AN INTEGRATED BUILDING SYSTEM
by
GUS MICHAEL PELIAS, JR.
B. Arch., Tulane University
(1966)
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
September,
1968
Signature of Author
Department of Arc itectire A June4,168
Certified by..........
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by.
Chairman, Departmental Committee on
Graduate Students
Archives
DEC 2 0 1968
IRARIES
ABSTRACT
An Integrated Building System
Gus Michael Pelias, Jr.
Submitted to the Department of Architecture
on June 17, 1968, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Architecture.
The purpose of this thesis was to investigate and develop the potentials of unified,
integrated building components. These
components, including structural, mechanical,
electrical, acoustical, and functional
elements, were studied in relation to each
other with the aim of defining their
inherent interactions and conflicts. The
objective of the project was to create a
system in which all components would exist
in harmony. The completed building system
allows for maximum flexibility and change,
which are the practical advantages of this
type of development. Since an architectural
expression of the components was not prerequisite to the finished system, the
project was concerned primarily with the
basic physical realities and interactions
of the building components. Because subjective aesthetic considerations were minimi'zed, the system was adaptable to complete
computer analysis. The resulting system is
to be considered an exercize in architectural
component integration, rather than an
expression of total architecture.
Thesis Supervisor: Yusing Yiu-Sing Jung,
M. Arch.
Title: Associate Professor of Architecture
2
Dean Lawrence B.
Anderson
School of Architecture and Planning
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Dear Dean Anderson:
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Architecture,
I hereby submit this thesis entitled, "An
Integrated Building System", as envisaged
for an urban environment.
Respectfully,
Gus M. Pelias, Jr.
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank the following persons
for their helpful criticism and encouragement:
Eduardo F. Catalano, M. Arch.
Professor of Architecture
Yusing Yiu-Sing Jung, M. Arch.
Associate Professor of Architecture
Waclaw P. Zalewski, D. Tech. Sci.
Professor of Structures
Charles Crawley
Mechanical Consultant, Cambridge, Mass.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. PROBLEM
II.
WORKING ASSUMPTIONS
III. DESIGN OBJECTIVES
A. Change
B. Growth
IV. DESIGN OBJECTIVES (GENERAL)
Module Evaluation (Fig. 1)
V. DIAGRAMATIC DEVELOPMENT
A. Structure
1. Plan (Fig. 2)
2. Section (Fig. 3)
B. Circulation (Fig. 4 and 5)
C. Vertical Movement: cores
1. Spacing (Fig. 6)
2. Core configuration (Fig. 7)
3. Core element:permanent (Fig 8 and 9)
4. Core element:temporary (Fig. 10)
D. Air Handling
1. Major distribution (Fig. 11 and 12)
2. Minor distribution
E. Partition Planning (Fig. 13)
F. Lighting (Fig. 14)
VI. DIAGRAMATIC DEVELOPMENT: CONCLUSIONS
VII. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A. Structure
1. Details
2. Construction sequence
B. Cores: permanent and temporary
VIII.
7
8
9
9
11
13
14
15
15
15
19
21
25
25
28
30
33
35
35
38
40
42
44
45
45
45
47
48
49
PRESENTATION DRAWINGS
A. System Network (Fig. 15)
50
B. Plan Variations (Fig. 16)
51
52
C. Section Variations and Cores (Fig. 17)
D. Lighting and Mechanical;
Lighting and Diffuser Variations (Fig.18)53
54
E. Structural Details (Fig. 19)
F. Structural Details (Fig. 20)
55
5
IX. MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS
56
X. APPENDIX: COMPUTER ANALYSIS
6
I.
PROBLEM
The problem is the development of an integrated building system for an urban
environment. The similarity of most urban
space affords the possibility of creating
an ordered system of growth and change.
7
II. WORKING ASSUMPTIONS
A. Generating factors in determining the
final geometric pattern and physical form
will be structure, planning, air distribution, lighting, mechanical and communication utilities, acoustics, and horizontal and vertical circulation.
B. Economy of means and materials will be of
major importance.
C. Precast concrete will be used for the
major structure. Other materials will not
be investigated.
D. The building system will be limited
between five and ten floors. Below five
floors land use efficiency in an urban
area can be questioned. Above ten floors
building systems change radically.
8
III. DESIGN OBJECTIVES
A. How can a building system maximize potentials for realistic flexibility and
change?
One of the main purposes of building systems is to allow for change of function and
use. Most buildings being done today are
tailored structures. This is not only
economically impractical but is creating
chaos is urban environments. The need for
flexible, ordered systems is obvious.
Frequency of change is reducing the life
expectancy of buildings drastically.
Tailored space is mono-functional, and any
change is either impractical of impossible.
There will always be a need, however, for
some specialized, dominant, tailored monuments.
In the Palace of the Assembly in
Chandigarh, Corbusier was able, by contrast,
to relate the ordered structure of the
office space with the tailored structure of
the Assembly Hall. Here Corbusier showed
how these two conflicting structures can
exist is harmony with each other. With the
9
understanding that both tailored and multifunctional spaces are desirable in their
appropriate places, a further investigation of the implications of change is
necessary. In order to have change within a
system, its elements must be non-permanent
and flexible.
An element of the system can be considered
temporary only if it can be changed practically and economically. Conversely, a
permanent element is
fixed and cannot be
changed practically or economically. What is
economically practical can only be determined by the user, but the degree of
economically practical change can be entended to its realistic limits by the architect.
In order for any system to have maximum
realistic changeability, it must have
temporary components for changing the three
dimensional space, the movement of people
and utilities, and the method of creating
habitable space. The limits of realistic
changeability are difficult to define, but
at some point the initial cost will not
10
justify the degree of flexibility. A
completely demountable structure would be
flexible, but the cost would be prohibitive and probably not desirable.
Permanent
elements give any system continuity and
order with little sacrifice in changeability. The system should therefore maximize the potentials of the temporary elements without destroying the continuity
and order of the permanent elements.
In
terms of changeability, a major permanent
system supplying basic requirements and
a variety of temporary sub-systems are
required.
B.
How can a building system maximize potentials for realistic, flexible, and
ordered growth?
Within a growing system, dynamic equilibrium must be maintained.
The self-
contained entity of a tailored structure
is always in static equilibrium. Dynamic
equilibrium of a building system can be
achieved if the building always presents a
finished face while expressing the dynamic
11
quality of the system.
examples of this is
One of the finest
Habitat 67.
The
building is always complete, yet always
open-ended. The use of a clear-cut structural element as a growth unit gives the
complex dynamic equilibrium. Predetermined
size and direction of growth is difficult;
so the structural element must have the
ability to be different sizes through
multiples of elements and be structurally
multi-directional.
At any stage in growth the new system
should have the ability to deviate from
existing permanent elements.
This deviation,
which gives a design flexibility, must
still be related to the existing system.
Without some basic relationships, dynamic
equilibrium cannot be maintained. Through
these basic relationships growth can take
place with minimal disturbance to the
existing system. In terms of growth, a
variety of inter-related permanent elements is desirable.
12
IV. DESIGN OBJECTIVES (GENERAL)
In building systems the two major considerations are change and growth. In order to
maximize the potentials of both, a variety
of inter-related temporary and permanent
elements is necessary. This suggests that
the final system be a multitude of related
possibilities because any single solution
will not have the ability to outlive the
tailored structure.
13
Figure 1. Module Evaluation
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4
V. DIAGRAMATIC DEVELOPMENT
A. Structure
1. Plan (Fig. 2)
The basic structure is a continuous
two-way truss system spanning 60' with
a 20' strip between each bay (Fig. 2a).
The structure forming the ceiling grid
is on a 10' module.
The bay size was chosen because an efficient depth-to-span ratio at 60' gives
adequate space within the structural
depth for mechanical distribution. The
20' strip gives an efficient area for
articulating horizontal movement of
major mechanical, pedestrian circulation,
and, when not being used for circulation,
is large enough to allow efficient planning within the strip. The splitting of
the columns into four spreads the column
to a greater area of the slab, eliminating any high concentration of stress,
allowing for smaller member sizes, and
an efficient edge condition with the
same size column. By using a 60' column
15
spacing and 20' structural grid, the
greatest degree of lighting, diffuser,
and partitioning flexibility was obtained.
The scale of most urban space demands
large areas of clear span. Sixty feet is
an efficient planning module for urban
space because this span will accommodate
all major urban functions within a reasonably manageable structural system. With
the major structure being a permanent
element of the system, related deviation
can facilitate growth flexibility. In
Fig. 2b the structure has been rotated
450.
This gives a new growth axis and a
larger bay size with the same structural
depth. There are certain planning problems
with this deviation, but it could be a
valuable tool in accommodating growth
flexibility. Often in urban space we are
confronted with the need for large,
column-free space. This could be accomplished by a special element (Fig. 2c).
This could not be done within the structural
depth, but partitioning would not be
16
used in this type space.
The third deviation could be of either
the temporary or permanent nature. By
stopping the system, a tailored structure
of permanent quality can be interjected
into the system (Fig. 2d). This should
be independent, allowing both elements
to be self-sufficient. The tailored
structure could be in the form of a highrise- building, an auditorium, or any
specialized dominant monument. The
temporary deviation can be dependent on
the basic system. The temporary system
would be in the form of a light-weight
demountable type,
such as library stacks,
acoustical enclosures,
or mezzanine-
type structures.
Figure 2e indicates the basic edge
conditions of the system. The edges
could be a 10' or 20' cantilever off
either column line.
17
Figure 2
7
18
2. Section (Fig. 3)
In order to establish some uniform
vertical dimension, a module of 6'8",
related to the stair landings, was
established. In order to gain maximum
vertical flexibility, an intermediate
3141"
module was established. This creates
two basic stair components, one of which
rises 6'8" between landings and the other
of which rises 3'4" (Fig. 3a). This
system gives the possibility for any
multiple of 3'4" to be the ceiling
height, such as 10', 13'4", or 16'8"
(Fig. 3b). Permanent sectional variations
are infinite because any multiples of
the 10' square unit can be removed
except the ones adjacent to the column
(Fig. 3c). As discussed in the paragraphs
on plan deviations, special temporary or
permanent elements can supplement the
basic system to satisfy sectional
requirements.
19
Figure 3
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B. Circulation (Figures 4 and 5)
In any pedestrian circulation pattern,
scale of movement is the size-determining
factor. In an urban environment the
complete range of scale exists. The
scales have been divided into three basic
categories. These are major public,
intermediate semi-public, and minor
private. Of the three categories, only
major public should be of a permanent
nature. By linking the system with a
permanent system of major public circulation, orientation and order can be
maintained. This is not always possible
within a dynamic system. Thus all three
categories of circulation must have the
ability to change. The diagrams in
Fig. 4 indicate intermediate semi-public
and minor private circulation within
and outside the 20' strips.
The diagrams in Fig. 5 indicate both
temporary and permanent major public
circulation. Circulation diagonally
through the system could only be a
21
permanent element,
but diagonal movement
can reduce distances traveled by about
30% and could be the link between the
basic structural system and the 450
rotated system.
22
Figure 4
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C. Vertical Movement: cores
1. Spacing (Fig. 6)
The largest area for planning is
obtained if all vertical services are
consolidated with maximum distance between cores. Maximum distance between cores
is determined by distance between stairs,
number of people being served, capacity
of air distribution within an efficient
structural depth, and type of occupancy.
Because of the varied functions of an
urban environment, maximum spacing of
minimum core requirements will vary within
units. The size of the core elements
varies only slightly because when the
cores are required to be closer, the
density of people is usually increased,
so that the number of people being served
remains approximately the same.
The need for more than minimal requirements
should be accommodated by single element
cores. These should be of a temporary
nature with the capacity of being added or
subtracted as required. This system avoids
25
the problem 6f all cores having to satisfy
maximum requirements and allows for
standardization of core elements. Indicated in Fig. 6 are maximum and minimum
core separations for efficient core use.
26
Figure
6
27
2. Core configuration (Fig. ?)
The basic core element consists of
two similar parts. This was done to
facilitate growth and flexibility and to
give a variety of core configurations.
With each configuration certain implications about the type circulation will
result. The eight diagrams in Fig. 7
show basic core configurations and
related circulation.
28
Figure 7
29
3.
Core element: permanent (Fig.
8 and 9)
The basic minimal core element consists
of stairs, elevators, and air, electrical,
plumbing, and communication utilities
distribution. In Fig. 8 the basic
arrangement is shown related to the
structural system.
When the space is not air conditioned,
or when air handling is facilitated elsewhere, or when there is a reduction in
vertical requirements, the basic arrangement is modified as indicated in Fig. 9.
30
Figure 8
31
Figure 9
32
4.
Core element: temporary (Fig.
10)
Single element temporary cores are
indicated with relation to the structure
in Fig. 10. These elements offer the
greatest potential for realizing special
requirements, thereby adding greatly to
the flexibility of the system.
33
Figure 10
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D. Air Handling
1. Major distribution (Fig. 11 and 12)
Core distribution was chosen because
the square foot area of chase space used
for column distribution would be 625 sq.
ft., as opposed to 400 sq. ft. for a
chase at the core. Furthermore, the
column chase would have created planning
problems and structural complications.
The type of major distribution system
used is determined by desired growth
pattern and degree of individual control
and flexibility.
In office space a dual-
duct high-velocity system with mixing and
attenuation boxes located along the 20'
strips is planned, so that almost total
individual control could be obtained. In
commercial spaces with uniform air distribution a single duct system would be more
practical. Distribution patterns will
determine the degree of flexibility and
type of growth. In Fig.
11 and 12 major
distribution patterns are indicated.
35
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2. Minor distribution (Fig. 18)
Within the minor or individual bay
distribution pattern, it is possible to
have air delivery every 10' in the
structure. This allows for maximum
individual control and flexibility. Every
30 feet would be economically practical
for large areas with uniform air distribution. The type of function will largely
determine the distribution pattern. By
running the ducts in a uniform geometric
pattern, it is possible to leave the minor
system exposed and to use infill panels
beneath major distribution ducts, attenuation boxes, and pipes within the 20' strip.
This is not only an aesthetic consideration
but also an economic one. By running the
duct in the center of each 10' structural
module, it is possible to use four types
of diffusers, namely, air distribution
above the ceiling panels, integrated diffuser and lighting fixture, through a ceiling
diffuser, and at the top of a partition.
The minor distribution patterns are
38
determined by the type of major distribution, desired flexibility, and
desired control.
39
E. Partition Planning (Fig. 13)
As discussed above, the 10' structural
grid gives the most flexibility in planning
modules.
The non-structural temporary
grid should be determined by the type
planning being done, the desired lighting
and diffuser pattern, and the function of
the space. Figure 13 indicates some
basic planning modules.
40
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Lighting systems are determined by
function of the space, partioning module,
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42
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VI. DIAGRAMATIC DEVELOPMENT: CONCLUSIONS
From the preceding diagramatic development
it becomes apparent that flexibility and
total integration of individual components
do not necessarily evolve in harmony.
Flexibility implies use-change, including
mechanical, lighting, and planning elements.
Total integration implies that the components
facilitate each other so that they are dependent on each other, thus giving them a
permanent,
unchangeable quality.
The designer must now decide which characteristic to emphasize. The total integration of
components can produce a more enriching
system, but flexibility must be sacrificed
according to the degree of component integration. However, the potentials of flexibility
were pursued in detail in order to define
the maximum practical advantages of building
systems.
44
VII. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A. Structure
1. Details
The column center line spacing repeats
at 60'-20'-60'20' intervals. The structure
consists of two precast components: the
top pyramidal unit forms the diagonal web
members and part of the compression cord,
while the bottom unit is a 10'xlO' square
unit with an L-shape in section. When two
bottom units are placed together, they
form a U-shape for housing post-tensioning
cables. When top and bottom units are
erected, they form a two-way truss system
3'4" deep. The maximum positive moment is
in the center of the 60'1x60' bay, with
moments of equal intensity along the
column lines. Since the two-way truss acts
as a slab,
the moment along the column
lines does not act as a girder and thereby
equalizes the intensity throughout the
structure. This allows for the same size
precast units to be used efficiently throughout the structure. The stress inA the web
45
members becomes greatest closest to the
column. In order to minimize the stress
on any one unit, the columns are split
into four and spaced 20' apart. The
number of diagonal web members is increased from 8 to 32, creating * the
original stress in any single web member.
These diagonal web members transfer the
load directly into 4 girders along each
column line instead of 2 girders, thereby
reducing the stress along the girders
by 50%.
The perimeter girder projects
10' into the 601 bay, thereby reducing
the effective span to 40' and minimizing
the stress in the bay center. With this
configuration, all stresses in the
members are about equal to a 35' or 401
bay size.
46
2. Construction sequence
a. Construct forms for poured-in-place
columns and erect scaffolding on 10'
grid. Pour column.
b. Place 10
square precast bottom cord
on scaffolding and level.
c.
Place precast column capitals and
pyramidal units at the intersection of
the four bottom cord members.
d. Thread post-tensioning cables and
post-tension 15% of maximum stress.
Grout all
joints.
e. Place form board or precast floor
panels on top of pyraaitidal unit.
f. Position all reinforcing bars.
g. Pour topping. Fill U-shaped pocket
in lower cord and column capital with
concrete.
h.
Post-tention.cables 100%.
i. Repeat for each floor.
147
B.
Cores: permanent and temporary
The permanent or fixed core will be slipform concrete. Permanent cores could be used
for supporting cranes during construction.
They would have the additional duty of
resisting wind loads in the finished building.
The temporary cores will be constructed of
demountable materials, such as steel with
plaster fireproofing or concrete block. They
could be added or eliminated depending on
the functional requirements. Any resulting
voids in the floor slab could be filled in
and joined to the remaining structure by
coupling to the existing post-tensioning
cables. This would be a major but feasible
alteration job.
48
VIII. PRESENTATION DRAWINGS
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APPENDIX: COMPUTER ANALYSIS