The Role of Design in Building Sustainable Cities
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6th Annual Green Building Conference Seminar on Green and Sustainable Schools The Role of Design in Building Sustainable Cities Mayor Jeremy Harris Syracuse, New York March 27th-28th, 2008 State of the World Today A Planet In Peril We are at a defining moment in history Water Stress Today a half billion people live in 31 water-short countries • By 2025, 4 billion people will suffer water shortages. Source: Peopleandplanet.net 1 Desertification/Water Stress Desertification threatens the livelihood of over 1 billion people in more than 110 countries Source: United Nations Water Pollution Each year 450 cubic kilometers of wastewater are discharged into rivers, streams and lakes. Source: Peopleandplanet.net Loss of Habitat and Biodiversity Hawaii is the “extinction capital” of the world. Highest rate in 65 million years. 2 Unsustainable Energy Policy Fossil Fuel Consumption 90% of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuels Asian demand for primary energy will double every 12 years (the world average is 28 years) Coal accounts for 40% of energy generation Air Pollution Carbon dioxide readings-highest in 600,000 years China-respiratory disease, leading cause of death The Greatest Threat Global Warming Increase in intensity of cyclonic storms Rise in global sea levels 3 . • . Green House Gas Generation Fossil Fuel Powered Transportation At current rates of expansion, there will be a billion vehicles on the world’s roads by 2025 4 Green House Gas Generation Energy Inefficient Building Design Poor design of the built environment is a major contributor to our wasteful energy policy. Building Construction Materials Deforestation • 80% of the forests that originally covered the Earth have been cleared • 36 million acres are destroyed each year Stopping Green House Gas Generation Green Building Design Appropriate Building Materials Energy Efficient Design Distributed Energy Systems 5 Is It Sustainable? Unlimited Consumption ??? Economic prosperity in the developed world – based on an assumption of unlimited consumption and waste. Is It Sustainable? Unlimited Waste Generation ??? Economic prosperity in the developed world – based on an assumption of unlimited consumption and waste. The Urban Era • Approximately half the world’s population is now urban • Urban areas are gaining 60 million people a year • Like adding another San Francisco every five days Source: Peopleandplanet.net 6 Path to a Sustainable World Building Sustainable Cities For the world to be sustainable we have to build sustainable cities. Future Urbanization • Most of the urbanization that will exist in 2030 has not yet occurred. • By 2030, 60% of the world’s population will be urban Source: York Times Almanac 2004 The Sustainable City A Systems Approach Key Concepts • Understanding interrelationships • EnterpriseEnterprise-wide approach • End stovepipe management structure • Lifecycle costingcostingInternalizing “external” external” costs Land use planning Transportation Energy policy Waste handling Econ. Development Social factors Natural resource management 7 Modeling Cities After Ecosystems Sustainable Cities It’s All About Good Holistic Design Who Will Lead? “The New Architect” Redefining the Profession of Architecture 8 Architect’s Role Designers of the Entire Built Community The Honolulu Experience Architects Taking A Leadership Role In: • Sustainable Planning • Urban Design • Building Communities City and County of Honolulu • 12th largest city in U.S. Pop: approx. 1,000,000 Area: 680 sq. miles 9 The Honolulu Experience Empowering the Community 10 “Vision Design Assistance Teams” Community “Vision Groups” consult with architects and planners Sustainable Cities Land Use & Urban Design • Design cities for people, not cars • Avoid sprawl and protect ag land • Mandate good urban design Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Land Use Build Cities for People Not Cars 11 Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Land Use Utilize “Smart Growth” Design Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Land Use Preserve Ag Land & Open Space Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Land Use Utilize Good Urban Design 12 Land Use Curbing Urban Sprawl Sustainable Community Plans Urban Growth Boundaries 13 Open Space Preservation • Preserve watersheds • Protect wildlife habitats • Maintain view plains Redesigning Cities Geographic Information System Utilities Flood Zones Zoning Environmental 14 GIS Virtual Fly-thru Flood Zones Zoning Environmental Construction Plans GIS Virtual 3D data • System integrates scanned building plans • Over 1 million building plans scanned and linked to GIS 15 “The New Architect” Helping Communities Develop a Sustainable Vision 16 Recapturing the Waterfront - Sustainable Planning Community Vision: Pearl Harbor Historic Trail Recapturing the Waterfront - Sustainable Planning Community Vision: Pearl Harbor Historic Trail - Recapture the Waterfront Recapturing the Waterfront - Sustainable Planning Community Vision: Change land use polices to relocate noncoastal dependent, industrial uses along shoreline 17 Recapturing the Waterfront - Sustainable Planning Community Vision: Pearl Harbor Historic Trail - restore the historic railroad line along the length of the Leeward Coast Sustainable Planning Urban Design Sustainable Planning Urban Design 18 Sustainable Planning Urban Design Sustainable Planning Urban Design Sustainable Planning Urban Design Guidelines Solutions for Neglected Neighborhood Streets 19 Sustainable Planning Urban Design Guidelines Changing Neighborhoods into Vibrant Pedestrian Spaces Sustainable Planning Urban Design Guidelines Changing Neighborhoods into Vibrant Pedestrian Spaces Sustainable Planning Urban Design Guidelines Changing Neighborhoods into Vibrant Pedestrian Spaces 20 Sustainable Planning “Big Box” Alternatives Sustainable Planning “Big Box” Alternatives Reinventing Shopping Centers - Sustainable Planning Changing the Character of Neighborhood Shopping Centers 21 Reinventing Shopping Centers - Sustainable Planning Changing the Character of Neighborhood Shopping Centers Commitment: Plant 2500 Trees/Year 237,000 City Trees Greening The City Sustainable Planning Creating Pedestrian Friendly Streets 22 Greening The City Sustainable Planning Creating Pedestrian Friendly Streets Greening The City Sustainable Planning Pedestrian First: Tree-lined Medial Strips at Entrances to Residential Neighborhoods Greening The City Sustainable Planning Improving the Entrance to the Hawaii Capitol Historic District 23 Sustainable Design Creating Livable Communities Sustainable Design Creating Livable Communities Sustainable Design Creating Livable Communities 24 Sustainable Design Creating Livable Communities Sustainable Design Creating Livable Communities Sustainable Design Smart Growth Town-Centered Development 25 Sustainable Design Smart Growth Sustainable Design Smart Growth Sustainable Design Smart Growth Pedestrian Friendly Livable Communities Mixed Residential, Retail & Commercial 26 Sustainable Design Smart Growth Sustainable Design Smart Growth Mixed Residential, Retail & Commercial Sense of Place Architects Building Communities… • Building The Second City • Revitalizing Chinatown • Re-energizing Waikiki 27 Building Communities Kapolei the “Second City” Reaching Community Consensus on Future Land Use and Urban Design for the City of Kapolei Building Communities: Kapolei the “Second City” Kapolei Hale - City Hall AIA Award Winning Building Communities: Kapolei the “Second City” Kapolei Police Station 28 Building Communities: Kapolei the “Second City” Waikele Fire Station Building Communities: Kapolei the “Second City” West Loch Estate: Affordable Housing, Golf Course and Shoreline Park Development Building Communities: Kapolei the “Second City” West Loch Estate: Over 4,000 Residents Apply by Lottery for 600 Affordable Units in Phase I 29 Building Communities: Kapolei the “Second City” West Loch Estate: Affordable Senior Housing Building Communities: Kapolei the “Second City” West Loch Estate: Planned Community-affordable housing, golf course, historic fishponds, shoreline park Building Communities: Kapolei the “Second City” West Loch Estate: Transformed A Polluted Shoreline Into Bike and Jogging Paths 30 Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Redevelop the City’s Parking Lots Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Revitalization of Chinatown: Parking Lot’s Impact on the Pedestrian Environment Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Streetscapes for people 31 Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Revitalization of Chinatown: Marin Tower Commercial MixedUse and Affordable Rental Housing Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Marin Tower: Commercial Mixed-Use and Affordable Rental Housing Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Revitalization of Chinatown: Existing Conditions Along Hotel Street Transit Mall 32 Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Chinatown Revitalization: Affordable Housing and Commercial Mixed-Use Development Along the Transit Mall Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Preserving the historic feel and architectural vocabulary Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Chinatown Revitalization: New Commercial Storefronts Along Hotel Street Transit Mall 33 Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Providing vibrant “people places’ Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Revitalizing Chinatown’s Historic District Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Shopping in Chinatown 34 Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Chinatown Gateway Commercial Mixed-Use and Affordable Rental Housing Building Communities Revitalizing Chinatown Harbor Court Commercial Mixed-Use and Affordable Rental Housing Building Communities Waikiki Kalakaua Ave: a commitment to automobiles, not pedestrians 35 Building Communities Waikiki Kalakaua Ave: a commitment to automobiles, not pedestrians Building Communities Waikiki Waikiki Master Plan: Kuhio Beach Past and Present Building Communities Waikiki Kapiolani Park Master Plan: Improving the Beach Promenade 36 Building Communities Waikiki Waikiki: Illegal Commercial Activity on Sidewalks and Setbacks Building Communities Narrow Sidewalks Along Kuhio Avenue - Waikiki Public areas failed to evoke a “Hawaiian Sense of Place” 37 Building Communities Waikiki Kuhio Beach: Bad design, ugly hardscape Building Communities Waikiki AIA Design Excellence Award 2001 Building Communities Waikiki Waikiki Kuhio Beach Improvements 38 Building Communities Waikiki Kuhio Beach Before and After Improvements Building Communities Waikiki Waikiki Master Plan: Honolulu’s Strolling District Building Communities Waikiki 39 Building Communities Waikiki Waikiki / Kuhio Beach Improvements Building Communities Waikiki Designing places for people Building Communities Waikiki 40 Building Communities Waikiki Building Communities Waikiki Building Communities Waikiki AIA Design Excellence Award 2001 41 Building Communities Waikiki Building Communities Waikiki Building Communities Waikiki Embracing Our Cultural Heritage: Nightly Hula Performances at Kuhio Beach 42 Building Communities Waikiki Waikiki Brunch on the Beach Sustainable Cities Transportation Non-polluting renewable energy mass transit, not fossil-fueled automobiles Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Transportation Reduce Transportation Demand 43 Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Transportation Shift From Autos To Public Transit Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Transportation Shift To Renewable Energy Car First Priority - A Failed Paradigm Spoiling Our Environment 44 Growth Policies Gone Wrong Traffic Congestion Car First Priority - A Failed Paradigm Polluting Our Environment Best Transit System Smart Bus Technology 45 Transit Technology Smart Buses Technology – Traffic Control Center Cycling 46 Technology – Honolulu Web Site www.co.honolulu.hi.us www.co.honolulu.hi.us 13 million hits per month – 16,000 Web pages The Honolulu Experience Hybrid Electric Buses Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) 47 Designing for People Pedestrian friendly improvements Designing for People Pedestrian friendly improvements Designing for People 1st Kuhio Avenue - Existing 48 People First – Cars Second Kuhio Avenue - Landscape Improvements Building Communities Changing a 5-lane Service Street in Waikiki into a Pedestrian Friendly Environment Building Communities Changing a 5-lane Service Street in Waikiki into a Pedestrian Friendly Environment 49 Building Communities Waikiki Livable Community: Making the Vision a Reality Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Energy • Energy Efficiency • Distributed Energy systems - Have buildings produce their own electricity • Renewable Energy What Needs To Be Done? Emissions - Cities Can Lead the Way Kyoto Protocol - industrial countries must reduce their carbon emissions an average 5.2 percent below 1990 levels 50 Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Energy Reduce Demand Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Energy Energy Efficiency City Energy Code Over $300 million projected savings 51 Green Building Standards City partnership with UH School of Architecture and Rebuild America to establish standards for all new city construction The Honolulu Experience Energy Star Purchasing Program City partnership with U.S. Department of Energy LED Traffic Signals Replacement of traffic lights with light-emitting diodes saves $250,000 annually 52 Energy Efficiency Incentives Homeowners get low-interest loans to install solar water heating systems and rebates on energy and water efficient appliances. Third Party Financing Financing Energy Efficiency • No up-front capital costs • Build, own, operate, maintain • Fixed price schedule Clean solar power instead of power from fossil fuels Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Energy Renewable Energy Resources 53 Green Fleets Initiative Renewable Energy – 1,000 Bio-diesel City Vehicles Renewable Energy Street light runs on solar and wind power Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Energy Distributed Energy Systems 54 Co-generation Electrical demand at City Hall cut by 80 percent Honolulu Bio-Power Initiative Partnership with: • Gas Technology Institute • University of Hawaii • Rebuild America • The Gas Company District Cooling Environmentally sustainable air conditioning 55 Honolulu Solar Initiative Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Natural Resources • Reject the paradigm of consumption and waste • Develop systems for recycling and reuse • Protect natural habitats Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Solid Waste Management Demand-Side Management 56 Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Solid Waste Management Recycle – Users Not Consumers Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Solid Waste Management Energy Generation The Honolulu Experience Protecting Our Natural Resources Recycling 57 Recycling Solid Waste Refuse Derived Fuel Power Plant •Annual electrical revenue of over $26 million • Reduced imported oil by 10.7 million barrels 58 Protecting Our Natural Resources Wastewater Treatment & Reclamation Conserving Our Natural Resources The Search for New Technologies New Technology – Sewer Line Cameras & Remote Ocean Vehicles 59 Water Conservation • Electronic meter reading • Low-flow devices Water Conservation No-Flush Urinal No-Drip Fixtures Providing field workers with real-time information 60 Cities – the Sustainable Prescription Economy The Honolulu Experience Unsustainable Tourism Neglect of Native Culture Changing Land Use Laws Providing incentives for landowners to re-invest and renovate non-conforming structures in Waikiki 61 Changing Land Use Laws Providing incentives for landowners to re-invest and renovate non-conforming structures in Waikiki Changing Land Use Laws Providing incentives for landowners to re-invest and renovate non-conforming structures in Waikiki Economic Diversification Eco-tourism Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve 62 Hanauma Bay …as it was Economic Diversification–Edu-tourism Marine Education Center AIA Design Excellence Award 2003 Sustainable Planning Hanauma Bay: Night Snorkeling and Partnering with UH Sea Grant at the New Marine Education Center 63 Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve Economic Diversification Edu-Tourism Marine Education Center Waipio Peninsula Soccer Park Consulting Engineers Council Engineering Excellence Award 2001 64 Central Oahu Regional Park American Society of Landscape Architects General Design Award 2003 Begin Building Sustainable Cities by Building Sustainable Schools All the Same Principles Apply Land Use/Siting Transportation Energy Water Waste Management Conservation/Reuse 65 Building Sustainable Schools Selecting the Site Walkable Communities Smart Growth Principles Building Sustainable Schools Selecting the Site Greenfield Protection Stopping Urban Sprawl Building Sustainable Schools Selecting the Site Building Orientation Passive Heating, Natural Ventilation, Daylighting 66 Building Sustainable Schools Selecting the Site Adaptive Reuse Site advantages, reduce construction material Building Sustainable Schools Material Efficiency Reducing Consumption Recycled/Green Materials Reused construction materials, (concrete, lumber), sustainably harvested wood products, no use of materials with VOCs (volatile organic compounds) Building Sustainable Schools Transportation Alternatives to Cars/Renewable Fuels Hybrid Buses, Fuel Cell Buses, Biodiesel Fuels 67 Building Sustainable Schools Energy Integrated Design Process Energy Efficiency Design Orientation Building Shape Landscaping Lighting, Heating, Cooling Equipment Efficiency Renewable Energy Sources Building Sustainable Schools Energy Energy Efficiency Lighting Daylighting, CFL’s, T8 or T5 Fluorescent tubes Occupancy Sensors, Renewable Exterior Lighting Building Sustainable Schools Energy Energy Efficiency Heating Heat pumps, solar water heating for restrooms, kitchens, and pools, insulation 68 Building Sustainable Schools Energy Energy Efficiency Cooling Heat pumps, cool roofs (materials, colors, etc.), Reduce heat-island effects thru design (parking lots, etc.) Building Sustainable Schools Energy Energy Efficiency Ventilation Natural ventilation, displacement ventilation (cooling occupants instead of spaces) Building Sustainable Schools Energy Energy Efficiency Equipment Energy Star Purchasing Programs Reducing Vampire Loads 69 Building Sustainable Schools Energy Renewable Energy Solar Photovoltaic Systems Large roof areas and extensive parking and open land Building Sustainable Schools Energy Renewable Energy Wind Energy Generation Systems Extensive open areas around schools provide siting opportunities Net-metering opportunities Building Sustainable Schools Water Conservation Techniques Low flow showers and toilets, Xeriscaping and native plant use, landscaping (mulching, swales for water retention) 70 Building Sustainable Schools Water Water Reuse Techniques Graywater systems, recycle water from sinks and showers for toilets and sub-surface irrigation. Rainwater catchment systems Building Sustainable Schools Wastewater Distributed Treatment Systems Membrane Technology Treat wastewater in localized systems and recycle the treated effluent for irrigation. Building Sustainable Schools Wastewater Distributed Treatment Systems Designed Wetlands Technology In climates where treated wastewater could be polished in designed wetlands on school property, providing treatment and educational opportunities. 71 Building Sustainable Schools Wastewater Distributed Treatment Systems Methane Generation Wastewater organics and kitchen greenwaste can be processed in methane digesters to generate methane gas for energy production. Building Sustainable Schools Solid Waste Recycling Schools as Recycling Centers Student generated waste (paper, cardboard, cans, bottles, etc.) School & community waste. Building Sustainable Schools Greenwaste Composting/Gardening Recycling Waste/Growing Food Greenwaste from the cafeteria and landscape cuttings can be composted and students can grow vegetables for cafeteria use. 72 Building Sustainable Schools Locally Grown Foods Cafeteria Programs Reduce Embedded Energy Costs By serving locally grown produce, eggs, dairy, and meat products, schools can reduce their carbon footprint. Building Sustainable Schools Sustainability Training Monitoring Monitoring Consumption Monitors in common areas track energy use, water use, etc. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Building Sustainable Schools Sustainability Training Living Laboratory Models for Learning Sustainability in the curriculum. Biology labs, physics, math, technology, engineering, ethics. 73 Building Sustainable Schools Sustainability Training Community Joint Use Multiple Use Duel use of school facilities, (cafeteria, gym, auditorium, classrooms, etc.) increases efficiency and reduces cost while educating the public. Building Sustainable Schools Sustainable Schools Living Laboratory Better Learning Environments More Cost Effective Community Change Agents Architect’s Role Building Sustainable Cities and Communities The Challenge of a Generation 74 Mahalo The Sustainable Cities Institute Helping Cities Meet the Commitment Capacity Building Training Technology Transfer 75 Certificate in Urban Sustainability Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden Infrastructure Land Use & Agriculture Energy Transportation Natural Resources One Architect Making a Difference Collaborating with Architects: Developing Strategies to Promote Sustainable Designs 76 Architects Building Communities …thru holistic, sustainable design One Place, One People, One Sustainable Paradise 77 Building a Model Sustainable City Economy Land Use & Agriculture Energy Transportation Natural Resources Role of the Developed World Until now the approach has been: “Do as we say, not as we do.” 78
