the functions in relation to
each other are based on the criterias of lifestyle
of the eldery.These are:
- One or two bedrooms option is possible.
- Direct and close circulation between bedroom
and bathroom is possible.
- Position of living room and kitchen with
dining area are easily expanded to entertain family.
100
Basic variations and sub-variations
The basic variations shown on the
following page indicate the position of
a certain function in the townhouse on
the first and second floor.The possibility of the household types in this sector
group is middle age couple with teenage
children based on these criterias:
-
Bedrooms for grown children should
not be near the parents' bedroom.
-
A play or family room must be
added.
-
The bathrooms for parents and teenagers need separation and each
proximate to bedrooms.
101
Basic variations and sub - variations
.. .. -..
91
b2
C 10'
B3
IID
Al
E
I
f3 10'
L
5Z
st floor
2
bs
53
2 nd floor
ax 10'
F E' D
KI
EL
E L
B12 B31
b
Bs
B:
BI
BI
b
B2
B3l
b
B2 B3
BI
b
B3
B2. B3
b
B1 B3
L
BI
B218
BI
b
B2
BI
0
J1
U____
.....
j
m
....
.
L7< .............
a 10
I r.PM
810'
.I L
fl/I
iA7
a
I
---En
+1L.IL
rr7
Iii'
...............
................
..............
...............
................
(X10,
..............
..............
>
.............
....
............
...........
i
102
6.4
SUPPORT
SYSTEM
A+B
6.4.1 TYPE (A+B)1
By combining the support
system A (support system for
5'
shallow dwelling) and the sup-
$
a 10'
port system B (support system
*::.:]
//
-/-6'
~
B
~:*:*:
for deep dwelling),buildings
,
with recesses can be created.
-tw..4.w.51
/
_________20_
The drawing shown here is one
possibility.It is the increment of building with 35' width.
5'
a 10'~.......1
I
6'
a 1op
5'
15'
103
SUPPORT
SYSTEM
Increment of building
TYPE
A+B
(A+B)
5'
:a 10'
5'
a010' ,s.
pl1o'
6'
6'
6'
10' .:a10
51
0_
5
i 35'
Roof
:
3 rdiroof
2 nd
aBase
Variations
: -.-.-.-.-.- - -. . . ..- .-.
-.-
E
-.-.-
-
- --
- -
--
-:''--
1
2
3
4
SCHEMATIC
SECTION
104
Sector
groups
1. first ft.
2. second ft.
3. third ft.
,4.
roof storey
I-4.
as
35
as
E
B-
".
3s'
-
-
g
-
- OC
Oc
M
-
-I
105
Sector
groups
1. first fl.
2. second
fl.
3. third f 1.
4. roof storey
0C{
ccKcc
i
35'
11
35
"
35'
T
rf
-
i
106
Basic variations and sub - variations
The basic variations of the sector group without bay window (minimum
size of dwelling) shown on the following
page.Actually they are the same
as
the
basic variations of the sector group with
bay window because the bay window only
enlarges the roomno additional room is
possible.
These basic variations indicate
the position of a certain function of
the flat on the first floor.The possibilities of the household types in this
sector are; couple with young children
(see page89),middle age couple with
teenage children (see pagel0l), middle
age couple with grown children.
107
Basic variations and sub -variations
~BI IBI
B3 ILE d
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B2
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IILjII
B3
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108
6.4.2 TYPE (A+B)Z
By combining the support
5'
a~- t.
system A (support system for
shallow dwelling) and the support system B (support system
--
XX
...
....
6'
-. a 1,
s0
for deep dwelling),buildings
with recesses can be created.
The drawing shown here is one
......
..
possibility.It is the incre5
....
... .. . . .
....
ment of building with 25' width.
. .....
6'
a 10'
I
I
I
Ii1
:.
5'
109
A+B-
SUPPORT SYSTEM
Increment of building
(A +B)2
5'
5'
* 10' :
a
............. aO
6'
1
a 10'
51
a10
5'
Roof-
/
3 r d
1 s- t -:
-
10'
6'
10'
...........
.....
.... ..
Variations
TYPE
-
r o. ~
o~ -f~~~.
~ - ' ' ~:.:+..--~
-..-.
~ :.o.::
---
-- ---
-
-
.. --
-- - --
---
Base~~~~~~...
1
2
3
-.-.
. ...
4
-
:
:
-- ---
-..... - -.........-..-.-
-
--.- :.:.--
- ---- -----.-.
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...............
$$$ $$
5
SCHEMATIC
6
SECTION
110
Sector
I. first fi.
2. second
groups
f 1.
3. third fl.
4. roof storey
(X
cc
0C
cc
is
VAP
0C
'Doc
2
25'
3
25
2$'
25'
cc
or pis
cc
3a
- - - - -
-
0C
Cx
~.:
.
-.. B
....
It
J. or
Do
Ot
D-.1--..-
N
a ..(
-
-
cc
NMI":
v
0CB
0
ID"
L~I
111
Sector
I. firat fl.
groups
2. second f 1.
3. third fl.
4. roof storey
(X
r
-
__
ccKO
~%.._
______-_
123
1 2S-
25w
25-
2$'
a
cc
cc RB
cx Do
or
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I.
a
-UA
LJ'JLJ.y
A
cc
Ot
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cc
V - --
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112
Basic variations
and sub-variations
4X.
K'J,~
.4
BI
B3/
L
B3 E K2
BI
K2
E
BI/E K2
B3
L
E
2 E' K2
B3I
El
L
L
E
83 E'K2
B2
L E
B
B3/
K2
L
E
BI/E' K2
B3
El
L
The basic variations indicate the position of
a certain group of functions in a sector group
without bay window (minimum size of dwelling) are
shown here.Actually they are the same as the basic
variations of the sector group with bay window because the bay window only enlarges the room,no
additional function is possible.
These basic variations indicate the position
a
certain function in the sector group on the
of
first floor.The possibilities of household type
in this sector group are;couple with young children (see page89),elderly couple and elderly single (see page 10
113
,The basic variations of the sec.q'
tor group without bay window (minimum
size of dwelling) shown on the following page.Actually they are the same as
the basic variations of the sector group
with bay window because the bay window
only enlarges the roomno additional
room is possible.
These basic variations indicate
the position of a certain function in
the group of sector group on the first
and second floor.The possibilities of
household type in this sector group are
;couple with young children (see page 8 9 ),
middle age couple with teenage children
(see pagel0l).
114
Basic variations
D
ki
5
KI
E'
E'
and sub -variations
o
824
x 19
F
2nd f loor
I st floor
D
dKI
KI
FF
L EL
gI
BI
6B
E~D
E
BIB3
83
B
8
/1
D It F
KItD
L ELE
B132 BI
B3
82
KI
F
/3 B1----1
B1/6B1
Bh
t
......
115
Sector groups, basic variations and sub-variations at corner
L2 IKI
BI
B3
L2 IKI E B3
BI
L2
IKI E B3
B2
BASIC VARIATIONS OF SECTOR GROUP A
LE
L
LE
L
B
K2 B3
K2 BI
B3 K2
BlK
BA SIC VARIATIONS OF SECTOR GROUP B
The possibilities of household
type in the sector group A are young
couples, middle age couples with grown
children.
The possibilities of household
type in the sector group B are young singles, young couples.
116
subs-
--
---
6.5 Comparison
I
I
BASIC VARIATIONS
3
8
HOUSEHOLD TYPESI
-couples with young
-83-
..K2
EL
BASIC VARIATIONS
2
2
E
children.
- elderly couples.
B18 BI
DK
B3.
3
Bl.3
B
B 'F
+
8111
B2
K2
I3 - BI t
F e I'"z FZ
- COuples With young
childre
'
B EF o'F
2
-couples with young
3
2
43--
couples with grown
children.
Ff_KIKIle'DF__E'D_.-
C~
b3b
couples
age children.
with teen
-
4.
L+
B2BIIb81
8281B
81
BIrt
B2 B3
81
achildren.
E2 E
LB3
LdLEE
2
BEI
Kchildren.
-couples with young
D
...... -D
KI
KI
£
83E
fL
83
I BEDROOMS
DLa
v
B2B13l B2
D
si sa
si
3
-couples with gon
children.
HOUSEHOLD TYPES
L
-elderly singles.
tI
I
I
BEDROOMS
F
E3LE
K
KID
F
LLrE
_
83
4
F
KI F
L
IIB
81B
F--
-couples with young
children.
-
83
83
r/i
81/81
B2
e
LL3
B2/BI
D
couples with
5
teenage
I11children.
117
7.
SUPPORT APPLICATION IN TISSUE
MODEL
118
FELL
200
a.-i
-
b
195
FILLMORE
i
HAYES
119
HAYES
SECTION
0
2
50
a-a
100'
b-b
SECTION
0
2'
5*
100'
120
V-4
FELL
a -1\ I
_____~1
rf
---r
N
200
N
* ,..,
b
195
IN
STEINER
FILLMORE
190
k1
K
185
F'A OF LOPLA
N-#M RS12
180
1
HAYES
0Y1
a_!
KEY PLAN
LJ1r1~F1
50'
20'
0
100'
122
pw
LL
r~
L
--
-
I
II---41
ii
ii
II
II
10
3
I-
':3
~~~1
I
-
El
BASE PLAN
123
PVP
-I
SECOND FL PLAN
0 o '
25'
125
IV
THIRD FL. PLAN
"0 r25'
126
8. PARTICIPATORY PROCESS : MANAGEMENT
,
DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION
DECISION
PROCEDURES
127
8. Participatory process: Management, Design decision and Construction Procedures
Step 1
Developer searches for the architects to design
the housing.The architects propose support
housing and design support model for a given
site.
Step 2
Developer searches for future occupants by publication the policy.The advantages of this support
housing project including support model drawings
and options of types and dwelling sizes (sector
LF--
group).
Step 3
Developerarchitects and future occupants meet
and discuss about new tissue model.
ADDIrIoNAL SUPPORT
MATERIALS
Step 4
Architects develop documents and new tissue model.
Step 5
Future occupants obtain documents and new tissue
modellists of sector group,location map,possible types of dwelling and bay windowetc.,all
informations needed for making decision of their
own dwellings.
Step 6
Occupants discuss with their families and make
128
decision with respect to the common rules they
agreed upon and express in the plan of the
tissue model.Occupants can discuss with the
architects if they need.
Step 7
Occupants inform the architects about their
priorities set of requirement.The architects
match the dwelling and arrange possible group
in each building.
Step 8
Architects meet with developer and future
occupants and inform the result by means of
architectural drawings which has been modified
including engineering drawings if needed.
Step 9
Developer search for the builder and support
construction begins with supervision from
architects and engineers.
Step 10 During the support construction,occupants discuss with families and lay out their own dwellings.They can meet and discuss with the architect.During this period,occupants can change
129
the layout of their dwellings.
Step 11
Support construction ends.Detaehble units infill begin.
Step 12
Detachable units infill ends.The dwellers move
in.
( The above steps listed,consider the fact that engineers work together with architects and provide engineering decisions as input for design.Those are Istructure,
mechanicalelectrical,sanitary engineers.)
130
9. CONCLUSION
131
9. Conclusion
This thesis serves as a design case study exercise
by using SAR methodologies accompanied with design concepts
which apply to the design.
Architecture itself is unique. It has its own characteristics, influenced by the type of building, the users'
needs and the environment, no matter what methodology in
design is used. SAR methodology has its own uniqueness,
resulting from the users' participation in the design
concept. However, in participation in the design the users
must balance their budget with their needs and aspirations.
Otherwise the participation would not achieve their goals
because of budget constraints.
However,providing maximum flexibility for users'
participation in the design must be accompanied by a framework or rules. The architects provide the framework in
order to control the unity of architecture, comply with codes
and regulations, and control the scale and proportion, which
affect the urban tissue, as one single part should be subordinated to the whole.Besides the framework
will provide
132
control for planning criterias, i.e. site plan.
These framework
or rules will define the degree or
level of how much users will be able to design for themselves
mostly to suit their behavioural patterns.This thesis,however,involves the behavioural study and the proposal then
supplements the users to design for themselves.
This design study is an attempt to apply the users'
participation in design of SAR philosophy into the real
design case study.Mostly it deals with the design issues
by provision of rules or frameworks,as mentioed earlier,
in design.Besides it also provides the design proposal in
both tissue level and support level with the alternative
types and sizes of dwellings to fulfill the requirements
of all the potential dwellers.Also procedure in users' participation to correct their plans.
Because of the time constraint,only the increments
of buildings 25' and 35' have been investigated.In fact there
are many sizes up to 50' which can be used in this area
according to the width of the existing buildings.
The matter study in structural details and methodo-
133
logy which require
engineering consultants and make
the decisions are not focused in this thesis. However
they can be established as another study.
134
rl
TT
819mm
iy
-o
10.
cotMlo ki
"vdool -.
APPENDIX A
SAR METHODOLOGY
135
THE SAR PHILOSOPHY
As an alternative to mass housing,
in 1964, nine Dutch architects and a representative of the Dutch Architects Association formally founded the SAR ( Stichting
Architecten Research ) to investigate
better ways to deal with the problems of
the design and construction of mass housing.
and servicing of the dwellings in the
support structure. These element are industrially made products, durable consumer goods subject to change by decisions of the user. Each "sphere" has its
own laws for production and planning. The
dwelling is the result of detachable units
being placed in the support structure.
The hypothesis developed by SAR
holds that large scale industrialization
of the housing process can only be developed successfully if two distinct "spheres"
for decision making, production and use
are recognized.
One sphere is represented by the
"support structure" which is the building
that holds a number of dwellings and constitutes an infrastructure for long term
investment, as a result of system building
and professional decision making.
The other sphere is represented
by the "detachable units" which are the
elements for internal
layout
Note: All the materials used in this section are from 'Three R' for Housing'
by NJ. Habraken, see bibliography.
and
136
The philosophy of support housing are:
1."Living is an act that takes place in both spheres.
A home connects the two spheres;
A home is the environment of a family and is part
of a communal environment;
10 T
T
A home has an interior and an exterior;
Terminus of a series of communal services;
Start of a personal enterprise.
Living cannot take place exclusively in one sphere;
Living exclusively in a communal sphere is tantamount to living in a barracks;
Living exclusively in an individual sphere is
tantamount to exile.
A home must therefore be built in both spheres.
It cannot be built in one sphere only.
An individual who built his own house completes
his home in the sphere of the community.
A community that builds houses must allow them to
be completed in the individual sphere.
The individual must be allowed to complete them."
M7
2."A home comes into being in two spheres.
It cannot be made in one sphere alone.
What, then, Should we produce in each sphere?
In one sphere everything that is used collective-
-o
ly for housing.
In the other, everything that is being used
individually for housing.
The product in the communal sphere we call the
'support' or 'framework for living'.
The product in the individual sphere belongs
to what we call the 'set of detachable units'.
The 'framework for living' contains by definition everything that is used collectively.
The 'set of detachable units' contains by definition everything which is used by the individual
only."
138
3."A support is thus not a skeleton. The separation
of support and set of detachable units is not
made for technical reasons.
It is made for reasons of harmonious use.
The technical steps taken to separate structure
and detached units appear to be the best way
of arriving at harmony between technique and
use.
To achieve harmony between human beings and
material.
A framework of living is not a skeleton. A detached unit is not a finishing element.
The separation: skeleton - finishing works we
know, it is based on a technical possibility
and no more.
The separation: 'support' - set of detached units
is based on the relationship between man and
material.
A support contains everything that is needed
for communal use. Foundation,roof, outside
galleries, staircases, piping systems, etc."
139
4."A detached unit is not a finishing element.
A support is completed before the detached unit
is placed in it.
A0
A detached unit is put in position after the
JO
support has been built.
The detached units serve to make a dwelling.
A support is complete in itself.
A detached unit is complete in itself.
Together they form a home.
A detached unit is the means of making a support
habitable.
A detached unit is a means of living.
A means of living is not a technical component
(such as a door-frame).
A means of living is in itself recognizable and
completesuch as a kitchen cupboard.
Detached units serve to provide all requirements
of the individual sphere.
By definition:
Also therefore sanitary equipment,division of
space,separation from outdoors,heating elements,
storage spaceetc."
140
5."A home is brought into being when support and
ipp
A
M ADO
AM
JCP
detached units meet.
Therefore we do not make dwellings.
We make supports and detachable units.
We make completed and recognizable things, each
belonging in its own sphere, created in accordance
with its own pattern of relationship.
We can only make objects, products, things.
We cannot make homes.
A home is not a thing.
A home is an act.
The dwelling is part of that act.
The dwelling is an act.
That is why you cannot make a home for someone else;
(you can make 'a villa',or 'a bungalow',or 'a place',
or 'a block of flats', but not a home).
You can make supports or detachable units.
You can provide opportunity for the creation of
dwellings; provide the circumstances needed.
You can produce the things with which and in which
people can live.
You can guide techique to produce the things with
which people can really live.
Because living somewhere is an act.
Committing this act is a need (the elementary,
essential need).
You can make technical things which make the act
141
possible.
You can translate this need into production of
clearly recognizable things (such as supports and
detachable units).
You cannot make a home for someone else.
You cannot make dwellings for unknown people."
6. "A support is real estate.
A detachable unit is a durable consumer article.
A support is put up on a given place, in a given
situation, is built in all kinds of weather, is
constructed from the ground up, from a foundation,
L..a
%
"""p
PIP
even when it is completely prefabricated and the
prefabricated elements have been made industrially.
A detachable unit is not made on the spot where
it is to be used. It can be used in every support.
It lends itself to mass production in a factory.
It can be complicated and relatively fragile.
Support+ set of detachable units- dwelling.
Real estate+ consumer article = human function."
142
7." Real estate and consumer goods complement each
other; they are complementary; they only have
meaning when together.
Production of cars demands road-building;
Road+ car- mobility, car driving;
support+ set of detachable units- dwelling.
Individual expenditure requires communal investment.
Industrial production requires building production.
Building production accommodates industrial products."
8." Thus there are two means of producing:
Production of real estate;
Production of consumer goods.
Building product.
Industrial product.
I2
Production in the collective relationship.
Production in the individual relationship."
143
9-"Thus the role of industrial production is twofold.
Supply of elements for building production: semifinished products ( parts of the support).
L.
and production of means of living for consumer;
finished products (detachable units).
This twofold role can only be distinguished in
housing if we know the two spheres.
Knowledge of the two spheres makes possible good
application of our technical ability."
~0
10. "In the production of detachable units a direct
relationship occurs with the individual consumer.
In the same way as is the case with the production of other consumer goods.
With all its inherent advantages. (Individual choice
according to price, quality, taste, requirements).
And with all inherent dangers (influencing the consumer for commercial purposes).
Here the second type of individual relationship is
at work. The individual is given responsibility.
He is able to identify himself with his dwelling.
One can recognize him in his dwelling.For good or
for bad."
144
11. "In the production of supports is raised the question of relationship with the community.
This relationship may coincide with one of the
three collective types of relationship, but
this need not be so. The support can be built
of relationship, a form
in which, as we know, the individual is in no
way personally involved. A support is a communal
in the seventh type
provision. As is a street a canal, a tram line,
an electric network.
These are infrastructures.
A support is an infrastructure."
12.
"
In every sphere a product has its own time of
use and its own wear life.
The support bridges a generation and connects
generations.
A community wants something which has a longer
life than that of an individual. Because a community lives longer than an individual and changes
gradually.
A community takes over what is left behind from
previous generations, uses it, changes it, passes
it on to the following generations.
Then the details have been filled in, the trees
are fully grown."
145
13." A set of detachable units serves only one generation.
Every generation is distinct from another.
A detachable unit changes for many reasons:
because it is quickly worn out;
because fashion changes;
because technique is further developed;
because we do not want to take over all our
parents' things;
because our opinions change;
because we only live once r
14.
The relationship in one sphere also works with
slower machinery than in another.
The communal process of taking a decision is by
nature slow.
The individual process of taking a decision is
by nature quicker, more implusive. Especially
in a situation where there is a lot of choice,
where personal identification is important."
146
THE SAR METHODOLOGY
A new concept means a new decision
making process. The design process is a
decision making process. To design support
structures and detachable units, a design
method is needed that is compatible with
the concept in which they belong.
This method has two parts. The
first part has to do with the position
and dimensions of space. The second part
has to do with the position and dimensions
of material. Of course, material and space
complement each other. For some problemsit
is necessary to consider the dimensions,the
positions and the properties of space.
Some specialists are more occupied with
the material side and others more with
space. Anyone taking part in the decision
making process that results in designs
for human environments has to deal with
the designer has to make decisions about
the position and dimension of material
without knowing the floor plans that eventually will be found in the support. This
means he cannot make his decision about
the material of the support on the basis
of a floor plan. He has to work from
possibilities of floor plans. To be able
to do so, he must be able to make general
statements about the possible distribution of spaces in the support.
The concept of "zones" and "margins" has been developed to make general
statements about the distribution of
spaces in a support visible in a design.
A zone is an area in a support to which
rules are attached concerning the position
and dimension of spaces and functions
allowed for in the support. The principle
ment each other.
is as follows: First, classes of possible
spaces or functions are determined. Second-
Part One - Evaluation
ly, zones are defined that give possible
situations for spaces. Finally, rules are
the fact that material and space comple-
With the design of supports,
formulated about the position of spaces
147
in the given zones.
3.
In any given dwelling, three
Utility spaces (e.g. storage rooms,
bathrooms ).
classes of spaces can be founds
1. General living space,
--.0
2. Specific living spaces (e.g. bedrooms,
kitchens, studies, etc.),
These three kinds of spaces give
some kind of hierarchy in each floor plan.
Generally speaking, it might be said that
utility spaces serve specific living
spaces and that specific living spaces
are distributed in relation to general
living
spaces.
In supports, four zones can be
:
-
1K
defined:
1. An alpha zone: Inside space for private
use with relation to outside space,
2. A beta zone:
Inside space for private
148
3.
use without relation to outside space,
A delta zone: Outside space for private
use (balcony, garden, loggia),
4. A gamma zone: Space for public use (circulation) either inside or outside.
the alpha and beta zones is called
"alpha beta-margin".
In every zone distribution three
primary positions can be distinguished:
Position 1: A place which overlaps the
zone and ends in the adjacent margin.
Position 2: A place which overlaps more
than one zone and ends in a margin.
Position 3: A place which begins and ends
in the same margin.
er777
In any kind of dwelling, in any
kind of pro ject, these four zones can be
found. In fact any type of dwelling can be
defined by its particular arrangement of
zones. The relation of an arrangement of
zones, therefore, can be seen as the notation of a type of dwelling without giving
floor plan.
Between two zones will be a margin. The margin has the properties of the
two ad jacent zones. It derives its name
from these zones, e.g. the margin between
:F:.
3
------------------------------------..
..
As
I9L
I
I
I
I
149
To make the relationship between
a function and a zone distribution explicit, SAR carries out a zoning analysis.
A ZONING ANALYSIS is an indication of how
the functions can be located in a zone
distribution. The dimensions of the zones
must be related to the sizes of the spaces
which are to be accommodated.
P=PMI
the width must also be taken into account.
Structural components will often
cut across zones. In analyzing various
layout possibilities, the utility of that
part of a zone between structural members
has to be evaluated. This portion of a
zone is called a sector.
A SECTOR is part of a zone and its adjoining margins that is completely open and
can be planned freely.
The sectors in a support are the
built spaces given to the dweller for further partitioning or combination into a
specific dwelling.
.......
......
.. . . . . .
.. . . .. . .
Because zones are generally long
strips they have only one fixed dimension,
the width. When the size of the zone is
determined, it sets only one dimension of
spaces, the depth, but in designing spaces
150
A SECTOR ANALYSIS indicates the relationship between a sector and the functions
that it can accommodate. These functions
and combinations of functions can be
noted using defined code. For clarification one or more typical layouts can be
drawn for each of the combinations of
same set of sectors. It might be said
that a
dwelling in a support can be
seen as a sector group, or a combination
of sectors. In principle, each group of
adjacent sectors in a support can be a
dwelling.
A SECTOR GROUP is a combination of interconnecting sectors.
functions.
T14
00
If a given sector group can be
A support in combination with a
zone distribution can be considered as a
series of sectors. The same sectors can be
combined in many different ways, thus
different supports can be created from the
seen as an area for a dwelling, in this
area, a great many possible floor plans
can be expected. Even if one only considers the floor plans according to the
rules on which the support is designed,
in most cases, the number of possible
variations is very great. To make orienta151
tion on the number of possible variations
in a given sector group possible, the concept of the basic variation has been developed.
A BASIC VARIATION indicates the position,
in a specific sector group, of a certain
group of functions, which together form
a housing program.
A
A
cated in that place. Such a notation in
the area of one dwelling (sector group)
gives a basic variant. For any given area
in a support to be use for a dwelling,
the series of possible basic variants can
be written out. They give much information
on the different living patterns possible
in the given area.
Each basic variant gives a great
many possible sub-variants, that is,
specific floor plans that all have the same
function pattern. An analysis of the basic
variants gives valuable information on the
properties of a given support design.
83; %4
S.A
k.5 5S
V4
A
A
j
S
53
W6
W
A
The different functions attached
to the space can be coded. In the sectors,
the codes for the space functions are notated. This notation does not give the dimension of the space required. It only
states that this kind of space can be lo152
A SUB-VARIATION OF A BASIC VARIATION is a
completed layout in which the positions
of the functions are the same as in the
basic variation.
S3.I
6.
~.I
S
Note: The summary of the SAR methodology
in this section is from Variations:
The Systematic Design of Supports
by NJ. Habraken et al. ,see bibliography.
The illustrations used in this section are from 'Methodologies'. Techniques & Architecture, number 311.
October-November 1976.
153
11. APPENDIX
SAN
B:
FRANCISCO HOUSE
154
The summary of space allocation
One criteria of the design
has been used as a design guildline of
proposal for housing in this thesis is
people's lifestyles in this area and
to maintain the characters of the exist-
served as the space allocation model for
ing environment. In order to do this,
the proposed design.
studies of existing environment cha-
The summary of the 'parts of a
racters have been made. This appendix
house' and the 'inserts' is used as a de-
is the summary of some articles from
sign guildline for functional uses of each
'Urban Form and Change' by Anne Vernez-
'parts' and each 'inserts' of the house,
Moudon, sponsored by the National Endow-
i.e. the functions of bay window are not
ment for the Arts (1976-79) which this
only provide extra light and view for the
thesis has used as a design guideline.
residents but also enlarge the room.
They are the summary of house types,
The summary of typologies of
space allocation, typologies of public
public facades has been used as a classi-
facades, the 'parts of a house' and the
fication reference. This classification
'inserts', and the set back locations.
has been used to determine the facade pat-
The summary of house types
has been used to determine the morpho-
tern for the proposed design.
The summary of set back locations
logy and the pattern of the building
has been used to determine the location
in the proposed design.
of the building in relationship to the street.
155
HOUSE ELEMENTS
The topography of San Francisco is hilly
when combines with a rectangular grid, using
the wooden victorian construction system it
requires substantial modifications to respond
BOX
.to
the land configulation.
This led to the
need
of dividing
the building into two elements. The first eleBASE
--
9
-
--the
- --
ment, the base, is the element of the building
which adapts to the topography and acts as a
platform, high enough so that the second element which is the main building could be placed
upon it independently from the ground. The
second element, the box, is the element of the
building which developed in reference to the
grid.
-tant
These two elements of the house serve
two separate features. The base acts functionally
and literally as the support structure of the
house, containing smaller and less imporfunctions such as garage. The box is the
major living and circulation spaces.
156
VARIATIONS OF THE BOX
Within the narrow width lots, there
are many different ways of manipulating the
"box". Each responds to the problems of maximizing both the size of the house and the
light. There are three basic typical house
models for the intermediate lot and one basic
typical house model for the corner lot. The
depth and width of these "box" models may
vary according to the constraints of each
site.
The organization of internal spaces
is so called the "railroad plan". The rooms
are arranged along one side of the hall.
Since the house is flanked on both side of
the long axis by party walls, access view,
daylighting, and natural ventilation almost
come from the two narrow ends.
157
MODEL 1 1 A SMALL HOUSE WITHOUT AN ADDON
15'
This type of the house is probably
one of the purest adaptations of the basic
"box". The "box's" width is slightly reduced,
6
i6
45'5'
15'
creats a side yard or an alley and the light
then can reach the middle room of the house.
This model does not have rear addon, thus
15
25
eliminates the need for the hall to penetrate
to the rear part of the house. This part of
the hall can then be given over as usable
living space. Combining with the rear room
they can form either a single large room or
two regular size rooms.
oneltwo rooms
3
light
kitchen,dining
or bedroom
....
.
middle room 'less light'
2 dining,bedroom
or parlor
--- stairs
.....
front & formal lots of light'
1 living room
bay window
158
4'
81
13'
MODEL la : A SMALL HOUSE WITH AN ADDON
This type is
15'
This box is placed on the site with space
left over for a side yard or an alley. The
difference is the inclusion of an addon,
60'
14'..14'
which itself is set back in order to allow
the light into the room at the rear of the
45
..............
very similar to MODEL 1.
"box". This recess prevents the hall from
.'7'
25..
.....
extending into the addon. The importance of
this type is the stacking of rooms along the
the hall maintaining their formality, while
porch or stairs
-..
-addons
4
kitcheni dining
bedroom
back room 'light'
3
kitchen or
bedroom
the addon becomes less formal because of the
through circulation.
This model is more common than
MODEL 1 because the extra room from the addon
make its use more feasible while the side
alley which allows access to the rear, also
allows for sufficient access to all parts
of the site*
middle room 'less light'
2 dining, bedroom
or parlor
front & formal 'lots of light'
I living room
159
12'
13'
MODEL 2 : FULL WIDTH OF SITE
6'
.......
In this model the house fills the
5-23'
s'porch
entire lot width. For most 25 foot lots, the
"box" usually needs to be set back in order
to get light into the middle room. By reducing the width of the front room is another
way to get the light into the middle room
without setting back the whole "box", which
15'
15
45±5
15'
occurs in this model.
41
c5
13
25
7
This model may or may not have the
addon. If there is no addon, the end of the
I
porch or stairs
optional addon
4. kitchen/ dining
studyibedroom
one/two rooms
3.*kitchen/dining
or bedroom
middle room
2 bedroom or
. Iparlor
hall is given over to the rear room to form
either one large room or two small regular
rooms. Bay windows or porches were then added
on to the rear room or rooms. If an addon
was included, it was of course set back and
the hall would extend up to it. The plan
would then be similar to all the other addon
models, with formal rooms in the box and
informal "through circulation" rooms in the
rear addon.
front and formal
1. living room
160
4
0-8
15
MODEL 2a : REAR RECESSES IN THE BOX
In this model the house also fills
0-15'
the entire width of the site, but there is
a small recess in the rear room rather than
15
.. . . .
the front room of the "box". A four foot
notch provides light for the middle room,
therefore allowing the front room to maintain its full width. Addon can be extended
.1.
...
15
..
45
..1..
is,
from the basic "box" and in this case it may
or may not be set back. If the addon is not
4
set back, there will be two middle rooms
with a small amount of light instead of one.
2s
I~
8'
25'
-.
In this case, the railroad plan probably exoptional addon
tends to the length of the four rooms. If
4. kitchen/dining
bedroom
the addon is set back, this model will have
the same characteristics of the other varia3. kitchen/bedroom tions of the "box" with addons.
IiI~min-middle room
2.
bedroom or
parlor
front and formal
living room
1.
161
10
MODEL 3 : FULL WIDTH WITH A SHALLOW BOX
15
Again in this model the house fills
the entire width of the lot. This position
on the lot creates the need to manipulate
the "box" in order to get the light into
6'1
..........
.............
..............
.............
..............
.............
..............
..............
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
..........
................
...............
.................
- - *..........
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
.................
..................
15
the middle rooms. In the case shown here,
the "box" is shortened to a depth of only
60!
two rooms so that the light can get to them
from the front and the rear facades respective-
*4is
ly.
17
porch or stairs
addon: major recess
3. kitchen/dining
back room 'light'
bedroom,parlor
or kitchen
This type also has an addon which is
set back as usual, and the rooms in it become
less formal because of the through circulation pattern.
Typically this is a small house and
is similar in layout as model la except for
the depth of the "box" and the lack of outside access to the rear.
2.
MI-
front and formal
1. living room
162
!
!
MODEL 4 : CORNER TYPE HOUSE
15
The nature of the site in the model
4 is that it provides exposure to the public
zone for the two facades of the house which
is
60'
also receive a great amount of light, the
house can be built across the entire lot.
The result is no recesses are necessary. What
occurs instead are the extensions of the "box"
15
15
from its side in the form of bay windows. In
4'1
the interior, the lack of recesses allows
the hall or room pattern to extend to the full
depth of the house. A special feature of the
corner model is that all the rooms have a lot
of light an all are accessible from the hall.
back room
4. kitchen,
---..-.
----.-.
bedroom
L iZ
-
middle room
kitchen/dining
or bedroom
3.
This allows each room to assume a level of
formality. Simultaneously, this creates a
potential for great flexibility in their use
since their characters are all so similar.
middle room
-
2. dining,bedroo
....
m
or parlor
-
-
front and formal
1.living room
163
SPACE ALLOCATION
addon
potential for kitchens,
bedrooms,porches, etc.
The nature of the railroad plan is
that it allows for interchangeable functions
between rooms and the expansions of rooms
from one to the other. With the further accent of light at both the front and the rear
of the house, the potential for importance
rear room
access to light
kitchen, bedroom
or dining
middle room
dining,parlor
or bedroom
front room
formal and light
living room or
parlor
of these rooms was established. In combining
the "non-specificity" of the plan with the
importance of different locations within the
house and with additional potential for use
in "addon", one could easily understand the
level of juggling of functions that occured
within the standard house types. But because
these factors were basically similar from
house to house, some standards can be drawn.
164
THE FRONT ROOM
The front room was always used as the
living room or parlor. This was probably
because it was the room with the most light,
the most public exposure, and also its locaFRONT ROOM
tion at the front of the house next to the
entrance.
THE MIDDLE ROOM
kitchen
............
..................
...................
...............
...................
...................
...............
..................
...........
**
.............
_..'
..................
...
*..........
*...
..................
......
.......
-.*7.,t;j
..........
...................
.....................
....... ...........
.......
..................
The middle room is the most flexible room in the "box". By using wide opening
between rooms, the middle room can thus be
associated with the living room as a parlor
or with the rear room as the dining area.
And since the middle room has its own small
source of light, it is not necessary to be
connected to another room. By closing itself
off, it can also function as a bedroom or a
study room.
MIDDLE ROOM
165
THE REAR ROOM
The rear room of the "box" has a similar
potential for the impotance as the front room
private backyard
has, yet it lacks the formality. Because
while it has the same potential for light,
it lacks all the elements for specialness in
a public sense. It is in the rear of the house,
away from both the entrance and public street
and because of the addon it does not always
have as much light as the front room or as
much outdoor space to look out into. Instead
this rear room takes on a sort of private im-
REAR
ROOM
portance with access to both light and the
back yard which the middle room lacks. This
makes it ideal for the uses such as kitchen,
dining room, or even a major bedroom. When
there is no addon and the hall is given over
to form a room with the full width of the
house, there is a potential for having a
single room that functions as a kitchen and
dining area with an abundance of light and
a wonderful view of the back yard.
166
THE ADDON ROOMS
Because of its through circulation
as has been discussed earlier, the most
common functions placed in the addon are
the kitchen and the dining area of which
their nature are busy and the center of a
household's activity. Another major function
which could also be placed here were the
bedroom. This could occur only if they were
the last room of the house, and access to
the yard came before it. Occasionally, smaller
functions such as bathroom and closet were
tucked into the addon in a variety of ways,
and this basically emphasizes their more
random nature.
closet
167
THE "PARTS OF A HOUSE" AND THE "INSERTS"
The final level of decisions in
the making of houses, occurs with the "parts
of the house" and the "inserts". The "parts
of the house" include smaller but important
sections of the house, the hall and the addons,
which are further divided up into smaller
functions. The "inserts" are the things like
bathrooms and bay windows which are placed
into the "parts" or into the "box" itself.
PARTS' OF A HOUSE
INSERTS
THE HALL
The hall, as a major "part" of the
"box",serves several important functions, as
mentioned earlier. The separation of the hall
and the rooms allowed the rooms to maintain
a formal character, while their relative
adjacency created the option of having the
rooms open to each other, or to be closed
off.
ligh
living space
hal
The hall is usually placed on the
lot line, sacrificing its own potential for
light in order to get more light into the
living space.
168
The hall is an average of 7-8 feet
wide for the entire depth of the box. These
dimensions are more than adequate for circulation, thus the hall can accommodate
several smaller functions within it such
as bathroom and closet. Bathrooms can be
squeezed in, leaving a hall width of 3 feet,
adequate for walking. Usually the bathrooms
would be placed in the middle of the house,
just behind the stairs. Sometimes they will
be inserted into the hall at the end of the
"box", just before one would enter the addon.
Closets can be placed whereever leftover
space occurs and easily leave 4-5 feet of
the hall space. The interior stairs are a
standard item that are always inserted in the
front of the hall near the entrance.
169
The final use of the hall occurs
when it is no longer needed (like the back
of the house in MODEL 1). This space which
has lots of light, can then be given over
to form a single room, or when combined with
1.
.
-
the other rear room, can either be used to
form one large room or two medium ones. Thus
. .
the hall which diagramatically appears to be
-
I
I
the hail in the
generating box
as a small room
as two medium
rooms
one large room
circulation space, becomes the building's
core while allowing the rest of the "box"
to remain uncluttered by these functions.
170
major setback
addon
ADDONS
smaler
set back
Addons, like the hall, are a major
'part' of the house that will be further
subdivided into several smaller functions.
ADDON
What addons do is, by increasing the "box's"
square footage, they help it to use the site
more efficiently. While their width is controlled by the need for a major setback to
allow light into the "box", their potential
for depth is unlimited within the site. This
is characterized by the inclusion of many
functions within its length which tend to
both break down its interior while creating
!.
BASIC
BOX
the piecemeal exterior form. Addons though
rarely extend 20 feet beyond the "box", yet
still manage to include a variety of functions
such as kitchens, bedrooms, stairs, porches,
bathrooms, etc.
171
THE BAY WINDOW
......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
.......................................
...........
..... .....
..................
..............
................
.................
................
...............
..............
.............
............
.........
.
queen
enlarge the room because of the sizes which
are extended four to five feet from the
anne
.......................................
.......................................
.......................................
......................................
...........
I...........................
......................................
.......................................
......................................
.......................................
......................................
.......................................
......................................
Istick' style
............
..
..............
.............
Bay windows are the dominant morphological element in the San Francisco streetscape. Their functions are not only provide
extra light and view for residents but also
house. Besides that they act as a barrier
between the public and the private zones.
Eventhough there are certain types of bay
window such as Queen Anne style, Italianate
style, Stick style, their different sizes,
proportions and ornaments which are the ele.........................
. .........
ments of personal expression create an ex..........
..........
...........
pression of individuality from house to
house, from period to period which adds up
to be the unique character of San Francisco
italianate style
urban fabric.
172
HOUSE TYPE
The most common house type in the
Victorian development is the wooden townhouse
with one or two main floors. As mentioned
earlier that only the "base" has to deal with
the topography, the "box" which goes on top
of it would only have to respond to the needs
of attaining both maximum floor area and
light while dealing with the constraints of
first floor
of the box
a 25 foot lot. Thus, in looking closely at
the floor plans of the houses, very strong
similarities arise between floors of the
same house. Since they are independent of
the ground, and they too must respond to the
problems of a narrow site. The patterns of
rooms are very similar between floors, just
their uses are different.
second floor
of the box
173
The basic "living" function are at
bath
kitchen
the first floor; these include living, dining, kitchen and bathroom. The second floor
is devoted to bedrooms and bathroom facili-
b
ties, but the pattern of a hall with rooms
along it is still there. The front room is
dining
usually the most special one, followed in
importance by the rear and the middle rooms.
living
2 nd floor
1 st floor
This is the same as on the first floor where
the front and the back rooms are the most
formal ones.
Since the townhouse has a lot of
bedrooms, the need for a two story addon
HOUSE
bath
kitchen/
dining
bedroom
I-
is eliminated.
The similarities of room layouts on
both the first floor and the second floor
allow for very easy conversion of a two story
house into flats, merely by changing the use
of the rooms so where a townhouse may have
a master bedroom on the front of the second
floor, this space could serve as a living
living
I st floor
room in a flat. Similarly, the rear room
that can be used as the bedroom can also serve
2 nd floor
as kitchen and dining room by installing
kitchen appliances.
2
FLATS
174
The other work is modify the entrance
slightly. The work to be done consists of
providing two entrance doors and of possibly
building a wall in the middle of the hall
INITIAL HOUSE
TWO OUTSIDE
ENTRANCES
to provide separate entrance foyers, one
with a stair for the second floor, the other
a reduced version of the original entrance
for the first floor. A variation of this
method is to leave only one outside entrance
into a foyer which then would have separate
doors leading to the two units.
ONE OUTSIDE
ENTRANCE
Of course exact duplications between
floors cannot be excepted because factors
such as access are different. One of the
major differences between the layouts is
created by the access stairs which, while
starting in the front of the house on the
first floor, come up the middle of the second
floor. Because of this positioning of the
stair, additional space in the front of the
175
house on the second floor is freed up and can
be used as an additional room or it can be
combined with the front room to create a
more formal space. Both of these solutions
are very efficient uses of the front facade
and its available light. This use of unneeded hall area can occur in the back of the
second floor as well as what occured in the
two rooms or one
back of the first floor before. The uses of
an unneeded hall area for additional living
spaces in the front and in the back of the
second floor make the second floor a more
efficient design in comparison to the first
floor, because both facades and their available light are used to their fullest potential.
two rooms or one
light
176
.............
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...
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
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.
.........
...
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .
... . . .
...
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..
....
The final difference come from the
....
...
..
..
...
........
. . ........
...............
.....
......
.....
...
..............
.....
..
...........
.....
...
.....
....... fact that the second floor is closer to the
.......
... ..............
........ source of direct skylight, thus by using
..........
notches on the interior of the building, light
...
..... ....
. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . ..
. . . . . .
.............
......
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....
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PLAN 2nd FL.
.
.
.. ...........
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..... .
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.
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SECTION
can be given to the middle room of the "box",
The same happens to the hall, the hall is
often broken up in this manner in order to
get light into it. And when the hall has
natural light, the secondary rooms such as
dining area then could occur next to these
windows in the back of the hall space.
177
HEIGHTS OF THE FLOORS
Most of the Victorian houses has an
average ceiling height of 11 feet for the
main floor, and a base height of 7 feet 6
inches.
Historically, the high ceilings were
more of a tradition of the Victorian period
that reflected the extravagant attitudes of
the times. These high ceiling benefited the
AVERAGE CEILING HEIGHTS
townhouses in San Francisco in several ways.
Because of the narrow sites, large rooms were
not possible, so high ceilings helped to create
a feeling of speciousness. More light could
also be attained because taller windows were
possible . Finally the sense of formality of
the rooms was enhanced, especially when com-
--EM
..........
**
...
.....
.....
.......
....
..
..
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I..
..
..
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......
.....
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...
...
..
.........................
1010MENIE
bined with
.
.......
.....
......
....
..
..
...
........................
.......................
.....
the large bay windows.
.........
..
...
.8.....
.....
.....
......
.... .
......
...........
...........
.............
.............
........
...........
.....
..........
......
....
.........
....
.....
........
...
.....
.......
...
....
.....
....
...
...
.....
....
.....
. ...
.....
.. ..
.....
..
..
.....
.. ..
.....
....
.....
....
AVAILABLE
LIGHT
178
TYPOLOGIES OF PUBLIC FACADES
Considering the sizes and the locations of the lot, there are many possible
ways to locate the houses within the lots.
The houses may be attached, semi-detached,
or detached, with or without recess. Some
houses even have two recesses. These different
locations of house created variety of public
facade, which were more carefully designed
and ornamented than the private ones. The
design expression of publicness and privateness is a strong characteristic of 19 th century environments and of environments that
have lived through time.
The various types of public facade
can be easily identified.
1. Attached type without recess
2. Attached type with recess
3. Semi-detached type
4. Detached type.
179
1. ATTACHED TYPE WITHOUT RECESS
Intermediate lots
INTERMEDIATE
The public facade in this case expands the whole width of the lot, which varies normally between 25 feet and 30 feet.
LOTS
25'
30'
with bay windows in a
repetitive way.
without bay windows.
.........
e..erio lot.. ne
wthbay windos o
with bay win ows on
interior lot lined
When these two attached houses are
placed together, many different configurations
can occur. First of all they may or may not
have bay windows, they may be regularly set
back from the street, or they may not. And
whenever the bay windows are used, they may
be ordered in a repetitive way, with bay
windows extending or the same side of each
of the houses. Bay windows may be located on
the interior lot line, or on the exterior lot
line. The houses may even have different
kinds of bay windows.
with different kinds of
bay windows
: Corner lots
100'
106'3"
L.. _... .- L . - . . . . .- . . :::-.-..-. -.-:::
" CORNER LOTS
25
K--27'6'3~
30'
There are, in this case, two public
facades mapping around the lots. However the
shorter facade is usually emphasized as more
public than the other. The entrance located
at the shorter facade.
180
2. ATTACHED TYPE WITH RECESS
Intermediate lots
The house expands over the whole
width of the lot, but has a recess on the
right or the left or both the right and the
left sides of the lot between 3 feet and five
feet. The depth of the recess varies from 8
feet to 30 feet ( depth of one or of two
rooms).
:: oo:::::I-::::oo
S: . .. -..
There are two variations for treatment the recess as a public facade. If the
recess is less than 3 feet wide or alternatively extremely deep, only the street facing side
of the recess is treated as a public facade.
This type is less common as the width of
reverse location of recess
on interior lot line.
most the recesses is more than 3 feet. If
the recess is more than 3 feet wide, the entire street facade of the recess is treated
Ie
same location of recess.
as a public facade.
Whenever part of the public facade
is recessed, there are possibilities of groupi
-
-
reverse location of recess
on exterior lot line.
ing the houses. Many different configurations
can occur such as recesses with or without
bay windows, in a repetitive way. Another is
recesses with or without bay windows, reverse
181
locations of recess on interior lot line.
The other is recesses with or without bay
windows, reverse locations of recess on exterior lot line.
: Corner lots
There are very few of such cases
because the corner location gives sufficient
street orientation to permit the position
of light for the rooms in the back of the
house.
75'
100'
106'3
There are two variations in the treat-
=-20'
25'5
---
ment of the public facade at the corner lots
as well as at the intermediate lots. The principles used to consider the public facade of
the recess are the same as the intermediate
..
.ones.
75
100'
106'3"
S
22
182
3. SEMI-DETACHED TYPE
:
..............
............
............
.............
..............
............
.............
..............
............
..........
. ............
..........
)5'!
<51
...
..
...
the some location on the lot.
....
I....
....
...
... ..
..
.
..
.
*
varies from 25 feet to 50 feet.
In this semi-detached house type,
the street facade and part of the side yard
facade are treated as public facades.
There are two variations of the
public facade. If the strip is very narrow
l.
on t
ml...
- ......-.
.-
In this case the house does not cover
the entire lot and is situated on the right
or the left hand side of the lot, leaving
more than 5 feet strip on one side of the
lot. The width of the larger strip can vary
according to the width of the lot which
................
..............
.............
18'
25
Intermediate lots
...
. .. ..
semi-detached type in a reverse position.
or less than 5 feet, the public facade treatment will reach only the entrance or to a bay
window, on the side yard. If the strip is
wider than 5 feet, the entire side yard facade
will be treated as public facade.
When these two semi-detached houses
are placed together, few different configurations occur when compared to the numbers of
different configuration of the attached house
types with or without recess. Those are semidetached houses in a repetitive way, semi- 1
detached houses in a reverse location of the
side yard on the interior lot line and semidetached houses in a reverse location of the
side yard on the exterior lot line.
: Corner lots
75'
100'
There are very few of such cases
106'3"
because the corner location give sufficient
.... - L . ._. .. _
U
I-I
I
I
25'
-<
..... .. L .. . . .....
. .. . -I>s'
75'
100'
106'3"
street orientation to permit the light for
the room in the back of the house.
..
..
I..
. -
There are two variations in the treatment of the public facade at the corner lots
as well as at the intermediate lots. The
principles used to consider the side yard
facade as the public facade are the same as
the intermediate ones.
------
.
..
. ....
... .. .. ..
L. . .. .
. .. (..
.S
184
4. DETACHED TYPE
: Intermediate lots
In this case the house is situated
away from the two side lot lines, at a distance of more than 5 feet on the one side
and in most cases less than 5 feet on the
s
(5
other side from the lot line. Detached houses
are only located on lots which are wider
than 30 feet . The width of the lot can vary
from 30 feet up to 75 feet. The width of the
<'5
house itself is also different.
There are two variations of the public
facade. The facade facing the side yard which
is less than 5 feet is not treated as the
K1
Z25s'I
18..
....
25..
.. . .
i
public facade, in this case the house has
only two public facades. On the other hand,
if the house is located on a very wide lot,
leaving the distance of more than 5 feet to
both side lot lines, the house may have
three or four public facades.
185
: Corner lots
-- --- -
. . ...
..
......
..
I.
. ...... ..
... ..
..
..
.. ..
..
....
. ..
.... ....
.L . . .. . .
i
There are very few of such cases
because the corner location gives sufficient
street orientation to permit the position
.
of light for the rooms in the back of the
house.
Detached houses in the corner location
also have four public facades.
186
THE SET BACK
There are three general positions
of the front facade relative to the street:
Set-Back
Location I
Set- Back
Location 3
Set-Back
Location 2
:-:-:-
1. On the lot line (flat facade or bay
window).
2. Maximum 5 feet set back from the
.....
..
.. ...
.. ..
I
..:...
25'
sthe
lot line (usually depth of bay window).
3. From 5 feet to 25 feet set back from
lot line.
187
FOOTNOTES
1. For a summary of the SAR philosophy, see appendix A, pp. 136-146.
2. For a summary of the principles used by the SAR methods, see
appendix A , pp. 147-153.
3. NJ. Habraken et al. , VARIATIONS: The Systematic Design of
Supports ( M.I.T. Laboratory of Architecture and Planning, 1976 ), p. 10
4. Anne Vernez-Moudon, Principal Investigator, "Urban Form and
Change." Sponsored by the National Endowment for the Arts
(1976-79).
5. Ibid.
6. For summary of house types as developed in "Urban Form and
Change" see appendix B, pp. 156-178.
7. For summary of public facade types as developed in "Urban Form
and Change" see appendix B, pp. 179-186.
8. Anne Vernez-Moudon, op. cit.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Christian Lischewski, An Application of SAR Tissue Method With
A View To The Alamo Square Area ( San Francisco), M.Arch
A.S. thesisM.I.T., Department of Architecture, 1978,
pp. 109-122.
12. S.A.R.,Deciding on Density: An Investigation into High Density
Allotment With A View To The Waldeck Area - The Hague,
SAR publications , Eindhoven, Holland, 1977.
Ms
13. Ibid., p. 43.
14. S.A.R., SAR 73: The Methodical Formulation of Agreements Concerning the Direct Dwelling Environment, SAR publications,
Eindhoven, Holland, 1973, p. 3.5.
15. Ibid., p. 3.7.
16. Ibid., p. 3.5.
17. Ibid., p. 3.7.
18. Ibid., p. 3.5.
19. For summary of recesses as developed in "Urban Form and Change"
see appendix B, pp. 181-182.
20. Christian lischewski, op. cit.,p 153.
21. Ibid., p. 148.
22. Kevin Lynch, Site Planning, M.I.T Press, Cambridge, Masssecond
edition, 1971, p.153.
23. Christian Lischewski, op. cit., p.145.
24. Harvey M. Rubenstein, A Guide To Site and Environmental Planning, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969, p. 52.
25. Christian Lischewski, op. cit., p. 128.
26. Christian lischewski, op. cit., p. 129.
27. For summary of bay windows as developed in "Urban Form and
Change" see appendix B, p. 172.
28. For summary of floor plans as developed in "Urban Form and
Change" see appendix B, p. 170, p. 176.
29. For summary of bay windows as developed in "Urban Form and
Change" see appendix B, p. 172.
189
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Works about SAR:
Stichting Architecten Research. Deciding on Density: An Investigation into High Density Allotment with a View to the
Waldeck areaThe Hague. EindhovenHolland: Stichting
Architecten Research,1977.
. SAR 73: The Methodical Formulation of Agreements
Corncerning the Direct Dwelling Environment. Eindhoven,
Holland: Stichting Architecten Research publication, 1973.
Habraken.N.J. et al. VARIATIONS: The Systematic Design of Supports.
Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T Laboratory of Architecture and Plann-
ing, 1976.
HabrakenN.J. Supports: An Alternative to Mass Housing.New York:
Praeger,1972.
, Participation of the Dweller in the Housing Process,
unpublishedundated.
. Towards Support Housing:Talkegiven on the conference
on "Characteristic and Use of SAR Methods in the Development
of Industrial Housing".PortorozYoguslavia. 16 and 17 January
1975.
___
. Three R's for Housing.Amsterdam: Scheltema and Holkema,
1966.
Works about San Francisco:
Vernez-MoudonAnne. "Urban Form and Organization: Change and Continuity",Paper presented at the UNESCO Conference,2001:Urban
190
SpaceParis,November 1977.
"Spatial Structures".Working paperHousing and
Settlement Series,1978.
.Particular The Inside/Outside Zone (Where the public
meets the private),part of Urban Form and Change (San Francisco
Alamo Square),unpublished report. Sponsored by the National
Endowment for the Arts, 1976-79.
Solomon Daniel et al.Change without Loss:Residential development
and Preservation for San Francisco Department of City Planning,
undated.
Department of City PlanningSan FranciscoReport on Proposed Residential zoning RevisionsDecember 1977.
Works about Human Behavioural Patterns and Sociology:
Porteous,.J.Douglas.Environment & Behaviour:planning and everyday
urban life.ReadingMassachusetts:Addison-wesley Publishing
Company,1977.
BoudonPhilippe.Live in Architecture.CambridgeMass.:MIT Press,1972.
Green Issac.Housing for the Elderly.New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company, 1975.
.Housing the Family.BostonMass.: Cahners Books a division of Cahners Publishing CompanyLtd., 1974.
MichelsonWilliam. Environmental Choice,Human Behaviour,and Residential Satisfaction.New York :Oxford University Press,1977.
191