Three-Dimensional Mapping –
Conceptions and Challenges
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Temenoujka Bandrova
Bulgarian Cartographic Association
tbandrova@abv.bg
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Introduction
Users of 3D Maps
Contents of the 3D Maps
Sources for the 3D Maps
Data Processing
Classification of Mapping Objects
Generalization
Accuracy
Photo-texturing
TECHNOLOGIES
CONTENTS
• 3D cartographic symbol system
• Virtual Camera and Animation
• Publishing
• Conclusions
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INTRODUCTION
• Maps are one of the most commonly used tools for
presenting information on the Earth collected from
different sources.
• The 3D models collect knowledge about the real word
and thus our communication with users is easier.
• The improved photo-realism of the 3D maps makes
them easy accessible to a wide range of users: from
the youngest pupils to highly skilled specialist from
different fields of the science and practice.
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3D maps – USERS
• City planning
and architecture
3D modelling of а part of Varna city in Bulgaria by DavGeo Ltd.
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3D maps – USERS
3D mapping for architectural needs
The project is
realized in
Laboratory of
Cartography
and Faculty of
Architecture,
UACEG, Sofia
by Kremena
Bojanova
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3D maps – created
for different usage
• Education in
schools and
universities
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3D maps –
created for different usage
• Land
management and
cadastre
• Land
use
3D modelling of а part of Varna city in Bulgaria by DavGeo Ltd.
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3D maps –
created for
different usage
Telecommunicatio
ns
Design and
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advertisement
3D maps –
created for different usage
• Tourist offices
• City Archives
• Architecture
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3D Maps for Architectural Purposes
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www.gis-sofia.bg
3D project for tourist needs – Borovets,
Gulabin Sredkov, UACEG, Sofia
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3D maps –
created for different usage
• Transport services
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3D maps –
created for different usage
• Crises
management
• Police
• Military
• Fire
3D model of New York (http://www.metroblocks.com)
management
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3D maps –
created for different usage
3D model created by Institute
of Planetary Exploration, DLR
• Environment
pollution
• Water resources
• Flood mapping
• Crises management
• Risks Prevention Plans
• Long-term Monitoring
• Flood early warning
• Meteorology
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3D maps –
for Google Earth
applications
The project is realized
in Laboratory of
Cartography,
UACEG, Sofia
by Mladen Nikolov
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The concrete contents of the 3D
map is designed after the definition
of objects and phenomena that will
be included. It could be subdivided
into three themes:
Main contents
Secondary contents
Additional contents
Main contents
Large topographic or landscape
objects such as relief bodies, roads,
buildings etc. Most designed 3D
maps, presented by different
companies in the world represent it.
3D model of New York (http://www.metroblocks.com)
Secondary contents
Secondary content, carrying the
basic information. For example in
3D urban maps – objects,
represented by symbols – traffic
signs, facilities, transport elements,
information signs, trees, etc.
3D map “a street in Vienna”, created by ICG, TUGraz and 3D symbols
created by T. Bandrova
Additional contents
Additional content, providing the
quality and quantity information about
objects, often created as a textual
database, regarding each of designed
objects or the map as a whole.
Sources for
the 3D map
• paper topographic or
cadastral maps
• photogrammetric or
surveying data
• digital 2D map
• topographic information,
measurements, architecture
drawings etc.
• digital or paper photos
• 3D symbol system
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The small pictures can be
put together with the help
of some typical and highly
distinctive points, which
present in both pictures
that must be connected
When we get the whole image,
then we proceed to vectorize.
DTM
Creation of TIN
Input elevations
Vector contour
lines
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Code
Name of type object
object
1000
Situation
1100
Geodetic base
1110
1120
Astronomic point
Triangulation point
1130
1131
1132
1133
Polygon point (PP)
PP, stabilized by a wooden picket
PP, stabilized by a concrete block
PP, stabilized by an iron tube
1140
--1500
1510
1520
1521
--1527
--2000
--3000
--4000
---
Axis point
Transport objects
Railway
Roads
Highway
Shaped pathway
Hydrographic objects
Relief
Pipelines
…
Classification of
mapping objects
The basic types,
kinds and subkinds objects hierarchy-code
presentation
European
standards for
exchange of
information
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Generalization
Automatic – formal selection, smooth
and filtration, according formal criteria
Dynamic – for animation presentation
and track out the development of the
phenomena in the space and time
Interactive – complex of the traditional,
automatic and time generalization
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Accuracy in objects representation
•Accuracy in reference (location)
•Thematic accuracy
•Semantic accuracy
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Accuracy in object location
- accuracy of
measurements and
data capture
- scale of 2D map
- method of sources
processing
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Thematic accuracy
- data base – quality of statistical
data, methods of capture and
processing
- data transformation – selection,
classification and data references
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Semantic accuracy
- symbols define the objects
- realistic and informatively
representations
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Photo-texturing
Photos from street level – for buildings facades
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Photo-texturing
textures after image processing
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Texturing
Software library texturing - areas symbols
Grass
Pavements
Roads
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A technology for designing of 3D maps
“From Paper to Virtual Map”
Preparation of Sources for Map Creation
Converting of Sources in Digital Form
Including Third Coordinates
Reconstruction of Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
Designing of Main Content (buildings, streets etc.)
3D Symbolization of the 3D Map
Preparation of Photo textures
Photo-Realistic Visualization of 3D Map
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A technology for designing of 3D maps
Preparation of Sources for Map Creation
Converting of Sources in Digital Form
Including Third Coordinates
Flood
Reconstruction of Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
Designing of Main Content (buildings, streets etc.)
3D Symbolization of the 3D Map
Preparation of Photo textures
Photo-Realistic Visualization of 3D Map
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3D City Maps – Flood mapping
Topography
3D statistical sources
DTM
Database for animation
3D buildings
Crises management
Streets, Bridges
Early warning
Rivers
1D Hydraulics Model
Land use
2D surface water model
For users – providing a highly efficient system as the benefits
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• Data Gathering for Model Construction
• Data Vectorising
• Construction of Digital Terrain Model
• Modeling of Objects from the Situation
• Adding Textures and Lights
3D map for publishing Virtual animated map
• Photorealistic
visualisation
• Creation of 2D
symbolic
system
• Rendering of
3D map
• Choosing
camera and
path
• Configuration
of settings
• Creation of
animated map
3D map for internet
application
pp
• Creation of
VRML file
• Programming
of interactive
appl.
• Export of
JAVA applet
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SYMBOL CREATION
(1st developed theory of 3D cartographic symbol system in 1996)
1. gathering information for an object;
2. analyzing information and collecting data for each
object;
3. designing symbols by visual and metric analysis
applying computer graphics techniques;
4. visualizing symbols in virtual environment;
5. obtaining synthesized information for an object.
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2D objects in 3D maps – a step in
virtual mapping
geometry of area symbol +
texture = 2D object for using
in a 3D map
- disadvantage
- advantage - high
realism, quick and cheap way
for object creating in a 3D
map.
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Creating of sub-objects
The symbol, represented
a bridge contains seven
sub-objects. Very often
the sub-objects are
created as 2D geometrical
shapes. For some of
objects is not important
one of three dimensions
(it is multiple smaller then
others two dimensions in
reality). They are
presented as 2D shapes.
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200 Symbols are Designed
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Symbols for objects in settlements and
geodetic base
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Symbols for industry, transport and plants
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L
d = 2 L.tg
d
α
2
d
L
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Levels of Details
Symbol
Dim ensions
(m )
Gas-station
2,0 / 1,3 / 0,4
Traffic
lights
3,0 / 0,9 / 0,6
Electric
lamp
8,0 / 2,2 / 0,5
Bank
2,0 / 0,8 / 0,1
Road sign
Shaft
Tree
3,5 / 0,9 / 0,1
0,5 / 0,5 / 0,05
3,0 / 3,0 / 0,0
Level of
details
Near
Middle
Far
Near
Middle
Far
Near
Far
Distance of
appearing
(m )
50
100
600
75
200
500
300
600
Near
Far
Near
Far
Far
Far
100
200
75
200
75
600
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3D Modeling of complex objects
for cartographic needs
The project is
realized in
Laboratory of
Cartography,
UACEG, Sofia
by Aleksandra
Todorova
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The project is
realized in
Laboratory of
Cartography,
UACEG, Sofia
by Aleksandra
Todorova
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Virtual Camera - an element of
3D map
Focal
Visual
distance
angle,
F, mm
degree
200
10,286
135
15,189
85
23,913
50
39,598
35
54,432
28
65,470
24
73,740
20
83,974
15
100,385
9, 867
200 mm
135 mm
85 mm
50 mm
35 mm
28 mm
24 mm
20 mm
15 mm
175,000
Virtual cameras with
typical focus distances
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Choosing camera and path
f = 43.456 mm
FOV = 45°
Choosing camera and path
If the length of the road is 35
m, and the speed of the
camera is 1,5 m/s, this
means that the road will be
completed in 23 seconds. As
a final variant a video
extension in .avi format is
created
Rendering of 3D map
The aim of current day is to gather data, to proceed,
edit, manipulate and use it for multifunctional purpose
and for different kinds of users. The users need this
data as well as its appropriate visualization.
This project give us evidence that if we think how to
gather data and have clear ideas how this data will be
used, we will lose minimum time, effort and with
minimum financial support we will have several
different results.
The proposed technology “3D Multifunctional
Cartographic Model” could help the idea of modern
cartography to fill up the needs of many specialists
with tree-dimensional data with applications in 3
aspects: traditional paper mapping visualization,
Internet presentation and virtual animated mapping.
The next task is connected to find more applications
and reduce the time and all machine and human
sources for final model creation and visualization.
4th INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON
CARTOGRAPHY & GIS
&
Seminar with EU cooperation on Early
Warning and Disaster / Crisis Management
June 18-22, 2012
Albena, Bulgaria
http://www.cartography-gis.com
January 10, 2012
Deadline of Abstract Submission
CONFERENCE TOPICS:
GIS TECHNOLOGIES AND RELATED
DISCIPLINES
CARTOGRAPHY AND GIS IN EDUCATION
INTERNET CARTOGRAPHY AND DIGITAL
ATLASES
PLANETARY CARTOGRAPHY
MAP DESIGN AND PRODUCTION
CARTOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION
VIRTUAL GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
GIS FOR CITY TRAFFIC
GPS TECHNOLOGIES
January 10, 2012
Deadline of Abstract Submission
SEMINAR TOPICS:
EUROPEAN CONCEPTS FOR CRISES
MANAGEMENT (CM) AND EARLY WARNING (EW)
VISUALIZATION OF GEODATA AND
GEOINFORMATION IN CM AND EW
GIS IN EARLY WARNING AND CRISES
MANAGEMENT
USER NEEDS AND CONTEXT MAPPING
FROM DISCOVERY TO FULL
INTEROPERABILITY IN CM AND EW
SDI AND CM: INSPIRE INFLUENCE
"SPEAKING THE SAME LANGUAGE - SEMANTIC
ASPECTS OF CM"
SENSOR MAPPING FOR EW AND CM
Welcome in Albena!
June 18-22, 2012, Albena,
Exhibition
A special
exhibition of maps,
cartographic
products, GIS,
hardware and
software will be
held in the
framework of the
Conference.
Language
The official
language of the
Conference is
English.
ISI Web of
Science,
Thomson
Reuters
The organizers
will apply for
index of the
Conference
Proceedings into
the ISI Web of
Science database.
http://www.cartography-gis.com
/
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Temenoujka Bandrova
Bulgarian Cartographic Association
tbandrova@abv.bg
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