NSSE 2006 Mean Comparisons
University of Wisconsin-Stout
UW-Stout compared with:
UW-Stout
Variable
1.
Benchmark
Class
b.
Asked questions in class or contributed to class
discussions
CLQUEST
Made a class presentation
CLPRESEN
Prepared two or more drafts of a paper or
assignment before turning it in
c.
Worked on a paper or project that required
d. integrating ideas or information from
various sources
Included diverse perspectives (different races,
e. religions, genders, political beliefs, etc.) in class
discussions or writing assignments
f.
g.
i.
CLASSGRP
Participated in a community-based project (e.g.
service learning) as part of a regular course
k.
a
b
c
DIVCLASS
Worked with other students on projects during
class
Tutored or taught other students
(paid or voluntary)
j.
ACL
INTEGRAT
CLUNPREP
Put together ideas or concepts from different
courses when completing assignments or during
class discussions
ACL
REWROPAP
Come to class without completing readings or
assignments
Worked with classmates outside of class to
h.
prepare class assignments
a
Carnegie Peers
Effect
Effect
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
c
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
c
NSSE 2006
Effect
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
OCCGRP
ACL
ACL
INTIDEAS
TUTOR
COMMPROJ
ACL
ACL
FY
2.62
2.68
2.80
***
-.21
2.78
***
-.19
SR
2.93
2.98
3.10
**
-.20
3.06
*
-.15
FY
2.30
2.42
**
-.15
2.28
SR
3.03
2.85
*
.21
2.87
2.80
***
.28
FY
2.75
2.47
***
.29
2.69
2.65
*
.10
SR
2.49
2.48
2.55
2.49
FY
3.05
2.92
3.04
3.03
SR
3.25
3.20
3.31
3.30
FY
2.51
2.52
2.77
***
-.29
2.76
***
-.28
SR
2.65
2.40
2.82
*
-.18
2.78
FY
1.97
2.04
2.00
2.03
SR
2.05
2.11
2.06
2.12
FY
2.65
2.58
2.41
***
.29
2.40
***
.30
SR
2.98
2.69
***
.32
2.58
***
.45
2.51
***
.53
FY
2.31
2.67
***
-.41
2.27
SR
3.09
3.04
2.75
***
.37
FY
2.48
2.57
2.54
2.57
*
-.11
SR
2.94
2.89
2.89
2.91
FY
1.65
1.85
1.64
1.67
SR
1.90
2.05
1.84
1.89
FY
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.50
SR
1.89
1.56
**
.22
**
**
.16
.28
2.71
*
***
***
-.12
-.23
.39
1.70
2.23
*
.18
2.36
***
*
.42
.21
1.69
Weighted by gender, enrollment status, and institutional size.
* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 (2-tailed).
Mean difference divided by comparison group standard deviation.
c
In your experience at your institution during the current school year, about how often have you done each of
the following? 1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=often, 4=very often
Academic and Intellectual Experiences
a.
Mean
Selected Peers
1
NSSE 2006 Mean Comparisons
University of Wisconsin-Stout
UW-Stout compared with:
UW-Stout
Used an electronic medium (listserv, chat group,
Internet, instant messaging, etc.) to discuss or
complete an assignment
l.
Used e-mail to communicate with an instructor
m.
Discussed grades or assignments with an instructor
n.
o.
p.
q.
v.
a
b
c
ITACADEM
EEE
FY
2.77
SR
EMAIL
FACGRADE
FACPLANS
Discussed ideas from your readings or classes
with faculty members outside of class
FACIDEAS
Received prompt written or oral feedback from
faculty on your academic performance
FACFEED
Worked with faculty members on activities other
s. than coursework (committees, orientation, student
life activities, etc.)
Discussed ideas from your readings or classes with
t. others outside of class (students, family members,
co-workers, etc.)
u.
Class
Talked about career plans with a faculty member
or advisor
Worked harder than you thought you could to meet
an instructor's standards or expectations
r.
Variable
Benchmark
WORKHARD
FACOTHER
OOCIDEAS
Had serious conversations with students of a
different race or ethnicity than your own
DIVRSTUD
Had serious conversations with students who are
very different from you in terms of their religious
beliefs, political opinions, or personal values
DIFFSTU2
SFI
SFI
SFI
SFI
LAC
SFI
ACL
EEE
EEE
Carnegie Peers
Effect
Effect
a
Sig
2.71
2.63
*
.13
2.64
*
.12
3.04
2.87
2.86
*
.17
2.85
*
.18
FY
3.20
2.90
***
.35
2.97
***
.26
3.01
***
.22
SR
3.51
3.22
***
.35
3.27
***
.30
3.31
***
.25
FY
2.53
2.54
2.56
2.56
SR
2.80
2.78
2.81
2.79
FY
2.19
2.12
2.09
*
.11
2.10
SR
2.60
2.37
2.39
*
.22
2.40
*
.20
FY
1.79
1.86
1.78
1.81
SR
2.04
2.11
2.06
2.08
FY
2.60
2.58
2.58
2.58
SR
2.72
2.70
2.79
2.76
FY
2.54
2.53
2.58
2.58
SR
2.69
2.64
2.73
2.69
FY
1.66
1.65
1.53
**
.16
1.56
*
.13
SR
2.03
1.91
1.76
***
.29
1.81
**
.23
FY
2.37
2.57
2.66
***
-.33
2.69
***
-.36
SR
2.64
2.73
2.82
*
-.20
2.84
**
-.23
FY
2.14
2.52
***
-.38
2.53
***
-.39
2.55
***
-.41
SR
2.26
2.54
**
-.29
2.63
***
-.37
2.64
***
-.39
FY
2.41
2.65
***
-.25
2.64
***
-.24
2.68
***
-.28
SR
2.61
2.65
Sig
b
**
***
Size
c
.23
-.23
Mean
2.68
b
Size
c
Effect
Sig
Mean
a
NSSE 2006
a
Mean
a
Selected Peers
Mean
b
Size
2.71
Weighted by gender, enrollment status, and institutional size.
* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 (2-tailed).
Mean difference divided by comparison group standard deviation.
2
c
NSSE 2006 Mean Comparisons
University of Wisconsin-Stout
UW-Stout compared with:
UW-Stout
Variable
2.
Mental Activities
Memorizing facts, ideas, or methods from your
a. courses and readings so you can repeat them in
pretty much the same form
Analyzing the basic elements of an idea,
experience, or theory, such as examining a
b.
particular case or situation in depth and considering
its components
Synthesizing and organizing ideas, information, or
c. experiences into new, more complex interpretations
and relationships
Making judgments about the value of information,
arguments, or methods, such as examining how
d.
others gathered and interpreted data and assessing
the soundness of their conclusions
Applying theories or concepts to practical
problems or in new situations
e.
3.
Benchmark
Class
b.
c.
d.
e.
a
b
c
a
Carnegie Peers
Effect
Effect
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
c
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
c
NSSE 2006
Effect
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
MEMORIZE
ANALYZE
SYNTHESZ
EVALUATE
APPLYING
LAC
LAC
LAC
LAC
FY
2.71
2.80
2.88
SR
2.79
2.67
2.76
FY
2.89
3.01
SR
3.07
3.16
FY
2.65
2.81
SR
2.84
FY
**
-.20
2.87
***
-.19
2.74
**
-.15
3.06
***
-.22
3.20
*
-.17
3.22
*
-.20
2.78
**
-.16
2.83
***
-.21
2.89
2.99
*
-.18
3.01
*
-.20
2.72
2.80
2.82
*
-.12
2.82
*
-.12
SR
2.88
2.89
2.94
2.94
FY
2.85
3.06
2.94
2.98
**
-.16
3.14
3.19
3.16
3.17
**
***
-.16
***
3.01
SR
-.20
-.24
During the current school year, about how much reading and writing have you done?
1=none, 2=between 1 and 4, 3=between 5 and 10, 4=between 11 and 20, 5=more than 20
Number of assigned textbooks, books, or
book-length packs of course readings
READASGN
Number of books read on your own (not assigned)
for personal enjoyment or academic enrichment
READOWN
Number of written papers or reports of 20 pages or
more
WRITEMOR
Number of written papers or reports between 5
and 19 pages
WRITEMID
Number of written papers or reports of fewer than
5 pages
WRITESML
LAC
LAC
LAC
LAC
FY
3.22
3.05
***
.20
3.18
3.26
SR
3.20
2.97
**
.25
3.12
3.18
FY
1.76
2.01
***
-.26
2.06
***
-.32
2.06
***
-.33
SR
1.95
2.26
***
-.31
2.19
***
-.25
2.21
***
-.27
FY
1.18
1.31
***
-.18
1.26
*
-.11
1.25
*
-.11
SR
1.62
1.79
*
-.19
1.64
FY
2.06
2.14
2.24
***
-.27
SR
2.57
2.47
2.56
2.59
FY
3.06
3.09
3.00
3.05
SR
3.41
2.90
***
.37
***
.44
2.93
1.64
***
***
-.22
.41
2.29
2.98
Weighted by gender, enrollment status, and institutional size.
* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 (2-tailed).
Mean difference divided by comparison group standard deviation.
c
During the current school year, how much has your coursework emphasized the following mental activities?
1=very little, 2=some, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much
Reading and Writing
a.
Mean
Selected Peers
3
NSSE 2006 Mean Comparisons
University of Wisconsin-Stout
UW-Stout compared with:
UW-Stout
Variable
4.
b.
6.
PROBSETA
Number of problem sets that take you less than an
hour to complete
PROBSETB
Practicum, internship, field experience, co-op
experience, or clinical assignment
a
b
c
b
Size
c
Mean
a
Sig
b
2.78
2.86
FY
3.12
2.96
*
.12
2.76
***
2.97
2.55
***
.34
2.40
***
*
-.14
5.37
Size
c
Effect
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
*
-.13
2.57
2.63
2.59
2.57
*
.18
.29
2.74
***
.31
.47
2.34
***
.52
5.28
5.44
5.42
*
-.12
5.19
5.36
5.41
*
-.18
5.45
*
-.21
ATDART05
OWNVIEW
OTHRVIEW
FY
1.91
2.07
**
-.19
2.06
SR
1.79
1.94
*
-.18
1.92
FY
3.03
2.81
***
.22
2.72
***
SR
2.89
2.75
2.62
**
FY
1.78
1.84
2.06
***
-.25
2.09
***
-.28
SR
1.85
1.96
2.14
**
-.26
2.18
***
-.29
FY
2.33
2.44
2.55
***
-.24
2.58
***
-.27
SR
2.61
2.53
2.66
FY
2.57
2.60
2.72
2.74
***
-.21
SR
2.84
2.71
2.78
2.68
2.69
2.74
2.83
2.80
2.87
*
-.11
FY
CHNGVIEW
SR
*
*
-.12
.18
**
-.16
2.10
***
-.21
2.01
**
-.24
.29
2.77
***
.25
.26
2.70
*
.18
2.69
**
-.18
2.82
2.77
2.85
Which of the following have you done or do you plan to do before you graduate from your institution?
(Recoded: 0=have not decided, do not plan to do, plan to do; 1=done. Thus, the mean is the proportion
responding "done" among all valid respondents.)
INTERN04
EEE
FY
.04
.08
SR
.48
.54
**
-.15
.08
.49
***
-.16
.07
***
-.15
.53
Weighted by gender, enrollment status, and institutional size.
* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 (2-tailed).
Mean difference divided by comparison group standard deviation.
c
During the current school year, about how often have you done each of the following? 1=never, 2=sometimes,
3=often, 4=very often
Enriching Educational Experiences
a.
Sig
SR
SR
WORSHP05
Tried to better understand someone else's views by
imagining how an issue looks from his or her
perspective
Learned something that changed the way you
f.
understand an issue or concept
a
2.81
FY
EXAMS
Participated in activities to enhance your
c.
spirituality (worship, meditation, prayer, etc.)
e.
Mean
NSSE 2006
1=very little to 7=very much
EXRCSE05
Examined the strengths and weaknesses of your
own views on a topic or issue
Effect
2.67
SR
Exercised or participated in physical fitness
b.
activities
d.
a
Carnegie Peers
Effect
FY
Additional Collegiate Experiences
Attended an art exhibit, gallery, play, dance, or
other theatre performance
Mean
Selected Peers
In a typical week, how many homework problem sets do you complete?
1=none, 2=1-2, 3=3-4, 4=5-6, 5=more than 6
Number of problem sets that take you more than an
hour to complete
Examinations
To what extent have your examinations during the
current school year challenged you to do your best
work?
a.
7.
Class
Problem Sets
a.
5.
Benchmark
4
NSSE 2006 Mean Comparisons
University of Wisconsin-Stout
UW-Stout compared with:
UW-Stout
Community service or volunteer work
b.
VOLNTR04
EEE
Participate in a learning community or some other
c. formal program where groups of students take two
or more classes together
LRNCOM04
Work on a research project with a faculty member
outside of course or program requirements
RESRCH04
Foreign language coursework
FORLNG04
d.
e.
Study abroad
f.
Independent study or self-designed major
g.
Culminating senior experience (capstone course,
h.
senior project or thesis, comprehensive exam, etc.)
8.
Variable
Benchmark
STDABR04
INDSTD04
SNRX04
SFI
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
Relationships with other students
Carnegie Peers
Effect
Effect
a
Sig
b
Size
c
Size
c
Effect
.22
.36
SR
.65
.57
FY
.09
.16
SR
.25
.26
.24
.25
FY
.06
.05
.04
.05
SR
.14
.19
.15
.19
FY
.10
.12
.18
***
-.21
SR
.25
.22
.34
*
FY
.01
.03
.03
*
SR
.13
.12
.10
FY
.02
.03
.03
SR
.14
.17
.16
.19
FY
.01
.01
.01
.01
.13
.46
***
***
-.27
-.18
-.67
Sig
b
FY
***
Mean
a
Mean
SR
Mean
NSSE 2006
Class
Mean
.35
***
-.26
.37
.54
**
.22
.59
.16
***
-.17
.16
.30
a
Sig
b
Size
***
-.30
***
-.17
.22
***
-.29
-.19
.41
***
-.33
-.09
.03
*
-.09
***
-.43
.14
*
***
-.09
-.39
.03
.32
ENVSTU
SCE
FY
5.65
5.50
SR
5.90
5.61
**
.22
5.45
**
.14
5.48
*
.12
5.61
**
.22
5.60
**
.22
1=unavailable, unhelpful, unsympathetic to 7=available, helpful, sympathetic
Relationships with faculty members
b.
ENVFAC
SCE
FY
5.07
5.08
5.20
5.19
SR
5.44
5.29
5.45
5.42
1=unhelpful, inconsiderate, rigid to 7=helpful, considerate, flexible
Relationships with administrative personnel and
offices
c.
a
b
c
ENVADM
SCE
FY
4.60
4.66
4.63
4.60
SR
4.63
4.55
4.56
4.50
Weighted by gender, enrollment status, and institutional size.
* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 (2-tailed).
Mean difference divided by comparison group standard deviation.
c
Mark the box that best represents the quality of your relationships with people at your institution. 1=unfriendly,
unsupportive, sense of alienation to 7=friendly, supportive, sense of belonging
Quality of Relationships
a.
a
Selected Peers
5
NSSE 2006 Mean Comparisons
University of Wisconsin-Stout
UW-Stout compared with:
UW-Stout
Variable
9.
Time Usage
Preparing for class (studying, reading, writing,
a. doing homework or lab work, analyzing data,
rehearsing, and other academic activities)
Working for pay on campus
b.
Working for pay off campus
c.
Participating in co-curricular activities
(organizations, campus publications, student
d.
government, fraternity or sorority, intercollegiate or
intramural sports, etc.)
e.
f.
g.
Benchmark
Class
ACADPR01
LAC
WORKON01
WORKOF01
COCURR01
Relaxing and socializing (watching TV,
partying, etc.)
SOCIAL05
Providing care for dependents living with you
(parents, children, spouse, etc.)
CAREDE01
Commuting to class (driving, walking, etc.)
COMMUTE
Spending significant amounts of time studying and
on academic work
ENVSCHOL
ENVSUPRT
Encouraging contact among students from different
c.
economic, social, and racial or ethnic backgrounds
ENVDIVRS
b
c
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
c
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
c
NSSE 2006
Effect
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
EEE
3.83
4.17
SR
4.01
FY
***
3.76
3.99
4.30
3.98
4.10
1.67
1.64
1.49
**
.15
1.53
SR
2.02
2.06
1.65
**
.25
1.83
FY
1.88
1.96
3.06
***
-.45
2.59
SR
3.75
3.12
4.42
**
-.24
3.81
FY
2.42
2.29
2.03
***
.26
SR
2.35
2.39
1.91
***
FY
4.09
3.94
3.75
***
SR
3.62
3.57
3.40
FY
1.37
1.58
**
-.15
2.01
***
-.33
SR
1.63
2.05
**
-.21
2.70
***
FY
2.08
2.22
*
-.14
2.27
2.29
2.38
2.45
**
-.20
.24
*
.12
***
-.30
2.17
**
.17
.30
2.08
*
.18
.20
3.79
**
.18
1.78
***
-.24
-.43
2.33
***
-.31
***
-.18
2.24
**
-.15
*
-.15
2.38
**
-.16
3.07
***
-.22
3.08
*
-.18
2.99
**
-.15
***
-.20
3.48
LAC
SCE
EEE
FY
2.90
3.15
***
-.34
3.02
SR
2.94
3.11
*
-.22
3.06
FY
2.87
3.02
**
-.19
2.96
SR
2.94
2.86
FY
2.37
2.52
SR
2.36
2.31
*
-.11
2.86
**
-.15
2.53
2.41
2.87
**
-.17
2.57
2.40
Weighted by gender, enrollment status, and institutional size.
* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 (2-tailed).
Mean difference divided by comparison group standard deviation.
c
To what extent does your institution emphasize each of the following?
1=very little, 2=some, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much
Providing the support you need to help you succeed
b.
academically
a
Effect
FY
Institutional Environment
a.
a
Carnegie Peers
Effect
About how many hours do you spend in a typical 7-day week doing each of the following?
1=0 hrs/wk, 2=1-5 hrs/wk, 3=6-10 hrs/wk, 4=11-15 hrs/wk, 5=16-20 hrs/wk, 6=21-25 hrs/wk, 7=26-30 hrs/wk,
8=more than 30 hrs/wk
SR
10.
Mean
Selected Peers
6
NSSE 2006 Mean Comparisons
University of Wisconsin-Stout
UW-Stout compared with:
UW-Stout
d.
e.
Variable
Benchmark
Helping you cope with your non-academic
responsibilities (work, family, etc.)
ENVNACAD
SCE
Providing the support you need to thrive socially
ENVSOCAL
Attending campus events and activities (special
speakers, cultural performances, athletic
events, etc.)
f.
Using computers in academic work
g.
ENVEVENT
SCE
Class
Acquiring a broad general education
b.
c.
Writing clearly and effectively
GNWRITE
Analyzing quantitative problems
f.
Using computing and information technology
g.
Working effectively with others
h.
a
b
c
GNGENLED
GNWORK
Thinking critically and analytically
e.
a
Sig
b
Size
c
Mean
a
Sig
*
**
.16
2.12
SR
2.01
1.84
*
.19
1.90
FY
2.43
2.30
*
.14
2.33
SR
2.27
2.03
**
.27
2.10
FY
2.64
2.65
3.48
3.49
2.74
2.45
3.41
3.56
FY
*
.21
2.64
2.43
3.27
3.44
b
Size
c
.13
NSSE 2006
Effect
a
Sig
2.13
*
.12
*
-.12
***
.20
Mean
b
Size
1.91
2.37
*
**
***
.19
2.14
.22
.25
2.75
2.57
3.32
3.47
GNSPEAK
GNANALY
GNQUANT
GNCMPTS
GNOTHERS
FY
3.01
2.92
*
.11
3.09
3.12
SR
3.25
2.97
***
.34
3.22
3.24
FY
2.77
2.93
**
-.17
2.67
*
.11
2.70
SR
3.23
3.13
3.04
*
.21
3.02
FY
2.87
2.68
***
.21
2.95
2.95
SR
2.96
2.78
*
.20
3.07
3.07
FY
2.80
2.64
**
.17
2.79
2.75
SR
2.97
2.80
*
.19
2.99
2.96
FY
2.99
3.16
***
-.20
3.12
SR
3.22
3.26
FY
2.79
3.04
***
SR
2.97
3.18
**
FY
3.21
3.23
2.98
***
.25
SR
3.44
3.38
3.20
***
.29
FY
2.93
3.02
2.92
SR
3.37
3.14
**
**
-.16
*
-.13
**
.23
***
-.21
2.99
***
.23
3.21
***
.28
***
.27
3.16
3.30
3.33
-.29
2.82
2.85
-.25
3.00
3.02
.28
3.15
2.92
**
.26
3.14
Weighted by gender, enrollment status, and institutional size.
* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 (2-tailed).
Mean difference divided by comparison group standard deviation.
c
To what extent has your experience at this institution contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal
development in the following areas?
1=very little, 2=some, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much
Acquiring job or work-related knowledge
and skills
Speaking clearly and effectively
d.
Mean
2.10
Educational and Personal Growth
a.
Effect
2.24
SR
11.
a
Carnegie Peers
Effect
FY
SR
ENVCOMPT
Mean
Selected Peers
7
NSSE 2006 Mean Comparisons
University of Wisconsin-Stout
UW-Stout compared with:
UW-Stout
Variable
Voting in local, state, or national elections
i.
Learning effectively on your own
j.
Understanding yourself
k.
l.
m.
12.
13.
Solving complex real-world problems
GNPROBSV
Developing a deepened sense of spirituality
p.
GNSELF
GNDIVERS
Contributing to the welfare of your community
o.
GNINQ
Understanding people of other racial and ethnic
backgrounds
Developing a personal code of values and ethics
n.
GNCITIZN
Academic Advising
Overall, how would you evaluate the quality of
academic advising you have received at your
institution?
GNETHICS
GNCOMMUN
GNSPIRIT
Benchmark
Class
a
Carnegie Peers
Effect
Effect
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
c
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
c
NSSE 2006
Effect
Mean
a
Sig
b
Size
c
FY
1.84
1.65
**
.21
1.94
*
-.10
1.92
SR
2.35
1.68
***
.75
2.06
**
.28
2.10
**
.25
FY
2.72
2.77
2.82
*
-.11
2.85
**
-.15
SR
2.97
2.89
2.96
3.00
FY
2.68
2.52
**
.16
2.69
2.71
SR
2.82
2.54
**
.28
2.74
2.78
FY
2.36
2.35
***
-.22
SR
2.54
2.34
*
.21
2.58
2.57
FY
2.51
2.68
**
-.18
2.55
2.58
SR
2.80
2.80
2.68
2.72
FY
2.47
2.45
2.56
2.59
*
-.12
SR
2.66
2.42
2.61
2.65
FY
2.14
2.17
***
-.21
SR
2.40
2.12
**
.30
2.37
2.42
FY
1.98
1.76
***
.23
2.03
2.05
SR
1.81
1.61
*
.22
1.89
1.92
**
.16
2.93
**
.14
2.57
**
.25
2.29
***
**
-.21
-.16
2.58
2.34
1=poor, 2=fair, 3=good, 4=excellent
ADVISE
FY
3.06
2.93
SR
2.89
2.78
Satisfaction
How would you evaluate your entire educational
experience at this institution?
Mean
Selected Peers
**
.15
2.94
2.81
2.82
1=poor, 2=fair, 3=good, 4=excellent
ENTIREXP
FY
3.15
3.10
3.13
3.16
SR
3.16
3.08
3.16
3.19
14.
1=definitely no, 2=probably no, 3=probably yes, 4=definitely yes
If you could start over again, would you go to the
same institution you are now attending?
SAMECOLL
FY
3.21
3.15
3.18
3.20
SR
3.14
3.03
3.14
3.17
IPEDS: 240417
a
b
c
Weighted by gender, enrollment status, and institutional size.
* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 (2-tailed).
Mean difference divided by comparison group standard deviation.
8