47
the formerly swampy ground owned by the settlers had been dredged
and drained and made profitable farm land.
In fact, whites who
had previously ignored this land now offered good prices that
were tempting to the black farmers.
Consequently many of them
sold their farms and moved to urban areas.
urban areas were a temptation themselves.
And thirdly, these
The United States
was becoming an industrialized nation and Indiana was no
exception.
Industries such as Ball Brothers in Muncie looked
for laborers and many blacks left the farm to take jobs as
factory workers.
And for those that remained, there was a
fourth reason for decline.
The
commo~
thing for a farmer to
do was to divide his land amongst his children when he became
to old to farm or
whe~
he was near death.
The Cabin Creek
sett"l.ers had large families, some reaching fourteen in number.
By continual division by each family, a farm of 100
~cres
would
be turned into numerous small fqrms or plots with little
productivity unless a joint effort was attempted.
By the early
20th century, the settlement was made up mostly of: small farms,
each farmer having perhaps a few acres and a few animals.
~ith
making a living becoming a problem, many sold their small farms
and moved to the city where the factory jobs appeared attractive.
And since few, if any, blacks
rere moving into the neighborhood,
T..
whites purchased the property and took control of the once
80
predominately black area.
80personal interview, C.S. Charles.
48
CHAPTER IV
THE SJ::;'TTLErvIKJT IN RECK'lT YEARS
In the late 1930's and
descendants of the
origi~al
e~rly
1940's as the few remaining
settlers mqde their way to the
cities, a nevI w'),ve of "imm l ::;rants if
new
II
set tIers" iATere i n::-:O,:18
settlers.
l>.fay:::
They, too, had come
of Southerners.
qui. te
fro~
They, too, had
G:~me
to C''lbin Greek.
~;imi -;
These
FIT to the ori gina 1.
the South or were children
heard of slavery--perhaps
their grandparents had been slaves.
They, like the original
settlers, were looking for farm land where they could 9 Q t
their occupational talents and desires to work.
However, unlike
the old settlers, most of these new arrivaLs had experienced
city-life prior to coming to the rural area.
In actuality, Cabin Creek was no longer a community.
Modoc had come into existence in!885, and THith it, had brought
a touch of town life to the area.
'rhe new arrivals came to
the Modoc vicinity beginning with the late thirties and continuing on down into the 50's and 60's.
The new blacks in
the area do not live close to each other by any means.
reside near Losantville, others near Farmland and Modoc.
there is little coherence to the community.
Some
Henee,
The one central
feature that draws blacks together is the A.lVI. E. Church north
of Modoc which was under construction in 1880.
Those that attend
the church can then be described as the remains of Cabin
Creek.
As of October, 1953, there were 42 members of Bethel A.M.E.
Church at Modoc.
The following is the roll of members, including
those that left the church for various reasons:
ROLL OF MEMBERS (Oct., 1953)81
Charles Ladd - withdrew, Nov., 1953
John Reed - deceased, Nov. 28, 1954
Bessie Reed
Walter LytLe
Luci 1 -Le Lytle
Clarence Freeman
Seth Sawyer - deceased, Jan., 11, 1955
Clara Sawyer
Thelma Sawyer
John Ladd
Mildred Ladd - left, Sept., 1954
J.C. Gadd
Glenn Stafford
India Stafford - withdrew Aug. 21, 1955
Sarah Barrax
C8.rrie Alexander - withdrawn, Sept. 22, 1957
Carnese Jones
Essie l'1oore - wi thdrawn, sept. 22, 1957
Drew Scott - left, 1958
Alice Scott - withdrawn
Nila Scott - withdrawn
Ethel Tate
Eva Webster - left, Sept., 1954
Gerald l'fJ.oore
Fan'lie Smith - deceased, Aug. 18, 1-)54
Henry McCallister - deceased, Oct. 16, 1953
Fred Tate
Bruce Bennett
Allen Jones
Katie Freeman
Henry Jackson
Ellz8,beth Harris - left, 1958
Gosner still - left, June 1, 1958
Major Ruff - left, 1958
Nettie Ruff - left, 1953
Evia Betts
PROBATION ROLL
Charles Ruff
Eddie Freeman
Katie Freeman
Joan Jones
David Jackson
Tina Jackson
81Taken from church records of lVIodoc Bethel A. M. E. Church.
50
Since 195], the membership of the church has fluctuated.
A few new families have moved to the
~rea,
but for the most part,
the members have gradually ei ther died or moved away.
'rhe youth
particularly leave the area as soon as adulthood 1s reached simply
because there is little employment and literally no social life
for young blacks.
As of 1971, the following are those who attend
Bethel A.M.E. Church:
ADULTS
Walter Lytle
Lucille Lytle
Katie Freeman
Clara Sawyer
Thelma Sawyer
Bessie Reed
Elizabeth Ralston
Penny Ralston
Henry Jackson
Ethel Tate - deceased, 1971
Josephine Moore
YOUTH
Valarie Douglas
Toni Douglas
Lisa Douglas
Ben Douglas
Douglas williams
There are others who live in the area who are not members
of the A.M.E. church.
These include:
Williard Moore, Mr. and
Mrs. Cathrell and Mr. and Mrs. John Fletcher.
51
BIOGRAPHIES
In the interest of keeping a historical record of church
members, the folJowing biographies have been included:
l'1r. and
Mrs. walter Lytle, Mrs. Clara Sawyer, l\'lr. and Mrs. i/iillard Hoore,
and Mrs. Elizabeth Ralston.
Mrs. Bessie (Scott) Heed's biography
has already been mentioned elsewhere.
Lucille Lytle was borr.. Lucille Jackson to her parents
Rosie Ella Foster Jackson and
mother, both
~atives
~illiam
Jackson.
Her father and
of Alabama, raised Lucille in Elmore County,
Alabama, in the town of Sweeting.
Born on January 4, 1902, she
had thirteen brothers and sisters.
Six were living when she
came to Muncie in '_930 and they include:
William , Jiminese Rhone and Mary Mellory.
Viola, Henry, Lilly Bell,
On her sixteenth
birthday, Miss Jackson became the wife of George stewart.
They
moved from Alabama to a mining town in Pennsylvania where they
stayed for twelve years (191:3-1930).
In 1930, Mrs. stewart
came to Muncie and five years later became the Wife of Mr. Walter
Lytle.
Frank Lytle, who was born and partially raised 1n slavery,
and Marle Miles Lytle, who was born free,
ga~e
on January 9, 1'389, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
birth to Walter
With some of his
relatives already in the North, Mr. Lytle left Tennessee in 1910
and journeyed to Indianaoolis.
For a period of six years he
was in and out of Indianapolis until 1916 when he married Viola
Baldon.
They then left Indianapolis to live in Cleveland, only
to return to the capital city in 1927.
After a three year stay
in Indianapolis, Mr. Lytle came to Muncie where he later married
Lucille stewart.
.52
They purchased their present 40 acre farm in 1940 after
looking allover Jay, Randolph and Delaware Counties.
On
Thanksgiving Day, 1944, the Lytle's moved to their new home
located in White Rtver Township, four miles southeast of Farmland.
As a reason for moving to the farm, Mr. Lytle stated
that he had been raised by his grandfather on a farm and that
he had always desired to be a farmer.
Although they knew there
were other blacks in the area, the Lytle's claimed that this
had little to do with their moving.
They wanted a farm and
the location made little difference.
Henry Jackson, the older brother of Mrs. Lytle also owns
a farm approximately four miles from Farmland.
He is the
father of two children - David who is presently serving in the
Air Force and Tina who is married and resides in Cincinnati, Ohio. 82
Mr. and Mrs. Williard Moore both came from the Southern
Illinois area before moving to Indiana.
Mrs. Moore was born
Josephine stone to Richard and Viola stone of Harrisburg,
Illinois.
Before moving to Harrisburg, Mr. Stone had lived
in Oklahoma and later left for Kentucky where he met his wife,
Viola, who was part Indian.
Mr. Moore was the son of Bealous
and Alice stone who lived near Thompsonville, Illinois.
Both
Thompsonville and Harrisburg were coal mining communities and
the floods of the 1930's washed out job opportunities there.
Married in 194.5, Mr. and Mrs. Moore moved to Muncie in 1946
where they resided until they moved to an 80 acre farm near
82personal interview, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Lytle, Farmland,
Indiana, July, 1971.
53
Losantville in March, 1955.
Mr. Moore had been born and
raised on a farm and had a desire to become a farmer.
This,
coupled with the fact that they wanted to get their children
out of the city, became the prime reasons for making the move.
They were the parents of five children:
Poochie, James,
Kathryn, Bill and Larry who have all graduated from high school
and three have married.
tlJ.r. and Mrs. Moore presently keep ...of'"
"~
of her oldest daughters children:
Valarie, Toni, Lisa, Douglas
and Ben. 83
Mrs. Clara Sawyer was born Clara Tate in 1884 to Sam and
Caroline Tate of Losantville, Indiana.
Mr. Tate, a teamster,
had migrated from North Carolina to Indiana, residing in
Hagerstown for a time.
His wife, Caroline, had been born and
raised in Portland, Indiana.
In 1907, Miss Tate became the
wife of Seth Sawyer who Was a descendant of one of the original
Cabin Creek settlers.
Both Mr. and Mrs. Sawyer had been raised
on farms so farming instinctively was their occupation.
They
were the parents of three children, two of which are still
living:
Myron Sawyer of Muncie and Thelma who resides with
her mother near Farmland.
sisters:
Mrs. Sawyer had one brother and two
Ruth Tate (Milton), Peart Tate (Bundy) and Fred Tate,
the husband of Ethel Hill Tate, who resided near Economy, Indiana.
Both Mr. and Mrs. Tate passed away in the early months of 1971. d4
83personal interview, Mrs. Josephine Moore, Modoc, Indiana,
August, 1971.
84personal interview, Mrs. Clara Sawyer, Farmland, Indiana,
August, 1971.
.54
Elizabeth Ralston was born Elizabeth Fox to Frank and
Minnie Pherris Fox on l'1arch 6, 1914, in Richmond, Indiana.
Her
father, Frank, born in 1367, was one of seventeen children of
Green and America Fox of Powe11 County, Kentucky.
the chi Idren 1i ved to adul thood and incJ. ude:
Eleven of
Susie, Wi -i liarn,
Dixie, Frank, Talbot, Nary, America, SalLie, Conray, Emma, and
Dock.
8.5
Frand, the twin of Talbot, came to Richmond, Indiana,
around 190.5 and married fUss Pherris around 190d.
the parents of five children besides Elizabeth:
America, Albert and one who died at birth.
giving birth to this youngest child.
'rhey were
Frank,
I~lary,
Mrs. Fox died when
Miss Elizabeth Fox married
Willard Smith in 1932 and they became the parents of Mary Frances
Smith.
Mrs. Smith was remarried in 194} to Frank Ralston.
Frank was the son of Edna 11cDonald Ralston and Frank Ralston,
Sr.
Mrs. Ralston was born in 1879 in Woodburn, Kentucky, to
!1ary Ellen and James MacDonald.
Mr. Ralston was born in
~375
in Wilmington, Ohio, the son of Richard Ralston, a native of
Virginia.
He and his wife, Malinda of OhiO, gave birth to nine
children (as of 1330 Census) and they include besides Frank:
Calvin, Eliza, Allen, Lavinia, Alace, Emlla, 1".laJ;gie and Clarence. 86
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ralston, Sr. , residing in Richmond, Indiana,
became the parents of four children besides Frank:
Winnifred, Mlnnie and Marguerite.
Frank,Jr., born on July 7, 1911,
was on1y to know his father nine months.
Frank,Sr. was the
victim of an electrocution accident in 1912.
8"
~U.S. Census, 1880, Kentucky.
86 Ibid., Ohio.
Anna Mae,
55
Bef~re
meeting Elizabeth Fox Smith, who would someday
be his wife, Frank Ralston lived 8 life that would one day
instinct and this
twe~ve
)assed on to him.
In 1923 whel Frank was
yeqrs old, he was the first black to join the 4-H club
that he1.d meetin'Ss at Glen Miller Park.
Being the son of a
widowed 1l0ther, he couldn't afford to buy livestock but a neighboring farmer gave him his first pig and from there he got his
start.
Frank had his first taste of discrimination when in his
teens.
During the 1920's, a two d8y camp was held at the
Lou Kinsey farm near Greensfork.
up, Frank being the only Negro.
what to do with him.
Fifteen to twenty boys showed
At first they didn't know
They let him stay during the dqy where
he pla,ed, ate and swam with the others but they planned to
send him home that ni.ght.
One of the other boys' father,
l'vlr. Haymond Swaallow, Sr., threatened to remove his son, Raymond,
Jr., from. the camp if Frank was not allowed to stay.
All
worked out well and from there on, Raymond, Jr. and Frank
became the best of friends. 87
Frank was the first black to attend No. 11-A school (which
is now Westview) and went on to attend Dennis Junior High and
the old Morton High School.
and started working on farms.
He left school before graduating
Soon he was able to rent tracts
of land close to his home where he planted corn and raised
beef and ho~s.
In 1949, Frank purchased a 215 acre farm near
37
. Information received from Anna Mae Baker, 432 Hillcrest
Ave., Richmo;'ld, Indiana.
Modoc which could truthfully be called a dream-corne-true.
Elizabeth and Frank were the parents of two daughters:
Linda,
born on September 16, 1945, and Penny born on May 9, 1949.
Frank worked hard and became a respected farmer in the community.
He battled sugar diabetes for many years and by 196) he had had
both legs amputated as a result of the disease.
prevent him from farming.
This did not
He acquired limbs and continued to
work although he was continually plagued by infection that kept
him in and out of the hospital.
Finally, in 1966, he lost the
battle, succombing on February 10 of that year.
Mrs. Ralston
continues to reside on the farm which is located one mile east
and a mile and a half south of Modoc.
57
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
Much can be said for the people of Cabin Creek--those
who lived there in the 1800's as well as those who inhabit
the area today.
There is a certain quality among these black
people that makes one have a feeling of profound respect.
are two black cemeteries:
There
one located a half mile from the
A.M.E. Chruch and another located approximately two miles
from the first.
In walking across these grounds where these
brave people lie, one ,just has to wonder as to the extent of
their hardships and perils.
some had no headstones.
best
~xpress
Many of the headstones are gone--
I think the words of C.E. Charles can
the feeling that many have who are familiar
with Cabin Creek and its settlers.
"If I were rich I think I would like to erect
a monument: To the unidentified dead, who
risked everything; loved ones, health, severe
punishment, life itself; to start over with
just their hands, in a strange and difficult
place, for the sake of Freedom."88
The early black settlers were truly
unique.
They had
sacrificed their homes and way of life in such states as North
Carolina and Virginia for a totally new and strange place called
Indiana.
Although they were severely restricted in their former
environment, they were at least free and not in slavery.
88Letter received ~rom C.E. Charles, July), 1971.
What
58
What could these newcomers exnect in Indiana?
would they
actually have a new life or a rehashing of the Old?
The Cabin
Creek settlers, then, had to be adventuresome, brave and
determined to make such a long journey.
As said before, they
were the "cream of the crop."
Once reaching the area, the settlers purchased the
swampy, uncleared land that white men had 'rejected.
They
worked hard to prepare the land for planting and came to be
quite prosperous.
Although they had and still accepted help
from the white Quakers, they set up their own black churches.
The settlement was never actually a town, but the community
had a significant amount of coherence.
The blacks were also
helpful to their fellow brothers and sisters in slavery.
They
aided fugitive slaves to Underground Railroad depots and many
slaves became part of the settlement itself.
For the most part, the evidence shows that these blacks
adapted themselves well to Indiana.
Being north of the Mason-
Dixon line, they left their Southern culture in North Carolina
and other such states.
They were now Northern farmers who
owned their own land; hence, they demanded and received the
respect of their white neighbors, many of whom were also former
residents of North Carolina and Virginia.
It is important to note that there were no acts of violence
such as shootings or lynchings on record for the Cabin Creek
area.
Of course, many of the early white settlers were peace-
loving Quakers but others who later came were not of this type.
Some whites true1y feared antagonizing these blacks--there were
too many of them and they tended t9 protect each other.
59
Being respected farmers helped the blacks to assimilate
into the white society of Randolph County.
If the Cabin Creek
inhabitants had been a different type of people, they may not
have been accepted.
Perhaps if they had came to Indiana wishing
to live off their Quaker friends or look for "hand-outs,"
would not have lasted long.
just the opposite.
they
But of course these settlers were
Their energetic and industrious behavior
demanded the attention of the whites.
After being "tagged" as
hard-working people, they were accepted and assimilated into the
white rural society.
This is contrary to what later happened to blacks who
went to the urban areas.
ExplOited by monied whites, they
were forced to take low-paying, unskilled jobs.
to afford decent
ghettoes.
dwe~lingR,
they became the inhabitants of black
To "roame it, It they had to turn from lef<;i tima te
employment to illegal means.
Blacks began to realize that the
white man purposely held the purse strings tight.
ethic did not fit here:
prosper.
Not being able
'rhe Protestant
one could work very hard and never
Hence, blacks turned to such vices as prostitution,
narcotics-selling, gambling and boot-legging in order to make
the money they needed to live a decent life.
Eventually blacks
began to feel t(:e pangs of hopelessness which resulted in a
feeling of bitterness toward the white man who in many ways had
brought about their condition.
The ghetto became a losers
pStradise.
Therefore, assimilation was successful in rural areas
and quite unsuccessful in urban areas.
But problems did occur
60
with blacks living in a rural environment.:lince the majority
of blacks became ct ty-dl'Jellers, a di stinct black culture tended
to develop and grow there.
EVen in the midst of vices, there
were some beautiful aspects to ghetto-living.
thrown together and not
a~lowed
The people,
to venture into white neighbor-
hoods, became closely bonded due to their simi.'_ar p1.ight.
Later
as cities began to boil with unrest such as the Chicago Riots
of 1919, this bond seemed to increase.
The rural blacks were
well assimil.ated and could not understand the problems the urban
dwellers were having.
The rural black had worked hard--why
couldn It the urban black do the same thing?
,,4hat eventuaLly
evolves is a labeling of r'J.raL blacks as "Uncle 'roms" even though
they later became urbanized.
Being black and being raised in the country is a fascinating
exnerience--especialLy when one
tota 11 y ou t-of-twie '.vi. th bl ac lr
from
'3.
r
Jl~91
realizes that he is left
S()C i
~
I',oc}':iY
are,Ot lis::; certain di.s3..dva·:'ltages.
a white 8'1viron;neYt, a,d';oc18. 1i.:0il::
becomes
et}.
',~it'r1
'-i
youn,g black
He's raised in
other rura 1_
problem since there are few left.
b~ac]c3
[uless he is in
constant contact wi.th friends in the City, he can easily become
white-washed.
b~ack.
But there are
advanta~es
to being a young rural
One can escape the pOison that is so evident in black
urban areas.
One doe s not come in contac t
Vii.
th prosti tut:es,
pushers, pimps and dope-users in cora fields.
Personally, I
feel th8.t being raised in a. rural community
has been mostly advantageous.
beneficial to all blacks is a
Iro say a simi lar1.ife wou l d be
gros~~
overstaterflent.
But I
61
believe that in order
~or
the Black Revolution to be successful
the blac!{ man wi II h'3.ve to cri tically examine himself.
He must
look at inspiring examnles like Cabin Creek where dark-skinned
indi viduals worked h'lrd and made themselves equa'_ to their white
counterparts.
The black man needs self-sufficiency to truely
be free in the United states of America.
The enslavement of
blacks will not actually end until this takes place.
62
APPENDIX
63
CEMETERIES
Constant referral was made in this paper to the two
black cemeteries located on State Road #1 north of the A.M.E.
Church.
The following are lists of the names on headstones
from these cemeteries.
Due to weathering, many of the head-
stones have disapneared
whi~e
Cabin Creek
~Tere
some of the inhabitants of
buried without stones.
Both cemeteries
contain veterans, yet only the Baptist cemetery is kept in
good condition.
attention.
The A.M.E. cemetery is in dire need of
64
CEMETERIES
Baptist Cemetery
1)
Samuel Jennings
son of W.E. Jennings
died - June 19, 1879
15 yrs. old
2)
Eveline Jennings - 1812-1902
3)
Hannah - wife of James Scott
died Nov. 4, 1870
;0 yrs. old
4)
~ancy
5)
Bertha Scott
1887-1838
6)
Rena B. Wood
1374-1899
7)
D. Alice Scott
8)
Kissiah J. scott
wife of Eleazar Scott
died - December 7, 1885
ase - 41
9)
3arepta A. 3cott
daughter of E. and K. Scott
died - May 3, 1893
Smothers
wife of Charles Smothers
died 1884 age - 43
1879 - 1901
10)
Anderson Scott
11)
John W. Ladd
12)
Samuel H. Ladd
1865-1924
13)
Leacy H. Ladd
1875-1950
1840-1902
1894-1962
14)
Daughter of Sam and Leacy Ladd
15)
Margaret E. Stafford
daughter of Enoss and Caroline Stafford
1872-1889
16)
Nancy P. Morris
17)
Perlie A. stewart
daughter of J. W. Stewart
died - March 19, 1910
1835-1901
1887-1904
65
18)
Birtie stewart
son of J. ~. and M. E. Stewart
died 1896
age - 18 (born - 1378)
19)
Charles Henry Bowlin
20)
Eliza C. Clark
21)
Iydia A. Bowlin
(wife of Edward Bowlin)
died - 1889
age - 40 (born 1349)
22)
Edward Bowlin 1840-1925
23)
Odessa A. Davis
24)
Mary A. Weaver
died - Jan. 16, 1918
age - 108 yrs.
25)
Seth T. Sawyer - lR80-1955
26)
Garnet R. Sawyer
daughter of Seth and Clara
1379-1936
Id68-1923
1890-1949
1921-1922
27)
Sawyer
son - Narcus - 1.:364-1936
mother - Rachel - 1840-1915
28)
Levi Scott
29)
Oglesby
Harry - 1870-1925
Elmina - 1868~L927
30)
James R. Scott
31)
Scott
Annias - 1843-1920
Irena - 1356- ?
32)
Al fred 1'1oore - ?
33)
Children of Charles And Cora Smothers
Clarence R. - 1392-1892
Nancy - 1895-1396
Clara R. - 1387-1890
Charles H. - 1~90-1391
Mary J. (second wife) - 1357-1911
Cora B. (first wife) - 1869-1896
34)
Arie scott 1847-19-Martitia E. - 1859-1923
35)
John Reed 1876-1954
1833-1903
1370-1953
66
African Methodist Episcopal Cemetery
1)
George J. - son of C.W. and C. Outland
died - Jan. 29, 1894
age - 24 yrs
2)
Coleman Scott
died - Nov. 29, 1884
age - about 74 yrs.
3)
George outland
died - Oct. 23, 1913
age - 73 yrs.
4)
Sarah - wife of Isaac Wood
died - Aug. 17, 1888
age - 65 yrs.
5)
Isaac Wood
died - Aug. 23, 1887
age - 70 yrs.
6)
Wm. R.B. Parker - ?
7)
Infant - son of P. and M.J. Ladd
died - Feb. 1, 1869
age - 2 mo.
8)
14m. M. t<1oore
died - Oct. 8, 1879
age - 45 yrs
9)
M~ry,
wife of Burl Perkins
died - 1856
10)
Sarah E. - daughter of P. and M.J. Ladd
died - Feb. 11, 1876
age - 25 yrs.
11)
Stephen P. - son of P. and M.J. Ladd
died - Feb. 10, 1869
age - 5 yrs.
12)
Mittie J. - daughter of P. and M.J. Ladd
died - June 17, 1876
age - 3 yrs.
67
UNITED S'rATES CENSUS
1850
FREE COLORED POPULATION
The following is a list of free blacks or mulattoes
who were residents in 1850 of stoney Creek, Nettle Creek and
West River Townships in Randolph County.
The age, sex, color,
occupation and place of birth have also been included to make
the list more informative.
68
UNITED S'rATES CENSUS
1850
FREE COLORED POPULATION
Stoney Creek Township
Color*
Jesse W. Weaver
Cela Weaver
Thomas D. Weaver
July J. Weaver
Sara A. weaver
Jesse B. We9.ver
Martha L. Weaver
Ezekial Weaver
50
33
18
16
12
9
Levi Dolby
Jemima Dolby
Emeline Dolby
Mary J. Dolby
Sarah A. Dolby
John Dolby
Susana Dolby
Lucena Dolby
Bashaby Dolby
Abigal Dolby
M
7
F
2
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
50
50
26
19
16
16
11
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
9
7
6
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
Occupation
Place of
Birth
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
Fa.rmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
Willis Dolby
Cela Dolby
M
F
M
Farmer
17
North Carolina
Indiana
George M. Smith
Lucreta Smith
Meichael Smith
59
M
B
B
B
Farmer
47
19
Virginia
North Carolina
Indiana
William Clark
Hannah Clark
30
B
B
Farmer
F
Kentucky
Indiana
21
25
F
M
M
Farmer
Edmund Cury
unk.+
M
B
Farmer
unknown
Charles Parker
50
unk.
13
14
M
F
F
M
B
B
B
Farmer
Tennessee
North Carolina
Indiana
North Carolina
30
M
F
12
M
B
B
B
Farmer
28
North Carolina
Kentucky
Indiana
Amy Parker
Sophia Skipworth
John Robinson
Barton Outland
Eliza Outland
George W. Outland
*M = mulatto, B
+ - unknown
= black
M
William R. Outland
Alfred Outland
Luzena F. Outland
11
6
1
M
M
John Cotton
Phebe Cotton
Joseph Cotton
William J. Cotton
Sarah Cotton
Henry Cotton
Wiley Cotton
Ann Cotton
unk.
unk.
18
17
12
10
8
3
M
F
F
M
M
F
M
B
B
B
B
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
FarlIler
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
North Carolina
Virginia
Dudley Hill
Milly Hill
William A. Hill
James A. Hill
John A. Hill
Marshall A. Hill
Larus A. Hill
Charles D. Hill
Sarah A. Hill
Louisa B. Hill
Samuel Jones
Judith A. Jones
60
37
21
18
17
13
11
M
6
3
53
40
F
M
F
F
M
F
Benjamin Outland
Mary A. Outland
Edward Outland
Rosetta Outland
Rachel Outland
Cela A. Outland
Lafaett T. Outland
Joshua L. Outland
Catharine Outland
Albert Outland
Rosana Outland
50
M
10
Abraham Cotman
Anny M. Cotman
Wi Lliam H. Cotman
Amos Thomson
57
52
15
20
51
36
12
8
5
1
Farmer
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
F
M
William Weaver
Meary Weaver
Sarah Weaver
Meenerva T.-1eaver
Je sse Tileaver
Narsisa Weaver
Infant Weaver
f<l
Farmer
M
M
M
27
22
3
1
27
20
18
17
14
12
7
3
1
70
M
M
M
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
M
M
Lewis Scott
Meartha Scott
Christena Scott
Ransaler Scott
9
B
B
B
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
B
B
B
F
F
F
B
B
B
1"1
M
B
F
F
M
F
M
F
F
F
t>l
F
F
M
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer and
Blacksmith
Farmer
B
B
B
B
M
M
M
M
M
M
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
Virginia
Maryland
Indiana
Indiana
M
B
F
B
M
M
B
B
North Carolina
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
Farmer
70
Samuel Outland
Rachel Outland
Bias Outland
52
42
M
B
F
r~
7
M
M
vii 1 Us Crane
Percilla Crane
Isaiah Crane
William -N. Crane
Rebeca J. Crane
52
51
16
12
M
M
F
B
iii
M
M
8
F
Stephen Patterson
60
Elizabeth Patterson 16
F
Benjamin Skipworth
Charity Skipworth
Hannah Ski TJworth
Richard Skipworth
William Skipworth
George Brawdy
John Chavers
Catharine Chavers
John Chavers
Meahala Chavers
Levi Chavers
65
50
16
14
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Farmer
Farmer
Kentucky
Virginia
Ohio
Indiana
Indiana
B
B
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
I'1
B
Farmer
F
F
f1
Virginia
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Ohio
M
M
M
I"!
M
B
B
B
M
M
Farmer
31
I'1
F
M
M
Farmer
5
11
M
F
M
IV!
North Carolina
Tennessee
Indiana
Il1diana
Indiana
Laborer
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
'3
19
unk.
2
4/12
N
Job Felton
Judith Felton
Randal Felton
Meilton Felton
Meartha A. Felton
JohnW. Felton
Eli Felton
50
39
16
14
10
M
M
F
B
8
iVi
M
B
B
John Jones
Meartha A. Jones
Pleasant Jones
Betsy E. Jones
Agness Jones
Barrow Jones
Polly Jones
21
30
13
10
6
1'1
Farmer
Virginia
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Cl3.rolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
7
F
i'1
B
B
B
B
6/12
lYI
6/12
F
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Jacob Boon
Charity Boon
Meary Ann Boon
Jeremiah Weaver
Thomas weaver
Ann E. 'deaver
Elias !4eaver
50
50
13
49
12
M
B
F
F
M
11
[vi
M
F
B
B
M
B
Ambrose Chavers
Susana Chavers
.3tephen Ch8vers
JOht1 L. Chavers
ililliam H. Chavers
Josiah Chavers
James Drumgold
36
35
10
6
S
I1
M
:3
4
F
M
F
'f'"I
F
Laborer
M
l'l
'I'
IvI
Jii
1'1
Ivl
~'Il
4
i;~
.til
13
I'l
Farmer
Farmer
North Carolina
'rennessee
l'ennessee
I'er~t1essee
Indiana
Indiana
'renneS2ee
71
Thomas Clark
PreCilla Clark
Henry Clark
James F. Clark
IvIary J. Clark
Hugh Chavers
Mary Chavers
James H. Cannel
Meary E. Chavers
Josiah B. Chavers
Hugh Chavers, Jr.
30
23
6
2
8/12
M
i"i
F
63
4-5
14-
1"1
F
M
6
F
42
1'1
Farmer
Kentucky
'Tennessee
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
B
B
B
B
B
B
Farmer
Tennessee
Alabama
Alabama
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
unknown
Tennessee
Doctor
South Carolina
Tennessee
Indiana
Indiana
['i
F
iii
I'1
1'1
fV1
£1
James Headley
Louise Headley
unk.
20
11
B
F
B
John Renolds
Celia Renolds
Jacob i::)ena
John M. :3mith
90
4-7
16
rvI
8
F
B
1'1
M
B
11
M
M
M
M
Farmer
F
F
M
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Farmer
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
North Carolina
NOrth Carolina
Farmer
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
F8.rmer
B
Nettle Creek TownShip
Samuel Wood
Elizabeth Wood
Elizabeth Smothers
James Smothers
38
4-0
16
6
Jesse wood
Mary Wood
Octaves Smothers
Jane Smothers
27
21
11
M
F
3
N
1'4
1'1
1
F
M
Joseph I1ilton
Susana Milton
Robert Milton
July Ann Milton
Wi lliam l'1i 1 ton
wyla Milton
John W. Milton
Henry Milton
Isaac T. Milton
Eliza J. Milton
39
31
16
11
9
M
F
M
M
M
B
whitnid wilkins
Nancy iJi lkins
Philin Wood
Ann 'tIood
Samuel Wood
Martha ~tJood
Solomon \vood
F
Iv'!
M
1'1
I1
11
3
11
M
1
N
M
13
F
M
25
60
IvI
r1
F
1'<1
III
F
M
iVi
il'1
1'1
M
M
7
5
unk,
unk.
unk.
unk.
unk.
M
F
F
M
72
Necie A.ndrews
Jacklin Andrews
Jane Andrews
Mahala Andrews
Ludy Andrews
Peter Andrews
Nathan Andrews
Solomon Outland
Reny Outland
Hezekiah Outland
Sarah Outland
Solomon Outland
Eli Outland
Elizah Wilkins
Diana Sawyer
John Sawyer
Josephns Sawyer
40
19
16
10
9
7
9/12
46
40
19
F
N
F
F
F
M
1'>1
M
F
M
F
16
8
6
28
fiI
M
M
60
25
14
M
M
F
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Johnson Gibson
25
l'>1artha J. Gibson
16
Mary E. Gibson
8/12
Harriett E. Robison 6
M
F
F
F
B
B
B
B
Betsy Stafford
Perry Stafford
lvJ.aniah J. Stafford
Meriditte Stafford
Elizabeth Stafford
F
M
~1
H
1'1
M
M
F
1"l
M
11
F
F
M
M
M
M
Martin Scott
Eliza A. Scott
Mahala Scott
Giles L. Scott
Marion Scott
Lyda Scott
Richard Y. Scott
Wells White
Elen White
Eliza White
Emily White
55
:33
13
l6
15
50
26
10
8
7
6
5
unk.
unk.
17
11
Jeremiah Stafford
36
A my Stafford
28
Henry R. Stafford
13
George W. Stafford 11
Martin A. Stafford
9
Harriett E. Stafford 7
6
John W. Stafford
Rufus Stafford
5
Sarah A. Stafford
2
Jeremiah Stafford
1
F
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Virginia
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
North Carolina
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
North Carolina
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
B
B
B
B
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
M
Farmer
North Carolina
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
E
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
73
Branson Gibson
Eliza Gibson
Henry Gibson
Riley Gibson
James Gibson
Sarah J. Gibson
Ann Eliza Gibson
SUsan Smothers
William Smothers
Joseph H. Gllbson
32
27
10
8
6
Jesse Gibson
Rachel Gibson
Hampton Gibson
Bartlett Gibson
Rebeca J. Gibson
65
55
32
26
16
Isaac Wood
Sarah Wood
)0
25
Elias Watkin
Martha Watkin
Frances E. Watkins
Samuel Watkins
Ludy A. Watkins
Elias T. Watkins
Washington Ladd
Emily Ladd
Martha Ladd
George Smothers
Elisha Hurdle
July Ann Hurdle
Hiram Hurdle
Robert H. Hurdle
Wi i_lia.m C. Hurdle
Willard Hurdle
James scott
Hannah Scott
Eliazer Scott
Levi Scott
Anderson Scott
Rachel Scott
Ananias Scott
Sarah Scott
Gilyard Scott
Anny Scott
Scott
E 1 Ladd
Lida
4
2
6
M
B
F
M
N
M
M
M
1'1
M
F
F
M
M
Farmer
North Carolina
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Virginia
Virginia
North Carolina
F
£II
lVI
M
B
Farmer
M
B
Farmer
F
B
B
B
B
Farmer
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
M
M
Farmer
F
B
Virginia
North Carolina
)0
28
8
7
M
B
B
Farmer
4
F
1
M
B
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
1'1
B
M
Farmer
North Carolina
Virginia
Indiana
Virgtm,ia
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
4
J5
38
19
7/12
7
M
M
F
F
F
1"1
F
F
M
unk.
unk.
M
II
M
1'1
1"1
1'1
8
6
4
F
)6
30
M
I)
1'1
i'I
B
B
B
M
M
B
B
B
B
B
B
M
1'1
1'1
M
1'1
8
1'1
M
j
6
5
F
F
F
1.
1'1
6:
20
25
F
11
F
F
IV!
1'1
M
M
M
M
M
B
Farmer
North Carolina
Indiana
North Carolina
74
Eliza Ladd
Isaac M. Ladd
Ettico P. Ladd
20
3
1
Greenbery Scott
Rachel Scott
Sylvester Scott
Pervinaway Scott
John Ellis
Susana Ellis
Mesiam L. Ellis
Margarett A. Ellis
Samuel A. Ellis
F
B
M
M
B
B
27
20
5
2
M
1'1
1'1
1'1
26
23
5
3
1
111
F
fJi
1'1
F
F
F
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
North Carolina
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
Kentucky
Virginia
Kentucky
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Virginia
M
1'1
1'1
1'1
IV!
1"l
1'1
West River TownshiE
Alford Reed
Patsy Reed
James Reed
William Reed
Robert Reed
Alford Reed, Jr.
John W. Reed
William S. Birch
Elizabeth Birch
Jenny Reed
66
53
21
17
16
11
7
William Martin
Isabel Martin
George Martin
Nary A. l'4a.rtin
William "'II. Martin
James A. Martin
Ellen F. l"lartin
James Martin
M
1'1
F
1>'1
M
M
M
lWi
1'1
N
1'1
1'1
1'1
1'1
M
1'1
:j
N
7
F
F
33
26
10
1'1
8
IV!
6
F
1'-1
3
i"l
M
1"l
F
F
1'1
88
6/12
17
F
{vI
Farmer
Farmer
B
1'1
11
1'1
Farmer
11'1
Tennessee
Kentucky
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Ohio
Indiana
Tennessee
Sarah Scott
iiilbeforce Scott
Angeline Scott
George Scott
Miah Scott
50
F
)VI
9
IV!
jJI
7
3
2
F
M
1'1
1'1
1-1
1'1
Thomas Robinson
Isabelle Robinson
Sarah C. Robinson
Thomas Hobinson
Wanut Robinson
Imattian Robinson
51
47
12
1'1
Shoemaker
8
,:VI
6
2
11
1'1
B
B
B
B
B
B
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Faman nIilkerson
Sarah A. 'wilkerson
27
23
11
F
1'1
1'1
Farmer
Tennessee
Ohio
F
F
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
75
Elizabeth 'wilkerson 5
Nat ;-Jumeo l'liklerson 5/12
George Newby
Agnes Newby
El1iana iN. Newby
F
1'1
F
M
49
M
F
B
B
B
Blacksmith
38
13
North Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Farmer
iii
M
M
M
M
l'Ii
M
11
1'1
Farmer
Farmer
i\lorth Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
IvI
B
Farmer
F
Lvi
North Carolina
'Tennessee
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Farmer
South Carolina
rrennessee
I!1diana
Indiana
!'1atthew Shaffer
Rhoda Shaffer
Anderson Shaffer
Jackson Shaffer
James Shaffer
Sarah A. Shaffer
18
17
Alexander Will.iams
Catharine Williams
Thomas WiLliams
Elias lliilliams
'Net tz A. WiLliams
George ','1. ':iilliams
dilliam ~. Williams
Alexander Willia'TIs
Stephen ,n lliams
37
28
13
11_
3
6
5
3
'rhomas Wilkinson
XU lle ~Hlkinson
.John Wilkinson
Lydia Ham:i.1 ton
Robert
1"1
62
M
4~
'J
F
10
8
111
M
IV!
.~l
1"1
11
11
1'1
i'1
1'1
1
IV]
1'<1
62
55
20
1'!
IiI
F
M
B
B
17
F
II[
22
/i
22
B
B
1/12
F
F
Sarah Ladd
r'iartha \.,add
Benjamin Ladd
43
65
24
F
F
B
III
B
Nathan Ward
Catharine ~.jard
Jane "lard
53
35
25
11
B
M
~·Ia.rd
o-Jard
El.iza !lard
\Janey
Ha~lUel
;.~ard
'Ilannah A. 'vlard
Lucy A. Bowlin
Joseph Bowlin
Ed.ward Bmv 1.in
Sarah W. Bowlin
Thomas Bowlin
Isaac II'!. Bowlin
Lucy Camey
Robert :I/ard
Nancy Ward
F
Ivr
1"1
F
F
,jorth C'3.rolina
Carolina
,\lorth Carolina
~ijorth
Farmer
l~orth Carolina
:Jew Jersey
New Jersey
Indiana
Indiana
Ohio
Ohio
Ohlo
Indiana
Inl1iana
Indiana
New Jersey
Farmer
Indiana
Indiana
B
B
B
9
M
~1
7
F
1
76
M
F
1-1
1'1
1'1
1"1
F
~YJ
III
1'1
JV]
Indi3na
Indi:::tua
Indiana
B
1'1
4
Farmer
11
13
15
13
11
M
Indiana
Indiana
27
11
B
18
F
B
76
Richard Robbins
51
Susan Robbins
27
Elwood Robbins
23
John Robbins
16
Reuben Robbins
13
Simon Robbins
12
Celia Robbins
7
,.i111iam C. Robbins 1/12
Isom Davis
William C. Davis
Lorenzo D. Davis
Luositia C. Davis
Louisa Davis
55
18
16
7
5
l'1
F
jl'!
M
1'1
Iv!
B
B
B
B
B
B
M
M
B
B
B
B
B
i',
Farmer
Farmer
B
B
F
F
F
F
Blacksmith
Fg,rmer
l-Jorth Carolina
North Carolina
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Virginia
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
"~'''~5;'_; :pcx .
'~>~:,~
M,GRATION' '~~ROUTES
WESTWARD
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INDIANAPOLIS
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TRAIL CODE 5 :
-- ........
••••••
GRE'AT EMIGRANT ROAD
Pl.;,.... -to CiMein"Lti & LouisviJle
____-A'____________
CUMBE'RLAND 'ROAD
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GA.
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KANAWAH ROUTE
'Ft. Chiswel/, V4. to 'Pt, Plea.sQllt. W.Va..
'BOONE'S TRAIL.
SCLI/sb",':J' N·C. 1:0 Boof1esboro, K'j.
Triout"-r'j &
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CABIN CREEK
Levi Coffin's house fitly was called the Grand
Central Station of the Underground Railroad. Three
routes from the Ohio River converged in Fountain
City. Three lines, two in Indiana. and one in Ohio,
smuggled runaways noMhward.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books and Articles:
Anscombe, Francis Charles, I Have Called You Friends: The
story of Quakerism in North Carolina, (Boston: Christopher
Publishing house, 1959).
Boykin, James H., The Negro in North Carolina Prior to 1861,
(New York: Pageant Press, Inc., 1958).
Coffin, Levi, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, (Cincinnati:
Clark and Co., 1880).
Robert
Elliott, Errol T., Quakers of the American Frontier, (Richmond;
Indiana: The Friends United Press, 1969).
Hamilton, Joe, "From Slavery to Respected Farmer, Demory's Life
Charmed,"p. 1, The Randolph County Reporter, Vol. ), No. 26,
(1969).
Knollenberg, Bernhard, Pioneer Sketches of U Der Whitewater Valle
uaker Stron hold of the West, Indianapolis: Indiana
Historical Society, 19 5 .
Lyda, John W., The Negro in the History of Indiana, (Terre Haute,
195).
Rosenberg, Morton and Dennis McClurg, The Politics of Pro-Slavery
Sentiment in Indiana, 1816-1861, Ball state Monograph No. 12,
Publications in History, No. ), (Muncie: Ball Sta.te Univ.,
1968) •
Singleton, George A., The Romance of African Methodism: A study
£f the African Methodist Episcopal Church, (New York: Exposition Press, 1952).
Smith, John L. and ~ee L. Driver, Past and Presen~ of Randolph
County, (Indi~napolis: A.W. Bowen and Co., 1914}.
Thornbrough, EIILrna Lou, ,31nce Emancipation: A Short History of
Indiana Negroes, 186)-lQ6), (Indiana Division, A.merican
Jegro Ema c1ci pati on Centennial Authori ty, 1 :)6) ) •
Thornbrough, Emma. Lou, The ,\legro in Indiana: A study of a
Mtnoritl, (Indiana Historical Bureau, l~57).
Tucker, E., Hi story of Randolph Cou!!!x, (Indiana, 1 (:382) .
82
Government Records:
Microfilm cony of the Seventh Census of the U~ited states,
1~50, Nettle Creek Townshi9, Randolnh County, Indiana.
(dashington D. C.)
-,.
Microfilm copy of the Seventh Census of the Un~ted states, 1350,
stoney Creek fownshin. Randolnh County, Indiana. (~ashington
D.
C.)
Microfilm copy of the Seventh Census of the United 3tates, 1850,
West River Township, Randolph County, Indiana.
(Washington
D.
C.)
Microfilm copy of the Tenth Census of the Unjted states,
Mixed Codes, R-423, Ohio. (~ashington, D. C.)
:'IiGrofl1'G
c':.)~)y
~f
!~~i8:'ent;·!
~·jixed. Code~:,
Information
throu~h
?-:~1n,
l3~O,
Censu::: of tbe U'11ted)tates,
('!r3.'~hin5tot' D. C.)
~·~pV]tUc.l{y.
correspondence:
Mrs. Mildred Gadd, Hl South 14th st., Richmond, Indiana,
letter received, July ~, lq71.
Mr. C.E. Charles, R.R.#l, Economy, Indiana, letter received
July '3, 1971.
l'IJrs. ('IIary Ellen Pic'K"l.e, 2720 i"lcCal 1
received August 5, 1971.
3t., Dayton, Ohio, letter
InterViews:
Mrs. Bessie Reed - R.R.*l, Modoc, Indiana
Mrs. Clara Sawyer - R.R.#2, Farmland, Indiana
Mr. and Mrs. Walter Lytle - R.R.#2, Farmland, Indiana
J:Jr s • Josephine Moore - R.R.#l, Modoc, Indiana
'(,
Mrs. Anna Mae B<3ker - 432 Hillcrest Ave., Richmond, Indiana
Mr. C. E. Charles, R.R.#l, Economy, Indiana
Mr. Glenn Stafford - 121.4 00uth L 3t., Richmond, Indiana