ECONOMIC AND DESIGN ANALYSIS OF DAYLIGHTING A
COMMERCIAL
TOWER IN A HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE
by
ROBERT F.
ROSCOW
B.A. Duke University
1972
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the requirements for the
Degree of
Master of Architecture
at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
June 1981
@
Robert F. Roscow 1981
The Author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and
to distribute publicly copies of this thesis document in whole
or in part.
Signature of Author..............
Department of Architecture
May 8, 1981
Certified by......
Br an, Assistant Professor
of Building Technology
A The sis Supervisor
6hAar vey
Accepted by......
Aslociate Professor Sandra C. Howell,
chairperson Departmental Committee for
Graduate Students
1.
MASSACHUSETTS NSTITUTE
OF TECHNOiLOGY
MAY 2 8 1981
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TO:
my parents for an infinite amount of
patience,
Harvey, for keeping me on track and a
lot of ideas,
and Bill Upthegrove for two extra hands
and oft' needed smile.
21
A destiny that leads the English
to the Dutch is strange enough;
but
one that leads from Epsom into Pennsylvania,
and thence into the hills
that shut in Altamont over the proud
coral cry of the cock, and the soft
stone smile of an angel,
is touched
by that dark miracle of chance which
makes new magic in a dusty world.
Each of us is all the sums he has
not counted:
subtract us into naked-
ness and night again, and you shall
see begin in Crete four thousand
years ago the love that ended yesterday in Texas.
The seed of our destruction will
blossom in the desert,
the alexin
of our cure grows by a mountain rock,
and our lives are haunted by a Georgia slattern,
because a London cut-
purse went unhung.
Each moment is
the fruit of forty thousand years.
The minute-winning days,
buzz home to death,
like flies,
and every mom-
ent is a window on all time.
Thomas Wolfe, LOOK
HOMEWARD,
ANGEL,
New York, 1929.
Figure 1.
4
ECONOMIC AND DESIGN ANALYSIS OF DAYLIGHTING A
COMMERCIAL TOWER IN
A HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE
by
ROBERT F.
ROSCOW
Submitted to the Department of Architecture
on May 8, 1981 in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Master of
Architecture
ABSTRACT
A forty story commercial office tower in Tampa, Florida
was redesigned for daylighting. The methods are outlined
and results illustrated, A cooling load comparison is done
to determine the economic feasibility of such a strategy.
It was found that the smaller cooling plant and greater
perimeter office space could offset the increased building
expense. Energy savings were aIso significant, especially
for cooling.
Thesis Supervisor:
Title:
Harvey Bryan
Assistant Professor of Building
Technology
.- ,
0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction...................
8
II.The*Problem,...................
12
III.
Reference Cooling Load
Calculation..................
15
IV. Solar Data....................
22
V.
Shading By Building Mass.......
29
VI. Shading With Exterior Screens.
36
VII. Interrelated Structural
And Transport Decisions......
45
VIII. 1/32nd Scale Model And
Schematic Plans.............
49
IX. 1/2 Inch Scale Lighting
Model...................
. ....
.
X. Feasibility And Conclusions....
64
72
TABLE OF CONTENTS continued
Page
Abstract...................9
5
i
7
I
INTRODUCTION
Chapter One
1-
K
Li
One Tampa City
Center, Welton
Becket Associates
Figure
VT'-
2.
Although the tall commercial tower
has become commonplace in the world's
major cities, it is of relatively recent origin.
The technologies which
made it possible did not evolve until
the turn of the century:
most nota-
bly the elevator, high strength steel,
and later air conditioning systems.
Not least among
gies though
these new technolo-
less obvious was the in-
vention of the electric light and concomitant power generation plants. A
growth in urban centers consequently
emerged at a rate never before thought
possible. Figure one illustrates the
impact. The accretion of buildings on
Boston's Beacon Hill built over a couple of hundred years stand in marked
contrast to downtown's commercial
towers built in the last twenty years.
Many of these amazingly enough have
as much floor area as Beacon Hill itself.
Many feel that this development was
far too rapid and overlooked man's
basic needs:
abstracting technology
and attendant architecture out of the
realm of serving man but rather corporate images and symbols. The energy
crisis now gives a physical and quan-
titative basis to this criticism and
hopefully one which can become qualitative as well. In the following
pages a method is developed for daylighting these towers with F.A.R.'s
approaching twenty to not only save
energy but, more importantly, produce
a qualitatively better environment.
Perhaps it might also define one
path to the "proper forms" of which
Reyner Banham speaks which can produce an architecture
".
. .
as convin-
cing as the millenial architecture
of the past."
1 Reyner Banham, THE
ARCHITECTURE OF THE WELLTEMPERED ENVIRONMENT,
London, 1969, p. 289.
I
I
.
-...
-
4
-
11
Figure 3.
PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE, Dec. 1980, p.
±uu.
I
|
-
THE PROBLEM
Chapter Two
One is tempted to utter,
"
So
what." Perhaps some miracle tube will
be developed; but probably not until the New York Port Authority has
paid through the nose for every million square feet of floor ( roughly
twenty-three acres per million square
feet ) needing artificial light. A
better approach would have been to
design the World Trade Center in the
beginning to optimize natural light
which is after all free.
Architects
from the Egyptians on seem to have
had no problem understanding this
point.
And they did "big stuff"
too.
The paradox of the oresent situation symbolized by the World Trade
Center is that given the electric
light and therefore the capability
to light buildings at night: we somehow arrived at a one-hundred story
cave architecture.
We have in effect
in much of our new architecture closed
the options inherent in the electric
light. We did not expand our experiences with it but rather contracted
them to monotonous, uniformly lighted
dropped ceilings necessitated by huge
12
floors stacked one on the other around some sculptural, not architectural, principle.
The resultant of this myopic process has been tower architecture consuming huge quantities of energy not
only to operate the lights but also
dissipate the heat generated by them.
Chapter Three will show the magnitude of this problem. One should find
it very odd or counter intuitive that
we cool New York towers in the dead
of winter!
The program for One Tamna City
Center and the Welton Becket designed tower have been used in this thesis
as a base for comparison of a daylighted and normally lighted tower.
The program required the design of
eight-hundred thousand square feet
of commercial office space on roughly a one acre site in downtown Tampa,
Florida. One Tampa City Center represents an extreme test of daylighting since there are no alternatives but to use a tower because
of the high F.A.R. ( approximately
eighteen ) and exposing large areas
of fenestration to the hot and humid
Florida climate can cause immense
cooling problems.
The process outlined generates
what one might term a schematic or
first pass at the final form.
It
is not by any means a final design
but more a reference and direction
for design.
Although the process
is describ-
ed linearly; it obviously did not
occur in such a manner or without
regard to other restraints and architectural problems.
I have tried
to at least mention some of these
problems;
since they are so crit-
ical in the design of such vertical
structures where one continuously
finds oneself making many decisions
simultaneously.
REFERENCE COOLING
LOAD CALCULATION
Chapter Three
A typical upper-level floor of
the tower designed by Welton Becket
was analyzed initially to estimate
the worst case cooling load. This
figure is usually used to size airconditioning equipment and serves as
a good base for comparison of alternative designs.
The design temperatures
and pro-
cedure were obtained from the ASHRAE
HANDBOOK 1977 FUNDAMENTALS published
by the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Figure 4.
Engineers, Inc. of New York City.
PROGRESSIVE ARCHITEC-
TURE,
The floor plan dimensions were one-
Dec.
1980,
hundred twenty-five by one-hundred twenty five composed of twenty-five foot
square bays,
Of TAM
CIA CIT
Figure 5.
op. cit., p. 52.
I
I
p. 52.
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION PROCEDURE 2
25.3
Air-Conditioning Cooling Load
Table 1 Procedure for Calculating Space Design Cooling Load-Summary of Load Sources and Equations
Load Source
Equation
Reference, Table, Description
b Chapter 22-Design Heat Transfer Coefficients-Table 3 and 4
External
Area Calculated from Architectural Plans
Table 5-Cooling Load Temperature Difference at Base Conditions for Roofs
Note 4-Correction for Color of Exterior Surface
Roof
q
=
UxAxCLTD
Walls
q
=
U x A x CLTD
Note 2-Correction for Outside Dry Bulb Temperature and Daily Range
Note 2-Correction for Inside Dry Bulb Temperature
Note I & 5-Application for Latitude and Month
Chapter 22-Design Heat Transmission Coefficients-Tables 3 and 4
Area Calculated from Architectural Plans
Table 6-Wall Construction Group Description
Table 7-Cooling Load Temperature Difference at Base Conditions for Wall Group
Note 3-Correction for Color of Exterior Surface
Note 2-Correction for Outside Dry Bulb Temperature and Daily Range
Note 2-Correction for Inside Dry Bulb Temperature
Note 1& 4 Application for Latitude and Month
Glass
Conduction
Chapter 22 or Chapter 26-Type of Glass and Interior Shading if Used
Area-Net Glass Area Calculated from Plans
(Table
9-Cooling Load Temperature Difference for Conduction Load Through Glass
Note 1-Correction for Outside Dry Bulb Temperature and Daily
q = U x A x CLTD
Range
Note I-Correction for Inside Dry Bulb Temperature
Area-Net Glass Area Calculated from Plans
Chapter 26-Tables 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, and 40 Shading Coefficients for Combination of Type of Glass and Type of Shading
Table 10-Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor for Specific Orientation of Surface,
Latitude and Month
a"
(Table I1-Cooling Load Factor with No Interior Shading
Table 12-Cooling Load Factor if Interior Shading is Used
Chapter 22-Design Heat Transmission Coefficients-Tables 3 and 4
7
Solar
Partitions,
q = A x SC x SHGF x CLF
I
.
--
Ceilings,
Floors
Internal
q=UxAxT
Area Calculated from Architectural Plans
Section 5.0-Design Temperature Difference
Input Rating from Electrical Plans or Lighting Fixture Data
Lights
q
Tables 13 & 14-Coefficients "a" and classification "b" for Type of Fixture,
Installation, Air Supply and Return and Room Furnishings and Construction
Table 15-Cooling Load Factor Based on Total Hours of Operation and Time
Note 1-Correction for Schedule of Operation of Cooling System
INPUT x CLF
-
People
I
r
Sensible
q,
Latent
q, = No x Lat. H.G.
-
No x Sens. H.G.xCLF
*
Number of People in Space
Table 16 or Chapter 8-Sensible Heat Gain from Occupants
Table 17-Cooling Load Factor for People-Based on Duration of Occupancy and
Time from Entry
Note 1-Correction for Density of Occupants
Table 16 or Chapter 8-Latent Heat Gain from Occupants
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION PROCEDURE continued
Tables 18 & 19-Recommended Rate of Heat Gain-Sensible Heat
Appliances
Sensible
Table 20-For Use with Hood
(Table 21-For Use without Hood
q, = HEAT GAIN x CLF
Tables 18 & 19-Recommended Rate of Heat Gain-Latent Heat (Without Hood)
Latent
Power
q,
=
-
4
-
-
q = HEAT GAIN x CLF
Ventilation &
Infiltration
Air
Sensible
Latent
Total
Set Equal to Zero When Hood is Used Over Appliances
Eq 21, 22, or 23 using Tables 22 and 23 or Manufacturer's Data
Table 21
HEAT GAIN
q, = 1.10 x CFM x At
q = 4840 x CFM xA W
q = 4.5 x CFM xAh
Adjustment
Factor
-
Ventilation and Infiltration Air, Standard CFM
Inside-Outside Air Temperature Difference, deg F
Inside-Outside Air Humidity Ratio Difference, lb H 2 0/lb Dry Air
P Inside-Outside Air Enthalpy Difference, Btu/lb of Dry Air
Fraction of Input Energy Lost to the Surroundings; Applied to all External and Internal Loads Except Ventilation and Infiltration Air.
F = 1-0.02K,
Eq 31
DESIGN WEATHER DATA
3
Weather Data and Design Conditions
23.5
TABLE 1 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES"
Col. 1
State and Station
Col. 2
Latitudeb
Winterd
Col. 3 Col. 4
Col. 5
Col. 6
Design Dry-Bulb and
Longi- Elevatudeb
don" Design Dry-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb
*
'
Ft
990 97.5%76
1%16 2.5%76
5%0
Summer*
Col. 7
Mean
Daily
Range
Col. 8
Design Wet-Bulb
1%
2.5o
5%10
FLUKIDA
92/76
90/78
92/78
92/78
93/78
91/76
88/78
90/77
91/78
92/78
89/76
87/78
88/77
90/78
91/77
16
15
15
15
18
79
80
80
80
80
78
79
79
79
79
78
79
78
79
79
91/78
95/77
96/77
90/78
90/78
93/77
94/77
90/78
89/78
92/77
92/76
89/78
93/76
91/76
89/76
15
18
19
9
17
80
80
79
80
79
79
79
79
79
78
79
78
78
79
78
34
38
91/77
90/77
95/77
94/76
90/77
89/77
93/77
93/76
89/77
88/77
92/76
91/76
15
10
18
17
79
79
80
79
79
79
79
78
78
78
78
78
29
33
92/78
90/77
89/77
14
81
80
79
25
31
36
35
29
35
40
38
94/77
92/78
92/77
94/76
93/77
89/78
91/77
93/76
91/77
87/78
90/76
91/76
14
16
80
16
17
79
79
79
79
79
78
79
79
78
78
58
39
27
42
30
3
19
36
40
93/77
94/77
92/77
92/77
92/76
91/77
90/76
90/76
90/76
17
19
17
79
79
79
79
78
79
78
78
78
1
15
41
45
92/78
91/78
90/78
16
80
79
79
Belle Glade
Cape Kennedy AP
Daytona Beach AP
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Myers AP
26
4
80
4
16
41
44
28
3
80
3
16
29
26
26
1
81
0
31
80
38
35
0
35
32
1
13
4
81
5
13
42
41
46
44
Fort Pierce
Gainesville AP (S)
Jacksonville AP
Key West AP
27
29
30
24
3
4
3
80
82
81
2
2
4
10
155
24
38
28
29
42
31
32
Lakeland CO (S)
28
3
0
81
82
5
0
6
214
55
39
57
41
Miami AP (S)
Miami Beach CO
Ocala
Orlando AP
Panama City,
Tyndall AFB
25
5
80
2
7
25
29
80
82
81
1
1
2
9
86
106r
44
45
47
48
28
5
1
3
31
35
30
0
85
4
22
Pensacola CO
St. Augustine
St. Petersburg
Sanford
30
29
3
87
1
13
5
81
2
15
28
28
0
82
4
35
5
81
2
14
Sarasota
Tallahassee AP (S)
Tampa AP (S)
West Palm
Beach AP
27
30
2
82
3
30
2
84
2
28
0
82
26
4
80
2. ASHRAE, ASHRAE HANDBOOK 1977 FUNDAMENTALS, New York, 1978, p. 25.3.
3. op. cit., p. 23.5.
80
RESULTS OF COOLING LOAD CALCULATION
( 15,625 SF AREA ):
160
140
120
P4-I
-P
W
(2
r-4
U)
0
0
0
9
z
100
4J-
4-)
80
r
S
60
(11
4-
Z
o
i
(
-1)
a
H
40
bo20
Rev
71
Emn mm
0
t
ad
4s
r
0
-o
z
m>
0
n
i
Respective
ila
ri Lr_
Loads
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
19
Figures 6 and 7 clearly illustrate
the significance of the lighting load
which was calculated on a low assumed
wattage of 2.5 watts per square foot
of floor area. Lighting consumes nearly thirty percent of the energy budget,
an asonishing fact when one considers
that the cooling load calculation is
based on data for three o'clock in the
afternoon in August. A strategy for daylighting the tower would seem appropriate then, especially since most of the
other loads are fixed.
In the following pages a method will
be outlined for daylighting One Tampa
City Center.
The cooling load for this
tower will then be calculated and compared with the Welton Becket tower.
I
I
d
Ilk(
I
..
Figure 8.
Tracing of Welton Becket Ground Plan
2
-t
SOLAR DATA
Chapter Vour
A TI-59 program is used to generate solar altitude and azimuth
data.
The program provides more
accurate information than the Mazria sun charts 4 which are given for
four degree increments of latitude
and do not compensate for longtitude.
To run the program record the
listed program onto magnetic cards,
partition calculator to five, and:
1. Enter longtitude, press A,
longtitude will be printed
2. Enter latitude, press B,
latitude will be printed
3. Enter time meridian, press C,
time meridian printed
4. Press E to execute program
( run time about 45 minutes )
Note:
To enter degrees and seconds use
decimal format, e.g., 220 35', enter
as 22.35.
The program will print the altitude
and azimuth for your location for every
hour the sun is above the horizon for
the 21st day of every month. The data
is then transferred to a revised ver-
4. Edward Mazria, THE
PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY
BOOK, Emmaus, Pa.,
pp 279-287.
1979,
sion of Mazria's sun chart.
The site plan tracing is given
below for One Tampa Center. The street
grid is approximately 220 west of
true north.
j~~j.
I
II
i-
j
Vm
W-rt !v
)
Figure 9.
Tracing of Site Plan
I
23
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37.
AZI MUTH
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HOUR
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T-4
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T H'.r
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ITUDE
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24
AZIMUTH
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1.
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AZIMUTH'
T
9. - UB
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I T
ALTITUD
IZ It'IUTR,
AZ I iMUTH
HOUR
A
1'
ALTIT71
1971
I
I
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9En
I
'34
-
15'
o'
Figure 10.
USor
90* U WTest
SHADING BY
BUILDING MASS
Chapter Five
One of the simplest methods of
maximizing daylight penetration into
a building is to let the building
self-shade itself. By so doing one
lets in diffuse light but rejects
direct sun light. The latter is not
allowed in a large commercial
at all
building in a hot-humid climate because of the huge thermal gain resulting.
Initially a thirty foot bay was
chosen and the width derived trigonometrically from the lowest morning
in winter ( December 22 )
and the greatest ( June 22 ). The
result was a twenty-one by thirty
sun azimuth
foot bay. Because of the orientation
of the street grid, the June sun strikes
the building perpendicularly at dawn.
The direct sun light is screened out
of the thirty foot side while the
twenty foot dimension never receives
direct sun light all year.
Figure 11.
This arrangement created a crenelated plan on the north-east and northI
I
I
I
west sides. A correspondence also
resulted between the street grid and
the bay arrangement because the
street orientation coincided with the
The depth was kept
beneath sixty feet since daylight
will not be effective much more
than two and one-half times the winJune azimuth.
dow height. Figure 12 shows the initial wall orientations.
Figure 12.
13 0 1
I
I
Although the plan is rather irregular it is not without precedent. Figures 13 and 14 are 60 State
Street designed by SOM and the
Winthrop Building in Boston.
Figure 14.
Figure
13.
1~TL
l
I
Letting the building follow the
sun and respond to it produces understandable architecture and avoids the senseless "left-over"
spaces illustrated in figures 1517.
:i
1IIII!~
Figure 15.
1321
II
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Fa
re17
i331
An interesting play between sunlight
and the night lights can also result
as seen with the John Hancock tower.
Figure 18.
34
S
-e
mm
Figure 19.
3
SHADING WITH
EXTERIOR SCREENS
Chapter VI
Walls which cannot be shaded by
adjacent walls require the use of
exterior screens. One can use Maz5.. op. cit.P p. 307.
ria' s shading mask 5and the Dreviously generated sun chart to determine the proper angles for onehundred percent shading. I found
it often easier to do it graphically once the range was determined. Figures 20-24 illustrate
some examples of possible screens.
~~-4
4,,,
41
Figure 20.
'k
3 I
I
I
T
&
All
Figures 21 and 22.ir
I
, VA-t .- ,
Figure 23.
38
Figure
24.
Figures 25 through 27 show examples
of solar screening devices employed in
the work of Jose Luis Sert, one of the
masters of these devices. It is interesting to note that the screens used
on Peabody Terrace actually become
habitable porches while the ones used
on the Harvard Science Center and Holy
oke Center scale down very massive
buildings.
39
jp
Figure 25.
Fimure
26
140I I
--
~--
-
I
NOW
-
F;
Figure 27.
One finds them much more appealing than the rifle slots used
to screen the MIT Student Center
Library.
A rather perverse solu-
tion...
41
___
__
__54_
-.
-- mw
-W9IIMP
#A
".q Rog
h
WON'!
dim&
N
NOMA
lip
Figure 28.
.ig11e
9
62
i421
Finally, one might wonder why all
the vertical fins on Boston City
Hall are the same even though of different orientation to the sun.
Even
the tower in the background acknowledges the difference by reducing
the glazing where high solar gains
are anticipated.
Figure 30.
Coherence can be maintained in the
devices by utilizing the same depth
dimensions or same fin width, etc.
Definition can also be given to particular areas by changing the sizes
in even multiples. For cost reasons
this size range should be limited.
Most of the fins envisioned in the
tower are actually not opaque but open
to light from the non-sun side. They
are assembled from cut tubes stacked
on each other at an angle.
They
therefore block the direct sunlight
but let diffuse light through the
tubes.
INTERRELATED
STRUCTURAL AND
TRANSPORT DECISIONS
Chapter Seven
Approximations of structural
requirements were made with reference to the recently published
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF TALL BUILDINGS,
MONOGRAPH ON, compiled by the American
Society of Civil Engineers. Steel
construction was chosen because of the
building height and need to keep the
floor to ceiling height as high as possible. A modified belt-truss/frame shear truss system would probably
produce a strong enough frame without
having to use moment connections. The
increase the beam depth or nelatter
cessitate more columns. Figures 31
through 34 illustrate some of the types
of systems presently being used. The
structure for the Welton Becket tower
is shown in Figure 35. Supposedly, the
concrete shear core reinforced steel
tower is the most economical structurally up to forty stories. However,
the core uses a lot of space thereby
decreasing the net floor area.
I
I
me
100
to
so
9
4
F
I
40
3O
*
3
I!
Ii
ji
20
U
32
~0
t0
U
.
~
I I TYPEK
Z
TYPE I
r-r>"
a
0
~
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if
z
66
--
TYPE
1
=
TYPE
tr
TRUSES
aan
PoT.2.CONECTION
1ienen
ci")nst
aRSon oTf afrra
T oM
OUTRIGGE TRUSS
PXnues
1T 0m"
_ys
ftg Ls Comparioo W~Iuetuvu sIl
I
WS
140
130
g
Figure 31.6
U6
0
IM
6. Higgins et al,
a
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
OF TALL STEEL BUILDINGS,
Vol. SB, Mono. on P&D of
TB, ASCE, New York, 1979,
0
'C
Wo
so
0
1
'0
46
p. 38.
so
40
at
30
20
I
to
Fig. 1.1 Types of steel structure (Khan, 1974)
Figure 32 ,338
0
7. op. cit., p. 359.
46
0
0
z
Fig. 1.2 Concrete structural systems for office buildings (Khan, 1974)
I
141
I
Figure 33.7
8. Khan et al, TALL
BUILDING SYSTEMS AND
CONCEPTS, Vol. SC,
Mono. on P&D of TB,
ASCE, New York, 1980,
p. 5.
Fig. 5.7 Circular tubular framework
FIg. 5.8 Rectangular tubular framework
Fig. 5.9 Trussed tubular frame with sloping
exterior columns
Fig. 5.10 Center braced core capped with truss
attached to exterior tie-down columns
47
WIND
The number of elevators were
approximated using the methods described in MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS by Mc Guinness
and Stein. Twenty high-speed eleva-
ELEVATOR
DROP-OFF
LEVELS
tors would service the tower which
517'
would have four ten story zones.
From the top zone down, they would
each need respectively six, five,
five, and four 3500 pound cars. The
majority of these would have to be
high speed to compensate for the
elevators being spaced at the extreme ends of each floor.
( see
plan in next section ) These figures
ONE TAMPA CITY CENTER, ENGR. LEV ZETLN ASSOC.
.Figure 35.
seem to agree closely with what
is in the Welton Becket design.
PROGRESSIVE ARCH.,
p. 53.
9. William McGuinness and
Benjamin Stein, MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS, New
York, 1964, pp. 867-934.
1/32nd SCALE
MODEL-AND SCHEMATIC PLANS
Chapter VIII
The following pages contain
early massing study drawings and
schematics for the entire center.
Each floor of the tower contains
approximately 14,400 square feet.
The main tower has forty such floors
plus equipment floors. Seventy-two
percent of the square footage required by the program is containin the tower. The remainder is in
the lower building and two sub
floors. A waterfall commencing on
the ground level flows down into the
lower,central atrium space where it
is used to scatter the light and
mask noise created in the space.
Light enters this space through the
atrium and also the portal frame
opening. Although the portal frame
opening results from more structural considerations; it has a side
effect of lowering the wind level
on the street.
I
I
I
I
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-
~
-
t
-I
I
I
I
N
I-
I
-A
-4
~ij,
'-~{!
~
I
Figure 36.
ho
77
L
~71
Fig
-
Figure 37.
1~ 1
j
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OD
(0.
(D
I
I,
I
II
7
Fi
gl 1T
39
a
1531
I
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V
I
a
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2
T-
suI
. -ZC
Figure
0
4
e
1
r
0
qd
7/
i~A~,1
I
Figure 41.
1551
I
I
S
p
Ss
/
t'
a
I
42.
Figur
t
56
/
a
I
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0
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Figure 43.
57
4roc-
rL4
Figure 45.
Figure 46.
159
--
Figure 46,
allB
Figure 47,
60
-
=W
Figure 48.
Figure 49.
Figure 50.
Figure 51.
4-
1
I
/
Figure 52.
!!:g5;X
63
1/2-INCH- SCALE
MGHTING MODEL
Chapter Nine
A 1/2 inch scale lighting model
of a two bay, two floor section of
the tower was built and tested. The
screens used on the model do not
accurately model the actual screens;
however a sense of the quality of
light and space was obtained. The
actual screening devices would have
to be modeled at at least twice the
scale and then tested in a black box.
On a moderately overcast day with
an illumination level of approximately
six to seven thousand foot candles,
a lighting level of 125-200+ fc was
obtained in the model.
Even with one
side completely covered, the light
One
level did not go below 60 fc.
could reasonably expect then to have
50-100 fc in the actual tower. Except
for task lighting, one would not need
to use overhead lighting.
The model and some of the apparatus
used to test it are shown on the folFigure 52,
lowing pages.
6
Figure 53.
Ficnire 54,
165j
LU
Ln
W)
Q)
i-I
.... ................-.
F
..
"". *
F
Be
Ov
I
6.
ONM
Figure 59.
Figure 60.
Figure 61,
FEASIBILITY AND
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter X
Cooling load reduction and cost:
Initial:
34.2 BTU/Hr/SF x 800,ooo SF= 27,360,000 BTU/Hr
27,360,000/ 12,000 Btu/Hr/ton= 2,280 tons
2,280x $1500/ton= $3,420,000
New:
wall
glass
38,022
35,952 conduction
24,L01
solar
97,984
as percent of former,
97,984/ 134,709= 72%
Savings:
138,179
lighting
wall and
36,725
glass
174,904
174,904/534,723=32%
.32x34.2x800,000/l 2 ,OOO= 729.6 tons
729.6x$1500/ton= $1,094,400
Savings in energy:
cooling,
(40x52)7 kwh/ton(729 tons) ($.08/kwh)
=$849,139.20
lighting,
(assume 70%
2.5watts/Sf
x
savings or reduction)
800,000(.70)($.08)
= $112,000
total/first year= $961,139.20
73
Revenue generated by increased perimeter office space
at $2 SF increase:
(625-500 LF) (15ft) (40floors) ($2 SF)
=
$150,000/yr.
Total:
961,139.20
150,000.00
$1,111,139.20
Assuming similar structure and envelope cost as percentage
of total
as shown in Figure 62 for 60 State Street in
Boston and $70 versus $80 SF construction cost:
Initially:
800,000($70)(.165+.287)= cost structure & envelope
in Welton Becket tower
= $25,312,000
Redesign:
800,000($80) (.165+.287)= $28,928,000
Increase:
-
$ 3,616,000
This amortized for twenty years at 13% interest which is
probably what would have been available at the time of
financing yields the following interest and principal
schedule after deducting $1,094,000 lowering of cooling
plant cost and taking 10% of this figure for initial
capital
outlay:
Amount financed:
$2,269,440.00
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Depreciation amounts to $45,388.80 taken on a straight
line basis over forty-five years with a salvage value
of ten percent.
Adding together interest
and depreciation
deducting the annual debt service of
and
$319,058.49 and then taking 50% of this figure for
each of the years
yields the cash resulting from
would have.
the tax benefits a cororation
then to this
Adding
figure for each year the energy savings
and increased rental income
yearly net cash flow.
generates the following
Also given are the discounted
cash flows based on a discount rate of 20% which a
corooration would probably have
to receive.
Year
twenty also includes proceeds from refinancing
the
loan.
YEAR
NET- CASH
DISCOUNTED
(NET PRESENT
,VALUE)
----
-------------------------------------------------------
1
$961,546.28
$788,236.08
2
959,785.25
644,980.09
3
957,781.19
527,624.14
4
955,500.40
431,494.58
5
952,904.85
352,760.64
6
949,951.02
288,282.26
7
946,589.47
235,485.67
8
942,763.92
192,261.31
9
938,410.31
156,880.09
10
933,455.77
127,924.85
11
927,817.34
104,234.09
77
YEAR
NET CASH
DISCOUNTED
(NET
PRESENT VALUE)
12
921,400.62
84,855.87
13
914,098.19
69,010.06
14
905,787.78
56,057.29
15
896,330.26
45,473.65
16
885,567.31
36,829.P1
17
873,318.71
29,773.97
18
859,379.41
24,017.90
19
843,516.04
19,325.45
20
3,094,903.00
58,125.86
TOTAL $ 4,273,633.66
The
internal rate- of return generated from these
same cash flows based on the
of
initial
investment
$252,160.00 is..381%.iIt would obviously be
a good investment. Although other factors like
inflation,
are
tax credits,
not considered
probably increase
return
in
the
energy escalation,
this
etc.
analysis they would
figure.
With such a high
it would take a major factor to bring it
down substantially.
None of these would
to such
a degree.
The
following plot of these values also shows
the early payback when income
is
plotted against
its discounted return.
78
GEIERAL ITEM
GENERAL CONDITIONS 75%
TENANT FINISHES 6%
ELEVATORS 6.7%
SPRINKLER L%
PLUMBING1%
*1
ELECTRICAL 77%
-I-
HVAC 8.3%
*
*
ENVELOPE
16.5%
I
-I+
*1
*
STRUCTURE
28.7%
*
*
±
FOUNOAT1ON
2.1%
~I:.
SLWY WALL5%
*
EXCAATION18%
3.5
RLATIVE COST BREAKDOWN [58]
*
-I-
Figure 62.11
4.
*
4.
0
0
to
to
79 Figure63.
$1,000,000
$1, 000 000
1791
Figure~3.
0
Team Ore
60 floors
2 500 000 ft1
Team Two
46 floors
1750000
Teama
464
i
ft'
Twoe
floors
000 0000000
I1972
Teama
000
Thour
000
ft
411 floors
1 025 000
ft"
1974
Team Fm
38 flo.1116
000
1.17
t
SUMMARY OF DESIGN PROPOSALS
10. unpublished paper,
Jim Becker et al, SIXTY
STATE STREET, A CASE
STUDY, MIT, Cambridge,
p. 44.
Figure 64. 12
60 State Street Final Size
11. Ibid.
12. Becker, p. 19.
80
PAGE:
G 412
ISSUE DATE:
BUILDING TYPE:
9/79
EDITION #:
28
Office Buildings
PROJECT &
LOCATION
SHAPE. DIMENSIONS
& STRUCTURE
1-
Electrorics
ParkPark
Seattle
WA
981
quad; 360x347x tilt-up
567- 554
conc
gluam cola
mn
bmns
mas
wd truss ats
blk
2-
Office Bldg
Atlanta
GA
--
EXTERIOR
WALL
irreg; base
325x225
rect; tower
ROOF
B. U. Rf conc
crpt
at
cert
vat
Irma
PIP
conc
crpt
cert
130x180
303
FLRING
FLR COV
INTERIOR
WALL
* STORIES
& UNITS
std &
drywl
n
pnt
2 sty
no bamt
std &
drywl
pnt
cert
24 sty
full
brmt
L
Dodge Digest of Building Costs and Specifications
BID
DATE
PLM.CUBIC
PLUMS.
HVAC
STRUCT.
ELECT.
MISC.
TOTAL
6,40400D 200, 00 800, 000 912, 000 200, 000 8,512,000
0
heating - ht pmp
cooling - ht pmp
09/78
FEET
3, 200O 0 rOTAL SF
3,2?00 00405,000
s/CUBE
2.41
a9,000,000 800, 000 12004000 3,000,000 1,204000 7,0D4QX)
TOTAL CF
S/CUBE
3. 08
cooling - vav 935 tn
I
1
1
1
1
TOTAL CF
Figure 65. 13
$/SQUARE
19.02
12,000,000
heating - elect 2620 MBH
ISQUARE
S FEET
TOTAL SF
760, 000
S/SOUARE
48. 68
TOTALSF
13. DODGE DIGEST OF
BUILDING COSTS AND
SPECIFICATIONS, Oct.
1980-March 1981, edition no. 30, New York,
p. G 412.
81
Conclusion:
Daylighting can create interesting
and pleasant environments even in
high-
rise office towers and do so economically.
Perhaps too,
it
can- help re-
create or entice our fascination with
as seen in Figure 66 from
the tower
the children' s tower in
Boston' s Water-
front park to the Customs Tower and
It might
Boston' s newer office towers.
even go as far as the fantasy of the
Victorian tower:
F4
log
Figure
6.gal
Figure 67.
83