Beaufortia
SERIES
OF
MISCELLANEOUS
ZOOLOGICAL
No.
MUSEUM
Volume
144
Dedicated
The
PUBLICATIONS
Mrs.
to
distribution
of
11
W.S.S.
van
And
mollusc
Bruggen
is
it, your
dear in
very
calls
embrace the occasion
you
regard.
my
business
own
of
Artificial
we
distribution
caused
animals
two
distributed
accidentally
in
plants,
A
etc.).
animals is made up
countries
only
can
only
while
at
factors,
the
Passer
T.
the
(rats,
by
be
adapt
have
disappearance
survive
themselves
having
niches. All
Sturnus
of less
to
to
a
to
of
adaptable
and
that of
animals;
species
the
adaptable
such
as
are
few
and
establishment
new
soil
vegetation,
fauna
subject
in
bird
tristis,
not
country they
and
are
Turdus
of
immigration
indigenous
species
Acridotheres
species
insects
transported
that there
the
prime importance
of
animals
and
ecological tolerance;
climate,
animal
proliferation
vulgaris
wide
as
Consequently
accidentally
invasion
with
defined
control of
but in their
different
compete
be
a
be
etc.)
and it appears
voyage,
I
that of
viz.,
and pet
of
transport,
the
by
Merchant
Sc.
man.
yet experienced
immigrant
been proven
survival and
domesticus,
not
may
biological
proportion
which have
species
to
time
ecological
(abundant)
and
I,
slugs,
(domestic
game animals
Accidental
plants
mice, insects,
you,
depart."
The
Act
distribution,
of non-marine molluscs
able
and
accidentally
man
seaboard that have
same
which
or
artificial
considerable
successful in
to
of
man
of
pulmonate.
they
have
available
the
be
must
usually
by
the
on
foreign
some
by
transmission
animals
deliberately
types
transported
deliberately
involved
and
or
distinguish
can
of
patterns
fostered
Venice,
on
to
Shakespeare
those
in
species
Africa
"Your worth
take
1964
17,
Jutting
Benthem
introduced
A.C.
I
Dec.
van
Southern
AMSTERDAM
-
to
for
these
South Africa
species
as
such
opposed
as
to
ericetorum and
merula.
Received
July
20,
1964.
161
162
all
Among
Zambezi
countries in
and
share of these
FORCART,
formation has
species
(dates
1.
2.
1948; BIGALKE,
JOUBERT
1963;
been
belonging
eleven
of introduction
1817
Physastra
dispar (Sowerby,
Vallonia
pulchella (Müller,
3.
4.
Arion hortensis
5.
Arion
6.
Vitrea cristallina
7.
Oxychilus
(Müller,
1774)
1819
Oxychilus
cellarius
9.
Oxychilus
draparnaudi
(Beck,
11.
Milax
12.
Limax
flavus Linnaeus,
13.
Limax
maximus
14.
Limax
nyctelius Bourguignat,
15.
Limax
valentianus Férussac,
16.
Deroceras
caruanae
17.
Deroceras
laevis
18.
Deroceras
19.
Subulina
(Draparnaud,
24.
Helix
aspersa
Deroceras
vince,
det.
caruanae
Dr.
C.
from the
list,
make up
almost
ten
viz., Lymnaea
available
least
on
Physa
')
been
from
Quick
the
(before
1891)
1774)
42% of
1774
1898),
columella is
155)
beyond
a
(probably
records
doubt.
1893),
1860),
1801)
(1909),
South African
Altena;
only
Natal
dispar.
pulmonates,
that
of
originally
the
(George,
not
are
Few
but it
identity
an
a
as
species
of
South
Cape
be
can
freshwater
published
seems
yet
As
Proseen
including Testacella)
distributed than
widely
sample
list
Museum).
species
two
Physastra
more
Natal Museum
(1960:
1898),
1854).
the
total;
freshwater
1848),
(1963),
(before
slugs (naked pulmonates
the
before
(1881),
Regteren
of
even
1939),
1821) (±
(±
to
new
or
1774) (before
1774)
columella and
Pretoria
established
is
van
species
imported
Lymnaea
There is in
O.
1944),
(1961),
(Draparnaud,
Müller,
only,
(1900),
1823
(Férussac,
(Müller,
tanks
1900),
1819) (before
ventricosa
brackets):
1912),
maugei (Férussac,
pisana
Gastropoda
aquarium
(1873,
1792) (1905),
Cochlicella
24
Pulmonata
1908),
(Bruguière,
22.
in-
at
1939),
(before
1861
(Müller,
similaris
stands
1894),
(before
(Pollonera,
Testacella
Theba
(±
1801) ¹)
1758
(Müller,
Bradybaena
list
(1898),
1837) (±
1758
Linnaeus,
21.
23.
far in
(before
1816)
(Say,
20.
1946;
more
1774) (1846),
Zonitoides arboreus
octona
the
present
subclass
but
its
molluscs
1939; DÜRR,
1961)
the
(1846),
1822)
(Müller,
reticulatus
1916,
added between
1852
10.
gagates
the
immigrant
of
than
1774) (1890),
(Miller,
8.
the
south
more
(1944),
Normand,
alliarius
At
1873) (so
Férussac,
intermedius
had
1951; WALDÉN,
recently.
discovery
columella Say,
Lymnaea
has
proper
1937; CONNOLLY,
families of
first
or
subcontinent
(the
Africa
WALTERS,
&
obtained
to
Africa
South
Various authors have dealt with
migrations.
(e.g., BARNARD,
Southern
Rivers),
Cunene
most
our
likely
records
unidentified
from
African
dwellers,
data
North
are
that
at
show.
species
of
America),
specimens
has
not
163
which
from
The
list:
indicates
clearly
in
the
fulica
colour
in
show
difficult
Quick
living
lowing
2
from the
and
and
western
that
seems
South
and
only)
yet
far
included in
the
it
central
African
as
H.
and
the
1948;
K.
present author. The species
while
the
total number of
Town and
done for
All
length
the
some
localities
of
various
from
the
recorded
table
on
symbols
localities. A
interesting facts,
First of
all,
can
further from the
Bulawayo,
fontein,
are
be
Victoria Falls,
Smithfield,
Dundee,
Royal
Weenen,
the
total of 69 recorded localities.
19,
from
partly
from
well
Elizabeth).
from the
and
1963;
supplied by
kindly
from
of
notes
their numbers between
by
the
by
localities in
as
Port
to
and
expectation
Forcart,
1946;
It
region.
adapted
the
one;
the
for
figures
and around
Cape
has been
same
set
out
the
on
first
(fig.
map
the number of introduced species
this
map reveals
1);
the
in
the
number of
a
below.
strikes
back
a
one
to
as
a
typical example
transport
hundred
National
Kimberley,
Australia
10),
(nos.
compiled
data
fol-
3—9,
nos.
are
(e.g.,
Museum
taken
sur-
from the
viz.,
beyond
preceded
All
as
(Drap.)
Mediterranean
from
cited
Windhoek District,
Natal
it is
Europe
particularly
Natal
are
examination of
than
usually
and
snails has been
are
been
discussed
coast
sea
The
that
sources
many places
been
indicates
traced
pink
fulica.
Flats.
Cape
general pattern
distribution which
in
1
nos.
1939; Durr,
names
have
thorough
which
the
I
used
looses
originate
from
are
foreign species.
localities under
its
A.
region
so
and
figure
immaculata
antivertigo
tropical
has thrived
in
involved
Peninsula have
Cape
A.
(19 species,
from the
immigrant
geographic
both
to
the
Acha-
: 403).
species,
region
pisana
material
in
condition from "a
species
species
Connolly,
the
brackets,
1939
1951; Walden, 1961),
Dr.
Barnard,
19
local snail
list of localities of
is
4) records
confused with
region
(2
partly
latter
Theba
commonest
1
However,
Vertigo
uncertain
The
Asia?).
and
Con-
(see
specimen
belong
in subfossil
imported
America
from
Europe
(Barnard,
mentions
the
itself
species.
Mediterranean
from
unique
immaculata,
(Connolly,
that
North
Joubert & Walters,
than A.
sufficiently
yet
(Miiller) (do.)
121, pi.
columellar
being
known
only
age"
conditions;
the
following
literature
is
list
from
21,
the
the
for it
these
not
establish
to
specimens
the open
slender
species
two
species
become
in
incorrectly
and
Europe
failed
Mozambique.
his
accounts
of uncertain
areas:
that
been
affinities
Cecilioides acicula
325—326;
Marques,
out
Bechuanaland;
America?,
Pass,
is
species
not
reasons
and
(status
:
more
11—18, 20, 22—24),
are
imported
1612). Braga (1952:
which
183)
:
various
1939
separate both
(1952
deposit
for
opinion),
clearly
much
to
It appears
The
24
latter has
No.
shells
soon,
always
in
and
Moll.
empty
quite
latter is
has
of
The
from Lourenco
measurements
(Lam.);
author's
188,
:
Natal Museum,
(no.
list
Pilsbry
Bowdich.
fulica
1916
nolly,
face
the
have
japonicum
least
at
Achatina
not
snecies
following
Pupisoma
clear,
tina
that
complete.
miles
Pretoria,
Park,
Cradock,
or
by
in
sea.
a
straight
artificial
localities
line, viz.,
Johannesburg,
Cathedral
only
of
Few
14
Peak
=
Bloem-
area,
20%
out
Sani
of
a
164
TABLE
Southern
Southern
11
Bulawayo
Victoria
11
Rhodesia
Falls
Falls
Windhoek
District
Kimberley
11
(19)
Africa
Africa
West
Butterworth
Butterworth
Komga (24)
(24)
5
5
Transvaal
Skukuza,
Skukuza.
Kruger
Kruger
Nat.
5
5
Pretoria
Pretoria
1
Johannesburg (24)
Pk.
Pk.
12,
12,
10,
unid.
unid.
24,
(10,
Queenstown (10,
Cathcart
East
London
(10,
(10,
spec.)
Bedford
Bedford
2
Port
Port
Grahamstown
Grahamstown
Alfred
Alexandria
Port
Port
10)
(10,
23)
(3,
10, 24)
10,
7,
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
3,
(1, 3,
(I,
10,
10,
Lourenço Marques
Marques (23)
(23)
1
11
Bloemfontein
Smithfield
Free
Free
State
State
(14)
(14)
(12)
Natal
Natal
11
Natal
Royal
Nat.
Pk.
(17)
Somerset
11
Cradock
East
East
(3, 8,
8,
4
4
George
3
3
Wilderness
2
2
Mossel
Mossel
1
Cango
11
Still
(11,
(11,
16,
(19)
Sani
Sani
(hotel)
1
Swellendam
Sweliendam
(10)
11
Underberg (17)
Underberg
(17)
1
Storms
(11)
(11)
1
1
Dundee
Dundee
(10)
(10)
1
Ash ton
Ashton
1
Weenen
(10)
11
Bredasdorp (22)
1
Cape
1
Caledon
1
2
Estcourt
1
Boston
1
Howick
Howick
1
1
II
11
(21)
(1, 24)
Balgowan (1,
(17)
(17)
Hilton
(17)
(10)
(10)
15,
1
10,
10,
14,
12, 13,
12,
13, 14,
17,
18,
18, 21, 24)
Pietermaritzburg (3,
(3, 5,
5,
Thornville
Thornville
11
Albert
Falls
Falls
1
Gillitts
1
1
Shongweni
4
4
Durban
Dam
Dam
(1)
(17, 21,
23,
Umhlali
Umhlali
1
Scottburgh (17)
(17)
Scottburgh
1
Natal
clearly
means
50
coast
this
Somerset
West
5
Stellenbosch
Faure
Faure
-f-
11
both
of
(1,
(1,
5,
5,
Town
and
(3, 4,
5, 6,
(Kruger
=
the
even
the
Nat.
Pk.),
Queenstown,
25
Robben
Robben
=
36%
of
comparatively
transport
successful
to
over
immigrant
long
Peninsula
7, 8,
7,
8,
9,
10,
(23,
(23, 24)
(23)
(23)
Vredenburg (23)
if
(14,
we
18)
limit ourselves
100-mile
of
white
distances)
milluscs.
It
is
we
to
have
and
and
Ceres,
the
slow
significant
that
to
Boston,
making
typical pattern
settlement
places
only
Balgowan,
Bedford
total. This
date
list
Estcourt,
East,
12,
(3)
1
Ceres
11,
11,
18, 20, 22, 23, 24)
24)
Langebaan-Saldanha Bay (23)
grand
recent
18, 22)
11,
11,
Cape
Darling
Underberg,
the
24)
1
the
Somerset
Island
Island
Melkbosstrand
striking
more
seashore;
23,
23,
1
1
2
2
(22)
(22)
23)
18,
18,
(23)
fiats
flats
1
22,
8,
Cape
2
from
marine
of
(8,
(1,
Cape
24)
becomes
miles
Kokstad,
dispersal
Bay (22,
Bay
(22, 23)
3
5
5
(10)
Skukuza
14
(18)
Gordon's
17
17
(12)
South
South
Indeed,
for
(11)
(11)
13,
13, 14,
Verulam
Howick,
Vlei
(24)
1
add
(22)
Agulhas (23)
(23)
Agulhas
(17)
(17)
1
within
Bay
Bay
2
2
1
(17)
24)
24)
Bay (23, 24)
Bay
Caves
Caves
11
(10)
10)
23,
(22, 23,
Peak
Peak
(17)
(17)
15,
15.
241
24'
(23)
Cathedral
Cathedral
Pass
Pass
12,
12,
23,
23,
Uitenhage (23)
(23)
3
11
area
area
11,
11,
22,
22,
1
Orange
Orange
unid.
unid.
(22)
Africa)
9
9
I1
24,
24,
(23)
(23)
4
11
East
East
23,
23,
18,
(3,
Kingwilliamstown (3,
Kingwilliamstown
Mozambique
Mozambique
(Portuguese
17)
(10)
(10)
Limax)
Umax)
11
1
(24)
(24)
(17)
(17)
2
(3,
(3,
10,
10, 24)
24)
(17)
1
2
2
(17)
Kokstad
(8, 9,
9,
1
11
11
Province
Province
Cape
4
4
(8)
South
South
1
I
shows
(with
its
rate
of
there
is
165
apparently
correlation between
a
of
importance
the
of Good
Cape
harbour
First
City
East
Harbour
9
111
5
1824
class
I
4
clearly by
much
in the
number of
of its
from the
which
In this respect it
in
city
cofauna
of
this
is
population
have
&
other
is
due
traffic.
only
one
to
1951)
still
our
It
might
not
The absence
and
it
only
the
by
along
climate foi
because
table,
east
and
coast
importation
the
map
is
Africa)
most
not
of
e.g.,
of
be
of
Marques
fact
(Theba
sparrow
list;
mala-
that
the
white
course, is
interest
the
the
the
to
important
on
of
due
which,
European
(fig.
1)
attention has
for
high figures
major
Bloemfontein
of
Cape
reflected
by
mention that
to
fide
pisana,
(Passer
Jou-
domesticus)
of
taxonomic
(and
is
being)
links
quarantine
localities
(Kruger
such
as
National
based
on
may
to
the
the
number
the
novelty
be
at
It
as
calling
and
for
seems
most
also
a
and
the
to
major
occur
inter-
strictly
causes.
and/or
Windhoek
landed.
low
populous
more
Natal National
cargo
the
incredible
known
contributory
Bulawayo,
Smithfield, Royal
vessels
and
transport
Museums,
Johannesburg,
as
number of inland
Falls,
some
these institutions.
and
capital
country
a
to
concerning
account
centres.
enumerated
Victoria
of
and Natal
done
hand
of air
drawn
research
only foreign pulmonate
consider is
Park),
be
cities such
other
commercial
throughout
measures
worthwhile
the
from these
the
be
to
Southern Africa's
and road
Another point
on
known
to
Town and Pietermaritz-
the South African
part
might
snails
aspersa appears
Calculation
second
sketchy
might
from Lourenco
and that the
the activities
to
immigrant
with rail
be
strong,
very
national airport. In this respect,
Skukuza
this
knowledge
of interest in non-marine moluscs in
Johannesburg,
remote
the
much
shown
suitable
in
A
sea.
northward
Africa's
the
East
rather
also
molluscs of Southern Africa has been
enforced
for
Beira,
(Portuguese
to
general
because
respectively,
that Helix
via
Europe
odd that
as
factors. The
due
burg might be
of
rather
a
position
by
and
clearly
travels
one
accounted
Incidentally,
record
the
contributary
number
also
special
here
It
Town is
Mozambique.
considering
Pretoria
has
Europe
to
goods
This is
when
from
probably
one
numerically
Walters,
unknown
In
strikes
country.
ocean-going
bert
closest
their
east coast.
a
comes
Mozambique
this
probably
very
has
of
species
occupies
train.
by
similaris.
Bradybaena
harbour
the
inland
conveyed
time is
bulk
Town
Cape
traffic
shipping
East,
on
and
species
17
I-)
immigrant species that Cape
same
the
ports
Durban
species.
the
at
immigrant
Incidentally,
coast.
European
number of
unloads
freighters
quantities
is off-loaded
cargo
high
which
harbour,
of
decreasing
)
of
II
smaller
2
Number
class
oldest
city
the
freight):
class
the
in
and
ships
1836
number
is
and
via
1799
various ports
we
age
Elizabeth
At the
the
from
class
shown
the
the
Europe
foreign species,
distance
for mail
route
settlement
London
the
their
1652
Durban
is
number of
and
Town
Cape
Port
usual
Hope (the
the
cities,
rather
District,
Park,
Ca-
166
of
Fig. 1. Map
have
in
Southern
been
every
locality.
CT
wayo,
thedral Peak
important
=
centres
of
population
e.g.,
West Africa's
ders
and diamond
about the
coastal
ratively
ones
and
the
more
of considerable
only railway
Kruger
the
Bloemfontein,
EL
P
=
which
indicates
=
Pretoria,
BE
East
PE
foreign pulmonates
the
number
Beira,
=
London,
Port
=
J
may say
and
Kimberley.
of
consequently
Rhodesia's
capital,
Some
attractions,
of
and
rail, road,
S
these
to
=
founded
1870),
and
Kimberley
these
1871). Considering
from
Salisbury (dating
are
usually
not
1893),
(rail-
one
1890);
won-
the
on
as
of Southern Rhodesia is indeed of
are
lesser
a
city,
that inland settlements
development
remote
appeal
line
Park,
and
Bula-
Johannes-
Elizabeth,
to
to
N.
localities
tourists:
Rhodesia and
large
are
either
on
Victoria Falls
rest
the
Congo),
camp
main
old
as
compa-
railway lines and/or
(famous
and
tourist attraction
Skukuza
staff
(headquarters
village
on
Smithfield (on main road Bloemfontein-East London),
way line),
resorts
=
species
=
second
founded
founded
records from
National Park with
National
of
BU
date.
recent
Some of
and
mining centre,
one
=
from
symbols
Durban,
Bulawayo (S.
absence of
whole, however,
=
localities
the
Underberg
Pass,
degree air traffic,
way
B
Marques,
Windhoek
(South
of
Windhoek.
Sani
area,
length
Town, D
Lourenço
=
W
Salisbury,
all
showing
The
Abbreviations:
Cape
=
LM
burg,
Africa,
recorded.
Cathedral Peak area, Sani
approaches).
such
as
ported pulmonates.
the
This
game
again,
Pass,
makes
reserves
in
branch
wonder,
Zululand,
are
why
still
other
free
of
rail-
Natal
Royal
Underberg (Drakensberg
one
on
Mts.
tourist
from
im-
167
of
Few
the
species
ten
species
cella
24
listed
than
more
ventricosa
which
to
seem
and
ou
for
Kaokovelt,
this
this
in
Distribution
2—3.
of
baena
similaris.
occur
similaris
Johannesburg (fig.
Grahamstown,
and
Cape
and
Port
Cape Peninsula)
Kimberley,
consequently
For
circles
to
seems
were
snails
see
both
the first
West,
the latter
tres
table
2),
also
Demaraland,
however,
is,
no
Transvaal
2,
distribution
dots),
pisana (black
distribution
of
Brady-
1.
fig.
main
East,
"Espece
Africa.
from Durban
line
railway
distributed immigrant
Pietermaritzburg,
Somerset
Somerset
East,
3.
(see
African,
Theba
used;
widely
very
There
South
and
2),
Europe
elsewhere outside
188,
State,
South
in
been
Oxychilus cellarius,
Incidentally,
the
circles)
follow the
(Pretoria,
Elizabeth,
and
"
in
Coch-
plus specialement
and
Free
Orange
have
of
five
Cochli-
(fig.
patterns
pisana:
chaudes,
")
nor
abbreviations
3). Examples
Somerset
Peninsula.
half
pulchella
et
1954). Quick (1952 :
(dotted
only
only
laevis,
show in
they
Theba
arides
immigrant
ventricosa
both
Vallonia
of
patterns
where
Bradybaena
sub
reports
(1939),
of
coherent pattern.
coastal
Ovamboland,
West,
Cochlicella
a
typical
"...., Transvaal,
Connolly
Figs.
shows
fait sentir;
se
and
Deroceras
distribution
seches,
distribution. Of
known
aspersa.
have
Cotton,
e.g.,
species
Museums.
are
who
wide
arboreus,
Helix
type of
182,
:
(see
and Natal
cies
the
les stations
Griqualand
evidence for
to
and
l'influence maritime
their natural range
records
Zonitoides
Theba pisana
1930
xerophile frequentant
celles
are
immigrant species
with
agree
Germain,
e.g.,
a
localities
pisana
The distribution of few
licella
achieved
ten, viz.,
Theba
ventricosa,
have
recorded
species
than five
more
Melkbosstrand,
Stellenbosch,
immigrant species
to
Cape
Bulawayo,
Town
discovered
were
become
Town
Cape
which is known from
species
spe-
Kingwilliamstown,
in
known in
and
1846
South
Africa.
However,
seem
to
while
be able
to
lina and Testacella
have
proliferated
tricosa,
Theba
to
immigrant
many
hold their
maugei,
such
pisana,
a
see
own
both
degree
in
species
a
very
since the
as
to
have
1890s in
become
Joubert & Walters,
survived
hardly
limited
area
(e.g.,
Cape
and
Town
only),
others
agricultural (Cochlicella
1951)
or
only
Vitrea cristal-
horticultural
ven-
pests
168
It is
(Helix aspersa).
are
the
among
species
while
be
to
the
The
natural
place
the
by
that
arrival
natural
and
continued
of
the
artificial
work
and
foreign
has
been
difficult
sixth
1909
(fig.
2).
because
road
dispersal by rail,
has
pisana
after
or
travelled coastwise
natural
by
do.),
(sixteenth
calculate
to
pests
foreign
(fig. 2).
means
immigrant species
which
is
selection takes
first
a
and
establishment
occur.
C. O.
Dr.
third
(1881,
from
transport;
species,
Dr.
to
of
may
Altena
Regteren
van
Dr.
immigrant slugs,
on
pisana
distribution of
means
dispersal
due
are
his
freshwater material and
examining
is
Theba
that the
clearly
man
Acknowledgements
his
immigrant
quite likely
data show
influenced
on
is
dispersal
snails
become
1854,
dates
only
interwoven with artificial
closely
it
its
phenomenal
of
Theba
ventricosa
have
(±
aspersa
port, filling up the gaps in between
to
above
strongly
both
is
example,
from port
The
how
dispersal
dispersal
For
ship.
shows
of
rate
Helix
discovered),
or
of Cochlicella
which
species
some
introduced:
introduced
discovery
which
do.),
that
significant
earliest
B.
Hubendick
K. H. Barnard
for
(Leiden)
for
(Goteborg)
for
(Cape Town)
some
distribution data.
References
Barnard.
K.
1948
Bigalke,
H.
33
Mus.,
The
naturalisation
Afr.
J.
Sci.,
J.
Materials
Invest,
Connolly,
monographic survey).
Ann.
S.
:
33
of
animals
with
reference
special
to
South
Africa.
—S.
46—63.
Notes
Anais,
on
South
land-molluscan
1939
da
7
malacologica
fauna
(3):
monographic
S.
Afr.
B.
de
Junta
Mozambique.
65—127.
non-marine
South
of
survey
33
Mus.,
of
:
Mollusca.
Africa.
South
Ann.
African
V.
S.
On
Afr.
the
Mus.,
non-marine
13
introduced
181—190.
:
Mollusca.
Ann.
1—660.
C.
A
J.
of
catalogue
11:
Mus.,
1946
African
fauna
A
1954
H.
estudo
o
para
ultram.
M.
1916
Durr,
Connolly's
to
vii—viii.
:
M.
1952
Cotton,
addenda
Afr.
R.
1937
Braoa,
and
(Corridenda
introduced
snails
and
in
slugs
Australia.
Rec.
S.
Austr.
177—187.
R.
A
contribution
to
morphology
the
Helicidae).
(Gastropoda:
bionomics
and
Dept.
Agricult.
Un.
of
S.
Theba
Afr.
Muller
pisana
Sci.
Bull..
257
:
1—34.
FORCART,
L.
1963
Germain,
Slugs
of
South
Africa.
Proc.
mal.
Soc.
Lond.,
35
:
103—110.
de
France,
L.
Mollusques
1930
terrestres
et
fluviatiles (1).
Faune
21
:
1—477.
(Paris).
Joubert,
1951
Kew,
H.
1893
C.
J.
&
The
S.
S.
Walters
control
of
snails
and
slugs.
Farm.
S.
Afr.,
26:
379—380.
W.
The
dispersal
fresh-water
of shells,
and
land
an
inquiry
Mollusca:
into
the
I—XIV.
means
1—291
of
dispersal possessed
(London;.
by
169
Quick,
H.
E.
1952
1960
ibidem:
258,
British
slugs
Brit.
Walden,
British
Emigrant
H.
1961
Mus.
the
A.
C.
of
Natal
van
15:
Bruggen
Molluscs,
Africa.
valentianus
71—95.
Museum, Loopstreet,
South
Soc.
Testacellidae,
Hist.), (Zool.)
6
variation, nomenclature,
Pietermaritzburg
Natal,
(Pulmonata:
(nat.
(Lehmannia)
Zool., (2)
Curator
mal.
Proc.
Lond.,
29:
181—189
(corrections
:
Arionidae,
Limacidae).
Bull.
103—226.
W.
On
Limax
Drs.
snails.
1953).
distribution
Ferussac
and
taxonomical
(Gastropoda,
position
Pulmonata).
of
Ark.