QUIKPAS: A MICROCOMPUTER BASED
PASSIVE SOLAR ANALYTICAL DESIGN TOOL
by
CHARLES A. ST.CLAIR
B.S. in Physics, University of North Carolina - Asheville
Asheville, North Carolina
May, 1981
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES
AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
February,
1984
Charles A. St.Clair 1984
The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to
distruibute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part.
Signature of author
Charles A. St.Clair, October 25, 1983
Department of Architecture
Certified by
Accepted by
Q
Harvey J.$jya(
Assistant Professor of Building Technology
Thesis Supervisor
ulkan Beinart, qh4rman
rtment Committee on Graduate Students
MA4SH UTTS iNSiiTUTE
OF?ECIH4LOGY
MAR 11984
LSARIES
1
QUIKPAS: A MICROCOMPUTER BASED
PASSIVE SOLAR ANALYTICAL DESIGN TOOL
by
Charles A. St.Clair
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on October 31,
1983 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies.
Abstract
Social and economic pressures are causing architectural designers to
resume their responsibility to consider the effects that design
decisions will have on the thermal performance of buildings. Recent
studies have shown that conservation techniques and passive solar design
are the two most cost effective strategies for reducing the energy costs
of buildings. Although much research has been done in energy conserving
techniques, many designers have been unable to implement these
strategies because they do not have a means of evaluating the thermal
performance of a building during the design process. Several analytical
tools have been developed but they are usually complex computer programs
that many designers find too cumbersome, time consuming, and expensive
to use in the design process.
The use of analytical methods as design tools is discussed,
stressing that designers should use them more as educational tools to
gain a clear understanding of the principles involved so that thermal
aspects of buildings will intuitively be included in their thinking
during the design process.
QUIKPAS is a microcomputer program that accurately models the
thermal performance of buildings, asking for information and giving
results in a manner that is condusive to the internalization process
which will allow a designer to integrate the thermal aspects of
buildings into his or her designs. A comprehensive discussion of the
features of QUIKPAS is given.
Thesis Supervisor: Harvey J. Bryan
Title: Assistant Professor of Building Technology
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Harvey Bryan
Whose guidance, support, and enthusiasm for
the QUIKPAS project have far exceeded the
role of a thesis supervisor.
Constantine Seremitis
For his help in translating the MICROPAS
program code into IBM PC format, for writing
the ouput section of QUIKPAS, and for his
enthusiastic support.
David Krinkel
Whose ideas concerning the use of microcomputers as design tools have greatly
influenced the ideas expressed in this work.
Bill Bartovics
For editorial and graphical assistance, and
for moral support.
Jackie McBride
For graphical assistance and for moral
support.
Professor Robert Logcher
For providing the computer equipment
necessary for developing the QUIKPAS program.
Bill Wright
For providing equipment and time that was
invaluable in developing the QUIKPAS
program.
David Hansen
Who provided a copy of the MICROPAS program.
Francis Low, Provost
For financial assistance in the form of a
grant from the Cabot Research Fund
administered by his office.
I dedicate this work with love to my parents, Kenneth and Miriam
St.Clair, for their constant encouragement and emotional support, and
especially to Susie, who not only assisted me in writing this thesis but
has kept me sane, healthy, and happy throughout my academic career.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction .......................... ..................
5
2. A Brief Overview Of Thermal
Performance Prediction Methods ........
12
3. The Role Of Analytical Models
In The Design Process .........
25
4. The QUIKPAS Program ...................... .. 0 .
5. Conclusion ...................... ..
. . . . ..
.
..
.
.
34
. . - - -58
Notes ............................................. 62
Bibliography ......................................... 67
4
INTRODUCTION
Until about the beginning of the Twentieth Century,
the thermal
performance of a building was a factor that architects had to consider
as a part of the design process.
conditioning (HVAC)
buildings (and,
ventilating, and air
The heating,
systems that are used today to maintain comfort in
in
some cases,
are necessary to make a building
inhabitable) simply did not exist a hundred years ago. Heating "systems"
consisted mainly of fireplaces and stoves and used wood and coal as
fuels.
These "systems" were inefficient and incapable of providing the
large amounts of heating energy that is often required today to keep room
temperature at a comfortable level on a cold day. Mechanically driven
fans were not used effectively until the late 1880's (1)
conditioning was not invented until 1906 (2),
and air
so the only methods of
keeping a building cool were natural ventilation and prevention of
overheating by building design.
This period of time is what Ed Mazria refers to as the "pre-industrial"
age of architecture.
He divides architectural history into three time
periods based on the energy usage characteristics
pre-industrial, industrial,
and post-industrial.
(3)
of buildings:
Buildings during
the pre-industrial age were designed to respond thermally to their
climates.
Residential buildings in different climates provide good
examples of this architectural response to climate.
5
In New England, where winters are quite cold and windy, houses were
built tightly around a central chimney which provided heat. The northern
elevation had few windows and the roof line was constructed in a manner
which allowed the prevailing winds to flow over the building and not
into it.
Houses in the hot, humid,
southern regions of the United States
were characterized by large open verandas which provided a buffer zone
between the outdoors and inner spaces.
High ceilngs were used to allow
hot air to rise and keep the lower part of the room cool.
In the desert
climate of the Southwestern United States, where the temperatures are
very hot during the day and very cold during the night, adobe was
commonly used as a construction material.(4)
The thermal properties of
adobe allow the inside temperature to remain at a fairly constant,
comfortable, temperature despite large diurnal temperature swings (see
fig. 1.1).
The industrial age of architecture began in 1928 with the first
mechanical air conditioning system used in the Milan Building designed
by George Willis, architect, and M.L. Diver,
engineer.(5)
Because of
the development of more and more sophisticated mechanical systems to
condition the air and the availability of cheap fuel to power them,
architects did not have to concern themselves with the thermal aspects
of building design.
They could design a building in virtually any form
in any climate and allow a mechanical engineer to design a system that
would maintain comfort in the building.
6
During this period, buildings
e
o
0
--
asOETEPEA~/
e
75
6 A.M
-N
-----M SLACE
- -- -
us t or i t MPRATURE
)ON
Fig. 1.1
6PM.
6
AM.
Adobe Construction Keeps Indoor
Temperature Stable Despite High
Diurnal Temperature Swings.
From Fitch and Branch, "Primitive Architecture and Climate",
Scientific American, Vol. 203, No. 6, Dec. 1960, pp.133-j44.
7
of the same type began to have the same basic appearance no matter what
climate they were in. The same building could just as easily be found in
the cold Northeastern United States as in the hot Southwest.
Only the
HVAC systems had to be different to maintain comfort in different
climates and the design of these systems was delegated to the engineers.
All the architect had to do was leave a space between the real ceiling
and a false ceiling to accomodate the duct work and other equipment used
in the HVAC system.
We are now in the beginning of the post-industrial age. of architecture.
The energy needed to power the HVAC systems used to condition spaces is
no longer cheap and the fuels used are no longer plentiful.
examples have dramatically illustrated this point:
1973-74 and 1978-79,
Two recent
the oil crises of
and the natural gas shortage of 1980-81 that
affected the Northeastern United States.
The people who have to pay the
bills to operate the HVAC systems have become painfully aware of the
fact that energy costs have risen during the last decade substantially
faster than inflation.
The "energy crises" is not over.
The nuclear technology that once
promised to be able to replace conventional fuels with electrical power
that would be "too cheap to meter" has proven to be much more expensive
than was predicted, both in economic and in social costs.
The economic
cost has become so high that United States utilities have not ordered a
new nuclear power plant since 1979 and have cancelled many previous
8
orders.
This is quite understandable when one realizes that almost all
of the recently completed reactors have cost over ten times the original
price, have taken from twelve to fourteen years to complete, and the
utilities have discovered that the demand for electricity is not as great
as projected.
All of these factors create a time span on the order of
forty years for capital investment.
The social costs are harder to measure, but problems of using both
conventional fuels and nuclear power are many and varied. Fossil fuels
(such as oil, gas, and coal) are non-renewable and will, therefore,
ultimately not be available.
Their use also causes great environmental
disorders such as pollution,
acid rain,
oil spills, and possibly
nonreversible changes to land caused by strip mining.
Nuclear power
creates radioactive waste materials which will remain dangerous for over
six hundred years (some of it
perhaps over ten thousand years).
This
waste must be disposed of in a manner that can ensure that it will not
leak into the environment,
an event that can be triggered by erosion,
leeching, earthquakes or other natural disasters, or tampering.
Any
solution to this problem presupposes that the disposal site must be in
an area that will be geologically and politically stable for a minimum
of six hundred years. By contrast,
the United States has only been in
existence a little over two hundred years.
No solution has been devised
for the safe handling and storage of nuclear waste material and there is
much speculation that no solution is possible.
9
A viable alternative to conventional and nuclear power is what Amory
Lovins refers to as the "soft" path of technology.
He projects that we
could eventually meet all of our energy requirements by using renewable
energy sources such as solar, wind,
and
hydroelectric power.(6)
key to making the "soft"path work is conservation of energy.
The
A study
done at the Harvard Business School reports that "conservation may well
be the cheapest, safest, most productive energy alternative readily
available in large amounts."
(7)
The study
also states that the two
most cost effective strategies for reducing building operating costs are
1) conservation, and 2) use of passive solar energy.(8)
Passive solar and, less obviously,
building design problems.
conservation techniques are basically
The basic design of a building is the single
most important factor affecting the amount of energy necessary to
condition the interior.
The American Institute of Architects has
concluded that savings of up to sixty percent can be accomplished during
the initial design process.
architecture,
(9)
Thus,
in the post-industrial age of
as in the pre-industrial age, the thermal aspects of a
building are architectural design considerations.
The problems concerning the thermal performance of buildings have
changed because building technology, materials, and usage are quite
different from a hundred years ago.
Commercial buildings are generally
much larger and they generate measureably more heat than pre-industrial
age buildings.
These factors greatly affect the cooling requirements of
10
buildings.
But although the questions concerning energy uses are harder
to answer, more is known about thermal performance and several tools
have been created to help designers understand how building design
parameters affect the thermal performance of buildings.
11
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE PREDICTION METHODS
The first method that was devised to deal with the thermal aspects of
buildings was one developed during the 1930's by the American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) to
determine the sizing of heating,ventilating,
systems.(1)
It
and air-conditioning
was a fairly simplified procedure that looked at the
static heat flow in and out of a building during peak conditions. The
purpose of the method was to ensure that the HVAC system installed in a
building would always be able to provide comfortable conditions (i.e.,
maintain air temperature and relative humidity).
This was accomplished
by installing an HVAC system that could meet the peak load conditions
(i.e., the hottest and the coldest times of the year).
Although the
procedure cannot be classified as a design tool by today's standards, it
is discussed here in order to help gain a historical perspective of the
progress that has been made in developing tools to predict the thermal
performance of buildings. One must remember that this method was
developed before the age of computers,
when it was not possible to make
the myriad calculations necessary to accurately predict the thermal
response of a building to its climate.
12
The method was based on the simple equation of static heat flow:
Q = U A dT
where Q is heat flow rate, U is the heat conductance of a material, A is
the area of the material, and dT is the difference in temperature
between the two sides of the material.
The method assumes that to
maintain a given condition during the winter the heating plant will have
to deliver heat energy into the building at the same rate that heat
flows out of the building.
Similarly, to maintain comfortable air
conditions in the summer, the cooling plant will have to remove heat at
the same rate that heat is introduced into the building.
The equation,
Q = U A dT,
can only be used directly to determine
static conductive heat flow through materials. This static, or "steady
state", approach is an inadequate representation of reality since both
weather patterns and thermal responses of buildings are dynamic in
nature.
The ASHRAE procedure uses several methods to incorporate
other types of heat flow (convection,
radiation, and mass transfer) into
the equation. Allowances are made for infiltration (mass transfer) and a
crude procedure was devised to account for the fact that, during the
sumer, the outside temperature of sunlit walls and roofs is effectively
much higher than the ambient temperature
(an effect known as the
"Sol-Air" temperature) and the effects of this "Sol-Air" tmeperature is
transmitted into the building at varying rates depending on wall and
13
roof construction. (2) The ASHRAE method is to use a Cooling Load
Temperature Difference (CLTD) to account for this phenomenon. These
procedures all suffer from the limitations of a static approach to a
dynamic problem.
The purpose of the ASHRAE
procedure
was to ensure
that the HVAC plant
was large enough to maintain comfort in all conditions; it became common
practice to estimate the size of the system by following this procedure
and then add an
arbitrary
"safety
factor" of
percent. More modern methods have now shown that
twenty-five to fifty
this practice
often
resulted in equipment that was twice as large as actually needed,
leading to unnecessarily high first costs and low operating efficiencies.
During the 1970's, detailed computer simulations were utilized to
establish empirical formulas that correlate
steady state design
parameters with local monthly average weather conditions to determine
the potential contribution of solar energy to meet heating requirements
of residential buildings.
example of this technique.
The Solar Load Ratio (SLR) method is an
The results and limitations of this approach
can be seen by studying figure 2.1.
The spread of data points shown in
the figure and the curve derived from these points indicate the
potential for error in the application of this method.
These methods are, however, generally easy to learn and use, cheap
(requiring no more equipment than a handheld calculator), and give
14
1.0
0.8
0
r-
0.6
M0
CI
L
.0.
02
0
CU
.8
0 V
-c 0.2
0
0
2
1
1.0,
3
Solar Load Ratio
4
5
6
WITH NIGHT
INSULATION
00
WITHOUT NIGHT
INSULATION
5 0.8
TROMBE WALL
U-
-
WATER WALL
-
0O.6
ASSUMPTIONS:
2
Thermal Storage: 45 BTU/*F-ft
U,
L0.4
Trombe Wall has Vents with Backdraft Dampers
Double Glazing
Room Temperature Range: 65*F to 7.5*F
Building Mass is Negligible (except for
Thermal Storage Wall)
Night Insulation is R9; 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m.
0.2
0 0
2.0
1.0
3. u
MONTHLY SOLAR ENERGY ABSORBED
SOLAR LOAD RATIO (SLR) =
MONTHLY THERMAL LOAD
(Including Steady-State Solar Wall Conduction)
Fig. 2.1 Establishing Correlation Factors Between Solar
Load Ratip and Monthly Solar Heating Fraction.
15
4.0
relatively quick results (typically fifteen to thirty minutes).
main disadvantage of this approach is its lack of flexibility.
The
If the
building under consideration has design parameters that differ
significantly from the original correlation assumptions (the "base-case"
building), then the results obtained will not be accurate.
As a
consequence, correlation methods cannot be used for studying widely
varying types of construction. In addition, these methods tend to
predict only the heating energy requirments of a building and neglect
other important design information such as cooling requirements, peak
load conditions, and temperature profiles.(3)
Simulation methods based on the dynamic heat flow in and out-of building
envelopes were also developed during this time period. Two basic
approaches were used: those using a transfer function (such as DOE-2)
and those using a thermal network type of equation (such as CALPAS or
BLAST).
The transfer function method first calculates various response factors
of building components to determine the transient flow of heat through
the exterior components of a building (e.g., walls, roof, and floor).
These factors are calculated as a function of the materials used in the
construction of these components (e.g., concrete block
insulation, etc.).
or stud walls,
These functions are used to compensate for the fact
that heat flow through walls and solar gain through windows does not
reach the interior air instantaneously but rather is absorbed first by
16
some opaque material (viewed as thermal mass, usually the interior walls,
ceiling, or floor slab) which subsequently transfers the heat into the
interior air space and eventually is seen as a load on the HVAC system.
(4)
Thermal network equation methods are based on the fact that heat flow
can be viewed as being analogous to electricity flow; temperature
differences (or other driving forces) are analogous to voltage
differences, structural materials and insulation (flow retardants) are
analogous to resistors, and thermal masses (storage) are analogous to
capacitors.
A building can be represented mathematically exactly as
though it were an electrical circuit (see fig. 2.2) and the heat flows
can be determined by predicting what electrical currents would flow
through various parts of thecircuit depending on various voltage changes
(which represent climatic changes).
In both transfer function and thermal network simulations, once the
equations which represent the building have been determined,
these
equations can be manipulated by using weather data which is usually
interpreted as a set of irregular time-dependent functions that can be
represented on a small (one day - 24 hours) or large (one year - 8760
hours) time scale.
The simulation approach overcomes many of the limitations of static heat
flow methods such as the ASHRAE method or the newer correlation methods.
17
Solar Gain
-
Heat of Lights
-
Heat of Equipment
-
Heat of Occupants
TA
-
Outdoor Temperature
TI
-
Indoor
UAW
CS
Temperature
- Resistance of Walls
and Windows
-
Zone Heat Capacitance
-
Slab Heat Capacitance
Fig. 2.2
Thermal Network Analog of Heat Flow
18
Simulation methods are flexible enough to allow a designer to specify
almost any type of construction and also give results concerning many
aspects of the thermal performance of the building being studied
(heating, cooling, and ventilation requirements,
etc.).
However,
peak load conditions,
these methods (especially the larger, annual hourly
simulation ones such as DOE-2 or CALPAS) require the use of large
computers, which are often cumbersome and expensive to use.
Many design
firms cannot afford to purchase the equipment required to run simulation
programs so they must rent computer time from time-sharing facilities.
This almost always leads to a batch type of input which can be very
intimidating and confusing to many designers.
Another problem that
occurs with time-sharing methods is that the output is generally delayed
As a result, simulation methods have
(sometimes as much as a day).
tended to be used mainly as analytical tools in that they are used only
to test the final building design and are not used as an aid during the
design process.
Because of the limitations of the correlation approach and the high
costs of the simulation approach another method was developed that falls
somewhere between the two.
temperature frequency,
method.
estimated using this method.
This method is
known as the bin or,
"Both heating and cooling loads can be
It
involves making instantaneous energy
calculations at several different outdoor temperatures and weighting
each result by the number of hours of temperature occurrence within each
bin.
The bins are usually five degrees in size and are often collected
19
Mean coincident wet-bulb temperature
in three daily eight hour shifts.
data, for each dry-bulb bin, are used to calculate latent cooling loads
for infiltration and ventilation.
The bin method considers both
occupied and unoccupied building conditions and gives credit for internal
heat gains.
For example, a calculation would be performed for forty-two
degrees (representing all occurrences of 39.5 - 44.5 degrees) and with
building operation during the midnight to 8 A.M. shift.
twenty-three bins between -10
Since there are
and 105 degrees and three shifts,
sixty-nine separate operating points would be calculated." (5) The
final load is determined by summing up the sixty-nine separate results.
This method is complicated to use and is somewhat inaccurate as it is
still based on steady-state approximations of heat flow.
Perhaps the main reason that so many methods have failed to become
truely useful as design tools is their tendency to be "opaque" to the
designer; that is, they do not impart to the designer a clear
understanding of how building design affects thermal performance.
As
stated above, simulation methods are often very cumbersome and so
detailed that the designer does not obtain a feel for the relationships
between input (design parameters) and output (thermal performance).
The same problem occurs with correlation methods because they often ask
for input that is a synopsis of design parameters,
themselves.
not the parameters
An example of this is the Solar Savings Fraction - SSF -
method developed at Los Alamos Scientific Labarotories to analyse
20
passive solar buildings. (6) The method requires a designer to calculate
of a building which is defined as the
the "Collector Load Ratio" (CLR)
"Building Load Coefficient" (BLC)
(AC).
divided by the solar collector area
The BLC is the heat loss coefficient of the building envelope
exclusive of the heat loss of the collector area.
The results produced
by the method are presented as a monthly and annual Solar Savings
Fraction, which is defined as the fraction of heating energy required by
a non-solar "base-case" house which can be saved by using passive solar
heating techniques.
addressed.
No other aspects of thermal performance are
Thus, the actual thermal performance of the house under
consideration is arrived at only indirectly by comparing it to a
non-existent building. Since the specifications of the house being
studied are lumped together into only two variables, it is difficult for
a designer to see what effects, if
any, that various changes in his or
her design will have on the thermal performance of the building (e.g.,
what happens if the roof R-value is changed?).
The advent of the microcomputer presents the opportunity to combine the
best qualities of these methods:
the accuracy and flexibility of
simulation and the speed and economy of correlation methods.
addition,
the
microcomputer can be easier and
of the previously
available methods
to be "user-friendly".
In
quicker to use than any
because of its tremendous capacity
This feature is a direct result of the ability
of the microcomputer to be programmed using an interactive approach.
Large computers have been prevented from using such features because of
21
the high cost of the computer and connect time necessary for an
interactive approach program. Unlike large main-frame computers or
time-sharing facilities, microcomputers are completely self-contained
(often no larger than a typewriter), highly accesible, and relatively
low cost (typically less than $5000)
simple to operate. Their
them very
size.
makes
affordable to design firms which are traditionally small in
They have
become
commonplace
in the home, school, and
office,
where they are performing functions like word processing and accounting.
(7)
The first public domain microcomputer program to use the simulation
approach was MICROPAS (8),
Appropriate Technology.
program CALPAS1,
a program funded by the California Office of
It
is based on the annual hourly simulation
a thermal network type of program designed to model
passive solar buildings.
CALPAS1 and its subsequent versions (most
notably CALPAS3) are generally well respected for their ability to
accurately predict the thermal response of buildings to their climates
and have been used extensively in the passive solar research and design
communities.
MICROPAS was designed to run efficiently on a microcomputer by utilizing
statistically compressed hourly weather data to represent annual weather
patterns.
These weather data are produced by a program developed by the
National Bureau of Standards called SELECT (9) which
reduces fifty-two
weeks of weather data to six weeks of representational data (used to
22
predict overall thermal performance)
and two weeks of peak weather data
(used to predict peak conditon performance). The MICROPAS program
produces results which are comparable to
been certified for use
Standard (see fig. 2.3).
those of CALPAS and it has
under the 1982 California Residential Building
for reasons that will be discussed in
However,
the following chapters, the author feels that MICROPAS does not utilize
the full potential of the microcomputer for interactive communication
with a user.
It
does, however,
form a solid foundation from which a
useful design tool can be produced.
23
795
(70)
681
(60)
568
(50)
MICROPAS
ANNUAL
SOURCE
ENERGY
(40)
USE
kJ m-
HEATING
454
2
2)
(JMBtu ft
MICROPAS
341
(30)
COOLING
227
(20)
CALPAS3
.
114
(10)
A
p
CALPAS3
COOLING
*
-- ~ - -- -- --.-.- --- - -- - -.1
I
(4
6
-
-- -
0
(4
.4,.
.9
0
(4
0
0
-
-
0'4.,
0
HEATING
4
Co,
00
4'
"'4
p
7'
LOCATION
Fig. 2.3
Comparison of MICROPAS and CALPAS3 Predictions
From Nittler
and Novotny, "MICROPAS, An Annual Hourly Heating
and Cooling Building Simulation for Microcomputers", Proceedings
of the Eighth National Passive Solar Conference, Sante Fe, New
Mexico, September, 1983.
24
THE ROLE OF ANALYTICAL MODELS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS
The questions that are raised concerning how buildings respond thermally
to their environment are quite complex,
requiring an approach that can
take into account the numerous design factors that affect the building
(such as orientation of the building, insulation values of the walls and
roof, size and type of glazing,
etc.)
and that can illustrate the
equally numerous responses that a building can have to these factors
(heat flow in and out of the building envelope, temperature swings,
humidity levels, etc.).
As noted in the preceding chapter, the
simulation techniques that utilize the computational power of computers
are capable of answering these questions but are generally so unwieldy
that they are not very useful in the design process, whereas
correlation techniques, while simple to use, do not provide enough
information necessary to make critical design decisions.
The
microcomputer has the capability to offer the computational power of a
computer to a designer in a manner that can be readily used. The
question is,
how best can this new tool be incorporated into the design
process?
Since the computational power of a computer can only be accessed through
the use of a computer program, any design tool that uses this capability
25
must take the form of a computer program.
Such a program will need to
have the qualities of any good design tool:
- it should be easy to use, even by people with no special
knowledge (of computers)
- it should be understandable, asking for information and giving
results in terms familiar to a designer
- it should be capable of being used during various aspects of
the design process, producing results at many different levels
- it should be educational in nature, allowing a designer to
clearly understand the principles involved in solving the
problem at hand. (1)
Because computers are binary logic machines responding only to "yes or
no" type questions, computer programs generally take the form of linear
algorythms, proceeding in a strict, step-by-step, sequence from the
beginning of the program to the end.
This type of "structured"
programing is necessary to solve the complicated, iterative algorythms
that programs are designed around
and
it
allows programmers to detect
flaws which inevitably occurin the logic of their
programs. However,
this style of programming also leads to the rigid batch type of input
(and output) that many non-computer oriented people find difficult to
use.
For example, CALPAS3 (2),
a commercially available simulation program
based on the original CALPAS1,
uses a batch input to illicit information
from a designer that requires him or her to enter data into the computer
in a
rigorous, step-by-step, procedure.
Every component of the
building must be described in the proper order (e.g., roof, then walls,
26
then thermal mass, then glazing, etc.) or the program will reject the
data.
For instance, if the designer should happen to describe the
various glass used in the building before he or she describes the walls,
the program will respond with the somewhat cryptic message "INPUT...LINE
xxx...COMMAND OUT OF ORDER OR *END MISSING."
Furthermore,
error
messages do not appear until after the designer has entered the entire
building description, causing him or her to search through all the input
to understand why the program will not run. This approach often leads to
a designer being more concerned with how the information is entered
rather than with the building design itself.
In addition, the designer must specify any output reports to be
generated other than a standard annual report before the simulation run
is made.
If, upon reviewing the standard report, the designer has
questions regarding other aspects of the thermal performance of the
building, he or she must run another simulation using the same building
description, but adding to the input data
his or her
request for
additional information.
The interactive approach to programming is somewhat different.
It is
still "structured" in that the program runs in a sequential sequence
after all of the necessary information has been entered, but the input
and output sections of the program are written in a manner that allows
the user to decide the order in which he or she wants to enter
information and to decide how much output and the order in which the
27
results will be displayed.
program in
In a sense, this can
that the user, not the program,
halt program execution.
become an "open-ended"
can decide when and how to
This more closely resembles the design process,
which is very definitely non-linear in nature but is more of a cyclic
routine in which a designer moves back and forth from problem
formulation to solution (to formulation to solution, etc.) until he or
she reaches an acceptable ending point.
One example of the interactive approach to programming as applied to
predicting thermal performance of buildings is
Instrumented Residential
Analysis or
the Computerized
CIRA (3).
Although the
algorythms used are fairly crude and the program was intended to be used
as an audit tool rather than as a design tool, CIRA demonstrates many of
the characteristics that a good design program should have; most notably
it provides
very flexible input and output options to its user.
A
designer can enter the characterics of a building in any order desired,
describing, in familiar terms, only those components that are relevant
to a problem at any one particular time. Once an analysis has been made,
the user can then select any one of several reports as needed and can
even create new reports of his or her own choosing.
This style of
programming is much more condusive to the design process,
allowing a
designer to work relatively quickly between problem formulations and
problem answers.
But how a designer perceives and uses any design tool is even more
28
important than the structure of the tool itself. Harvey Bryan writes:
No matter how elegant or refined these [design] procedures
may or may not be...the ultimate test has been their
validity to the design process. (4)
When a designer uses an analytical method as a design tool he or she
should be aware that the structure of the procedure is often biased
towards certain types of designs. This is true of any design tool but is
especially true of analytical tools which calculate "exact" answers
based on the parameters given them and on the assumptions that the
methods make.
It
behooves the designer to find. out what these
assumptions are if he or she is to find these tools to be truely useful.
The designer must not lose sight of the fact that the design process is
really a synthesis of many factors viewed as a whole. It is impractical
to use several methods to obtain the "best" solution for various aspects
of a design and expect to be able to combine all of these answers into
one overall solution.
Methods that analyse only one aspect of a design
often produce "optimum" results that are definitively incompatable with
"optimum" results of methods which analyse other aspects of the design.
Such a fragmented approach to design would be similar to attempting to
design a building by designing all of the rooms seperately as "perfect"
rooms and then putting them together to form a "perfect" building. (5)
A better use of these tools is to use them more as learning tools and to
"internalize" the principles involved rather than attempting to obtain
29
an "optimum" design solution for each aspect of the design. Bryan calls
internalization:
...closely akin to what many designers might call intuition.
In its simplest form internalization is a learning process that
allows a designer to learn about the problem under consideration
in such a manner that the problem solution becomes second nature
to the designer - like learning to ride a bicycle. (6)
From this standpoint,
the educational aspect of a design tool is its
most important quality and a designer will find that he or she will
obtain the most value from such a tool by using it
to facilitate the
internization process.
The educational process does not stop when a designer leaves school; his
or her knowledge of the design process will continually expand as
experience is gained in the design field.
However- a designer cannot be
content with merely perfecting familiar techniques but must also pursue
information about new design techniques and materials used in the
building industry.
This applies to conservation
techniques and solar
architecture just as much as it
does to learning about the latest steel
or glazing material available.
The old adage of, "the more you have the
more you can make" is just as true with education as it
and could be
rephrased as, "the more
In every aspect of design,
you know
is with money
the more you can learn."
a designer starts by mastering a few basic
principles that form a foundation on which he or she can build further
knowledge.
A good design tool, then, can best help a designer learn new
skills by initially illustrating some basic principles and by
30
encouraging a more indepth
permit.
exploration of a problem as time and interest
The designer should be able to use the tool with very little
time needed to learn how to use it
and without being confronted with too
many unfamiliar terms and/or technical details.
Then, having become
more proficient in the use of the tool, he or she should be able to
study a problem in greater detail until eventually, having internalized
the information, the designer will no longer need to rely on the tool.
Of course,
if
new design problems arise, such as a client wanting an
entirely new type of building or a building being located in a
completely different climate, the designer can always return to the tool
to explore these new aspects, much as a person can return to a textbook
to brush up on details that he or she may have forgotten or may not have
paid attention to in the past because they were.not applicable at the
time.
Microcomputers using interactive programs have these capabilities.
A
well designed interactive program allows the user to carry on a dialogue
between him orherself and the machine, with the user communicating with
the computer by typing on a keyboard,
manipulating a "joystick" or
"mouse", or even, in the near future, by voice-activated signals.
computer responds with written words, symbols,
The
graphs, or sounds. (7)
The more instantaneous the feedback from the program, the easier it will
be to use and the less frustrated the user will be in his or her efforts
to understand how to use it.
31
Ease of use is a very important quality that a computer based design
tool should have.
Even the most sophisticated program that has the
ability to allow a designer to specify literally thousands of variables
should be written in a manner that requires the designer to enter only a
few variables (certainly less than twenty) and still get meaningful
results.
This can be accomplished by assigning "default" values to most
of the variables that the program will respond to.
Default values are
values that the program will assign to specific variables unless
otherwise specified by the user.
They should be visible so that the
user is aware of them but should require no action by the user to
specify them.
This feature allows a designer to quickly learn how to
use the program and also provides him or her with the opportunity to
explore new aspects of the problem whenever the designer has the time or
the inclination to do so.
The designer still
has the responsibilty to understand that even the
best design tools are limited.
The answers that are produced can only
be as accurate as the information entered into the program.
people refer to this phenomenon as "GIGO"
Computer
for "Garbage In, Garbage Out."
This is not limited to the data entered by the designer, but also is a
function of the weather data used by the program.
This data is
generally representative of the weather that occurs at the closest
airport to the building being analalysed so it cannot be totally
accurate because
the micro-climate conditions at the building site
32
cannot be taken into account.
to make parametric
The best way to utilize these programs is
comparisons, changing one variable of the design at
a time and seeing what the relative responses are to these changes. A
design tool should be designed to facilitate this type of use,
encouraging the user to play "what if?"
to the various questions being asked.
33
games and giving rapid feedback
THE
QUIKPAS
PROGRAM
The preceding chapters have discussed the qualities that a computer
program should have if it is to be useful as a design and/or educational
tool (the author views these terms as being synonymous since good design
tools are educational tools).
Keeping these qualities in mind, the
author wanted to develop a program that could be used as a tool by all
members of the design community (architects, engineers, students, etc.)
during various stages of the design process to analyse the thermal
performance of various types of residential and commercial buildings.
The first consideration given to the program was that it had to able to
accurately model all of the relevant thermal aspects of buildings
(design parameters and climatic weather patterns).
Particular attention
had to be given to cooling loads because the internal heat generated in
commercial buildings, coupled with their low volume to skin ratios,
results in buildings that are generally cooling load dominated.
As stated in Chapter 2, a public domain program called MICROPAS which
uses a thermal network hourly simulation approach has been developed.
(The public support for MICROPAS was withdrawn in January, 1983, when
the Office of Appropriate Technology (OAT)
was eliminated.
It
can,
however, still be obtained from the California Energy Commision and is
commercially available from ENERCOMP,
34
the company which wrote the
program under a grant from OAT.)
The MICROPAS- program is capable of meeting the criteria for accuracy and
flexibility but does not have all of the qualities necessary to make it
a good design tool.
The main disadvantage to the program is that is
somewhat difficult to use.
For example,
to create a new building
description, the program uses a linear input structure which requires a
designer to enter new values or actively accept default values for well
over one hundred variables.
Since a designer is not necessarily
he or she can develop the habit
concerned with many of these variables,
of rapidly pressing the "Enter" key over and over, trying to get to the
variables that are of concern. Unfortunately, the designer can get ahead
of the program and may find that he orshe has inadvertently accepted an
incorrect default value. The designer must wait until all of the
building description has been entered before he or she can correct any
such incorrect entries.
When editing an existing building,
the designer is confronted with a
matrix display such as seen in figure 4.1.
If
the designer wants to
change, for example, the area of the EWALL, he or she first has to enter
the "Number of data change" (which is 2),
program to change the value of "ROW
difficult to delete a wall
2,
and then must instruct the
COLUMN 2".
It is even more
from a building description; if the designer
reduces the "NUMBER OF OPAQUE SURFACES",
surface listed (in this case SLABEDGE)
35
the program deletes the last
which is usually not going to be
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the wall that the designer wanted to delete.
The features of MICROPAS that make it a good base for a design tool are:
- it is accurate
- it is capable of taking into account all of the
relevant design and climatic factors that affect
the thermal performance of buildings
- it is accessable because it is written in BASIC, a
computer language which is supplied with virtually
every microcomputer on the market.
Because of these features, the author decided to use the basic core
algorythms of MICROPAS and write completely new input and output
sections (those parts of a program that interact with the user and can,
therefore, determine how easy a program is to use) to produce a program
capable of being a good design tool.
this new program, called QUIKPAS,
of MICROLITE (1),
The input and output sections of
were modeled after those of CIRA and
a program developed at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology for modelling daylighting effects.
QUIKPAS is written to operate on an IBM PC microcomputer; it requires
128 K of RAM memory and two double-sided,
double density floppy disk
drives (320 K of storage on each disk).
This equipment was chosen
because it
is a fairly popular microcomputer and uses a version of BASIC
that is relatively compatiable with other microcomputers (i.e., only a
few changes will have to made in the program code to enable the program
to run on other machines).
37
The program is
capable of modelling a building with up to three
independent thermal zones, with each zone having its own HVAC systems
and thermostat controls.
Each zone can be described with up to eleven
exterior opaque surfaces (ten walls and a roof),
surfaces (thirty windows and three skylights),
thirty-three glazing
and three thermal masses.
The walls and windows can be oriented in any direction and tilt,
and
the windows can be modeled with overhangs, thermal shutters, and/or
sunscreens.
Windows are described as part of the walls to allow for
easy modifications of glass area; the designer simply has to change the
area of glass and the area of the wall that the window is in will
automatically be changed.
(Many programs separate the windows from the
walls which forces a designer to change the area of both components in
Internal heat gains for each zone
order to change the area of either.)
can be varied on an hourly basis.
In all, there are over two hundred
different -types of variables that a designer can use to describe a
building.
The program can actually accept over a thousand variables
since several of the types .of variables are used many times.
QUIKPAS produces extensive thermal performance predicticon reports.
Annual, seasonal, daily, and hourly reports are available, and various
reports show such aspects as heating,
cooling, and ventilation energies
necessary to maintain each zone at the selected thermostat settings,
temperature profiles, climatic data, etc.
38
Because of the large number of input and output variables, it is
impossible to display all of them to the user at any one time.
To break
the variables down into manageable displays, QUIKPAS uses a system of
menu driven description screens. Three basic menus exist: main program,
building description input, and output.
The designer selects a desired
program option from the "SELECT PROGRAM OPTION" screen
(fig. 4.2). This
is done by using the cursor keys to highlight the various options; the
user depresses the "Enter" key to select the desired option when it is
highlighted.
This method is used throughout the program whenever an
option is to be selected.
To analyze a particular building, a designer would first select the
"CREATE A NEW BUILDING FILE" or "EDIT AN EXISTING BUILDING FILE" option.
If the "EDIT" option is selected the program will display the names of
all of the building descriptions that currently exist on the data file
diskette in use.
After a building has been selected the "BUILDING
DESCRIPTION OPTION" screen appears (fig. 4.3).
The program will go
directly to the "BUILDING GENERAL INFORMATION" screen (fig. 4.4) if the
designer selects the "CREATE NEW BUILDING" option so that he or she
can first assign a name to the new building.
The "BUILDING DESCRIPTION OPTION" screen is divided into three parts:
Zone Descriptions, Component Descriptions,
and Interzone Descriptions.
QUIKPAS initially comes with a library of components (such as different
types of glass, overhangs,
thermal mass, etc.); however, a designer can
39
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42
add, subtract, or change the descriptions of any of these components as
This can be done from the main program menu, resulting in
desired.
changes to the library for all future building descriptions, or from the
building description menu, resulting in changes to the library only for
that specific building.
The components are used to describe the various
parts of the zones (e.g., a window will use a previously defined glass
type, overhang, shutter, and/or sunscreen).
This approach allows a
designer to define a component only once and use this description
throughout the building.
It also allows a designer to change each part
of the building individually or change all parts at once.
if only one window uses triple pane glass,
separately,
building,
but if
the same type of glass is
it
For example,
can be described
used throughout the
the designer can change the description of that glass
component to change all of the windows at one time.
Each of the input screens utilizes a full screen editor; a user places
the cursor directly into the variable fields that he or she wants to
enter.
Those variables which must be entered are marked with an
asterisk "*" and the default values of the remaining variables are
displayed.
(name,
A wall description, for example, requires only three entries
area, and azimuth) but a designer can enter up to nineteen other
variables to describe a wide variety of wall and window combinations
(see fig. 4.5). Many of the default
values are assigned during
initialization of the program so that they can reflect state-of-the-art
construction practices in one locale or the preference of a particular
43
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designer (e.g., a designer in New England might choose a default
insulation value of R-19 for a wall, whereas a designer in the southwest
might prefer R-11).
This feature also helps a designer to avoid
obtaining misleading results from default values that are not
appropriate for the region in which he or she is designing.
The description screens can be viewed almost as though they are pages in
a notebook.
In this sense, the menu screen is viewed as the table of
contents from which all the other "pages" are accessable.
Many of the
screens are also accessable from related screens; for example, if the
at
designer is looking
the "EXTERIOR WALL AND WINDOW" or "ROOF
AND
SKYLIGHT" screen, he or she can turn directly-to the component screens
of glass, overhangs,
shutters, or sunscreens in order to review or
change existing components or to create new ones without having to go
back to the menu screen.
The program keeps track of how a user accesses
the various screens and always returns to the appropriate screen.
user can, however,
The
leave the program immediately without backtracking
through all of the various screens by depressing the "Escape" key.
Every item is tested on entry to ensure that an acceptable value has
been entered. Letter type entries are tested to ensure that the entries
are acceptable.
Numerical entries aretested on two levels: entries that
cannot be accepted by the program (e.g.,
a letter entry when a numerical
entry is required or an entry of 120 percent when only values of 0 to
100 percent are allowed); and entries that appear to be outside of the
45
range of reasonable values (e.g., wall insulation R-values of less than
2 or greater than 45); however, the program will accept values that are
outside the "reasonable" ranges.
The second level of error checking was
included mainly to help prevent a designer from inadvertently entering
incorrect information. The program also checks to ensure that all of the
required entries have been entered correctly whenever a designer
indicates that a description is complete. The completeness test occurs on
three levels: on completion of each description screen; on completion of
each zone; and on completion of the building.
This instantaneous error
checking allows a designer to correct mistakes in input immediately
rather than having to wait until after the entire building description
has been entered.
As mentioned above, each zone can be- described with its own HVAC systems
and thermostat controls.
Heating and cooling systems are modeled using
seasonal efficiencies or EER and ventilation systems can be modeled
using fan flow rate for forced ventilation or inlet/outlet areas and
stack efficiency for natural ventilation.
Air-to-air heat exchangers
can also be simulated. Thermostat settings are quite flexible, allowing
a designer to vary heating, cooling, and ventilation setpoints and
setback temperatures for each of these systems.
The setback times can
be set for any time of the day as can the times for return to daytime
settings. The thermostat settings are entered as pairs to separate the
heating season settings from the cooling season ones (see fig. 4.6).
46
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47
,
Internal heat gains for each zone can be varied using one of two
schemes: residential, which calls for a total daily gain and allows the
designer to specify the hourly percentages of this total (fig. 4.7); or
commercial, which allows the designer to specify hourly internal gains
on a per square foot basis (fig. 4.8).
The designer can specify Btu's or
watts as units of heat in either mode.
Thermal mass can be modeled three different ways: zone heat capacity,
which simulates lightweight masses such as furniture or sheetrock;
isothermal masses, which simulate high conductivity masses such as water
storage devices; and nodal masses, which simulate thick, low
conductivity masses such as concrete walls, Trombe walls, or floor slabs.
After the designer has completed a building description he or she
returns to the "SELECT PROGRAM OPTION" screen by pressing ALT-F when the
"BUILDING DESCRIPTION OPTION" screen is displayed.
The program will
test to ensure that all necessary data has been entered and displays an
appropriate error message if any is
missing.
If, for example, the
designer had indicated that some solar gain is to be distributed into a
thermal mass (see fig. 4.5),
QUIKPAS will check to ensure that the mass
referred to has been described and, if it has not, the program will
display the error message "Thermal Mass
XXXXXXXX
Must Be Described."
Actually, the designer would have been informed prior to this stage that
a mass description was required; when he or she finished the first wall
and window description that referred to the undefined mass, the program
48
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would have displayed a warning message that the mass must be described,
so it is most likely that all required data will have been entered.
The designer would probably next run the simulation program, at which
time he or she will specify the
climatic data that is to be used.
Simulations can be performed in one of three ways:
description, multiple building descriptions,
runs.
a single building
or parametric comparison
The "parametric comparison" optionallows a designer to select one
variable and have the program make several simulation runs, changing
that variable a specified amount for each run (e.g., change wall or roof
insulation values or South glass area) and giving results that compare
the various runs.
Once a simulation has been run the designer has a great deal of
information available which he or she may or may not want to see
presented.
The output section, like the input section, is menu driven
so that the designer can select only that part of the output that is of
interest.
By making all of the possible output available, QUIKPAS allows
a designer to look at aspects of the performance of the building that he
or she may decide are of importance after an initial perusal of the
results.
The designer can select one of four main report categories: annual,
seasonal, daily, or hourly, as well as review the building description
that produced these reports (fig. 4.9). The annual report is a summary
51
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of climatic conditions, heating and cooling loads, energy consumption of
the HVAC systems , and energy costs for the entire building for one
year.
The seasonal, daily, and hourly reports are divided into six
divisions: peak conditions,
total building, climate, individual zones,
Depending on which output report is
thermal mass, and temperature.
selected, the program will request the user to specify which zone and/or
season is to be displayed.
In addition, by using the EDIT option, the
user can specify any or all of the twenty-two reports available in any
order desired (fig. 4.10).
This option further enables the designer to
review information in a compartmentalized fashion which helps prevent
him or her from being overwhelmed by too much information being
displayed at one time.
Once the selection has been made,
the desired report is displayed on the
screen; it consists of a title, a menu,
4.11).
and a table of information (fig.
Because there is too much data to be displayed at one time, the
table is actually a "window" looking into a large'r table.
This window
can be manipulated by using the cursor keys to display other parts
(columns and rows) of the table.
The bottom row of the table contains
totals or averages (whichever is appropriate) for each column.
The menu
allows changing the order of the columns as well as arithmetic
operations between two columns or between one column and a constant in a
spreadsheet fashion.
The "CALCULATE" option will create new colums which
can then be labeled by the user.
The "PLOT"
option allows the designer
to obtain a graphical view of one or more columns plotted on a vertical
53
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54
,- :.-.:
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JQUIK-PAS
A 2
DEMO
BUILDING:
LONE BUILDING
DATLY REPORT OF Indivicdual zones FOR Peak heating
GRANQE COLOMM
CALCULATE
ui dIng
PLGT
LIST
.:AIR
TEMP
deg
DAY
.
2
i
3
4
.5
7
6
Total/Ave
81
71
3
4
2
f u*~acel a/c I heate x1
FLOW
FLOW
SYSFLOW
atu
...
1819
79
71
66
72
74
73
Fig.
..
4.11
6:7
1:INFIL
FLO
Btu
Stu
tu
-101)9
-932
-627
888
139
109
26
113
-935
977
179
T6
St
97T
1414
I VENT
FLOW
...-
68
68
21
1459
234
29
-1586
-501
468
1326
T37
886
578
895
13
*85
127
15
5953.
-7767
4988
844
4.
T92
3
Typical Output Report Screen
55
ITNTRNt
AIN
8u
10T
82
139
106
4
39
94
.607
axis versus time (by season, day, or hour, depending on the report)
plotted on a horizontal axis.
The "LIST". option will print the entire
table (not just that part displayed by the window) to either a line
printer or into a character file on the disk drive. The "list to file"
option allows a report to be reproduced by a word processing program
should the user desire to include the information in a seperate report.
The user returns to the "OUTPUT OPTION" menu by pressing ALT-Q (Quit) or
ALT-F (Finished) or can exit the program directly by using the "Escape"
key.
QUIKPAS
also contains a feature which is beginning to be recognized
throughout the microcomputer industry as being a standard feature for
any good interactive program and which is especially useful for
computerized design tools (2): the ability for the user to ask for
"Help" at any time during the program.
Because an architect will not be
constantly making energy analyses of buildings (indeed, as noted in
Chapter 3, designers should
des-ign tools) it
eventually not have to rely on computerized
is quite likely that he or she will not become as
familiar with the program as would someone who uses it on a regular
basis.
QUIKPAS has two forms of help available to a user.
Pressing ALT-H (Help)
results in a message being displayed which explains the field that the
cursor is in when the message is requested.
This function would
generally be used by a designer who does not understand the meaning of
56
an input variable.
For example,
if
the cursor was in the "ABSORPTANCE"
4.5), a message
field on the wall and window description screen (fig.
would be displayed giving the definition of absorptance (the percentage
of heat retained by a wall from the incident solar radiation), the
acceptable values (0 to 100 percent),
and an explanation of the default
value (50 percent is appropriate for a medium colored wall fully exposed
to the sun).
Pressing ALT-L (List) will result in a display of the acceptable values
for an entry.
If the entry is numeric,
of acceptable values.
the display will show the range
If the entry calls for a component selection
(e.g., type of glass), the program will display the available components
(e.g., Sglpane, Dblpane, Tplpane).
The user can then select whichever
component he or she desires, display the various components in order to
review or modify them, or create a new component if none of the existing
ones is appropriate.
These two functions facilitate the entry of unfamiliar information by
making program documentation available on the screen so that the
designer need not search through the support manual for individual input
descriptions.
In fact, the "List" function is necessary because the
designer may very well have created a component that is not described in
the support manual.
Finally, if the designer forgets how to invoke
these functions, he or she only needs to remember to type in "?" and the
program will display a list of Alternate Key Instructions.
57
CONCLUSION
The microcomputer is becoming an accepted piece of equipment that will
very likely be found in almost every office in
Businesses have accepted it
the near future.
as a standard piece of office equipment, as
common and almost as essential as the typewriter, because of its
capacity to act as a word processor, filing system, and accounting
system.
The design community is becoming more and more aware of the
ability of the microcomputer to aid in
the design process, mainly
because of the sophisticated graphics capabilities of the newer models,
and the term "computer aided design" can be heard almost as often in
small design firms as it can in large engineering offices.
Although still in the developmental stage, QUIKPAS is an important step
in the exploration of the microcomputer as an analytical design tool.
Many of the features present in QUIKPAS will certainly be found in
future, more sophisticated programs.
For any analytical tool to be
"successful" as a design tool, it must be "useful, usable, and used" (1).
QUIKPAS has the
qualities
needed
to be all of these things.
It is
accurate and flexible enough to demonstrate to a designer the thermal
ramifications of various design decisions (useful).
The interactive
full screen editor, error checking on entry, "Help" and "List" functions
make the program easy to use, providing instantaneous feedback to the
designer concerning design options (useable).
58
As for being used, this
is up to the individual designers who obtain the program.
The author
believes that, because the program is easy to learn and use, and because
it provides information to the designer in terms that he or she can
understand, that it will be used, hopefully in a manner that will allow
the users to internalize the information provided so that they will not
have to rely on the program for design purposes. This last quality is
the real value of any analytical design tool.
There are certain limitations to the QUIKPAS program.
can currently simulate only three thermal zones.
buildings have five unique zones (North,
For example, it
Since many commercial
South, East, West, and central
core), it would be best to upgrade the program to model five zones.
Comercial buildings also have more sophisticated HVAC systems than
QUIKPAS can presently model; however, the recently released ASEAM
program (2),
a public domain program based on the ASHRAE TC 4.7
Simplified Energy Calculation Procedure has several HVAC subroutines
which can be adapted for use by QUIKPAS.
Future versions of the program
will utilize the color graphics capabilities of the IBM PC but will be
written in such a manner that a designer without these capabilities can
still use the program (although it
will be recomended that the designer
have a color monitor because of the much greater capacity of a color
screen to graphically illustrate output as opposed to the "character
graphics" that a non-color monitor must use).
Some of the limitations of QUIKPAS are limitations of the machine that
59
the program uses (i.e., speed and memory size) and the computer language
(BASIC) in which it is written. The program currently takes about
twenty-five minutes to simulate a one zone, one mass building, with
longer run times required for more complicated building descriptions.
These times should be able to be reduced to about ten minutes for the
simpler building by using a "compiled" version of BASIC but BASIC is a
relative slow computer language (much slower that FORTRAN, for example).
Use of a parallel processor chip can also greatly increase the speed of
the simulation runs.
Although the BASIC language was chosen because of
its universal use in the microcomputer industry, other languages that
are faster than BASIC exist which
would
be suitable
for
public
domain programs (most notably PASCAL or MODULA-2).
It may be misleading to use the term "microcomputer"
machines of the future.
to describe the
The rapid improvements in the industry over the
past few years are an indication of bigger (in memory) and faster
computers on the horizon.
In 1982, the standard
microcomputer
came
with an 8-bit processor, 48 to 64 K bytes of RAM memory, and perhaps two
floppy disk drives with 90 to 200 K bytes of storage space each.
1983,
16-bit processors are commonplace,
of memory,
In
along with 128 to 256 K bytes
floppy disks of 300 to 600 K bytes of storage, and hard
"Winchester" disks with 5 to 10 Megabytes of storage are not unusual.
A
machine recently introduced on the market has 1 Megabyte of RAM memory
(64 times as big as the machines offered a year ago) and 50 Megabyte
disks are soon to be available.
To understand what these numbers mean
60
consider that CALPAS3, an annual hourly simulation program which can be
run in less than five seconds,
is run on a minicomputer which now has 2
Megabytes of memory.
Calculations that once took hours or required the use of expensive
main-frame computers can now be accomplished on a microcomputer in
minutes (the time span of a coffee break or, at worst, a lunch hour) and
in the near future can be done in seconds on desk top computers.
This
compression of calculation time will allow analytical tools to be able to
fit into the framework of the design structure (imagine getting detailed
simulation reports in graphical form in a time span roughly equal to
making a pencil sketch).
David Krinkel has presented a thesis that envisages an entire family of
microcomputer programs which he calls TRACERY (3)
that would be
compatible with each other, able to make several different analyses
(thermal, daylighting, acoustics, etc.) from the same data; the designer
would only have to enter a building description once to make all of the
analyses, thus enabling him or her to better see the trade-offs that are
always inherent in design solutions.
QUICKPAS would be an excellent
program to fit into the TRACERY family as the thermal analysis program.
With the developments certain to occur in microcomputers this type of
program could soon be a reality.
Such a development will greatly
enhance the ability of microcomputer based analytical tools to be a
viable part of the design process.
61
Chapter Notes
Introduction
1. Banham, Reyner, The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment.,
University of Chicago Press, 1969, pp. 52-53.
2. ibid., p.72.
3. Mazria, Edward, speech presented at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Spring 1983.
4. Bryan, Harvey, class notes, Energy Use in Buildings, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Department of~ArchTtecture, Spring, 1982.
5. Banham, Reyner, op.cit., p.17 8 .
6. Lovins, Amory, Soft Energy Paths: Toward a Durable Peace
Row, 1979, p.38.
Harper and
7. Yergin, Daniel, "Conservation: The Key Energy Source", in Eey
Future: Report of the Energy Project at the Harvard Business School,
.
Stobaugh, Robert and Yergin, Daniel, ed.~~Tandom House, 1979,T
8. Maidique, Modesto A., "Solar America", in Energy Future,
op.cit., p.1 8 7.
9. American Institue of Architects, Energy in Design: Techniques, A
Level 2 Workshop of the AIA Energy Professional Development Program,
1981, p.2.13.
62
A Brief Overview of Thermal Performance Prediction Methods
1. Amercian Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc., ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals, ASHRAE, 1981, chap.
23, 24t 25,26.
2. Givoni, B., Man Climate and Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company, 1969, pp.137-8
3. Bryan, H., St.Clair, C., and Seremitis, C., "QUIKPAS: A
Microcomputer Based Tool For Passive Solar Design", Proceedings of the
Eigh National Passive Solar Conference, Sante Fe, New Mexico,
September, 1983, p.83.
4. DOE-2 Program Manual, Volume III, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory,
U.S. Department of Energy,1979, p. 111.3
5. ASHRAE Handbook, op.cit.,p.2 8 .7.
6. Balcomb, J. Douglas, et.al., Passive Solar Design Handbook, Volume
Two of Two Volumes: Passive Solar Design Analysis, U.S. Department of
Energy, 1980.
7. Bryan, Harvey and Krinkle, David, "MICROLITE I: A Microcomputer
Program For Daylighting Design", Proceedings _f the Seventh National
Passive Solar Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee, September, 1982, p.405.
8. California Office of Appropriate Technology, MICROPAS - A
Microcomputer Program For Residentia Building Energy Analysis, User's
Manual, Sacramento, California, 1982
9. Nall, Daniel H., and Arens, Edward, A., "Climate Data Abbreviation
for the Computerised Calculation of Heating and Cooling Requirements in
Buildings",Energy and Buildings, II (1979), pp. 135-149.
63
The Role of Analytical Models in the Design Process
1. Bryan, Harvey J., "Development of an Integrated Daylighting Design
Methodology", Proceedings of the Eighth Passive Solar Conference,
Sante Fe, New Mexico, September, 1983, p.152.
2. CALPAS3 User Manual, Berkeley Solar Group, Berkeley, California, 1982.
3. Energy Performance of Buildings Group, "Computerized Instrumented
Residential Audit", Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Pub-442, version 1.0,
March, 1982.
4. Bryan, Harvey J., "Development of an Integrated Daylighting Design
Methodology", op.cit.,p.149.
5. Krinkle, David L., Integration of Energy Analyses in Design Through
the Use of Microcomputers, Masters Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Department of Architecture, 1983, p.10.
6. Bryan, Harvey J., "Development of an Integrated Daylighting Design
Methodology", op.cit., p.149.
7. Krinkle, David L., op.cit., p.68.
The QUIKPAS Program
1. Bryan, Harvey and Krinkle, David, "MICROLITE I: A Microcomputer
Program For Daylighting Design", Proceedings of the Seventh National
Passive Solar Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee, September, 1983,
pp.403-408.
2. Krinkle, David L., Integration of Energy Analyses in Design Through
the Use of Microcomputers, Masters Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of
Tecihology, Department of Architecture, p.101.
65
Conclusion
1. Andersson, Brandt and Hidemark, Bengt, "M.E.P.A. - Micro-computer
Energy Programs for Architects", Royal Institute of Technology,
Department of Architecture - Building Design, Stockholm, Sweden, p.2.
2. W.S. Fleming and Associates, ASjM - A Simlified Ener
Analysis
Method, Report to the U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 1983.
3. Krinkel, David L., Integration of Energy Analyses in pesign
Through the Use of Microcomputers, Masters Thesis, Massachusetts
Institute of~~Teclinology, Department of Architecture, p.95.
66
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