TABLE 1
Comparative Based Data for North American Countries
GDP (US Billions) 1999
Per Capita GDP ($US)
Total Exports (thousands $US)
Exports to Region
Total Imports (thousands $US)
Imports from Region
Exports as Percent of GDP
Imports as Percent of GDP
Exports to Region as % of GDP
Imports from Region as % of GDP
Total Population (2000)
Population Ages 15-64
Total Immigration in the US
(thousands) 1996
Total Undocumented in US
(thousands)1996
United States
9,200
33,386
California
1,330
38,349
702,098
87,843
1,441,441
103,493
122,093
7.6%
15.6%
0.95%
1.13%
Mexico
Central America
483.7
63.8
4,820
1,743
148,601
147,781
155,581
93,475
11,174
7,637
22,883
10,432
9.18%
15.72%
30%
32%
30.5%
19%
1.752%
3.587%
1.197%
1.635%
275,562,673
182,172,625
33,899,000
21,939,703
100,349,766
62,091,530
36,592,630
20,683,862
915.90
201.52
163.57
44.29
5,000
2,000
2,700
660
209,025
Source:
For US, Mexico, and Central America: World Bank Statistical Data www.worldbank.org
All Information For California: California Statistical Abstract, 2000 www.dof.ca.gov
All Population estimates US, Mexico, Central America, 2000, US Census www.census.gov
All Immigration information from INS, 1996, www.ins.gov
Notes:
California Population estimates are for 1999
1
Table 2
Mexican Contribution to U.S. Population and Labor Pool
Thousands
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
132,457
151,868
179,979
203,984
227,217
249,666
281,422
19,654
25,791
34,923
48,225
66,847
85,782
98,881
377
450
1,735
4,532
8,740
13,495
20,600
41,870
63,379
71,489
84,889
108,544
126,424
138,386
5,858
8,345
10,213
14,489
22,092
31,027
40,666
(6) Annual flow of legal temporary workers
0
150
420
47
20
120
35.9
(7) Cumulative stock of undocumented workers (since 1940)
0
100
200
316
1,095
2,298
5,000
(8) Cumulative stock of legal immigrant workers (since 1940)
0
46
286
673
1,230
2,172
660
(9) Total Mexican workers in U.S. labor force
0
296
906
1,036
2,345
4,590
5,696
335
571
1,308
2,063
3,498
8,742
14,008
(11) Mexicans working in U.S. as share of Mexican labor force
0.0
3.6
8.9
7.2
10.6
14.8
14
(12) Mexicans working in U.S. as share of U.S. labor force
0.0
0.5
1.3
1.2
2.2
3.6
4.1
(13) Total labor force in U.S. of Mexican origin as share of
U.S. labor force
0.8
0.9
1.8
2.4
3.2
6.9
10
1) Total U.S. population
(2) Total Mexican population
(3) Population of Mexican origin in U.S.
(4) U.S. labor force
(5) Mexican labor force
(10) Total labor force in U.S. of Mexican origin
Percent shares
Notes:
U.S. Mexican labor force totals for 1940, 1950, 1970, 1980 and 1980 are from the census data on economically active population (including unemployed). The 1960 census figure was adjusted to correct for over-counting
of rural workers. The estimates in row (6) are based on the number of legal temporary workers, including braceros from 1942 to 1964, H-2 from 1952, and SAW/RAW from 1986. Estimates in row (7) are of undocumented
workers during the previous five-year period (one quarter of undocumented immigrants deported reduced by one-fourth for non-participants in the work force) and are adjusted by estimates published by Passel and
Woodrow (1984) and Garcia y Griego (1989). Year 2000 Data is based on 1996 numbers. Row (8) is based on the INS Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, with demographic growth calculated along with a 0.68 labor force
participation rate and a 0.05 attrition rate and is based on 1998 figures. Mexicans in the United States refer to all legal and undocumented immigrants from Mexico who entered this country between 1940 and the present
and their progeny, regardless of place of birth. This is clearly not the same as "people of Mexican origin" as described in the U.S. Census and Current Population Survey. The magnitude of the difference (about half the
current total) can be explained as arising from all legal and undocumented immigrants and their descendants who came before 1940.
2
TABLE 3
Estimated Undocumented Immigrant Population
Top 20 Countries of Origin and Top 20 States of Residence
Rank
Country of Origin
All Countries
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Mexico∗
El Salvador∗∗
Guatemala ∗∗
Canada∗
Haiti∗∗
Philippines
Honduras∗∗
Dominican Republic ∗∗
Poland
Nicaragua∗∗
Bahamas∗∗
Colombia
Ecuador
Trinidad & Tobago∗∗
Jamaica∗∗
Pakistan
India
Ireland
Peru
Korea
Other
Population
5,000,000
2,700,000
335,000
165,000
120,000
105,000
95,000
90,000
75,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
65,000
55,000
50,000
50,000
41,000
33,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
721,000
Rank
State of Residence
All States
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
California
Texas
New York
Florida
Illinois
New Jersey
Arizona
Massachusetts
Virginia
Washington
Colorado
Maryland
Michigan
Pennsylvania
New Mexico
Oregon
Georgia
District of Columbia
Connecticut
Nevada
Other
Population
5,000,000
2,000,000
700,000
540,000
350,000
290,000
135,000
115,000
85,000
55,000
52,000
45,000
44,000
37,000
37,000
37,000
33,000
32,000
30,000
29,000
24,000
330,00
Totals
North American Undocumented Immigration
Greater North American Undocumented Immigration
2,820,000
1,010,000
Source: Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1996, US Immigration and Naturalization Service, Washington, DC 1997, p.198
∗ North America
∗∗ Greater North America
3
TABLE 4
Major Occupation of Employment: Legalized Workers by Various Characteristics, 1992
Occupation (percent)
Variable
Characteristic
Sales
100
30
100
Administrative
Support
Private
Household
Food
Other
12
16
1
5
8
5
7
5
100
8
4
5
100
8
7
100
5
100
100
Total
US Workers
Total
Legalized
Workers
Male
Sex
Female
Region of
Origin
Mexico
Central
America
Other
Services
Professional
Technical
Managerial
Farm
Craft and
Repair
Operator,
Transport
Labor
8
3
11
10
4
10
11
6
15
24
9
-
12
8
8
20
25
10
11
14
7
17
2
5
21
8
4
6
4
11
10
7
16
26
11
8
6
8
13
10
15
2
13
20
5
22
10
12
4
9
12
1
11
15
4
4
TABLE 5
Earnings of Legalized Workers by Various Characteristics:
First US Job, at application, and 1992
Mean Hourly Wage
(constant 1992 dollars)
Variable
Characteristics
US Workers 2
Total
Sex
Legalized
Workers
Male
Female
Mexico
Region
of Origin
Central America
Other
California
Texas
Place of
Residence
New York
Other
First
US Job
At
Application1
In
1992
Individual
Earnings
1991
(median)
Fami ly Earnings
1991
(median)
-
$8.98
$10.33
$17,146
$35,939
$7.59
$7.57
$8.71
$12,670
$20,147
8.20
8.33
9.43
15,198
21,968
6.67
6.15
7.41
8,748
17,507
7.51
7.14
8.11
12,091
19,112
6.53
7.3
8.42
11,869
19,471
8.99
9.64
11.46
17,982
26,804
7.72
7.67
9.02
12,597
20,498
6.63
6.34
7.17
11,943
16,396
7.59
8.38
9.13
14,778
20,976
7.83
7.75
8.68
13,211
21,100
- Not Applicable
a US workers, annual average, 1987; Legalized workers’ wages during week prior to application in either 1987 or 1988
b Earnings of US production or non-supervisory workers on private non-farm payrolls.
Sources: Legalized workforce (Legalized Population Survey [LPS1] restricted sample and Legalized Population Follow-Up Survey
[LPS2]); US wage data (BLS, Employment and Earnings, January 1993. Annual average); US Ea rnings data (BLS, unpublished data
from the Current Population Survey, March 1992)
THE PERCENT CHANGES FOR MEAN HOURLY WAGES:
AT APPLICATION: 18.62%
In 1992:18.63%
From At Application to In 1992 for both US and Legalized workers: 15%
5
Table 6
Remittance
Mexico
El
Salvador
$1,580
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
$6,795
Central
America
$707
$535
$368
$345
31029%
338.25%
910%
232%
104%
107%
60%
330.75%
684%
364%
160%
113%
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
1.4%
9.2%
12.6%
3%
6.8%
14.4%
Tourism and Main Exports
Tourism
94%
346%
749%
94%
189%
352%
All Agricultural Exports
164%
90.75%
211%
32%
45%
75%
5%
41.63%
63.2%
19.3%
21%
63%
Remittances
(thousands)
Remittances as compared to: (% of)
General Indicators
Official Development Assistance
(ODA)
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Exports
Source: www.iadb.org
Central America includes: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua
All Central America Numbers are averages for all four countries
6
Real GDP
Real GDP
Migration
Table 8
Scenario Variation from the Base
2b
2c
Base
1a
1b
2a
9963.0000
1330.0000
1.5511%
4.9852%
0.1272%
0.1104%
-0.7756%
-2.4112%
-1.5511%
-4.9852%
MX
438.7560
-1.5572%
0.0648%
1.0770%
[Absolute
Change]
US
9963.0000
154.5353
12.6775
CA
MX
1330.0000
438.7560
66.3032
-6.8323
[Percentage
Change]
US
CA
3a
3b
3c
3d
3e
3f
0.4080%
0.3518%
-0.0393%
-0.0339%
-0.2580%
-0.2222%
-0.4461%
-0.3845%
-0.2642%
-0.2270%
-0.4386%
-0.3759%
-0.6191%
-0.5325%
1.5572%
0.2635%
0.1097%
0.1239%
0.1205%
0.3979%
0.4090%
0.3714%
-77.2696
-154.5353
40.6463
-3.9169
-25.7001
-44.4465
-26.3251
-43.6964
-61.6819
1.4687
0.2844
-32.0684
4.7256
-66.3032
6.8323
4.6785
1.1562
-0.4506
0.4812
-2.9554
0.5435
-5.1135
0.5287
-3.0197
1.7460
-5.0001
1.7946
-7.0823
1.6296
[NET Change in Thousands]
800
18.40
-400.00
-800.00
-57.75
6.16
-15.16
-30.35
-24.38
-35.10
-45.91
MIGRANTS to US RURAL
SECTOR
USMIGURB
USMIGAG
2,200
370.03
-1,100.00
-2,200.00
183.61
-125.63
-773.30
-1,330.23
-785.26
-1,303.61
-1,841.61
MIGRANTS to US URBAN
SECTOR
CAMIGAG
400
7.25
-400.00
-400.00
64.60
4.05
-2.99
-7.39
-6.19
-9.24
-12.28
MIGRANTS to CA RURAL
SECTOR
CAMIGURB
1,100
140.90
-1,100.00
-1,100.00
977.72
-49.01
-293.44
-504.36
-298.18
-494.94
-698.55
MIGRANTS to CA URBAN
SECTOR
MXMIG
547
305.90
-19.24
-546.58
267.81
176.58
-74.78
-245.59
-256.27
-420.61
-580.22
CAPITAL
RULAB
3.6018%
-85.5655%
0.0566%
-0.9168%
-1.7896%
42.9928%
-3.6018%
85.5655%
0.1812%
-2.8769%
-0.0453%
0.2767%
-0.1189%
1.9072%
-0.1925%
3.2916%
-0.1303%
2.7148%
-0.2152%
3.6436%
-0.2775%
4.6068%
UNSKLLAB
URBSKLLAB
-4.0401%
1.0968%
-0.9168%
0.0538%
2.0409%
-0.5264%
4.0401%
-1.0968%
-2.8773%
0.1977%
0.2767%
-0.0499%
1.9071%
-0.1220%
3.2915%
-0.2020%
1.9187%
-0.1423%
3.2100%
-0.2178%
4.5545%
-0.2859%
YUPS
LAND
1.0111%
-13.4769%
0.0476%
0.5848%
-0.4818%
6.8049%
-1.0111%
13.4769%
0.1806%
0.7443%
-0.0503%
0.5848%
-0.1130%
0.3456%
-0.1869%
0.2658%
-0.1345%
0.2392%
-0.2024%
0.1329%
-0.2655%
0.0532%
3.6014%
0.0531%
-1.7889%
-3.6014%
0.1889%
-0.0472%
-0.1240%
-0.2007%
-0.1358%
-0.2184%
-0.2834%
RULAB
URBUNLAB
-85.6063%
-11.5662%
-0.9168%
-0.9167%
43.0132%
5.6995%
85.6063%
11.5662%
-2.8768%
-2.8771%
0.2767%
0.2766%
1.9072%
1.9071%
3.2915%
3.2915%
2.7148%
1.9187%
3.6436%
3.2100%
4.6068%
4.5545%
UNIONLAB
1.1134%
0.0538%
-0.5346%
-1.1134%
0.1978%
-0.0216%
-0.1220%
-0.2020%
-0.1423%
-0.2178%
-0.2859%
MIGRANTS IN MX URBAN
Average Factor Wages
[Percentage Change]
US
CA
CAPITAL
7
YUPS
LAND
0.3747%
23.2830%
0.0476%
0.1880%
0.1427%
-11.5274%
-0.3747%
-23.2830%
0.1806%
0.7049%
-0.0122%
-0.2350%
-0.1130%
-0.6512%
-0.1869%
-1.0540%
-0.1345%
-0.6781%
-0.2024%
-1.0339%
-0.2655%
-1.3897%
-4.5381%
0.3149%
2.3073%
4.5381%
0.4444%
-0.6416%
-1.7570%
-2.8429%
-0.3973%
-1.4597%
-2.5545%
RULAB
URBUNLAB
5.1462%
5.4663%
0.9810%
0.9819%
-4.2638%
-4.4226%
-5.1462%
-5.4663%
-0.9215%
-0.9226%
-4.3469%
-4.3467%
-10.6452%
-10.6450%
-16.5101%
-16.5095%
-11.4649%
-7.3907%
-16.9248%
-12.8505%
-22.6805%
-18.6063%
UNIONLAB
YUPS
-4.4747%
-4.7515%
0.2985%
0.2644%
2.3983%
2.5223%
4.4747%
4.7515%
0.3971%
0.3642%
-0.7524%
-0.7035%
-2.0033%
-1.8508%
-3.1637%
-2.9174%
-0.5851%
-0.5156%
-1.7452%
-1.5848%
-2.9117%
-2.6565%
LAND
-5.4667%
-6.7609%
-2.6168%
5.4667%
-6.2708%
-10.5005%
-12.8223%
-16.3241%
-8.4309%
-11.7185%
-15.4629%
Base
1a
1b
2a
2b
3
9963.0000
1330.0000
438.7560
154.5353
66.3032
-6.8323
-77.2696
-32.0684
4.7256
-154.5353
-66.3032
6.8323
40.6463
4.6785
1.1562
MX
CAPITAL
Real GDP
[Absolute
Change]
US
CA
MX
12.6775
1.4687
0.2844
8
4a
-3.9169
-0.4506
0.4812
4b
4c
5a
5b
5c
-25.7001
-2.9554
0.5435
-44.4465
-5.1135
0.5287
-26.3251
-3.0197
1.7460
-43.6964
-5.0001
1.7946
-61.6819
-7.0823
1.6296
TABLE 9
Estimated Mexican Taxpayer Subsidy to California and the U.S. Via Educational Spending on
Undocumented Immigrants
Government Spending on Primary and Secondary Education
(Thousands of Students, 1991 Pesos)
Mexico
Primary
(K-6)
Secondary
(7-9)
Students
14,398
4,160
Total Spending
11,774 m
3,918 m
Spending Per Capita
817
942
United States
(K-12)
California (K-12)
Const. Total
18,558
466 m 16,158 m
25 $ 871 Mx
$ 285 US
5,200
6,300
Total Annual Subsidy by Foreign Taxpayers to the U.S. and California
years per worker)
(Millions of U.S. Dollars)
Total
(Assuming 9 school
Mexico
U.S.
769
320
California
320
179
Total Costs to the U.S. and California of Educating Workers to Replace Undocumented
Immigrants
(Assuming 9 school years per worker)
(Millions of U.S. Dollars)
Total
U.S.
California
Mexico
17,695
7,206
5,850
3,276
Sources: Anuario Estadistico de Los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Capitulo 6, 1992; Robert
Warren, "Estimates of the Undocumented Immigrant Population in the U.S., by country of
Origin and State of Residence, October 1992," U.S. Immigrantion and Naturalization
Service.
9
Year
Braceros
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
32
20
35
107
67
192
197
201
309
398
445
436
432
437
315
291
194
186
177
20
8
7
6
Table 10
Mexican Origin Latino (MOL) Emigration to the United States
Deportable Total
Deportable
Undocumented MOL Immigrants +
Mexico
MOL
Undocumented
100
194
193
288
468
509
529
886
1,089
254
88
60
53
45
71
89
93
89
87
110
139
162
212
284
345
420
506
656
788
767
876
1,042
1,058
1,076
910
975
970
1,251
1,246
1,348
1,767
1,191
1,008
954
1,169
1,197
1,258
1,327
1,094
1,394
1,649
1,537
1,679
90
158
156
233
379
412
42
676
920
221
62
38
32
25
22
23
23
31
35
44
71
86
113
159
219
290
355
576
709
614
701
834
846
861
734
797
795
1,076
1,104
1,218
1,671
1,139
949
865
1,092
1,131
1,205
1,269
1,040
1,340
1,598
1,478
1,614
Source: INS Statistical Yearbook, and Pontes and Back, 1985, Table 8, p.63
10
23
40
39
58
95
103
11
169
230
55
16
10
8
6
6
6
6
8
9
11
18
22
28
40
55
73
89
144
177
153
175
208
212
215
184
199
199
269
276
305
418
285
237
216
273
283
301
317
260
335
400
370
404
42
65
101
109
20
187
267
105
71
59
34
29
38
47
61
63
41
48
63
64
71
84
99
123
153
214
248
215
248
252
304
267
240
300
255
328
333
366
484
357
332
621
952
1,229
514
443
371
424
563
516
534
Temporary
Workers
4
4
5
12
13
12
22
16
13
14
16
17
26
51
Figure 1
Mexico-US. And Spain-Germany Real GDP per capita,
1950-1993
Real GDP Per Capita
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
Mexico
Spain
11
USA
Germany
92
19
90
19
88
19
86
19
84
19
82
19
80
19
78
19
76
19
74
19
72
19
70
19
68
19
66
19
64
19
62
19
60
19
58
19
56
19
54
19
52
19
19
50
0
Figure 2
Spanish Emigration: Long and Short Term
140,000
120,000
80,000
Series1
Series2
60,000
40,000
20,000
Year
13
19
94
19
92
19
90
19
88
19
86
19
84
19
82
19
80
19
78
19
76
19
74
19
72
19
70
19
68
19
66
19
64
0
19
62
Emigration
100,000
Figure 3
Mexican Emigration to the United States
(thousands)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
19
46
19
48
19
50
19
52
19
54
19
56
19
58
19
60
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
0
Braceros
Undocumented MOL
Deportable
Total
14
MOL Immigrants + Undocumented
Deportable Mexico
Temporary Workers
Figure 4
INS Border Patrol Authorized Staffing and Alien Apprehensions in
Southewst Sectors
4,000,000
10,000
9,000
3,500,000
8,000
Apprehensions
7,000
2,500,000
6,000
2,000,000
5,000
4,000
1,500,000
3,000
1,000,000
2,000
500,000
1,000
0
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
Apprehensions
1997
1998
1999
INS Border Total Agents
15
2000
INS Borde Patrol Agents
3,000,000