URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:
BOGOTA, COLOMBIA
by
Jose Enrique Robledo
B. Arch., Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
1970
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Master of Architecture in Advanced Studies
at
the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
June, 1976
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Department of Architecture, May 7, 1976
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Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students
Archives
AUG 16 1976
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS-BOGOTA, COLOMBIA - EVALUATION OF THREE SELECTED CASES
by Jose Enrique Robledo
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 7, 1976,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Architecture in Advanced Studies
ABSTRACT
This is a study of existing urban dwelling environments in Bogota, Colombia.
The study provides a reference for the understanding of dwelling environments
of the urban areas and is intended as a tool for the formulation of housing
policies in Bogota, Colombia.
The case study analysis is based on a methodology developed in the Urban
Settlement Design in Developing Countries Program.
An urbanization proposal is developed, based on the case studies. The proposal
provides a set of alternative guidelines for urban land subdivision and land
utilization in Bogota.
Thesis Supervisor: Horacio Caminos
Title: Professor of Architecture
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I gratefully acknowledge the valuable
guidance, criticism, and advice of Professor
Horacio Caminos in the study and elaboration
of this work during the second year of my
studies, as well as the preparation received
from him during the first year. I am grateful to Reinhard Goethert for his assistance
and help, and to all
my condisciples for
their collaboration.
I wish to show my gratitude to the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and ICETEX for the
financial support in the accomplishment of
this study.
I am also grateful to the Directives of
Instituto de Crddito Territorial and
specially to Architect Cecilia Alvarez
Pereira for the material, facilities and
information received; Empresas de Acueducto
y Alcantarillado,y Energia Eldctrica de
Bogotd for their specialized information;
Architect Fernando Ruiz Gutierrez for his
bibiliographic materials and personal knowledge of facts; Architect Arturo Perez in
developing the photographs; my sister Carola
Robledo Ocampo for gathering last minute
information, and Elizabeth Steeves for
revision of the English text.
The photograph credits belong to Architect
Arturo Robledo Ocampo, Movifoto of Medellin,
and Josd Enrique Robledo Ocampo.
COPYRIGHT Q1976, Urban Settlement Design in
Developing Countries. M.I.T.
All rights reserved; no section may be
reproduced by any means without the written
permission of the author.
Finally I am grateful to my wife Silvia for
the typing of this work and for her continuous support during the process of time of
this study.
CONTENTS
PREFACE
(1)
INTRODUCTION
(2)
URBAN CONTEXT
CIUDAD KENNEDY
(3)
(8)
CASE STUDIES:
(12)
Superblock 6A
Superblock 2
(20)
(26)
Experimental Plan
Superblock 2 & Experimental Plan Utility Services
(34)
PROPOSAL
(34)
Design Criteria
Proposal Plan
(35)
Design Goals
(36)
Proposal Plan: Land Subdivision
(38)
Land Use
Proposal Land Use Plan
(39)
Dwelling Units
(40)
Proposal Block Plan: Dwelling Units
Proposal Utility Services
(37)
(41)
(42)
(44)
EVALUATION
Aspects of Development Charts
(44)
Criteria
for Evaluation
(44)
Land Utilization: Patterns, Percentages, Densities
BACK MATTER
Glossary
(46)
Explanatory Notes
Bibliography
(50)
(50)
(32)
(45)
PREFACE
(1)
PREFACE
This work proposes to evaluate Urban Dwelling Environments using the methodology,
judgement.
The plans were almost totally
furnished by I.C.T. maps and air photographs
procedures and format developed in the
program "Urban Settlement Design in Devel-
by Instituto Geografico "Agustin Codazzi."
oping Countries," directed by Professor
NOTE OF THE AUTHOR:
Horacio
intend in any manner to discredit the work
done by others, nor to propose unique or
conclusive solutions.
It only intends to
describe a real fact and to compare it with
a possible alternative in terms of land use
with the honest purpose of calling attention
Caminos.
With this
purpose
superblocks of Ciudad Kennedy in
three
Bogota,
were chosen each one of them with different
types of dwellings.
In the first part of
the work the city is introduced within the
context of land utilization,
as well as the
chosen locality
as it
relates
to the whole
city.
There follows a description of the
city in
its
physical aspects as a result of
topographic, economic and social
description of the locality in
aspects;
layout,
utilization and circulation system;
land
a
description of each superblock from the
point of view of land subdivision, land
utilization, dwellings and infrastructure
services; and finally a proposal in two of
the superblocks evaluated as a reference
and comparison with the existing situation.
This work may be used as a reference for
evaluating and studying any urban dwelling
environment and to formulate new policies
for a better land utilization in order to
reduce costs of urbanization and to provide
more efficient services and utilities.
The majority of information for this work,
together with the field surveys and some of
the photographs, were collected by the
author in the city of Bogota during the
summer vacation of 1975.
Some other inform-
ation was received during the elaboration of
the final work; the information not available was submitted according to the author's
to
a matter that
This study does not
has been overlooked.
Fina-
lly I wish to be excused for any inaccurate
information or involuntary deviation from
truth.
(2)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
INTRODUCTION
BOGOTA, THE METROPOLIS:
The rapid and
uncontrolled growth of Bogota simultaneously has contributed to a larger
enrichment of the rich and to a more
serious situation for the poor, with the.
consequent increase of criminality and
social discontent.
The advantages and opportunities that a big
city affords become nullified because of
the endless number of disadvantages due to
pollution, congestion, insecurity, unemployment and too high expectations.
In
the
physical aspect and on a large scale, the
labors of private urbanizers and public
agencies, seconded by illegal urbanizers.
extend the city as an enormous carpet
without the convenient supply of efficient
services.
In other cases these services
are overdesigned and community
facilities ironically sub-utilized often
with waste of public areas and considerable
enlargement of distances within the city,
hence increasing the urbanization costs
that in the end will be absorbed by the
users themselves.
In this aspect and because of its magnitude,
growth and transformation circumstances,
location and self-sufficiency, Ciudad
Kennedy is presented as a clear point of
reference to the city of Bogota.
It is also
considered an important locality since it
is a concrete example of hard contrasts and
reflects in a concentrated way the existing
situation of the greater Bogota.
CIUDAD KENNEDY:
THE CITY WITHIN THE CITY.
Ciudad Kennedy occupies the land that used
to belong to the former airport of Bogota
The disin the western part of the city.
tance between it and downtown Bogota is
nearly 9 kilometers and the extension of the
jurisdiction of the great Ciudad Kennedy is
about 405 hectares.
The preliminary work was initiaORIGINS:
ted in 1962, when John F. Kennedy was
President of the United States and funds
were easily obtainable through the "Alianza para el Progreso," as well as the ColomA
bian Government and the private sector.
populators
first
considerable part of its
were refugees who came from the countryside
violence, and
escaping from the political
most of its population belongs to migration from other regions of the country.
The entire population is located in the
The dwellings
medium and low incomes.
are composed of multifamily buildings,
smaller buildings, and individual dwellings.
The construction systems were diverse, such,
as self-construction, direct administration
by I.C.T., dwellings given to the users
without being finished, plan for buyer-investor and I.C.T., plan for workers etc.
The communal equipment is sufficiently
complete and the supply of all services
covers most of the great Ciudad Kennedy.
Because of its magnitude and importance it
constitutes the first satellite city of
Bogota, and thus Ciudad Kennedy was created
as a Minor Jurisdiction of Bogota under a
Minor Mayor who controls annexed areas.
BOGOTA, COLOMBIA
URBAN
1.
CONTEXT
Bogota is
located on the eastern part
of the fertile and extensive plateau called
Sabana de Bogota" in the Eastern Mountain
chain, one of the three branches of the
Andes in the Colombian territory. The
geographical situation of the city is
considerably central in relation to the rest
of the country. Latitude is 40 35' 56.57"
North and longitude, 740 04' 51.13" West.
The average temperature is 140 C, corresponding the equinox to the rain periods and the
solstice to dry and warm periods.
2. The city was founded in 1538 by Gonzalo
Jimenez de Quesada, in his search for El
Dorado, after reducing to submission the
Chibcha inhabitants who were the most
advanced indigenous civilization in territory of Colombia. From that epoch on, the
city began developing with its three main
population groups: the Spanish colonist,
the native, and the mestee. After going
through several stages, among them being
the capital of the vast colonial empire
that included Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela
and Panama, Bogota then became the capital
of the Republic of Colombia and of the
Department of Cundinamarca, and at last
the Special District of Bogota.
3. In 1972 the annual family income was
U.S. $ 1,900. The population able to work
represents 30.1% of the total; 62.7% of
that percentage corresponds to white collar
workers and 12.8% are laborers. The
manufacturing industry is 25% of the total
national gross. The construction of
buildings occupied 90% of the construction
industry in the period 1960-70.
Of the
population able to work 16.1% does not
have a job; the participation of the city
in the internal national gross product
fluctuates between 20% and 30%.
BOGOTA, COLOMBIA: The central part of Bogoth is
plenty of contrasts and mixture of uses: colonial
and new buildings; low income housing by the side
of multifamily high-rise for higher incomes; hotels
and slums; offices and diversion, all of them sometimes found in the tame concentrated area.
(4)
4.
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
replaced the system of fixed quota in
acquiring properties. In 1970 the value of
a minimum complete dwelling was calculated
in U.S. $1,200 with a minimum required
monthly income of U.S. $ 60 for credit.
From these figures it is evident that only
35% of urban families can afford a minimum
complete dwelling. The accumulative deficit
of dwelling units until 1970 was 135,000
units and it has been estimated that there
will be an accumulative deficit of 310,000
units before 1980, with a resulting deficit
Bogota is the seat of the National
Government, of the
city itself.
Department, and of the
It became Special District
in order to control the growth of the
city and to acquire domain and
jurisdiction over its neighboring municipalities.
Bogota is ruled by a Major
Mayor, a Council and 17 Minor Mayors.
5. In 1975 the estimated population was
3,740,000, the average annual increase is
6.8% from which 29% is attributed to
units per year with
to 15,000 units being built by
and Public Organizations. The
existing dwelling is estimated
of 70,000
rest
natural population growth and the
to migration. Of the total, 39% are under
15 years of age and 34.5% are between 15
and
34 years of age.
urban
The average
density is 125 persons per hectare.
6.
with a cost of U.S.
$15 Mt
2
only 10,000
Government
minimum
2
at 40 Mts.
.
In 1972 in Colombia the ethnic divi-
sions were represented by
percentages:
5% natives
blacks.
In Bogota
indigenous, and
4,000.000
NORTH
3,000.000
2.000.000
WIND
1,000.000
500,000
250,000
TEMPERATURE
45C
JUL
OCT
JAN
APR
0
37C
1500
21C
DC
URBAN POPULATION GROWTH
C
1
vertical: population
horizontal: dates
,2
K
100'.
75*.
5%
so'.
the white percentage
25'.
a'.
increases considerably, while the percentage of mestee decreases due to the many
European
type inhabitants, and because
RAIN
Bogota was one of the most important
cities in
400mm
300mm
Latin America chosen by the
Spanish for their
colonies.
200mm
The percent-
I100mm
ages of incomes reflect the situation of
those of the ethnic groups, with the white
population having incomes more than U.S.
$ 170 and the minorities U.S. $70 per
located in the western part,
25'. 20
200mm
.,mm
15
10
5
M 0 F
5
10
15
40
30
25%.
20
URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
horizontal: percentages
females: F
males: M
vertical: ages
25000
U
U
Others
and a
5000
the foothills of the
BOGOTA, COLOMBIA: opposite pacje (top left) Plaza
The core of the city in
de Bolivar and cathedral.
which surroundings the National Government along
with the Eclesiastic Command are concentrated, in
the background the eastern hills.
.ON
000
SUN
There are lots without services found
(clandestine urbaniza-
tions) with prices as low as U.S.
The minimum area allowed
for lots
10000
few
mountains that border the city on the east.
The higher incomes tend to live to the
north and very few are located near the
center of the city.
in "Barrios Piratas
50
tenements from the
center to the south of the city.
8.
60
and
or squatter settlements,
of them lean against
70
10
SNOW
400mm
7. The lowest income groups composed in
majority of country people are located
mainly in the southern part of the city
are
0
20
300mm
are pressed together in
g0
0mm
month.
in "tugurios,"
1970
1900
1700
HUMIDITY
the following
20% white population, 70%
mestee,
BOGOTA, 4* 35' 56.57"N
2
(top right) Public-Built multifamily walk-ups for
middle income in the inner city.
$4,50 Mt .
according
to statute of the council of 1965-1967 was
2
65 Mts , but there are lots of 7 by 7 Mts.
The
found in clandestine urbanizations.
system of increasing amortization has
Tugurios along the foothills in the
(bottom left)
southern part of the city.
(bottom center) Prefabricated houses for very low
incomes in the southern part.
(bottom right) High income houses in large lots in
the northern part.
NORTH
i i
I I
IIPiLA
I
50%
PLN
40
nnv
30
20
10
URBAN ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION
horizontal: percentages
vertical: dollars
250
0
0
---VIE
Ole
Ad
.
a
1-0
9"
AI
(6)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
U
5
10
1:250000
KEY
AREAS
A
*
URBAN
Airport
Primary Road
RESIDENTIAL
Railroad
COMMERCIAL
Built-up Area
INDUSTRIAL
CIUDAD KENNEDY
TOPOGRAPHY AND CIRCULATION
URBAN
LAND USE PATTERN
15Km
URBAN CONTEXT
U
5
10
(7)
15Km
1:250000
SOURCES:
CONTEXT
URBAN
Climate:
(accurate) SERVICIO
COLOMBIANO DE METEREOLOGIA,
1975.
Urban Population Growth: (accurate) BOGOTA, .SU DESARROLLO Y PRESERVACION DEL
MEDIO AMBIENTE, 1971.
D.A.N.E., 1976.
Urban Population Distribution: (accurate) D.A.N.E., 1976.
Urban Annual Income Distribution: (accurate) BOGOTA, SU DESARROLLO Y PRESERVACION DEL
DATES
INCOMES
1938
LOW
MEDIO AMBIENTE.
Photographs:
1958
MEDIUM
Urban Topography and Circulation:
1972
E HIGH
Urban Land Use Pattern:
Urban Income Pattern:
Urban Growth Pattern:
URBAN
INCOME PATTERN
URBAN
GROWTH PATTERN
General Information:
MOVIFOTO MEDELLIN. ARTURO
ROBLEDO OCAMPO, 1976.
(accurate) PLANO DE LA
CIUDAD DE BOGOTA, INSTITUTO
GEOGRAFICO "AGUSTIN CODAZZI",
1971.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL,
FACULTAD DE ARTES, 1975.
(accurate) PLANO ESTUDIO
SOBRE FILTRACION EN
BOGOTA, 1975.
(accurate) BOGOTA, SU DESARROLLO Y PRESERVACION
DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE, 1971.
CONCEJO DE BOGOTA, 1960.
EL FUTURO DE BOGOTA, 1974.
see Bibliography.
(8)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
90
so
70
0
50
40
30
20
10
25% 20
15
10
5 M a F 5
10
15
20
25
LOCALITY POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
horizontal: percentages
males: M
females: F
vertical: ages
POPULATION:
In 1976, the total population
of the great Ciudad Kennedy was estimated
600,000. 98.5% of the families have come
from other parts of the city.
There are
113 women for every 100 men and the
predominance is more evident in the eldest
groups.
25000
10000
5000
1000
500
250
0
50%
40
30
20
10
0
LOCALITY ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION
horizontal: percentages
vertical: dollars
INCOME:
The average household income is
about U.S. $ 120.
25% of the families have
monthly incomes less than U.S. $ 65, and
13% less than U.S. $ 15. 45% of the total
population is able to work and 18% does
not have a job.
CIUDAD KENNEDY, Bogota:
(top left) Commercial street
with small dwellings numberless adapted to variety
of uses.
(top right) Commercial Street. The dwellings are
transformed according to the economical well-being
and private initiative of the people.
(bottom)
Air view looking towards the West.
In the
foregroung the Experimental Plan is under construction. Farther, the Superblock 2.
CEUDAD
KENNEDY
(9)
The locality is clearly identifiable from the neighboring localities due
to the main streets that bound it and the
interior street system that unifies the
LAYOUT:
layout. At sight, it is difficult to
appreciate the enormous size of the locality
because of the system of few superblocks,
each one with its own identity, independent
of one another, and separated each one from
the rest by wider streets.
Unlike these
streets there are narrow streets serving the
interior of each superblock and the
frequency between them depends on the
'INN
dimension of the lots.
The concept of superblock appears more clearly on those with
multi-family buildings due to less fragmentation by interior streets, continuity
of open spaces and rigidity of the buildings.
0
"0
1:10000
100
10
500m
The dwellings in private lots appear more
transformed and enlarged in the vicinity of
commercial areas and bus routes.
5
LOCALITY
PLAN
(10)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
KEY
AREAS
Pk
-
B
R
_RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
...........
_
OPEN SPACES
Pk
_Pk
Pk
-
P k Parking
P
Police
H
PO
Health
F
S
Fire Department
School
SS
M
Social Services
Market
Ch
Church
T
Movie - theater
R
Recreation
L
U
Library
University
Post Office
Bus
K
Supermarket
Pk-Pk33
____
__
-
--
--
_-
-
____
-
R--=-__
-
P
-C
__
--.-.-...
__
-
-
:::.
.........
Pk
-__
-.
~
X
------
_Pk__
_ >....-.....P
k
....
...-.
p
-
_-
Ch
R::::
=pk-
-
Pk...
--
....
-.
P
F0
-
-
~:::h
-4
.....
-
3
--
___3
-
-
===
Hr
-
_
-
#LAND
-__-__-
USE:
..
-- H-...
3
.
-
__ties.
*
__-___-
concentration of it
which was the first
developed and is an
Many of the
-
-
-
-___-
-
---
-
-.
__buses.
-
-been
-
-
-
workshops,
_____carpenter
-In
_--____
-hospital
__-
-
-
-
-in
0
T
---
s
-4-
_
-
R
6=
-_
__
:00
--
kindergartens,
etc.
the near future the construction of a
has been predicted.
A huge Central
for provisions of food is near by, and the
Fire Department is one of the most important
___-
a
-
along the carrera 76,
commnercial street
important route of
dwelling units have
adapted to different uses, such as
small stores, doctors' offices, restaurants,
-
A Bn
--
As mentioned before, the locality
very well equipped in community faciliEach superblock is almost self-sufficent in this area.
The minor commerce is
spread all over the locality with sosm
-in
Bogota, but it was impossible to locate it
this plan; the mail boxes are everywhere
in small stores, drugstores, etc.
_
LOCALITY
LAND
USE
PATTERN
CIUDAD KENNEDY
(11)
KEY
-
VEHICULAR
...... e..
PEDESTRIAN
CIRCULATION:
The access from the greater
city is done through two important streets
of strictly vehicular use. From these two
streets, secondary streets diverge with
vehicles dominating pedestrians.
The
function of these secondary streets is
to
distribute the circulation to the streets
that surround each superblock, which have
the character of vehicular - pedestrian and
sometimes pedestrian - vehicular. At last,
the pedestrian streets and pedestrian ways
penetrate the superblocks and give access
to the dwelling units and communal spaces.
In this system of dispersion, the buses
travel without going inside the superblocks;
in the superblocks with walk-ups the vehicular circulation is stopped by the deadend
streets with parking, and the pedestrian
circulation takes place over the open
spaces along the sidewalks.
0
1:10000
100
50m
LOCALITY
CIRCULATION
PATTERN
(12)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
20mmmmm~w
wAsfam
I
w
NFVFZI
*, -'l-,
0
SUPERBLOCK 6A AIR
PHOTOGRAPH
1:2500
I-r l
50
100
150m
CASE STUDY:
SUPERBLOCK
(13)
6A
Ir I
BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
LOCALITY
DENSIT I ES
LOTS
DWELLING
UNITS
PEOPLE
Total
Number
Area
Hectares
Density
N/Ha
567
15.76
35.98
569
15.76
36.10
4552
15.76
288.83
AREAS
0
5
100
150m
Hectares
5.97
37.87
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
schools, cormmunity centers)
2.24
14.25
PRIVATE (dwellings, shops,
factories,
7.55
47.88
Icts)
SUPERBLOCK PLAN
1:2500
Percentages
PUBLIC (streets, walkways,
open spaces)
SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts)
TOTAL
15.76
100
(14)
URBA
UWE.LLING ENVIONMENTS
0
1:2500
50
-100
150M
(top left) The
SUPERBLOCK6A, Ciudad Kennedy:
solid School building highly contrast with the
Outside it the streets
dwellings and public way.
generally lack of good maintenance.
(top right) Pedestrian way. Frequently, nobody
takes responsability of public areas.
(bottom left) Open space.
evident neglected area.
Undefined use and an
(bottom right) Park. Again the used is not well
defined; the few places for children to play are
exposed to the near traffic.
*
0@
@ 0
Public:
streets/walkways
Semi-Public:
playgrounds
0
Semi-Private: cluster courts
Private:
lots
dwellings
PATTERN
SUPERBLOCK
LAND UTILIZATION
PERCENTAGES
streets/walkways 37. 87%
Playgrounds 14. 25%
Cluster Courts
Dwellings/Lots 47. 88%
DENSITY
020
persons
Pereone/Nectere
Persons/Hectare
289
289
FI-.n
LAM
MI
I
It.
4
e
rwi"
(16)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
SECTION
ELEVATION
IL
YARD
7
IF
PLAN
KEY
0
TYPICAL DWELLING
1
1:200
5
10M
LR
D
BR
K
Living Room
Dining/Eating Area
Bedroom
Kitchen/Cooking Area
T
L
Toilet/Bathroom
Laundry
R
Room (multi-use)
CASE STUDY:
SUPERBLOCK
6A (17)
I
SOC10-ECONOMIC DATA
PHYSICAL DATA
(related to dwelling and land)
DWELLINGUNIT
type: HOUSE
area (sq m): 60.52
tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP
LAND/LOT
utilization: PRIVATE
area (sq m) : 120
tenure: LEGALOWNERSHIP
DWELLING
location:
type:
number of floors:
utilization:
physical state:
PERIPHERY
ROW/GROUPED
1 PLUS MEZZANINE
FAMILY
BAD
DWELLING DEVELOPMENT
mode: INCREMENTAL
developer: PRIVATE
builder: SELF-HELP
construction type: MASONRY-WOOD
year of construction: 1963
MATERIALS
foundation:
floors:
walls:
roof:
DWELLING FACILITIES
wc:
shower:
kitchen:
rooms:
other:
SUPERBIOCK 6A, Ciudad Kennedy: (left) Typical
dwelling of self-help development. It maintains
the original condition of construction.
(related to user)
GENERAL:
SOCIAL
users ethnic origin: CUNDINAMARCA
place of birth:
FACATATIVA,
CUNDINAMARCA
education level: PRIMARY SCHOOL
(right) Small houses are subdivided and even tiny
spaces are rented to enlarge the incomes of their
owners.
NUMBER OF USERS
married: 3
single: 6
children: 4
total: 14
MIGRATION PATTERN
number of moves: NONE
rural - urban: urban - urban: urban - rural:why came to urban area: GENERAL:
ECONOMIC
income group: LOW
employment: CRAFTMANSHIP,
distance to work: 10 KM.
mode of travel:BUS
user 's
MECHANIC
COSTS
STONE- CONCRETE
WOOD
RUBBLE MASONRY
ASBESTOS-CEMENT
dwelling unit: U.S.
land - market value: N.A.
$ 2,600
DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS
financing: PRIVATE/PUBLIC FINANCING
rent/mortgage: U.S.
1
1
1
6
BACKYARD
% income for rent/mortgage: 56%
(center) The private property is well defined. The
people take the resort of small business to improve
their resources.
$ 2.5
(18)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
KEY
S
FIRE HYDRANTS
VALVES
3" PIPES
4" PIPES
6" PIPES
12" PIPES
A
Sm
USENI..
U
U
U
U
*6U~~.@IEE4
U
U
* FEFFFI:FITITT1;EETF1'
*
*
KEY
E.
"'U'm
MANHOLES
8" PIPES
10" PIPES
MAIN PIPE
SUPERBLOCK 6A UTILITY SERVICES
57 UNITS
3764 METERS
575 METERS
-'
1.5 UNITS
27 UNITS
2327METERS
311 METERS
971 METERS
638 METERS
CASE STUDY:
KEY
.:*0MANHOLES
.
INLETS
*-
:
10"-14" PIPES
16"-24" PIPES
- -==== 27" PIPES
*mumu
-
:MAIN
47"-51"PIPES
40 UNITS
110 UNITS
853 METERS
752 METERS
325 METERS
195METERS
PIPE
FINISHED PAVING
CIRCULATION
ANDSTORM
DRAINAGE
KEY
o
lmmmmme
ommmm
TRANSFORMERS
POLES WITH LAMPS
LOW TENSION CABLES
HIGH TENSION CABLES
CITY NETWORK CONNECTIONS
3 UNITS
128 UNITS
3789METERS
420 METERS
ELECTRICITY
AND STREET
0
1:5000
5D
250m
SUPERBLOCK 6A
(19)
(20)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
0
SUPERBLOCH
2
AIR PmOTOGRAPH
so
:2500
10
iSO.
CASE STUDY:
ii
2
SUPERBLOCK
(21)
ii
CALLE 33
I
a:
U
BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
LOCALITY
LI
CALLE 35
(/
0
50
100
15ON
Area
Hectares
Density
N/Ha
DENSITIES
Total
Number
LOTS
DWELLING UNITS
PEOPLE
73
9.98
7.31
1069
9.98
107.11
6900
9.98
691.38
AREAS
Hectares
Percentages
.
PUBLIC (streets, walkways,
open spaces)
6.94
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
schools, community centers)
0.99
9.94
PRIVATE
7.05
20.52
factories,
(dwellings,
lots)
shops,
69.54
SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts)
SUPERBLOCK PLAN
1:2500
TOTAL
9.98
100
(22)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
SUPERBLOCK 2, Ciudad Kennedy: (top left) Playground.
These facilities are not completely utilized although
the infantile population is considerable.
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
(top right) Commercial Area. The character of uses
is not clear. The users try to define their
surrounding yards.
(bottom left) Parking Fpace. The initial destination of spaces is changed according to the
spontaneity and necessities of the users.
street.
In some places
(bottom right) Collector
the streets are overdesigned and therefore wasted.
F
-I
PATTERN
Publ ic:
streets,walkways
semi-Public:
playgrounids
semi-Private: cluster zourts
lots
Private:
d we11icnq s
SCHOOL
K.
X
X os
X,....
X
PERCENTAGES Streets/walkways 69.54%
Playgrounds 9.94%
Cluster Courts
Dwellings/Lots 20.52%
*00
*
@0
I
L
0
DENSITY
020 persons
0
Persons/Hectare
0
692
SUPERBLOCK
LAND UTILIZATION
1:2500
50
100
150M
I
-
-
4
~Wih4UI~ffPI1
(24)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
,l1
il
|ILE
SECTION
ELEVATION
KEY
LR
D
BR
K
Living Room
Dining/Eating Area
Bedroom
Kitchen/Cooking Area
T
L
Toilet/Bathroom
Laundry
C
Closet
*
Storage
1
1
1:200
5
10m
CASE STUDY:
SUPERBLOCK
2
(25)
4
PHYSICAL DATA
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA
(related to dwelling and land)
DWELLING UNIT
type: APARTMENT
area (sq m): 63.51
tenure: LEGALRENTAL
GENERAL:
PERIPHERY
WALK-UP
4
MULTIPLE:
GOOD
single: 2
children: 3
total: 7
MIGRATION PATTERN
number of moves: 1
rural - urban: urban - urban: 1967
FAMILY
urban - rural:
why came to urban area: TO EDUCATE CHILDREN
GENERAL:
ECONOMIC
user ' s income group: MODERATE
employment: TRADE
construction type: MASONRYCONCRETE
year of construction: 1966
floors: CONCRETE
walls: BRICK
distance to work: 15 KM.
mode of travel: BUS
COSTS
CONCRETE FOR BA SE OF COLUMNS
roof: ASPHALT ON POURED CONCRETE
DWELLING FACILITIES
wc: 1
shower: i
kitchen: 1
rooms: 3
other:WASHING AND DRYING PLACE
dwelling unit: U.S. $ 4,000
land - market value: N.A.
DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS
financing: PRIVATE
/n
rent/mortgage: U.S.
income for rent/mortgage: 20%
(center) Building entrance.
There is
control for the common property.
no physical
Here is
(right) Social and service fagade.
notorious the lack of privacy from the outside to
the inside of the apartments on the ground floor.
NUMBER OF USERS
married: 2
DWELLING DEVELOPMENT
mode: INSTANT
developer: PUBLIC
builder: LARGER CONTRACTOR
MATERIALS
foundation: REINFORCED
SOCIAL
user's ethnic origin: BOYACA
place of birth: SATIVA, BOYACA
education level: ACCOUNTANT
LAND/LOT
utilization: PRIVATE
area (sq m) : 295.6
tenure: LEGALOWNERSHIP
DWELLING
location:
type:
number of floors:
utilization:
physical state:
SUPERBLOCK 2, Ciudad Kennedy: (left) Typical
walk-up. The type of construction and the inner
rigidity of this kind of projects do not allow the
people to make visible changes.
(related to user)
$ 15.22
(26)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
e
EXPERIMENTAL
PLAN
SUPERBLOCK AIR PHOTOGRAPH
1:2500
w.
in
156.
CASE STUDY:
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
(27)
__1
E
U
BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
LOCALITY
DENSITIES
LOTS
DWELLING UNITS
PEOPLE
Total
Number
Area
Hectares
28
4.25
Density
N/Ha
6.59
278
4.25
65.41
1800
4.25
423.53
CALLE 35
AREAS
/2
100
15m
56.45
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
schools, community centers)
0.65
15.26
0.11
25.72
factories,
(dwellings, shops,
lots)
SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts)
SUPERBLOCK PLAN
1:2500
Percentages
2.4
PRIVATE
50
Hectares
PUBLIC
(streets, walkways,
open spaces)
TOTAL
1.9
4.25
2.57
100
(28)
ENVIRONMENTS
URBAN DWELLING
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN, Ciudad Kennedy: (top left)
Minor arterial. Large streets seem to bc lonely.
The design is directed to a final stage of development.
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
1 Hectare
(top right) Collector street. Even though the
target income is higher and demands more amplitude
the results do not reflect the requirements for
public areas.
(bottom left) The public area confusedly penetrates
into the more private spaces.
The magnitude and
(bottom right) Parl ing entrance.
number of vehicular spaces exceed their final
util,*
otn.
PATTERN
t
Public:
stret
semi-Public:
playgrim
Semi-Private:
cluster
Private:
lots
dwe
wk.
y
i
ourts
......
lI-I
.I......
.X
X.,
X..
PERCENTAGES Streets/Walkways 56.45%
Playgrounds 15.26%
Cluster Courts 2.57%
Dwellings/Lots 25. 72%
* 0@
L
-J
000
DENSITY
*
20 persons
Persons/Hectare
0
422
SUPERBLOCK
LAND
UTILIZATION
1:2500
so
10i
1600m
r
(30)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
ELEVATION
SECTION
TYPICAL GROUND FLOOR
PLAN
KEY
LR
D
BR
0
TYPICAL WALK-UP APARTMENT
1
1:200
5
10m
K
T
L
C
R
Living Room
Dining/Eating Area
Bedroom
Kitchen/Cooking Area
Toilet/Bathroom
Laundry
Closet
Room (multi-use)
CASE STUDY:
PHYSICAL DATA
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA
(related to dwelling and land)
(related to user)
DWELLING UNIT
type: APARTMENT
area (sq m): 92.16
tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP
user's
SOCIAL
GENERAL:
ethnic origin:
place of birth:
education level:
DWELLING
location: PERIPHERY
type: WALK-UP/GROUPED
MULTIPLE:
rural -
CASE
STUDIES SOURCES:
urban: -.
urban - urban: urban - rural: came
to urban area: why
FAMILY
GENERAL:
INSTANT
PUBLIC
LARGE CONTRACTOR
MASONRYCONCRETE
1971
Locality Land Use Pattern:
MIDDLE
OFFICIAL
8 KM.
BUS
Locality Superblocks Plans:
Locality Superblocks Land Utilization:
REINFORCED CONCRETEFOR BASE OF COLU iNS
PREFABRICATED CONCRETE
RUBBLE MASONRY
DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS
ASPHALT ON PREFABRICATED SLAB
financing: PRIVATE/PUBLIC
wc:
shower:
kitchen:
rooms:
Locality Cir culation Pattern:
COSTS
dwelling unit: U.S. $ 5,300
land - market value: N.A.
rent/mortgage: U.S.
*/, income for rent/mortgage: 46%
DWELLING FACILITIES
1
1
1
3
other: WASHING AND DRYING PLACE,
Locality Plan:
ECONOMIC
user's income group:
employment:
distance to work:
mode of travel:
MATERIALS
foundation:
floors:
walls:
roof:
(right) Group of buildings. Not all the buildings
are the same high. Larger apartments are located
on the ground floor and the retrocession of volumes
occur through private terraces.
number of moves: NONE
physical state: GOOD
DWELLING DEVELOPMENT
mode:
developer:
builder:
construction type:
year of construction:
(center) Typical entrance to the buildings through
a physical control constited by architectural
volumes. This area could be finally defined as
semiprivate.
MIGRATION PATTERN
number of floors: 4
utilization:
WESTERN PLAINS
LUCHIA, CASANARE
3 YEARS UNIVERSITY
single: children: 4
total: 6
tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP
(31)
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN, Ciudad Kennedy: (left) The
different methods of construction used here are
reflected in the exterior finish. The criteria
of relationship with the ground level is the same
for all the apartments in all the floors.
NUMBER OF USERS
married: 2
LAND/LOT
utilization: PRIVATE
area (sq m): 368.64
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
$ 41
Typical Dwelling:
FINANCED
Utility S ervices Networks:
So cio Economic Data:
Photographs:
YARD
Ge neral Information:
(accurate but not actual)
INSTITUTO GEOGRAFICO DE
COLOMBIA "AGUSTIN CODAZZI",
1971.
(accurate) EQUIPAMIENTO
CONUNITARIO CIUDAD KENNEDY,
1976.
(approximate) FIELD SURVEY,
JOSE ENRIQUE ROBLEDO, 1975.
(accurate) I.C.T., 1962-1970.
(accurate) EQUIPAMIENTO
COMUNITARIO CIUDAD KENNEDY,
1976.
(accurate) I.C.T., 1962-1970.
FIELD SURVEY, JOSE ENRIQUE
ROBLEDO, 1976.
(accurate) I.C.T., 1962-1970.
(approximate) FIELD SURVEYS,
ELSA CHAVEZ, JOSE ENRIQUE
ROBLEDO, 1975.
ARTURO ROBLEDO 0., 1976.
JOSE ENRIQUE ROBLEDO 0., 1975.
INFORMES I.C.T., 1965-1976.
(32)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
T
A
KEY
SUPERBLOCK
2
EXPERIMENTAL
PLAN
FIRE HYDRANTS
STORAGE TANKS
VALVES
2" PIPES
3" PIPES
4" PIPES
6" PIPES
8" PIPES
3.5 UNITS
3 UNITS
1.5 UNITS
2 UNITS
10.5 UNITS
278 METERS
238 METERS
382METERS
SUPPLY
WATER
DISPOSAL
SEWAGE
U....
11mm1
,:mum.
NI
SUPERBLOCK
KEY
2
SUPERBLOCK
PLAN
EXPERIMENTAL
MANHOLES
78 UNITS
2120METERS
545 METERS
445METERS
32 UNITS
1284METERS
8" PIPES
10" PIPES
16" PIPES
18" PIPES
2
6 METERS
AND EXPERIMENTAL PLAN UTILITY SERVICES
27.5.UNITS
917 METERS
117 METERS
296 METERS
464METERS
136METERS
CASE STUDIES:
in..inininininmome
EUE
E
U
MEE @--U.*
EOUU
----
SUPERBLOCK
2
& EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
5
:1.
.
0
g
-
1
*q
.
*
Firmn
'
.-
.......
..........
MANHOLES
INLETS
42 UNITS
54UNITS
1749METERS
196 METERS
307 METERS
28 UNITS
25 UNITS
1051METERS
152 METERS
el
LA~JZI
.m..es...mm
.
.-
..
EXPERIMENTAL
PLAN
33" PIPES
.24"36"- 42" PIPES
MAIN PIPE
.....
p)[tJ . FINISHED PAVING
m....
Lg
...
SUPERBLOCK
2
10"- 21" PIPES
0
S
"'""
KEY
==.m
ANDSTORMDRAINAGE
CIRCULATION
LIGHTING
ELECTRICITY
ANDSTREET
KEY
0
immmE
0
1:5000
50
2
SUPERBLOCK
TRANSFORMERS
9 UNITS
POLES WITH LAMPS
86 UNITS
LOW TENSION CABLES
3073METERS
HIGH TENSION CABLES
1071METERS
CITY NETWORK CONNECTIONS
250m
PLAN
EXPERIMENTAL
5 UNITS
72 UNITS
1062METERS
650METERS
r
(33)
(34)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
PROPOSAL
DESIGN CRITERIA
The wide criteria
for designing was to have
an area for private use surrounding the big
communal
space as a nucleus
so that
this
losing the internal
pedestrian
area is reduced at
increase of interior
one to be used for an
can
serve uniformly the private area and, besides that, to make this space property of
the dwellings of this project.
The dwelling
units are served by the perimetrical and
interior streets.
The purpose of the interior streets is to disperse to the maximum
using the minimum public area without
character.
With the solution of big blocks,
larger than the first
equivalent use.
the public
the same time with the
spaces
that
are
completely utilized, and in that way the
number of interior streets is not any more
in function of size or depth of the lots
but in function of walking distances, frequency of entrances and exits, or simply
streets the layout itself
requires.
It
was tried
to maintain the less vehicular
access penetrating from the more important
streets.
The purpose of the big communal
space is to contain the two schools that
serve the project, the chapel, playgrounds,
and any other communal use not required close
to the dwelling units.
The solution of a big
communal space was chosen to make it more
useful, and because only one space with a
determined area is more adaptable than two
spaces, the joint areas of which would be
The calle 33 was considered the main
commercial street and of larger extension
the diagonal 30
boundering the proposal;
Both have conas second in importance.
siderable width and for this reason higher
constructions were proposed facing these
the same happens with the buildstreets;
ings facing the great communal space for
reasons of absence of obstacles in front
of them. However, in the interior streets
low buildings were proposed due to the
narrowness of these streets.
Unlike the existing project, dwellings in
private lots were proposed grouping them
in the interior space constituted by the
walk-ups of each block.
These dwellings
occupy lots with similar area to those
used in the rest of the locality.
Also,
in front of those dwellings there are
lower buildings as a result of the criteria assumed initially;
a vehicular access,
is also possible to the semiprivate courts.
The buildings along the two less important
peripherical streets are of less height;
the apartments with larger area as well as
the commercial uses were located preferably
on the main corners of the main street.
PROPOSAL
PROPOSAL PLAN
1:2500
(35)
(36)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
DESIGN GOALS
It was decided to make the proposal joining
the Superblocks 2 and Experimental Plan,
because of vicinity reasons between them
and to work with a larger area in order to
include the minimum communal utilities in a
comfortable way, and also to maintain a
point of reference with all the other
superblocks of Ciudad Kennedy, which areas
are equivalent to that of the proposal.
This assumed criteria
contains the definition
of superblock with more important streets
surrounding it,
to communicate the superblock with the rest
of the locality; with
interior
streets dominated by pedestrians
and with enough area so that the superblock can have its
own identity.
Yet, to make the comparison more effective
it was decided to work with the same number
of existing dwelling units in both projects,
as well as working with the same area
utilized by the existing commerce. Besides
that it was also decided to work with the
same total existing built-up area and using
the same type of apartments with regard to
their areas and, thus, including approximately the same number of people in the
The existing communal facilities
comparison.
were included plus those that were considered
necessary.
For the distribution of areas, table of
established values for population and land
uses were used as point of departure and,
following the negotiation system between
areas, the final result presented here was
achieved without going out considerably
from the point of departure.
Regarding the design of services networks and
because of the same reason of reference for
comparison, the criteria utilized to design
the existing networks was sought and applied
in the same way to the proposal, working
with the same elements as far as it was
possible.
PROPOSAL
1.
(37)
CAL
N NHz
ii
0
50
100
150m
PRIVATE (dwellings, shops,
factories, lots)
SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts)
PROPOSAL PLAN: LAND
SUBDIVISION
1:2500
TOTAL
3.93
3.55
14.23
27.64
24.89
100
(38)
URBAN
DWELLINGENVIRONMENTS
LAND
USE
From the last chart is illustrated the
minimization of public areas for circulations in benefit of semi-public and private
areas.
To begin with, it is necessary to explain
the type of areas, and the use and responassigned each one of them individsibility
ually.
PUBLIC AREA: Urban area for circulation
of vehicles and pedestrians; including
streets, pedestrian ways and open spaces;
under responsibility of the public sector
with no control.
SEMI-PUBLIC AREAS:
Urban area for utilization of the community; including open spaces
playgrounds, schools, etc..; under responsibility
of users and public sector with partial
or complete control, legal or physical.
SEMI-PRIVATE AREA:
Urban area of shared
utilization maintenance of condominium by
a group; under responsibility of users and
partial or complete control, social, legal
or physical.
PRIVATE AREA:
Urban area for utilization as
residential, commercial or light industry;
includes lots and dwellings; under direct
responsibility of individual users and with
complete control, legal or physical.
By similar definitions and to simplify calculations of areas, the semi-private area
is considered as private area.
It is also
deducted from these definitions that the
function of the public area is to serve the
private area, and the public area has costs
of construction or capital costs and costs
of operation ( administration and maintenance).
This means that public ways require paving, maintenance, cleaning, light
and signals, public control, safety administration, etc. All these functions represent costs that have to be paid by the
users of the served private land. Therefore, the larger the relationship between
public and private area the higher will be
the price paid by the users.
PROPOSAL
(39)
F
*
I
rn-li-
I
I
I
Ii
z
CHURCHSHO
minuinm
icilal
0
L
-/J
100
50
150.
1:2500
1 Hectare
0000
000
000*
000
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
Public:
stroets/walkways
Semi-Public:
playqrounds
Semi-Private: cluster
Private:
0*0
0000
000
ourts
lots
dwellings
PATTERN
PERCENTAGESstreets/Walkways28.68%
Playgrounds 18 79%
DENSITY
Cluster Courts24.89%
PROPOSAL LAND
USE
Dselcngs/iots 27.64%
*
20
persons
Persons/Hectare
611
(40)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
DWELLING UNITS
The nine different existing areas of apartments were grouped in three basic areas and
from those areas the three target areas of
apartments for the new project were taken.
Each one of the three target areas represents the basic group with the original
number of apartments belonging to them; the
number of dwellings in private lots was
substracted from the total
number of
apartments
and this total
was distributed
equally among the three selected groups.
The result was finally:
Apartment
Apartment
Apartment
Dwellings in
A
B
C
Private Lots
Number
Area
68
110
1040
129
91 Mts.
79 Mts.
66 Mts.
Total 1347
These areas do not include circulation for
each apartment. It is important to comment
that the difference between the areas of
apartments is the area of a possible bedroom.
CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING APARTMENTS:
The
front of the buildings was intended to be
the minimum in order to have a larger
number of them sharing the use of the streets.
The private lots are designed to be 6 Mts.
wide and 18 Mts. deep to maintain uniformity with the rest of the locality.
All the apartments as well as the commerce
located on the ground floor occupy the area
designated for the smallest apartment so
that a connecting system can exist from
the street to the semiprivate space through
the stairway.
It was decided to go deeper into the
interior of the apartment areas rather than
doing so with the dwellings in private lots,
because the latter does not affect the
general layout and the dimension of the lots
permit more freedom of choices. However, it
has been taken into consideration that those
dwellings can be first given as a basic
shell, and the users will transform and
extend them according to their financial
situation.
PROPOSAL
0
+
+
+
Unit Area + Circulation.
Square Meters
Type
APARTMENT
A
APARTMENT
B
C
APARTMENT
DWELLING
SHOP
PROPOSAL BLOCK PLAN: DWELLING UNITS
60 (Basic Shell)
73
Totai
50m
1:1000
Block
Number Units
98
86
73
10
(41)
Proposal
Number Units
6
28
164
24
7
68
110
1040
129
42
229
1389
Block Building Areas. Proposal Building Areas.
Square Meters
Square Meters
588
2408
11972
1440
511
16.919
6664
9460
75920
7740
3066
102.850
(42)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
0
T
A
KEY
PROPOSAL
2 8 EXP.PLAN
S.BLOCK
FIRE HYDRANTS
STORAGE TANKS
VALVES
2" PIPES
3" PIPES
4" PIPES
6" PIPES
8" PIPES
5
5 UNITS
UNITS
5 UNITS
27 UNITS
1581METERS
497 METERS
152METERS
476METERS
WATER
SUPPLY
SEWAGE
DISPOSAL
S
U......
summe
looms
I1EE1
KEY
PROPOSAL
S.BLOCK
2 & EXP.PLAN
MANHOLES
8" PIPES
10" PIPES
16" PIPES
18" PIPES
41 UNITS
1473 METERS
504METERS
290 METERS
6 METERS
110 UNITS
3404METERS
545 METERS
445 METERS
6 METERS
PROPOSAL UTILITY SERVICES
5 UNITS
38 UNITS
278 METERS
1155METERS
499METERS
296METERS
600 METERS
PROPOSAL
KEY
PROPOSAL
S. BLOCK
2 8 EXP.PLAN
MANHOLES
INLETS
16 UNITS
32 UNITS
10"-21" PIPES
890 METERS
70UNITS
79 UNITS
2800METERS
179 METERS
348 METERS
267METERS
307METERS
0om 24"-33"PIPES
42"PIPES
iMENE 36"MAIN PIPE
FINISHED PAVING
DRAINAGE
ANDSTORM
CIRCULATION
ANDSTREET
LIGHTING
ELECTRICITY
KEY
m
0
0
1:5000
50
PROPOSAL
14 UNITS
TRANSFORMERS
65 UNITS
POLES WITH LAMPS
LOW TENSION CABLES
2128METERS
1091 METERS
HIGH TENSION CABLES
CITY NETWORK CONNECTIONS
S.BLOCK
2 & EXP.PLAN
14 UNITS
158 UNITS
4135METERS
1721METERS
250m
+
(143)
(44)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
EVALUATIONS
LAND UTILIZATION:
PATTERNS, PERCENTAGES, DENSITIES
LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES
The purpose is to illustrate the relationship
of patterns, percentages, densities within
each case study, and by using the same format
to make the comparison among all the cases
in an easy manner to visualize.
0
100
SHACK
This comparison is done by taking one square
in each special case; this represents one
hectare that is considered very representative of the respective case. The meaning
of each one of the diagrams is as follows:
MUD/WATTLE
WOOD
MASONRY
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each
construction type within the total number of dwellings
and (2) building group that generally produces each
type.
Quality of information: Approximate
LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES
PATTERN DIAGRAMS: These represent the type
of layout, the dwellings, lots configuration,
the subdivision of land, and the uses.
PERCENTAGE DIAGRAMS: These represent the
relationships between areas. Although
these diagrams cannot reflect exactly the
situation of the pattern diagram, they show
the existing situation of the whole case.
WATER SUPPLY
DENSITY DIAGRAMS: Like the percentage
diagrams these reflect the situation of the
whole case. The number of people is
equally distributed by groups of the same
number of persons all over the diagram to
show the degree of human ocupation.
SANITARY SEWERAGE
STORM DRAINAGE
ELECTRICITY
GAS
REFUSE COLLECTION
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS
TELEPHONE
STREET LIGHTING
LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
POLICE
FIRE PROTECTION
PATTERN
HEALTH
SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS
Public:
streets/walkways
Semi-Public:
playgrounds
Semi-Private: cluster courts
RECREATION, OPEN SPACES
Private:
The chart illustrates the approximate availability
utilities, services, and community facilities at
three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE.
Quality of information: Approximate
lots
of
dwellings
20 Persons
EVALUATION
SUPERBLOCK 6A
SUPEBLOCK
Public row houses:
Moderate percentage of land for
streets and walkways; although the
percentage of semipublic land is
moderate, it is not conveniently
utilized nor well maintained.
A large
area of private land accomodates
a low population density.
Similar cases:
none.
2
2
(45)
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
S.BLOCK
Public walk-up apartments
Public walk-up apartments
Public walk-up apartments
Walk-up apartments
A very high percentage of land for
public use is constituted by streets,
and large open spaces with no control.
The percentage of semipublic land is
minimum. All the private land is
occupied by the buildings.
A high
number of population does not have
enough communal spaces.
Similar cases: 3,4.
High percentage of land for streets
and interior walkways. Moderate
percentage for semipublic area does
not reflect a defined use. The
semiprivate land constitutes a
minimum and is not properly used.
The population density is not
too high due to the few number of
apartments in the upper floors.
Similar cases: 2,4.
The combination of these two projects
joins the disadvantages of both of
them without taking any of the
advantages. Percentage of public
land slightly decreases compared with
case 2. Semipublic percentage
continues low. Semiprivate areas are
even smaller, and private percentage is
very low. In addition, the population
density is now lower.
Similar cases: 2,.
Low percentage of land for streets and
walk-ways. Comfortable areas for
communal spaces. Controlled and useful
semipublic spaces. Land with private
utilization is sheltered and also used
for private yards. In addition a high
population density.
Similar cases: none.
..
LJ..7..
WET
&
EXP. PLAN
PROPOSAL
and row houses
........
I.......
.........
PATTERNS
69.54%
9.94%
PERCENTAGESStreets/walkways37.87%
Playgrounds 14.25%
Cluster Courts Dwellings/Lots47.88%
20.52%
0
00
0
50 0
00 050
00
5550
0
5 0 0
055
055
DENSITY
Persons/Hectare
289
56.45%
15.26%
2.57%
692 P/Ha
25.72%
65.62%
11.53%
0.77%
22.08%
28.68%
18.79%
24.89%
27.64%
S...
S..
S...
050
S...
555
422 P/Ha
611 P/Ha
611 P/Ha
(46)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
GLOSSARY
The criteria for the preparation of the defini been as follows:
-FIRST PREFERENCE: definitions from "Webster's Third
New International Dictionary", Herriam-Webster,1971.
-SECOND PREFERENCE: definitions from technical dictionaries, text books, or reference manuals.
-THIRD PREFERENCE: definitions from the Urban
Settlement Design Program (U.S.D.P.) Files. They are
used when existing sources were not quite appropriate/
satisfactory.
Words included for specificity and to focus on
a particularcontext are indicated in parenthesis.
Sources of definitions are indicated in parenthesis.
tions have
BACKFILL. Earth or other material used to replace
material removed during construction, such as in
culvert, sewer, and pipeline trenches and behind
bridge abutments and retaining walls or between an
old structure and a new lining. (DePina, 1972)
BARRIER. (A boundary) as a topographic feature or a
physical or psychological quality that tends to separate or restrict the free movement (to and from the
site).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
BETTERMENT (TAX). A tax on the increment in value
accruing to an owner because of development and improvement work carried out by local authorities.
(U.S.D.P.)
BINDER COURSE. A transitional layer of bituminous
paving between the crushed stone base and the surface course (to increase bond between base and surface course).
(DePina, 1972)
BITUMINOUS. A coating of or containing bitumin; as
asphalt or tar. (DePina, 1972)
BLOCK. A block is a portion of land bounded and
served by lines of public streets. (U.S.D.P.)
ACCESSES. The pedestrian/vehicular linkages from/to
the site to/from existing or planned approaches (urban streets, limited access highways, public transportation systems, and other systems such as: waterways, airlines, etc.)
(U.S.D.P.)
ACTUALLAND COST. "(The cost of land is) ... set
solely by the level of demand.
The price of land is
not a function of any cost conditions; it is set by
the users themselves in competition."(Turner, 1971)
AD VALOREM (TAX). A tax based on a property's value;
the value taxed by local governments is not always
or even usually the market value, but only a valuation for tax purposes. (U.S.D.P.)
AIRPORT DISTURBANCE. The act or process of destroying the rest, tranquility, or settled state of (the
site by the annoyance of airport noise, vibration,
hazards, etc.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
AIRPORT ZONING RESTRICTIONS.
The regulation of the
height or type of structures in the path of moving
aircraft. (Abrams, 1971)
ALTERNATINCCURRENT (A.C.) (an electric) current
that reverses its direction of flow at regular intervals.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
AMENITY. Something that conduces to physical or material comfort or convenience, or which contributes
satisfaction rather than money income to its owner.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
AMPERES. Amperes (amp) are a measure of the rate of
flow of electricity.
It is somewhat comparable to
the rate of flow of water (quantity/time).
A steady
current produced by one volt applied across a resistance of one ohm.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
APPRAISAL. An estimate and opinion of value, especially by one fitted to judge. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
APPROACHES. The main routes external to the site
(pedestrian/vehicular) by which the site can be
reached from other parts of the urban context.
(U.S.D.P.)
ASSESSED VALUE. A valuation placed upon property by
a public officer or board as a basis for taxation.
(Keyes, 1971)
ASSESSMENT. The valuation of property for the purpose of levying a tax or the amount of the tax
levied. (Keyes, 1971)
BOUNDARY. Something (a line or area) that fixes or
indicates a limit or extent (of the site). (MerriamWebster, 1971)
BUILDING CODE. "A body of legislative regulations or
by-laws that provide minimum standards to safeguard
life or limb, health, property, and public welfare by
regulating and controlling the design, construction,
quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and
maintenance of all buildings and structures within
the city, and certain equipment specifically regulated
therein."
(BOCA, 1967)
BUILDING DRAIN. Lowest horizontal piping of the
building drainage system receiving discharge from
soil, waste, and other drainage pipes. It is connected to the building sewer. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
BUILDING MAIN. Water-supply pipe and fittings from
the water main or other source of supply to the first
branch of the water-distribution system of a building.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
CESS POOL. An underground catch basin that is used
where there is no sewer and into which household
sewage or other liquid waste is drained to permit
leaching of the liquid into the surrounding soil.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
CIRCULATION. System(s) of movement/passage of people,
goods from place to place; streets, walkways, parking
areas.
(U.S.D.P.)
CLAY. A lusterless colloidal substance, plastic when
moist (crystalline grains less than G.OO2ns in diameter).
(U.S.D.P.)
CLEANOUT. A plug or similar fitting to permit access
to traps or sewer lines. Cleanouts are usually used
at turns and other points of collection.
(ROTC ST
45-7, 1953)
CLIMATE. The average condition of the weather at a
particular place over a period of years as exhibited
by temperature, wind, precipitation, sun energy,
humidity, etc.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
COLLECTION SYSTEM. The system of pipes in a sewage
network, comprised of house service, collection lines,
manholes, laterals, mains. (U.S.D.P.)
COMBINED SEWER. A sewer that carries both storm
water and sanitary or industrial wastes.
(DePina,
1972)
COMMUNITY. The people living in a particular place
or region and usually linked by common interests: the
region itself; any population cluster.
(U.S.D.P.)
DETACHEDDWELLING. Individual dwelling unit,
rated from others.
(U.S.D.P.)
sepa-
COMMUNITY FACILITIES/SERVICES. Facilities/services
used in common by a number of people. It may include:
schools, health, recreation, police, fire, public
transportation, community center, etc.
(U.S.D.P.)
DEVELOPMENT. Gradual advance or growth through progressive changes; a developed tract of land (U.S.D.P.)
COMMUNITYRECREATION FACILITIES.
Facilities for activities voluntarily undertaken for pleasure, fun,
relaxation, exercise, self-expression, or release
from boredom, worry, or tension. (U.S.D.P.)
DEVELOPMENT
SIZE.
There are two general ranges of
size: LARGE: may be independent communities requiring
their own utilities,
services, and conunity facilities; SMALL: generally are part of an adjacent urbanization and can use its supporting utilities;
services, and conmunity facilities.
(U.S.D.P.)
COMPONENT. A constituent part of the utility network.
(U.S.D.P.)
CONDOMINIUM. Condominium is a system of direct ownership of a single unit in a multi-unit whole.
The
individual owns the unit in much the same manner as
if it were a single family dwelling: he holds direct
legal title
to the unit and a proportionate interest
Two types of condomiin the common land and areas.
niums are recognized:
HORIZONTAL: detached, semidetached, row/grouped dwelling types; VERTICAL: walkup, high-use dwelling types.
(U.S.D.P.)
CONDUCTORS. Materials which allow current to flow
such as aluminum, copper, iron. (ROTCST 45-7, 1953)
CONDUIT. A pipe or other opening, buried or above
ground, for conveying hydraulic traffic, pipelines,
cables, or other utilities.
(DePina, 1972)
CONSERVATIONEASEMENT. An easement acquired by the
public and designed to open privately owned lands for
recreational purposes or to restrict the use of private land in order to preserve open space and protect
certain natural resources. (U.S.D.P.)
CONSTRUCTIONBORING. A subsurface boring done at the
planned location of all infrastructure and building
footings and roadway sub-bases for design of foundation systems.
(U.S.D.P.)
CONVEYANCE. The transfer of ownership (of land).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
CORPORATIONCOCK/CORPORATION STOP. A water or gas
cock by means of which utility-company employees
connect or disconnect service lines to a consumer.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
COSTS OF URBANIZATION. Include the following: CAPITAL: cost of land and infrastructure; OPERATING: cost
of administration, maintenance, etc.; DIRECT: include
capital and operating costs: INDIRECT: include environmental and personal effects.
(U.S.D.P.)
CURRENT (See, ALTERNATING CURRENT, DIRECT CURRENT).
An electric current is a movement of positive or negative electric particles (as electrons) accompanied
by such observable effects as the production of heat,
of a magnetic field, or of chemical transformation.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
CYCLE. One complete performance of a vibration,
electric oscillation, current alternation, or other
periodic process.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
DAM. A barrier preventing the flow of water; a barrier built across a water course to confine and keep
back flowing water.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
DEPRECIATIONACCELERATION(TAX). A tax incentive
designed to encourage new construction by allowing a
faster write-off during the early life of a building.
(U.S.D.P.)
DESIGN. 1) The arrangement of elements that make up
a work of art, a machine or other man-made object.
2) The process of selecting the means and contriving
the elements, steps, and procedures for producing
what will adequately satisfy some need.
(MerriamWebster, 1971)
DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.)
flows continuously in
1953)
(An electric current that)
one direction. (ROTC ST 45-7,
DISCHARGE (Q).
Flow from a culvert, sewer,
etc. (DePina, 1972)
channel,
DISTANCE. The degree or amount of separation between
two points (the site and each other element of the
urban context) measured along the shortest path adjoining them (paths of travel).
(Merriam-Webster,
1971)
DISTRIBUTION (STATION).
The part of an electric supply system between bulk power sources (as generating
stations or transformation station tapped from transmission lines) and the consumers' service switches.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
DISTURBED SOIL.
Soils that have been disturbed by
artificial process, such as excavation, transportation, and compaction in fill.
(U.S.D.P.)
DRAINAGE. Interception and removal of ground water
or surface water, by artificial or natural means.
(De Pina, 1972)
DUST/DIRT.
Fine dry pulverized particles of earth,
grit, refuse, waste, litter,
etc. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
DWELLING. The general, global designation of a building/shelter in which people live. A dwelling contains
one or more Uwelling units'.
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLINGBUILDER. Four groups are considered: SELFHELP BUILT: where the dwelling unit is directly built
by the user or occupant; ARTISAN BUILT: where the
dwelling unit is totally or partially built by a
skilled craftsman hired by the user or occupant payments can be monetary or an exchange of services;
SMALL CONTRACTOR BUILT: where the dwelling unit is
totally built by a small organization hired by the
user, occupant, or developer; 'small' contractor is
defined by the scale of operations, financially and
materially; the scale being limited to the construction of single dwelling units or single complexes;
LARGE CONTRACTORBUILT: where the dwelling unit is
totally built by a large organization hired by a
developer; 'large' contractor is defined by the scale
of operations, financially and materially; the scale
reflects a more comprehensive and larger size of operations encompassing the building of large quantities
of similar units, or a singularly large complex.
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLINGDENSITY. The number of dwellings, dwelling
units, people or families per unit hectare. Gross
density is the density of an overall area (ex. including lots, streets). Net density is the density
of selected, discrete portions of an area (ex. including only lots). (U.S.D.P.)
DWELLINGDEVELOPER. Three sectors are considered in
the supply of dwellings
POPULAR SECOR: the marginal
sector with limited or no access to the formal financial, administrative, legal, technical institutions
The housing
involved in the provision of dwellings.
process (promotion, financing, construction, operation) is carried out by the Popular Sector generally
for 'self use' and sometimes for profit. PUBLIC SEC-
GLOSSARY
TOR: the government or non-profit organizations
involved in the provision of dwellings. The housing
process (promotion, financing, construction, operation) is carried out by the Public Sector for service
(non-profit or subsidized housing). PRIVATE SECTOR:
the individuals, groups or societies, who have access
to the formal financial, administrative, legal, technical institutions in the provision of dwellings. The
housing process (promotion, financing, construction,
operation) is carried out by the Private Sector for
profit. (U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING DEVELOPMENT MODE. Two modes are considered:
PROGRESSIVE: the construction of the dwelling and the
development of the local infrastructure to modern
standards by stages, often starting with provisional
structures and underdeveloped land. This essentially
traditional procedure is generally practiced by
squatters with de facto security of tenure and an
adequate building site. INSTANT: the formal development procedure in which all structures and services
are completed before occupation. (U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING FLOORS. The following numbers are considered: ONE: single story; generally associated with
detached, semi-detached and row/group dwelling types.
TWO: double story; generally associated with detached,
semi-detached and row/group dwelling types.
THREE OR
MORE: generally associated with walk-up and highrise dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.)
partitions and specifically used for living;
for
example, a living room, a dining room, a bedroom, but
not a bath/toilet, kitchen, laundry, or storage room.
SEVERAL ROOMUNITS are contained in a building/shelter
and share the use of the parcel of land on which they
are built (open spaces) as well as common facilities
(circulation, toilets, kitchens). APARTMENT: A MULTIPLE SPACE (room/set of rooms with bath, kitchen, etc.)
SEVERAL APARTMENTUNITS are contained in a building
and share the use of the parcel of land on which they
are built (open spaces) as well as some common facilities (circulation). HOUSE: A MULTIPLE SPACE (room/
set of rooms with or without bath, kitchen, etc.) ONE
HOUSEUNIT is contained in a building/shelter and has
the private use of the parcel of land on which it is
built (open spaces) as well as the facilities available. SHANTY: A SINGLE OR MULTIPLE SPACE (small,
crudely built). ONE SHANTY UNIT is contained in a
shelter and shares with other shanties the use of the
parcel of land on which they are built (open spaces).
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLINGUTILIZATION. The utilization indicates the
type of use with respect to the number of inhabitants/
families.
SINGLE: an individual or family inhabiting
a dwelling. MULTIPLE: a group of individuals or families inhabiting a dwelling. (U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING GROUP. The context of the dwelling in its
immediate surroundings. (U.S.D.P.)
EASEMENT. Servitude: a right in respect of an object
(as land owned by one person) in virtue of which the
object (land) is subject to a specified use or enjoyment by another person or for the benefit of another
thing. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
DWELLING/LAND SYSTEM. A distinct dwelling environment/housing situation characterized by its users as
well as by its physical environment.
(U.S.D.P.)
EFFICIENCY. Capacity to produce desired results with
a minimum expenditure of energy, time, money or materials.
(erriam-Webster,
1971)
DWELLING LOCATION. Three sectors are considered in
single or multi-center urban areas. Sectors are
identified by position as well as by the density of
buildings as follows: CENTER: the area recognized
as the business center of the city, generally the
most densely built-up sector;
INNER RING: the area
located between the city center and the urban periphery, generally a densely built-up sector; PERIPHERY:
the area located between the inner ring and the rural
areas, generally a scatteredly built-up sector.
(U.S.D.P.)
EFFLUENT. Outflow or discharge from a sewer or sewage
treatment equipment.
(DePina, 1972)
DWELLINGPHYSICAL STATE. A qualitative evaluation of
the physical condition of the dwelling types: room,
apartment, house: the shanty unit is not evaluated.
BAD: generally poor state of structural stability,
weather protection, and maintenance.
FAIR: generally
acceptable state of structural stability, weather protection, and maintenance with some deviation.
GOOD:
generally acceptable state of structural stability,
weather protection, and maintenance without deviation.
(U.S.D.P.)
ELECTRIC TRANSFORMER. A device which changes the magnitude of alternating voltages and currents; generally
from distribution voltages to user voltages; a distribution component that converts power to usable voltage. (TM 5 765 US Army, 1970; U.S.D.P.)
DWELLINGTYPE. The physical arrangement of the dwelling unit: DETACHED: individual dwelling unit, separated from others. SEMI-DETACHED: two dwelling units
sharing a ccomon wall (duplex).
ROW/GROUPED: dwelling
units grouped together linearly or in clusters.
WALKUP: dwelling units grouped in two to five stories with
stairs for vertical circulation. HIGH-RISE: dwelling
units grouped in five or more stories with stairs and
lifts for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING UNIT. A self-contained unit in a dwelling
for an individual, a family, or a group. (U.S.D.P.)
2
DWELLING UNIT AREA. The dwelling unit area (m ) is
the built-up, covered area of a dwelling unit.
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING UNIT COST. The initial amount of money paid
for the dwelling unit or the present monetary equiv(U.S.D.P.)
alent for replacing the dwelling unit.
DWELLINGUNIT TYPE. Four types of dwelling units are
ROOM: A SINGLE SPACE usually bounded by
considered:
ELECTRIC FEEDER. That part of the electric distribution system between the transformer and the service
drop or drops.
(HUD, Mobile Court Guide, 1970)
ELECTRIC SERVICE DROP. That part of the electric
distribution system from a feeder to the user's service equipment serving one or more lots. (HUD, Mobile
Court Guide, 1970)
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. A closed, complete electrical
path with various connected loads.
Circuits may
either be 'parallel'
(voltage constant for all connected loads) or 'series' (voltage divided among connected loads).
Parallel circuits are fixtures wired
independent of each other, which are used in nearly
all building wiring. (U.S.D.P.; ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
ELECTRICAL FREQUENCY. The number of times an alternating electric current changes direction in a given
period of time. Measured in cycles per second: hertz.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
ELECTRIC GROUND. The electrical connection with the
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
earth or other ground.
ELECTRICAL NETWORKCOMPONENTS. It is composed of the
following: GENERATION: produces electricity; TRANSMISSION: transports energy to user groups; DISTRIBUTION STATION: divides power among main user groups;
SUBSTATION: manipulates power into useful energy levels for consumption; DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: provides
(U.S.D.P.)
electric service to user.
ELECTRIC PHASE. May be either a single-phase circuit
(for small electrical devices) or a three-phase circuit (for heavy equipment, large electrical devices).
In single-phase only one current is flowing through
the circuit with the voltage dropping to zero twice in
each cycle.
In three-phase currents flow through the
circuit with the power never dropping to zero.
(U.S.D.P.)
ELECTRICAL POWER. The source or means of supplying
energy for use: measured in watts.
(U.S.D.P.)
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS. May either be single-phase
or three-phase. SINGLE-PHASE: 2 hot wires with 1 neutral wire; THREE-PHASE: 3 hot wires with 1 neutral
wire. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
ELECTRICITY. Electrification: the process (network)
for supplying (the site) with electric power.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
EMBANKMENT (or FILL). A bank of earth, rock, or
other material constructed above the natural ground
surface.
(DePina, 1972)
EROSION. The general process whereby materials of
the earth's crust are worn away and removed by natural agencies including weathering, solution, corrosion,
and transportation; (specific) land destruction and
simultaneous removal of particles (as of soil) by running water, waves and currents, moving ice, or wind.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
EXCRETA. Waste matter eliminated from the body.
(U.S.D.P.)
EXISTING STRUCTURE. Something constructed or built
(on the site).
(U.S.D.P.)
EXPLORATORYBORING. Initial subsurface investigations
(borings) are done on a grid superimposed on the areas
of interest and on areas indicated as limited/restricted/hazard in the initial survey. (U.S.D.P.)
FLOW METER.
(U.S.D.P.)
(47)
A device to measure flow of water.
Toilet with storage tank of water
FLUSH TANK TOILET.
used for flushing bowl.
(U.S.D.P.)
Toilet with self-closing valve
FLUSH VALVE TOILET.
It requires
which supplies water directly from pipe.
adequate pressure for proper functioning. (U.S.D.P.)
FOOT CANDLE. A unit of illuminance on a surface that
is everywhere one foot from a uniform point source of
light of one candle and equal to one lumen per square
foot.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
FUMES. Gaseous emissions that are usually odorous and
sometimes noxious.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
GAS. A system for supplying natural gas, manufactured
gas, or liquefied petroleum gas to the site and individual users. (U.S.D.P.)
GRADE. Profile of the center of a roadway, or the
(DePina, 1972)
invert of a culvert or sewer.
GRID BLOCKS. The block determined by a convenient
In
public circulation and not by dimensions of lots.
grid blocks some lots have indirect access to public
streets.
(U.S.D.P.)
GRIDIRON BLOCKS. The blocks determined by the dimensions of the lots.
In gridiron blocks all the lots
have direct access to public streets.
(U.S.D.P.)
GRID LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with grid blocks.
(U.S.D.P.)
GRIDIRON LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with gridiron
blocks.
(U.S.D.P.)
~
EXTERIOR CIRCULATION/ACCESSES(SITE PLANNING). The
existing and proposed circulation system/accesses outside but affecting the site. These include limited
access highways as well as meshing access to the surrounding area.
Exterior circulation/accesses are
generally given conditions. (U.S.D.P.)
GOVERNMENT/MUNICIPAL
REGULATIONS. In urban areas, the
development of the physical environment is a process
usually controlled by a government/municipality
through all or some of the following regulations:
Master Plan, Zoning Ordinance, Subdivision Regulations,
Building Code.
(U.S.D.P.)
FAUCET (also TAP).
A fixture for drawing liquid from
a pipe, cask, or other vessel.
(Merriam-Webster,1971)
HEAD. (Static). The height of water above any plane
or point of reference.
Head in feet - (lb/sq. in. x
144)/(Density in lb/cu. ft.
) For water at 68*F.
(DePina, 1972)
FINANCING. The process of raising or providing funds.
SELF FINANCED: provided by own funds; PRIVATE/PUBLIC
FINANCED: provided by loan; PUBLIC SUBSIDIZED: provided by grant or aid.
(U.S.D.P.)
FIRE/EXPLOSION HAZARDS. Danger: the state of being
exposed to harm; liable to injury, pain, or loss from
fire/explosion (at or near the site).
(MerriamWebster, 1971)
FIRE FLOW. The quantity (in time) of water available
for fire-protection purposes in excess of that required for other purposes.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
FIRE HYDRANT. A water tap to which fire hoses are
connected in order to smother fires.
(U.S.D.P.)
FIRE PROTECTION. Measures and practices for preventing or reducing injury and loss of life or property
by fire.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. A pavement structure which maintains intimate contact with and distributes loads to
the subgrade and depends upon aggregate interlock,
particle friction, and cohesion for stability.
(DePina, 1972)
FLOODING. A rising and overflowing of a body of water
that covers land not usually under water.
(U.S.D.P.)
FLODWAY FRINGE.
The floodplain area landward of the
natural floodway which would be inundated by low velocity flood waters. (U.S.D.P.)
HIGH-RISE.
Dwelling units grouped in five or more
stories with stairs and lifts
for vertical circulation.
(U.S.D.P.)
HOT WIRE. Wire carrying voltage between itself
ground.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
and a
HYDRAULICS. That branch of science or engineering
that deals with water or other fluid in motion.
(DePins, 1972)
ILLEGAL. That which is contrary to or violating a
rule or regulation or something having the force of
law.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
INCOME. The amount (measured in money) of gains from
capital or labor. The amount of such gain received by
a family per year may be used as an indicator of
income groups.
(U.S.D.P.)
INCOME GROUPS. A group of people or families within
the same range of incomes.
(U.S.D.P.)
INCREMENT(TAX).
A special
value of land, which is due
by the owner, but rather to
the increase of population,
ciety, etc.
(U.S.D.P.)
tax on the increased
to no labor/expenditure
natural causes such as
general progress of so-
INFRASTRUCTURE. The underlying foundation or basic
framework for utilities
and services: streets; sewage,
water network; storm drainage, electrical network;
(48)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
gas network; tel-tphone network, public transportation;
police and fire protection; refuse collection, health,
schools, playgrounds, parks, open spaces. (U.S.D.P.)
a room (as in a barracks or hospital) or enclosure
(as in a camp) containing such a receptacle.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
INSULATOR. A material or body that is a poor conductor of electricity, heat, or sound.
(Merriam-Webster,
1971)
LAYOUT. The plan or design or arrangement of something that is laid out. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
INTERIOR CIRCULATION NETWORK(SITE PLANNING). The
pedestrian/vehicular circulation system inside the
site.
It should be designed based upon the exterior
circulation/accesses and land development requirements.
(U.S.D.P.)
LEVELS OF SERVICES.
Two levels are considered: MINIMUM, are admissible or possible levels below the
standard; STANDARD, are levels set up and established
by authority, custom of general consent, as a model,
example or rule for the measure of quantity, weight
extent, value or quality. (U.S.D.P.)
INTERVAL. A space of time (or distance) between the
recurrences of similar conditions or states. (MerriamWebster, 1971)
LIFT PUMP. A collection system component that forces
sewage to a higher elevation to avoid deep pipe networks. (U.S.D.P.)
KILOWATT (kw). (1000 watts) A convenient manner of
expressing large wattages. Kilowatt hours (kwh) measure the total quantity of energy consumed in a given
time.
One kwh represents the use of an average of 1
kilowatt of electrical energy for a period of 1 hour.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
LOCALITY. A relatively self-contained residential
area/community/neighborhood/settlement within an urban area which may contain one or more dwelling/land
systems. (U.S.D.P.)
LAMPHOLE. A vertical pipe or shaft leading from the
surface of the ground to a sewer, for admitting light
for purposes of inspection. (U.S.D.P.)
LOCALITY SEGMENT. A 400m x 400m area taken from and
representing the residential character and layout of
a locality.
(U.S.D.P.)
LOCATION. Situation: the way in which something (the
site) is placed in relation to its surroundings (the
urban context).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
LAND COST. Price: the amount of money given or set as
the amount to be given as a consideration for the
sale of a specific thing (the site). (MerriamWebster, 1971)
LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed boundaries and access to public circulation.
(U.S.D.P.)
LAND DEVELOPMENT COSTS. The costs of making raw land
ready for development through the provision of utilities, services, accesses, etc. (U.S.D.P.)
LOT CLUSTER. A group of lots (owned individually)
around a semipublic comtmoncourt (owned in condominium).
(U.S.D.P.)
LAND LEASE. The renting of land for a term of years
for an agreed sum; leases of land may run as long as
99 years. (U.S.D.P.)
LOT COVERAGE. The ratio of building area to the total
lot area.
(U.S.D.P.)
LAND-MARKET VALUE. Refers to: 1) the present monetary equivalent to replace the land; 2) the present
tax based value of the land; or 3) the present commercial market value of the land. (U.S.D.P.)
LAND OWNERSHIP. The exclusive right of control and
possession of a parcel of land. (U.S.D.P.)
LAND SUBDIVISION. The division of the land in blocks,
lots and laying out streets. (U.S.D.P.)
LAND TENANCY. The temporary holding or mode of holding a parcel of land of another. (U.S.D.P.)
LAND UTILIZATION. A qualification of the land around
a dwelling in relation to user, physical controls and
responsiblity. PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open
spaces): user -anyone/unlimited; physical controls
-minimum; responsibility -public sector. SENIPUBLIC
(open spaces, playgrounds, schools): user -limited
group of people; physical controls -partial or complete; responsibility -public sector and user. PRIVATE (dwellings, lots): user -owner or tenant or
squatter; physical controls -complete; responsibility
-user. SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts): user -group of
owners and/or tenants; physical controls -partial or
complete; responsibility -user. (U.S.D.P.)
LAND UTILIZATION: PHYSICAL CONTROLS. The physical/
legal means or methods of directing, regulating, and
coordinating the use and maintenance of land by the
owners/users. (U.S.D.P.)
LAND UTILIZATION: RESPONSIBILITY. The quality/state
of being morally/legally responsible for the use and
maintenance of land by the owners/users. (U.S.D.P.)
LATERAL SEWER. A collector pipe receiving sewage
from building connection only.
(U.S.D.P.)
LATRINE. A receptacle (as a pit in the earth or a
water closet) for use in defecation and urination, or
LOT PROPORTION.
(U.S.D.P.)
The ratio of lot width to lot depth.
LUMINAIRE. In highway lighting, a complete lighting
device consisting of a light source, plus a globe,
reflector, refractor, housing and such support as is
integral with the housing. (DePina, 1972)
MANHOLE. An access hole sized for a man to enter,
particularly in sewer and storm drainage pipe systems
for cleaning, maintenance and inspection.
(U.S.D.P.)
MATRIX (OF BASIC REFERENCE MODELS). A set of models
of urban layouts arranged in rows and columns.
(U.S.D.P.)
MASTER PLAN. A comprehensive, long range plan intended to guide the growth and development of a city, town
or region, expressing official contemplations on the
course its transportation, housing and community facilities
should take, and making proposals for indussettlement, commerce, population distribution
trial
(Abrams,
and other aspects of growth and development.
1972).
MEDIAN BARRIER. A double-faced guard rail in the
median or island dividing two adjacent roadways. (DePina, 1972)
MESHING BOUNDARIES. Characterized by continuing,
homogeneous land uses or topography, expressed as:
LINES: property lines, political or municipal divisions, main streets, etc.; AREAS: similar residential
uses, compatible uses (as parks with residential).
(U.S.D.P.)
MICROCLIMATE. The local climate of a given site or
habitat varying in size from a tiny crevice to a
large land area, but being usually characterized by
considerable uniformity of climate. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
MODE OF TRAVEL.
Manner of moving from one place (the
site) to another (other parts of the urban context).
(U.S.D.P.)
MODEL (OF URBAN LAYOUT). A representation of an urban
residential area illustrating circulation, land utilization, land subdivision, and utility network of a
specific layout and lot.
(U.S.D.P.)
MUTUALOWNERSHIP. Private land ownership shared by
two or more persons and their heir under mutual agreement.
(U.S.D.P.)
NATURALFEATURES. Prominent objects in
nature.
(U.S.D.P.)
or produced by
Soils that have not been
NATURAL UNDISTURBED SOIL.
disturbed by artificial process.
Although natural,
they depend greatly on local conditions, environment,
and past geological history of the formations.
(U.S.D.P.)
NEIGHBORHOOD. A section lived in by neighbors and
having distinguishing characteristics.
(U.S.D.P.)
The ratio of
NETWORKEFFICIENCY (LAYOUTEFFICIENCY).
the length of the network to the area(s) contained
within; or tangent to it. (U.S.D.P.)
NEUTRALWIRE.
and a ground.
Wire carrying no voltage between itself
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
NOISE. Any sound (affecting the site) that is undesired (such as that produced by: traffic, airports,
industry, etc.)
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
ODOR. A quality of something that affects the sense
of smell.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
OHMS (electrical).
The unit of resistance to the
flow electricity. The higher the number of ohms, the
greater the resistance. When resistance is constant,
amperage (and wattage) are in direct proportion to
voltage.
Resistance varies inversely with the crossOhms - volts/amperes.
sectional area of the wire.
R = E/I.
The practical mks unit of electrical resistance that is equal to the resistance of a circuit in
which a potential difference of one volt produces a
current of one ampere or to the resistance in which
one watt of power is dissipated when one ampere flows
through it and that is taken as standard in the U.S.
(U.S.D.P.; ROTC ST 45-7, 1953; Merriam-Webster, 1971)
OPTIMIZE/OPTIMALIZE. To bring to a peak of economic
efficiency, specially by the use of precise analytical
methods.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
ORGANIC SOILS.
Soils composed mostly of plant material.
(U.S.D.P.)
OXIDATION POND (LAGOON). A method of sewage treatment using action of bacteria and algae to digest/
decompose wastes.
(U.S.D.P.)
PERCENT RENT/ORTGAGE. The fraction of income allocated for dwelling rental or dwelling mortgage payments; expressed as a percentage of total family
income.
(U.S.D.P.)
PIT PRIVY/LATRINE.
A simple hole in the ground,
usually hand dug, covered with slab and protective
superstructure; for disposal of human excreta.
(U.S.D.P.)
PLANNING. The establishment of goals, policies, and
procedures for a social or economic unit, i.e. city.
(U.S.D.P.)
PLOT/LOT.
A measured parcel of land having fixed
boundaries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.)
POLICE PROTECTION. Police force: a body of trained
men and women entrusted by a government with the maintenance of public peace and order, enforcement of
laws, prevention and detection of crime.
(Merriam-
Webster, 1971)
POPULATION DENSITY. It is the ratio between the population of a given area and the area. It is expressed
in people per hectare. It can be: GROSS DENSITY: includes any kind of land utilization, residential, circulation, public facilities, etc. NET DENSITY: includes only the residential land and does not include
land for other uses. (U.S.D.P.)
POSITION. The point or area in space actually occupied by a physical object (the site). (MerriamWebster, 1971)
PRIMER. A small introductory book on a specific subject.
(U.S.D.P.)
PRIVATE LANDOWNERSHIP. The absolute tenure of land
to a person and his heirs without restriction of time.
(U.S.D.P.)
PRIVY.
A small, often detached building having a
bench with one or more round or oval holes through
which the user may defecate or urinate (as into a pit
or tub) and ordinarily lacking any means of automatic
discharge of the matter deposited.
(Merriam-Webster,
1971)
PROJECT. A plan undertaken;
sign. (U.S.D.P.)
a specific plan or de-
PUBLIC CIRCULATION. The circulation network which is
owned, controlled, and maintained by public agencies
and is accessible to all members of a community.
(U.S.D.P.)
PUBLIC FACILITIES.
Facilities such as schools, playgrounds, parks, other facilities accessible to all
members of a community which are owned, controlled,
and maintained by public agencies. (U.S.D.P.)
FACILITES.
Includes;
PUBLIC SERVICES AND COMMUNITY
public transportation, police protection, fire protection, refuse collection, health, schools, and
playgrounds, recreation and open spaces, other community facilities, business, commercial, small industries, markets. (U.S.D.P.)
A system which is owned and
PUBLIC SYSTEM (general).
operated by a local governmental authority or by an
established public utility company which is controlled and regulated by a governmental authority.
(HUD/AID, Minimum Standards, 1966)
PUBLIC UTILITIES.
Includes: water supply, sanitary
sewerage, storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, telephone, circulation networks. (U.S.D.P.)
PUMP. A device or machine that raises, transfers, or
compresses fluids or that attenuates gases especially
by suction or pressure or both. (Merriam-Webster,1971)
REFUSE COLLECTION. The service for collection and
disposal of all the solid wastes from a community.
(U.S.D.P.)
RESERVOIR. Large-scale storage of water; also functions to control fluctuations in supply and pressure.
(U.S.D.P.)
RESIDENTIAL AREA. An area containing the basic
needs/requirements for daily life activities: housing, education, recreation, shopping, work. (U.S.D.P.)
RESISTANCE. The opposition to electrical flow. (Resistance increases as the length of wires is increased and decreases as the cross-sectional area of
wires is increased).
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
RIGHT-OF-WAY. A legal right of passage over another
person's ground (land), the area or way over which a
right-of-way exists such as: a path or thorough-fare
which one may lawfully use, the strip of land devoted
to or over which is built a public road, the land
GLOSSARY
occupied by a railroad, the land used by a public
utility. Rights-of-way may be shared (as streets;
pedestrians and automobiles) or exclusive (as rapid
transit routes; subways, railroads, etc.) (MerriamWebster, 1971; U.S.D.P.)
ROADWAY (HIGHWAY). Portion of the highway included
between the outside lines of gutter or side ditches,
including all slopes, ditches, channels, and appurtenances necessary to proper drainage, protection, and
use. (DePina, 1972)
SITE AND SERVICES. The subdivision of urban land and
the provision of services for residential use and comSite and services projects
plementary commercial use.
are aimed to improve the housing conditions for the
low income groups of the population by providing:
a) SITE: the access to a piece of land where people
can build their own dwellings; b) SERVICES: the
opportunity of access to employment, utilities, services and community facilities, financing and communications. (U.S.D.P.)
ROW/GROUPED HOUSING. Dwelling units grouped together
linearly or in clusters. (U.S.D.P.)
SIZE. Physical magnitude or extent (of the site),
relative or proportionate dimensions (of the site).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
RUNOFF. That part of precipitation carried off from
the area upon which it falls. (DePina, 1972)
SLOPE. Degree or extent of deviation (of the land
surface) from the horizontal. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
RUNOFF-RAINFALL RATIO. The percentage (ratio) of
stormwater runoff that is not reduced by evaporation,
depression storage, surface wetting, and percolation;
with increased rainfall duration, runoff-rainfall
ratios rise increasing runoff flow. (U.S.D.P.)
SMOKE. The gaseous products of burning carbonaceous
materials made visible by the presence of carbon particles. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
SAND. Loose, distinguishable grains of quartz/feldspar, mica (ranging from 2mm to 0.02mm in diameter).
(U.S.D.P.)
SANITARY SEWERAGE. The system of artificial usually
subterranean conduits to carry off sewage composed of:
excreta: waste matter eliminated from the human body;
domestic wastes: used water from a home/community
containing 0.1% total solids; and some industrial
wastes, but not water from ground, surface, or storm.
(U.S.D.P.)
SEMI-DETACHED DWELLING. Two dwelling units sharing a
common wall (duplex). (U.S.D.P.)
SEPTIC TANK. A tank in which the organic solid matter of continuously flowing sewage is deposited and
retained until it has been disintegrated by anaerobic
bacteria. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
SERIES CIRCUIT. Fixtures connected in a circuit by a
single wire. When one fixture is out, the circuit is
broken. Fixtures with different amperages cannot be
used efficiently in the same circuit. (ROTC ST 45-7,
1953)
SETTLEMENT. Occupation by settlers to establish a
residence or colony. (U.S.D.P.)
SEWAGE.
The effluent in a sewer network.
(U.S.D.P.)
SEWER. The conduit in a subterranean network used to
carry off water and waste matter. (U.S.D.P.)
SEWER BUILDING CONNECTION. The pipe connecting the
dwelling with the sewer network. (U.S.D.P.)
SEWERAGE. Sewerage system: the system of sewers in a
city, town or locality. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
SHAPE. Form/configuration of the site surface as
defined by its perimeter/boundaries. (U.S.D.P.)
SHOPPING. (Facilities for) searching for, inspecting,
or buying available goods or services. (U.S.D.P.)
SILT. Loose, unconsolidated sedimentary rock particles (ranging from 0.02mm to 0.002mm in diameter).
(U.S.D.P.)
SITE. Land (that could be) made suitable for building
purposes by dividing into lots, laying out streets and
providing facilities. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
SITE AREAS. Two types are considered: GROSS AREA: includes the whole site or the bounded piece of ground.
USABLE AREA: includes only the portion of the site
that can be fully utilized for buildings, streets,
playgrounds, recreation facilities, gardens, or other
structures. (U.S.D.P.)
SOIL. Soil structure: the arrangement of soil particles in various aggregates differring in shape, size,
stability, and degree of adhesion to one another.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
SOIL INVESTIGATION. It is the process to find the
soil structure and other characteristics. It may
soil survey,
include the following stages: initial
exploratory boring, construction boring. (U.S.D.P.)
SOIL PIPE. The pipe in a dwelling which carries the
pipe discharge from water closets. (U.S.D.P.)
SOIL SURVEY (INITIAL). An on-site examination of
surface soil conditions and reference to a GENERAL
SOIL MAP. It is used to reveal obvious limitations/
restrictions/hazards for early planning consideration. (U.S.D.P.)
STACK. The vertical pipe in a dwelling of the soil-,
waste-, or vent-pipe systems. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
STANDARD. 1) Something that is established by authority, custom or general consent as a model or example
to be followed. 2) Something that is set up and established by authority as a rule for the measure of
quantity, weight, extent, value or quality. (MerriamWebster, 1971)
STANDPIPE. A pipe riser with tap used as a source of
water for domestic purposes. (HUD/AID, Minimum Standards, 1966)
STORM DRAINAGE. Storm sewer: a sewer (system) designed to carry water wastes except sewage (exclusively storm water, surface runoff, or street wash).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
STREET LIGHTING. Illumination to improve vision at
night for security and for the extension of activities. (U.S.D.P.)
SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS. Regulations governing the
development of raw land for residential or other purposes.
(Abrams, 1972)
(comSUBGRADE. The layer of natural soil or fill
pacted soil) upon which the pavement structure including curbs is constructed. (DePina, 1972)
SUBMAINor BRANCH SEWER. A collector pipe receiving
sewage from lateral sewer only. (U.S.D.P.)
SUBSISTENCE INCOME. The minimum amount of money required for the purchase of food and fuel for an aver(U.S.D.P.)
age family to survive.
SULLAGE. Drainage or refuse especially from a house,
farmyard, or street. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
TAP (also FAUCET). A fixture for drawing a liquid from
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
a pipe, cask, or other vessel.
(49)
TAX EXEMPTION. A grant by a government of immunity
from taxes; (a ten-year tax exemption on new housing
in New York stimulated new construction in the 1920's;
to ease its housing shortage, Turkey granted a tenyear tax exemption on new buildings). (Abrams, 1966)
group that can afford housing without subsidy, by
cash purchase, through mortgage payments, or by rent;
subsistence level): the income group
VERY HIGH (10
that represents the most economically mobile sector
(U.S.D.P.)
of the population.
TAX INCENTIVE. Favorable tax treatment to induce the
beneficiary to do something he would not otherwise be
likely to do.
(U.S.D.P.)
USUFRUCT. The right to profit from a parcel of land
or control of a parcel of land without becoming the
owner or formal leasee; legal possession by decree
(U.S.D.P.)
without charge.
TAX STRUCTURE - TAXATION. The method by which a
nation (state, municipality) implements decisions to
transfer resources from the private sector to the
public sector. (U.S.D.P.)
TELEPHONE. An electrical voice communication network
interconnecting all subscribing individuals and
transmitting over wires. (U.S.D.P.)
TENURE. Two situations of tenure of the dwelling
units and/or the lot/land are considered: LEGAL:
having formal status derived from law; EXTRALEGAL:
not regulated or sanctioned by law. Four types of
tenure are considered: RENTAL: where the users pay a
fee (daily, weekly, monthly) for the use of the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land; LEASE: where the users
pay a fee for long-term use (generally for a year)
for a dwelling unit and/or the lot/land from the owner
(an individual, a public agency, or a private organization); OWNERSHIP: where the users hold in freehold
the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land which the unit
occupies; EMPLOYER-PROVIDED: where the users are
provided a dwelling unit by an employer in exchange
for services, i.e. domestic live-in servant. (U.S.D.P.)
TITLE. The instrument (as a deed) that constitutes a
legally just cause of exclusive possession (of land,
dwellings, or both). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
TOILET. A fixture for defecation and urination, esp.
water closet. (7th Collegiate Webster, 1963)
TOPOGRAPHY. The configuration of a (land) surface
including its relief and the position of its natural
and man-made features.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
TRANSPORTATION, Means of conveyance or travel from
one place (the site) to another (other parts of the
urban context).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
TRAP. A fitting that provides a water seal to prevent sewer gases and odors being discharged through
fixtures. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
TREATMENT WORKS. Filtration plant, reservoirs, and
all other construction required for the treatment of
a water supply.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
UNIT.
A determinate quantity adopted as a standard
of measurement for other quantities of the same kind.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
URBAN TRANSPORTATION. Means of conveyance of passengers or goods from one place to another along ways,
routes of circulation in a metropolitan context.
(U.S.D.P.)
URBANIZATION. The quality or state of being or becoming urbanized; to cause to take on urban characteristics. (U.S.D.P.)
USE TAX. The tax on land aimed primarily at enforcing
its use or improvement. (U.S.D.P.)
USER INCOME GROUPS. Based upon the subsistence (minimum wage) income per year, five income groups are
VERY LOW (below subsistence level):
distinguished:
the income group with no household income available
for housing, services, or transportation; LOW (I x
subsistence level): the income group that can afford
no or very limited subsidized housing; MODERATE (3
x subsistence level): the income group that can
afford limited housing and rent only with government
HIGH (5 x subsistence level): the income
assistance;
x
UTILITIES.
Include: water supply, sanitary sewerage,
storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, gas,
telephone. (U.S.D.P.)
The organization and/or infrastrucUTILITY/SERVICE.
ture for meeting the general need (as for water supply, wastewater removal, electricity, etc.) in the
public interest. (U.S.D.P.)
VALVE. A water supply distribution component which
interrupts the supply for maintenance purposes.
(U.S.D.P.)
VENT. A pipe opening to the atmosphere, which provides ventilation for a drainage system and prevents
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
trap siphonage or back pressure.
VIBRATION. A quivering or trembling motion (such as
that produced by: heavy traffic, industry, aircraft,
etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
VIEWS. That which is revealed to the vision or can be
seen (from the site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
WALK-UP. Dwelling units grouped in two to five stories with stairs for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.)
WASTE PIPE. A pipe (in a dwelling) which carries
water from wash basins, sinks, and similar fixtures.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
WATER SUPPLY. Source, means, or process of supplying
water, (as for a community) usually involving reservoirs, pipelines, and often the watershed from which
the water is ultimately drawn.
(Merriam-Webster,
1971)
WATERSHED. The catchment area or drainage basin from
which the waters of a stream or stream system are
drawn. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
WATERWORKS. The whole system of reservoirs, channels,
mains, and pumping and purifying equipment by which
a water supply is obtained and distributed to consumers.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
WATT. Watts (w) measure the power of the flow of
energy through a circuit.
Wattage is the product of
volts times amperes.
Both watts and hosepower denote
the rate of work being done. 746w - lhp. (RTC ST
45-7, 1953)
ZONING ORDINANCE. The demarcation of a city by ordinance into zones (areas/districts) and the establishment of regulations to govern the use of land and the
location, bulk, height, shape, use, population density, and coverage of structures within each zone.
(U.S.D.P.)
(50)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
EXPLANATORY NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABBREVIATIONS,
D.A.N.E.
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de
Estadistica
EXP. PLAN
Experimental Plan
ICETEX
Instituto Colombiano de Credito
Educativo y Estudios Tecnicos en el
Exterior
I.C.T.
Instituto de Credito Territorial
KM.
Kilometers
N.A.
Not Available
S. BLOCK
Superblock
QUALITY OF SERVICES, FACILITIES AND UTILITIES
None:
when the existence of services,
facilities and utilities
are unavailable to a locality.
Limited,
when the existence of services,
facilities and utilities
are available
to a locality in a limited manner due
to proximity.
Adequate:
when the existence of services,
facilities and utilities
are available
in/to a locality.
QUALITY OF INFORMATION
The quality of information given in the drawings
have been qualified in the following manner:
Tentative: when based upon rough estimations of
limited sources.
Approximate: when deducted from different and/or
not completely reliable sources.
Accurate,
when taken from reliable or actual
sources.
URBAN CONTEXT(Pag. 3)
The numbering of paragraphs correspond to the
following aspects of the urban area:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Primary Information
History
Economy
Government
Demography
Socio - Cultural
Socio - Economic
Housing
METRIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENTS
Linear Measures
- 0.3937 inches
I centimeter
1 meter
- 100 centimeters - 39.37 inches or
3.28 feet
= 3,280.83 feet or
1 kilometer - 1,000 meters
0,62137 miles
- 2.54 centimeters
1 inch
- 0.3048 meters
1 foot
= 1.60935 kilometers
1 mile
Square Measures
1 square meter
- 1,550 square inches
or
10.7639 square feet
1 hectare - 10,000 sq meters -- 2.4711 acres
= 0.0929 square meters
1 square foot
- 0.4087
1 acre
ASOCIACION ARQUITECTOS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL, Publicacidn 3. Bogoti, 1971.
BOGOTA, SU DESARROLIO Y PRESERVACION DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE, Departamento Administrativo de Planeacion
Distrital, Sub-Direccidn de Desarrollo Fisico.
Bogota, 1971.
EL FUTURODE BOGOTA, Republica de Colombia, Banco
Internacional de Reconstruccion y Fomento, Programa
de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
Bogota, 1974.
EQUIPAMIENTO COMUNITARIO CIUDAD KENNEDYFASE L. USOS DEL SUELO, Departamento de Estudios e Investigaziones, Oficina Organizacion y Control, Instituto
Bogota, 1976.
de Crddito Territorial.
ESTUDIOS DE NORMASMINIMAS DE URBANIZACION, SERVICIOS
PUBLICOS Y SERVICIOS COMUNITARIOS,Primera parte, normas fisicas y aspectos generales, informe bisico y
complemento, Consultdcnicos Ltda. BogotA, 1972.
GUIDE FOR SURVEY - EVALUATIONOF URBAN DWELLING
ENVIRONMENTS, M.I.T. Thesis, Baldwin J. M. Cambridge,
1974.
INSTITUTO DE CREDITO TERRITORIAL - INFORME.
Bogota, 1965.
INSTITUTO DE CREDITO TERRITORIAL - INFORME.
Bogoti, 1967.
KENNEDY, Anatomia de Bogota, Capitulo 2, El Vespertino. Bogotj, Marzo 2 1976.
PLAN DE ESTRUCTURAPARA BOGOTA, Informe tecnico sobre el estudio de desarrollo urbano de Bogoti fase 2,
Republica de Colombia, Banco Internacional de Reconstruccion y Fomento, Programa de las Naciones Unidas
para el Desarrollo.
BogotA, 1974.
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:Cali, Colombia,
Thesis.
Jairo A. Millan V. Cambridge, 1975.
M.I.T.
URBAN INFRASTRUCTUREGROWTHIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES,
Case Study: Bogota, Colombia, M.I.T. Thesis. German
Ruiz Silva.
Cambridge, 1974.
URBANSETTLEMENTDESIGN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES,
Files. Cambridge, 1976.