1
THE
DUDLEY-STREET NEIGHBORHOOD:
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF
EMPLOYMENT
ISSUES
by
MARTA G.
JAUREGUIBERRY
Arquitecto, Universidad
Central,
Ecuador
(1977)
Submitted to the Department of
Urban Studies and Planning
in Partial Fulf illment of the
Requirements of the Degree of
MASTER
IN CITY
at
MASSACHUSETTS
the
INSTITUTE OF
JANUARY
*
PLANNING
Marta G.
TECHNOLOGY
1983
Jaureguiberry
The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce
and to distribute
copies of this thesis document in whole or
in part.
Signature of
Author:
Deprtment
b
ud es6HPlanning
n
J
iary 13, 1983
Certified by:
Tunney Lee,
Accepted
Thesis
Supervisor
by:
Tunney Lee, Chairman
Departmental
Committee
Urban Studies and P1 ann ing
MAWSFIH&JSETTS INSTITUTE
0JUTCHNOLOGY
JUL 21 1983
uIRARIES
2
ABSTRACT
This
is
st ud y
a continuation
on
Course
11. 316J)
Neighborhood.
of major
Planning
Urban
Sem in ar
that
The
the
final
problems
in
the
15
in-depth
the
within
does
the
the
job
The
Rather,
of
emphasis
secondary
the
lack
and
income
pre sents
different
the
of
a
suggests
extended
in
light
on
the
job s.
present
working
sk ills
the
Dual
Labor
It
is
concluded
tackling
residents
leaders
on
consequences
of
in
the area --
recession.
or
of
devastating
These
results
Market
Theory,
that
are
with
characteristics
the
as
conditions.
effect
its
A
interviews
education
present
socio-psychological
the
of
self-repr oducing
consequences.
the
for
these
thr ough
to start
analysis
ec onomic
f rom
for
of
the
and
material
unemployment
of
definition
topics,
community
causes
II1,
the client,
i mportance
low
report
responsible
socio-psychological
discussed
the
of
to
most
chronically
help
underemployment for w orkers
and
point
it
of
employment,
context
factor
scarcity
the
Amrong other
the
the
Dudley-Street
around
would
in
Studio
the
on
program.
present
examination
not
Total
done
Corpo r a tion (NCDC),
enhanced
interviews
of
unemployment
close
of
area.
issues
report
DUSP
that
Development
community development
Seminar's
work
centered
strategies
Nue str a Communi dad
its
(MIT,
the
focussed
Seminar
issues and
of
promotion
of
of
3
formal
and
workers'
job
informal
attitudes
tenure
solution
of
is
a
the
promotion of
the
provision
to
each
are
way
of
action
workers
by
It
is
training
It
units
and
networks
is also
be
that
channeling
and
recognizing
the
training.
job
their
efforts
These
opportunities
present
the
that
substituted
optimally
recommended
and
to
recommended
These
programs.
improve
searching
approach
strongly
not
to
two
by
lines. of
supplementary
worker-managed
community enterprises be promoted
optimize
characteristics.
job
necessary
interchangeable but
not
would
and
in order
during
supportive networks
effectively
supporting
motivation
realistic
of
other.
production
and
problem.
the
action
networks of support
stemming
three
from
lines
for
needs
as a
and
of
minority
unique
4
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
PAGE
Abstract
2
Introduction
7
The Case
10
Methodology
12
Sampl ing
12
Respondents
13
Interviews
14
Results
16
A.
Ethnographic profile
16
B.
Employment
19
C.
Main
D.
Job
status
causes/effects of unemployment
searching
Conclusions
25
28
and Recommendations
31
A.
Promotion of networks
B.
Provision of training
C.
Promotion of worker-managed
programs
Bibl iography
Appendix
I:
Appendix
II:
Appendix
III:
21
firms
32
34
37
Census Tracts
Map
Tables
Questionnaire
38
39
51
5
TABLES
PAGE
Table
1:
Racial
Composition of the Area
Pop ulation (1970-1980)
Table
2:
Income
in
39
40
1979
Table 3:
Households with
by Income Type
Income
in
1979
41
Families with Workers in 1979
Table 4:
Wor kers and Mean Family Income
by
41
Employed Persons
5:
by Occupation (1980)
16 Years and Ove r
Employed Persons
Table 6:
by Industry (1980)
16 Years and Ove r
Table
42
43
Employed Persons 16 Years and Ove r
Table 7:
by Class of Worker (1980)
44
Percent Distribution of Employed
Table 8:
Per sons by Occupation (1980)
44
Percent Distribution of Employed
Table 9:
Per sons by Industry (1970-1980)
45
Table
Table
10 :
Persons 16 Years and Over by
Sex Race/Origin by Labor Force Status
11 :
Persons
16 Years
by Labor Force Status
and Over
(1980)
46
by Sex
in 1979
47
Persons 16 Years and Over with
Table 12:
Unemployment in 1979 by Weeks Unemployed
47
Females 16 Years and Over with One
Table 13:
or More Own Children by Labor Force Status
(1980)
48
Persons 18 Years Old and Over by
Table 14:
Years of School Completed (1980)
48
Persons 25 Years Old and Over by
Table 15:
Race by Years of School Completed (1980)
49
Workers 16 Years and Over by Means
Table 16:
of Transportation to Work (1980)
50
6
"
.
by
which
of
the
.
.
a man's work
he
most
he judges
one
of
social
is
judged,
most
identity,
his fate
in
and
significant
.
himself.
the
is one of
.
.
the one
his
certainly
things
by
A man's
important
of
the things
parts
self;
life he
has
From E.
Tally's
one
which
work
of
is
his
indeed,
of
to live."
C.
Hughes
In E. Liebow's
Corner, p. 60
1967
I
7
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays,
in
workers
two of the most
the
are
U.S.A.
the
important problems confronting
job
of
reduction
constant
opportunities and the dissatisfying nature of most available work.
The
in the country and,
and 7.1%
(4.9% to 8.1%
is
a clear
particularly affecting
is
index of this situation which
and 5.6%
1975 and 1980)
1970,
the years
in the State of Massachusetts, for
to 11.2%
5.3%
years
few
last
the
during
unemployment
of
rate
increasing
the minority working poor.
have
years
The
the
the demands
changes
innovations
higher
in
in
creation
the
the
processes
less
due
skilled
for
poor.
their
to
workers.
meant
In addition,
hiring,
the
low-skilled
elicit
the
unemployed
become
they do
not
to
technological
has aggravated the situation by creating
Since
a
force.
labor
continuously
have
stock filled with the young, the
working
enthusiasm
for
recession
unemployment
minority
production
structure
as
insufficient
been
income of the growing
occupational
the
has
and,
abroad
invest
to
jobs
new
of
for work and
unemployment
the present
corporations
encouraged
consequence,
meet
The economic policies of the last twenty
in nature.
technological
and
are economic, political
The causes of these problems
and
an
the
employers'
virtually
unemp l oyab 1e.
*1
8
To
further
marginality
easily
close
aggravate
within
the labor
reproduces
itself.
dependents
in
place
the
of
market
failures.
hence,
starting
impulse
high.
The
failure
is
Skepticism
this
a
of
built
up
usually weak
process
is
by
that
relatives
to
a
early
of
stigma
workers
undermined
is
status
social
peers,
unemployed
are
is
becomes
efforts
chronically
labor
situation,
market
The
continuous
the
the
and
obtain
history
in life
a
of
and,
and the likelihood of
thus
self-fed
and
self-
reinforced.
This
chain
low-skilled,
tional
are
events
workers
low paid,
often
offer
a rb itrary
and
into
J obs available
bracket.
and
negative
low-income
typically
harsh
of
to
a
them
poor
very
have
incentives
that en c ourage work stability
on-the-job
trainin g ,
traps
occupa-
unskilled
conditions,
low
(i.e.,
Consequently,
usually
restricted
involve
working
discipline,
etc.).
attitudes
tasks,
involve
and
mobility
few
seniority system,
occupations
these
are
less attractive to workers because they allow no choice, they look
and,
alike
call
these types o f
jobs" which
stability,
and
they ar e usually not unionized.
due
jobs "secondary
are we 1 paid,
securit y ,
process
in
and
the
workers' unionization.
present
chances
jobs",
good
for
Dual Market theorists
as opposed to
working
conditions,
advancement.
administration
of
work
"primary
Here,
rules
work
equity
allow
1
discussion of the definitions, origins and
For a fuller
Piore
see
market,
secondary labor
of
the
dynamics
For
(1972).
Gordon
and
(1972),
Harrison
(1971);
criticism of the theory, see Cain (1975) and Wacter
(1974).
for
9
The
quantity
well
of
workers
that
are
forced
as the severity with which this
to the swings of the
into
secondary
is done,
labor market which,
in
jobs,
as
are closely related
turn, result from the
swings of the economy throughout the country and from the constant
reorganization of the
the
adjustment
technological
productive
of
the
labor
constraints
boundary
between
secondary
jobs.
processes.
market
lifts
up
lower-range
The
the
During a
to
the
thin
and
primary
jobs
unskilled workers are
economic
rather
and
laid
recession,
and
elusive
upper-range
off first
due to
the employers' need to keep the best of their labor resources; the
ones that were most costly to train and would be more expensive to
replace.
As
less-skilled
options,
the
skilled
categories
during
workers
and the
recessions
the
lower-wage workers, and their
higher
than
the
average
can
shortage
rate.
Also,
sectors
differently,
the
lower-wage
workers
within
sector
goods-producing
construction)
is
sector
usually
more
the
readily
displaced
consequence,
consumption of
as
is
have
jobs
is
into
no
such
higher
for
unemployment becomes
as
recessions
situation
affect
of
the
varies
accordingly.
The
goods,
manufacturing
and
strongly
affected
than
the
The reason for this difference
services
the
down
ones
employment
(durable
government-finance-service sector.
is that
of
rate of
industrial
urban
bumped
unskilled
actual
each
be
cannot be
consumption
of
inventoried
or
as
goods.
As
a
interoccupational employment/unemployment differences
between sectors become more marked.
10
The Case
The
general
preceding
specific
problems
the
frame of
their daily struggle for making their
living.
the category of minority working poor and,
result from
the lack of
and
isolation;
poverty
living
underpriviled ged
the
share
sort
vicious
of
the
in
Most of them are
in
working
and
of
face
they bear
as such,
opportunities to fight
a
context
the
Neighborhood workers
Street
Dudley
is
reference
conditions
limited
and
that
education,
that
surrounds
Nuestra
Comuni dad
circle
them.
In
becoming
aware
decided to attempt to decrease the
Development Corporation (NCDC),
that
disadvantages
labor
Boston's
identified
the
area
the
market.
2
situation,
this
of
As
a
first
task of exploring the
within
have
residents
step
this
towards
workers'
the
of
City
aim
N CDC
genuine skills
of assessing th eir opportunities for entering occupations more
accordance with their abilities.
to
the
jobs,
process
for
two
concentrated
2
of
downward
reasons:
a)
Special
filtering
primary
workers
in low-skilled, cyclically sensitive
According
to
the
in
attention was to be lent
from
because most
and
in
to
the
secondary
area
are
activities and,
1980
Census,
local residents are 45%
Black, 20% white, and 35% have other ethnic origin;
Their
among them 32% reported to have Spanish origin.
annual median income of $8,695 is well below that of
Boston's ($13,200).
Survey,
Household
BRA
1980
the
to
According
compared
7.5%
higher,
unemployment rate is also
5.7% in Boston.
the
with
11
b)
because
gaining
important
conditions.
in
The
there
skills
is
among
a
the
of
the
factors
a
way
for
out
corresponding
job
cf
set
in
labor market
workers
was that
assumption
operating
stagnant
in
set
each
for
openin gs
of
employing
Through a survey of a propo rtionally stratified
different
of
strata
ethnic
community,
the
and their job opp )rtunities were to be
skills
residents'
finding
underlying
these capacities.
sample
understanding
area between these two levels of the
the transitional
seemed
an
and matched within the constraints o f Boston's
the
recorded
labor market.
However, after several meetings with NCDC officials and other
sources,
area
became
it
residents
Furthermore,
resources
within
to
clear
from which
NCDC
assume
had
that
a rea sonably
the
to select
neither
th e
responsibility
a reasonable period of time.
selected;
that
sampl e was
human
for
ex haustive
nor
compiling
Consequently,
is,
in-depth
listing
of
nonexistent. 3
the
financial
such
a
1 isting
feas-
the next
interview ing
ible
alternative was
3
Data from the 1980 Census were not available during this
Neighborhood organizations generally do not
project.
keep records of their membership or their constituency.
The Polk's City Directory gives insufficient information
interviewing
for selection of individual workers for
Finally the Police Listing of Voters is
purposes.
reputed to have at least a 10% error rate, and has not
In short, no identifiable
been updated since 1980.
source for selection of workers to be interviewed was
found.
Since data from the 1980 Census were released while this
report was in final draft stages, selected information
is included in tabular format in Appendix 11.
of
12
members
of
leadership
the
and
community
who,
involvement
valuable information
because
in community
in order to draft
of
their
affairs,
history
could
of
provide
a tentative analysis.
This
approach was to be utilized with an awareness that the information
stemming
being
from these sources, though reliable, carries the
highly
their
biased
degree of
by
the
respondents'
knowledge and/or commitment
personal
risk of
concerns
and
to employment-related
.4
issues.
METHODOLOGY
Sampling
In order
neighborhood,
procedure,
to assemble a list
a
network
although a strictly
of people well
sampling
approach
an
extent
that
would
was
non-probabilistic one,
to provide a good description of the groups and
to
informed
suffice
for
our
about the
used.
This
was expected
issues of concern,
general
comparative
The respondents selected were asked to address issues
concerning workers of the various constituencies in the
neighborhood, with the exception of Hispanic concerns,
which were to be separately addressed and evaluated
directly by NCDC and the Hispanic Office for Planning
and Evaluation (H.O.P.E.).
13
"Researchers
purposes.
network sampling
population.
sampling,
if
include most
taps
At
that
have
used
into ongoing
least
in
this
method
interactional
theory,
this
processes
suggests
that
repeated a
sufficiently large number of
if
the 'key
not all
people'
in
state
that
in
the
network
times,
would
a community."(1)
A list of names was drafted from among board members of NCDC
and
members
of
the
deciding whether
a
Neighborhood
person
was
a
Coalition.
qualified
The
criterion
respondent
or
for
not
was
strictly his/her amount of experience in community work as well as
involvement
with
the
ethnic
groups
under
study,
not
positions
of
hierarchy
worked.
As
these
would
either
accept
would
suggest the names of other persons to be considered.
additional
names
within
the
potential
or
respondents
refuse to be
were
qualification criteria
organizations
added,
were
for
which
they
approached,
they
interviewed;
provided
the
their
but
above
often
they
Thus,
described
were met.
Respondents
From
interviews,
a
total
five
of
twenty persons
refused
respect to employment
who
to participate,
issues.
were
approached
for
ignorance
with
claiming
The actual group of respondents was
composed of five women and ten men, who had been living
mainly Roxbury and North Dorchester,
to
this
study.
Nine
respondents
for at
had
been
in Boston,
least five years prior
working
in
community
14
settings
years;
for over
and
only
involvement.
nature:
The
arts,
neighborhood
them,
one
had
teaching,
planning
only three
distribution
seven
following:
schools and two
The
in
through
organizations
and
less
than
tenants'
is
an
one
year
this
according
to
churches,
of
are of
administration,
organizations.
important means
reported
in
from three
activities
management,
and
work
as
institutional
four
in
a
ministry,
most
of
their
activity.
enrollment
service
diverse
earning
secondary
five
community
For
for
a
to
agencies,
is
the
two
in
neighborhood associations.
respondents
residents
five others
respondents' main
community work
livings;
Their
five years;
reported
participation
in
mctivation
for
work.
As
time
has
precise
due
to
their
a
drive
to
in
social
services,
educational
having
joined
gone
institutions
a
by,
particular
their
exposure
help
to
in
of
have
realities of
fellow
community
their
aspect
objectives
the
as
their
original
community
become
daily
more
life
in
the neighborhood.
Interviews
All
interviews
were
conducted
interviewee's
place of work and
the average.
The core frame for each
1. An assessment of the
commitments
in
community work;
by
author
lasted two-and-one-half
to
at
hours,
the
on
interview was:
respondents'
respect
the
interests,
personal
concerns
and
involvement
in
15
2. Estimation
workers
of
the
occupational
about
the
present
possibilities for change,
4. Opinions about
for
of
the
conditions
and
in the area;
3. Opinions
or may
qualifications
the resident
courses
employability
residents
if any;
the consequences this state of
have for
future
employment
of
action
and general
in
the
population,
were
and
has
suggestions
towards
economic
area,
affairs
increasing
conditions
for
the
volunteered
by
the
according
to
the
interv iewees.
The
emphasis
of
questions
idiosyncracies and particular
effort
to
possible.
keep as much of
Notes were
topics(9).
As
a
varied
interests of every interviewee
an open
taken on
and
answers
informal
relevant
supplement
a more vivid
to
the
interviewees'
image of daily life events
issues
addressed
characteristic
Also,
to each
replies,
of these
by
the
of
different
set
of
in order to obtain
respondents.
ethnic
a
in the neighborhood and of
conversations were held with various residents;
social
atmosphere as
(See appendix for questionnaire.)
qualitative field observations were carried out
those
in an
groups
Thus,
informal
religious services
were
attended
and
the
atmosphere created by and around these groups was observed.
the
extent
of
social
interaction
(i.e.,
corner
stores,
playgrounds,
house
entrance
stoops,
front
several days
in a week's time.
yards,
around
churchyards,
etc.)
was
specific
places
repair
shops,
observed
during
16
RESULTS
As
an
exploratory
respondents
were
opinions
and
the
which
in
in
qualititative composite of the
by
given
the
precise
in
procurred
data
not
figures
the estimates are presented
research,
statistical
study
the form of a
These can
interviewees' opinions.
into the following major topics:
be easily grouped
A. Ethnographic profile of the neighborhood;
B. Employment status of the workforce;
in
C. Main causes and effects of unemployment/underemployment
the area;
and
searching
D. Job
used
strategies
and
considerations
for
future planning.
Ethnographic profile of the neighborhood
A.
The Dudley
a
fact
that
extent,
relative
has
considered
racial
population,
a multiracial
an
asset
composition
than
rather
of
the
in
the
area
the black population
has
has
declined
76% and,
also decreased
to
Hispanic
See Appendix
and
Cape
Verdean
populations, 5
II, Table 1 for details.
a
a
local
has changed substantially within the last decade.
The
lesser
by approximately
These changes have been partially offset by a large
of the
5
The
population
white
46%.
respondents
all
disadvantage.
population
Street Neighborhood
who
are
increase
the
most
17
recent
immigrant groups
groups
left
their countries,
once
in
rapidly different.
residents
process
of
sooner
than
identifying
strengthening their
Black and
both Americans
larger
Boston
Cape
the
area.
do
the
Hispanics.
area
as
Although
both
white
neighbors
and as area residents.
their
struggles and
broader
conflicts of
of
their
building up a reference
Their
identification with
lived
there
for
achievements
find
jobs
Both
groups
their
already
immigrants,
in
economic
turf
and
stabilize
are
and,
in the
therefore,
sense of community.
groups
immersed
their
Verdeans
peer
in
in
had similar socio-economic characteristics at the time they
become
as
arriving
same
point
have a
history as
They identify with
race
in nearby
commitments
poverty
and
from which
the area
longer
is
more
and join
areas.
seem
be
more
discrimination
than
to start
the
to
Unlike
a
result
new
of
life.
having
a long period of time, thus feeling protective of
their "territory."
The
groups
respondents averaged estimates for the
in
Hispanic
different
the
and
32%
neighborhood
Cape
are:
Verdean.
languages (English,
different bases for group
15%
These
white,
groups
6
proud
of
its
23%
black,
account
for
Portuguese-Creole and Spanish),
interaction
and
also somewhat
attitudes and behavior with respect to work.
be
four major ethnic
own ethnicity and,
30%
three
four
different
Each group seems to
regardless of
the
segregating
This percentage distribution does not correspond to that
in the 1980 Census.
Census figures do not identify Cape
Verdean as a separate ethnic category;
instead, Cape
Verdeans must classify themselves as Black, White, or
Other.
18
and
isolating
dents of
all
tendencies
backgrounds
neighborliness.
levels
have
do
an
not
that
such
do share
Differences
yet
average
seem
annual
pride
in
income
a positive
work
to endanger
of
implies,
attitude
opportunities
this
$
usually
attitude
8,300,
and
(Cape
while
for
resitoward
income
Verdeans
Blacks
the
average is $ 6,600).7
The
toward
respondents
fellow
residents
effor ts could be
Social
work.
considered
this growing
the
foothold
as well
based,
upon
which
solidarity
improvement
as a fer tile ground for community
block
agencies,
sICervice
sense of
associations,
religious
assemblies of community residents are becoming
group s and other
sol id network of human resources.
And
it
is these human resources
that
will
come
the destruct ive forces that have plagued the area during
1ast
decade.
supply
the energy, hopes and desires necessary to
It is this base of human potential
hood which allow s the
respondents to do
goal
people
order
in mind:
get
to
to develop
action.
know
in
k
spite of
and
flow of
a constructive
However
of community wor
to
its
their
talk
work with
to one
of
sometimes
positive
impacts.
7
a common
and
in
inter-
simplicity, this
type
requ ires large amounts of energy and resources.
conflicting
details,
the
another
communication
apparent
over-
in the neighbor-
Respondents reported having often found themselves
multitude
a
agendas
diminishing
which
the
forced
chances
for
These figures are estimates given by the
For the 1980 Census' figures on income see
Tables 2, 3 and 4.
smothered by
them
to
focus
exerting
a
on
strong
respondents.
Appendix Il,
19
B.
Employment
status of the work force
Local workers are concentrated within the category of general
services.
Female
secretarial,
clerical,
area
residents
and
generally factory work ers,
Department
of
Labor
the
local
The
respondents
is
laborers 35%,
services
communication
9 %.
With
services
utility and repair
in
indicates that
clerical,
workers
a
work
whereas
,
high
operative
occupational
35%,
This
from the one
include mostly
commonly
in
men
are
and clerks.
percentage
and
service
of
jobs.
similarl y estimated d istribution of commonly held
jobs according to major
different
domestic
an alysis
population
most
categories
clerical
local
for
21%, and
occu pational
Boston,
where
to be as
transportation
to
where
the
are a
is
structure
the main
professional and techn ical occupations.
resp ect
follows:
workers
go
and
quite
categories
8
to
work,
the
respondents est imated that 73% of the adult population work in
the
area and
12%
its su rroundings,
work elsewhere.
outside the
15% work
Usually women
ne ighborhood.
and
in the City of Boston and
the underemployed
Subsequently this
do
group
not
work
h as
been
generally negle cted in statistical surveys.
According to the respondents, the majority of the labor force
in
the
perhaps
area
with
Manufacturing
8
experiences
the
was
See Appendix
chronic
exception
considered
1I,
unemployment
of
the
Tables 5,
6,
the
Cape
industrial
7,
or
8 and 9.
underemployment,
Verdean
sector
most
group.
heavily
20
affected
and
by unemployment,
construction.
followed
However,
by
none
government,
of
the
quantitative estimates of the unemployment
preferred
cause
to
focus
unemployment
emphasized
the
large
included
number
in
the
those
among
fact
short of the actual
the
on
that
problems
minority
official
respondents
rate
which,
opinion,
Some
of
them
fall
far
primarily because of
and
not currently
also,
due
significant number of underemployed
and self-employed women
area who
income but are
are recorded as
having an
are considered as "dependents,"
force against which unemployment
It is
issues
the
oppotunities.
problems
housing.
more
than
the
lives.
in
a
the
included or
the overall
labor
rates are calculated.
respondents
matching
of
that
skills
employment
with
job
In their opinion, area residents need
in caring for themselves, their children, and their
Under
the
present
circumstances
positively change their personal
9
not
to
Somehow, these issues pertain to a larger range of
in workers'
to be assisted
when estimating
shared opinion of the
involve
they
their
figures
workers
statistics,
offered
the area;
in
unemployment
underemployed male
unemployment
in
workers.
extent of unemployment9,
of
transportation
See Appendix
1I,
Tables 10,
these
situations.
11,
12 and 13.
residents cannot
21
C.
Main
causes
and
effects
of
unemployment/underemployment
in
the area.
The
most
important
employment-related
concern
addressed
respondents centered around the personal
limitations of the
residents,
of
contributing
to
a
high
level
personal
by
local
frustration
and hopelessness accompanied by a lack of skills and education.
Most
black
residents
have
at
most
equivalency certificate, while recent
English
education
Spanish or
Portuguese.
discrimination,
institutional
interrelated
personal
and/or
innadequate
high
have
insufficient
writing
skills
barriers are racial
searching.
the
10
and
All
school
and
in
ethnic
insufficient
these factors
self-reinforcing
are
experience of
frustration.
patterns
irresponsibility
of
behavior
respondents,
individual
these
emotional
autonomy.
motivations
for
can
which
Several
and
area
only
carelessness
through
severely
be
lack of self-esteem,
jobs;
fear of the
inability
to
See Appendix 11,
Table 16.
in
light
Individuals manifest
increased
erodes
their
insecurity
self-reliance
on
unknown,
and
fight
of
and
and
the workers'
fear of rejection,
to
to
their
the most commonly cited ones
compete
rights.
current
According
understood
factors have negative effects
to search for
are
residents.
functioning.
deterioration
stress
incentives,
most
aspects
psychological
psychological
10
and
transportation
and contribute to
G.E.D.
immigrants
reading
Additional
assistance in job
Apathy,
of
lack
a
for
their
were
lack
own
22
Years
attempts
these
of
to
discrimination
stabilize
failures
have
and
their
had
in
of
work
the
repeated
lives,
failures
and
the
sphere of their
in
their
repercussions
family
lives have
brought about a deterioration of the workers' sense of self-worth.
This
helplessness
education
their
and
destroys
any
skillfulness
access
to
Frustration,
better
which,
paid
depression,
immobilization or violent
interest
in
jobs,
in
turn,
or
improving
severely
to
any
hopelessness,
rebellion are all
restricts
at
job
low
their
all.
self-esteem,
aspects of
the
living
tragedy of the unemployed and the underemployed.
An additional factor seen by some respondents as feeding into
this
process
present
is
home
the
insecure
Sad
or
at
about
in the
the
their
to
the
future
work market
of
pessimism
and
is
their
are very
"There
by
the
At
their
towards
expectations
work
apathy was
begin
to
are
unrealistic;
develop
in
a
new
and
helplessness
with
People
become
part
they begin
generation.
to
realities.
Children
pessimistic
respect
feel
eventful
are
workers.
reported to result from this situation.
powerlessness
media.
about
youngsters acknowledge what goes on around them and
feel
readily
is
applications
minority
the
are no jobs"
fantasies
to
about
to be
received.
likely
turned-down
inheritance of most
seems
workers
same message
acceptance
the cultural
general
pessimism which
transmitted
school
angry
of
internalized by the workers.
message
and
failure
atmosphere
economic conditions;
perceived and
often
the
of
and
to
attitudes
Political
Hopelessness,
the
job
market
23
become
courage,
reduce
to
job
available
and education. 1
attempts
ongoing
a
on
based
been
have
as
respondents
the
policy makers'
problems
employment
set
to
of
assumptions:
conventional
increasing
by
labor
to
proportion
the
potential
of
length
quality of
the
improve
will
and training
education
That
1.
workers
government
past,
the
by
their lack of sufficient skills
is
opportunities
for success.
the
identified
area
by
access
restricting
In
factor
major
where
action
of
spheres
other
trust and hope are crucial
self-esteem,
Another
to
transferred
easily
in
productivity
training
and/or
schooling
direct
provided.
having
That by
2.
credentials,
educational
to
access
jobs
is automatically guaranteed, and,
increased
the
That
3.
unquestionably
better
quality,
employment
However,
and
training
and
social
to
due
this
social
therefore,
and
jobs
paying
overestimation
even more
personal
class or
that
See Appendix
be
proportionally
higher
in
future
improvement
of
the
skewed
aptitudes,
by
the
workers'
evaluations
of
facilitate
personality and
connections).
various
II, Tables 14 and 15.
of
importance
circumstances which may constrain or
a job (i.e.,
to
through
rewarded
will
status.
been
has
productivity
potential
It
personal
access
opportunities
is not
training
education
and
surprising,
educational
24
and
programs
institutions--especially
placement
eliminated poverty.
programs
training
and skill
growth
the
in
improvement
drastic
have been
assumptions
The fact is,
of
translated
successfully
nor
employment
statuses.
conditions;
nor
possibi 1 ities
for
part ic ipants
or
the
achieve
in
by
help
the
cannot
workers'
the
their
in
improvements
and
per so nal
the
may
a
they
have
these achievements
increases
into
reflect ed
they
are
salaries,
to
jobs,
disadvantaged workers to find new
be
of
that even though educational
provide diverse
development
job
policies based on the
insufficient
employment
public
programs
manpower
the
1960s--have demonstrated that the employment
above-listed
of
in the operation
experience
of
years
As a result, "these programs tend to merely
recirculate the poor among employer s who pay low wages".
efficiency
The
in terms of the
measured
the level
for the
the
of
In
educationail system
workers
with
certain
timeliness,
acceptance
accountability .
played
students to fit
system.
the hig her
to obtain
has
an
been
persor al ity
suppression
self-control,
have
order
market
has
traditionally
of
In so doing
important
p rompted
traits
of
to
inculcate
such
factors
potential
perseverence,
aggressivene ss,
discipline,
pub lic
conveniently right
relationship of
as
outs ide
role
profitability
the degree of
such a
been
The higher
labor.
productiv ity level of
productivity,
firm.
labor
the
of
in
and
authority
and parochi al
preparing
individual
sc hool
the
systems
lower-class
into the needs of the economic
25
However, the present collapse of the public school
The
affecting
crisis
community
leaders
equipping
students
limited
inner-city
jobs,
in
school
Mathematics
in
with
equivalency
to
As
a token
remedial
apply
to
chance
minimal
a
generated
are
problems
traditional
inadequate.
order
than
economically
in the area need
in
for
jobs
to
self-defeating
by
racial and ethnic discrimination.
searching
Job
their
beyond
graduates
concern
Rather
function appropriately
and
Further
attitudes and
D.
to
move
major
area.
the
schools now are woefully
English
high
succeed.
to
either
a
become
in
educators
of public school
example, 30%
requiring
and
role.
"preparatory"
traditional
has
education
or
options,
teaching
such a
ineffective in
it
rendered
system has
strategies
and
used
considerations
for
future
planning.
information
race
instrumental
or
Knowing
people
Workers
prefer to wander
services directly.
Thus
informal
networks
in finding
uses formal
agencies
private
and
uses
of
family, relatives, friends and
fraction of the residents
public
jobs.
their
such as
are very
population
area
find
to
relationships
same
the
of
Most
having
and
a job.
institutional
publications
personal
contacts
or
is
channels
of
interpersonal
peers of
Only
a small
services
classified
highly
the
like
ads.
valued.
around asking for jobs and offering their
They
are
aware
of the
inequality
and
the
26
discrimination
exists
that
in the
labor
they
"As
market.
know
the chances to get what they look
that equal chances do not exist,
for depend on who they know".
There
is
organizations
are
"They
they have,
in
helping
that
those
give
up
the
workers".
and
search
example,
For
looking
workers
their
from
to
according
the
an
resources
and they should do more according to their stated goals
for
jobs
currently offered
salaries
is
the
for
public
on
rely
it
well
a
fact
time
tend
to
sooner
than
do
first
welfare
known
New workers can get more income from welfare
experienced workers.
than
could do more
in
employment
of
problems
the community
that
respondents
the
tackling
not
appropriate way.
the
among
consensus
level.
It should be possible to
support
system
in
market
the job
at
entry
implement some sort of peer group
that could guide the new worker
in
and
his search
maintenance of a job.
It
became
to
important
prevail
within
apparent
the
note
each
these attitudinal
of
during
the
ethnic
differences
is
area.
immigrant
(Cape
in
and
Hispanics) and Black-American workers.
the
latter
are very weak.
another
or on
engaged
in
social
welfare
They
assistance
programs
tend
Social
to
not
services.
because
it
gives
money and free time to spend as they want.
it
the
groups
between
that
concerning
attitudes
different
the
interviews
might
that
work
One
of
Verdeans
linkages
rely much
They prefer
them
be
among
on one
to
Medicare
be
and
In the case of Orchard
Park area residents, two jobs give them no benefits and less money
27
than
Welfare solves for
the Welfare system.
one of their most urgent and expensive needs:
In
immigrant workers, on
the case of
with children
women
health care.
the
other
hand,
friends who are already working help them find
relatives and
is
Their purpose
job of the month".
to become engaged
tends
the
The
reinforce
social
ties
in a job as
immigrants
among
of
self-
functional
of
result
the emerging
with
same origin
reliant social
to
"the
This type of
rapidly as possible, regardless of the type of work.
relationship
peers,
units.
suggested
respondents
in
that those activities
which
the
residents of the area have traditionally excelled could be a sound
for
basis
new
starting
already
the ones
reorganizing
the
in
existing
and/or
ventures
business
community
neight orhood.
It
was emphasized that either one of these possibilities should build
upon
elderly
care,
vocational
secretarial,
services,
shipyard work.
could
efforts
sewing,
which
assets
cooperatives
units,
respondents
recommended
to take
the neighborhood.
commercial
advantage of the
The
utilized
be
or
were
skills
small
urban
vast
child
and
profit
farming,
plumbing,
carpentry,
could
also
such as
All these ethnic-related
production
in order
these
as
such
construction
building
experiences of Cape Verdeans,
cleaning
important
area,
in the
Blacks
of
Similarly,
mechanics.
and
skills
existing
when
amounts of
underlying objective most
or
auto
from
cooking
fishery
and
mentioned
as
organizing
enterpri ses.
gardens
and
Some
green-houses
vacant
land
respondents
in
had
28
in
mind
was
community
developing
by
taking
neighborhood
along
a
more
advantage
with
autonomous
of
those
the
and
relative
vocations
self-reliant
isolation
strongly
rooted
of
the
in
the
residents.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Given
discrete
that
the
unit,
planning
exploration
into
Dudley
the
findings
employment
issues
context of both macro-level
theories
this
of workers'
is
area
community
and
is
to
by
extent
circumstances occurring
explanations about
the
functioning
institutional
work
of
of the
the
beyond
American
need
to
As
part
be
of
a
complex
of
understood
events;
this
in the
of
thus
limits.
economic
theory of
the
socio-psychological theories of individual
this
problems
firm
found
general,
require
and
behavior.
by
respect,
are
On the other
efforts
the
within
conditioned
In
in
Boston
country-wide)
life
and
labor market
community
City of
even
influenced
its
the
(and
in particular.
expressions,
micro
is
recommendations
the causes of employment
and viability
feasibility
and
city-wide
political
some
Neighborhood
theories of employment and micro-level
performance.
affected
socio-economic
Street
and
hand,
the
that
in
its
the
frame
of
the
29
THE SELECTION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS PROPOSED LATER
THE
OF
RECOVERY
HUMAN
BENEFITS
THAT SOCIAL
CRITERION
ON THE
OF THE QUALITY OF WORK LIFE AND
IMPROVEMENT
SUBSTANTIAL
LEADING TO
TO
BEEN BASED
HAVE
REPORT
IN THIS
OVER
PRIORITY
HAVE
SHOULD
VALUES,
CONVENTIONAL MEASURES OF BUSINESS EFFICIENCY.
As the present economic system does not
problems
at the local
workers'
active
It
is
in
the
intervention
in the system" (4)
of National
Emplc oyment Pol icies.
as
not
creation
work
to
major
jobs
(most ly
in
the
a
of
development
the
of
should proc eed
the needs of the
developing
government
"from
(and
the
of
up"
and
then,
necessa ry with
to
state
and monetary
that
on
to
is,
some
allows
of
criterion,
this
from
federal
the
notion
the
negotiating
and
But
factors
these
based
to
and
sector).
community, to organizing task-forces
if
in proposals
investments
According
t he bottom
f iscal
public
strategy
pla ining.
new ventures,
the financi ng of
jobs for
rel ationship
neighborh ood
ec onomic
comprehensive
correct
Theoreticall y a sing le community
rel ated
understanding
here
talk
"to
market
it has been stated
pol icies
new
of
employment
to
relevant
alter gov ernmental dec is i ons regarding
expansionary
NCDC
working
requires that planning actions involve
distortions
cannot
the
of
tackling
workers,
participation.
governmental
about
level
required
improvement
substantial
low-skilled
the
of
conditions
a
for
opportunities
provide the
assessing
relating to
with
local
government)
those iden tified activities that would create new
residents.
These
jobs
should
be
"secondary"
with
30
respect
as
to skill
adequate
improvement
requirements,
basic
payment,
and
relative
strengthening of
the
but
include "primary"
opportunities
benefits,
stability.
local
labor
aspects
measures
and
rebuilding
force
personal
for
These
such
will
allow
within
the
physically deteriorated neighborhood.
NCDC efforts
should
on
focus
to understand
and assist
work
issues
related
individual
interaction; from the
the
responses to
are
appropriate
All
three may bring
the present
important changes
cooperatives.
needs
of
the
the quality of
in
of
life to
In
set of
following
needs
areas
private domain of family
that the
suggests
research
their
within
the collective domains of associations and
respect,
the workers'
this
actions
community.
secondary
labor markets which encompass most of the area workers.
A.
The
promotion
of
formal
suppport, meaning both
and
networks
informal
of
the organization of new networks
and the strengthening of existing ones.
B.
The
provision
the
account
of
training
programs
vocational
workers'
take
that
into
cultural
history,
backgrounds and expectations.
C.
The emergence of worker-managed (community) enterprises,
which
workers'
(through
self-organization
adequacy of
the workplace)
circumstances
of work
and
provision
of
jobs
more
in
of
as
accordance
characteristics of minority workers.
their
over
control
entail
will
time,
well
as
with
mode
the
the
31
A.
The
promotion
exchange
and
of
of the
problems
organizations
assure
the
Organizing
organizations,
individuals
the
in
networks
to
somewhat
area
workers.
spite
of
in
and
issues
the
of
case
variety
of
importance
mixed
a
of
allows
secondary
the
of
job
individual
introduced
can
which
be
a
ethnic
the
very
community.
civic
groups,
clubs
to
community
and
plan
and
competence.
worker
labor
It
is
to the tasks (and
peer
through
about
is informed
job
groups
that
to
the
networks
these
opportunities,
position,
available
an
is
networks
market
rituals) performed
the work
in
The precariousness of the living and working conditions of
low-wage
working minorities
system magnifies
outside
of
with commitment
social
obtains the necessary support to apply for
place.
relative
heterogeneity
community
of family and
the private domain
domain
the
is
The
participation,
institutions,
networks
the
These characteristics of network
genuine
religious
support,
ameliorate
interests
people's
existing
through
they connect
and
the
of
a more cohesive manner.
in
The
that
common
factor
important
public
of
into operative tasks.
translated
react
intended
neighborhood,
around
workers
informal
permits organizational development
its population,
of
and
is
cooperation
employment-related
isolation
formal
the
neighborhood
supplement
the need
marketplace
and
the
for
take
mutual-aid
labor
market
within
these
the
networks.
form
networks.
networks
supporting mechanism for needy workers.
the existing
of
economic
Personal
kinship,
friendship,
They
and
can
become
ties
eventually
a
strong
32
The promotion of networks has several
a)
To
improve
the
and
worker
interaction
workers
group
information
secondary
primary
assumption
labor
outside
is that the
the
higher
positions
a better
chance
for
this purpose.
To
the
improve
terms
of
workplace.
give
negotiating
club
trade
use of "Job
c)
To
and skilled workers,
Fair" events
outside
obtain
other
or
association
between
a
corporate
pool
programs,
Joint
d)
To
job
specifically through
support
to
negotiations
such as publicly funded
would create local jobs and would
life
of
in the neighborhood.
institutional
CDCs.
whole
mediating
implement
major development actions by strengthening NCDC
with
The
the
and
employers and area workers by developing
opportunities
between
strengthening
by
would
A workers'
would fulfill
support
provided by minority
information
improvements.
and
markets
holding
desired
b)
flow of
specific purposes:
projects
on
in
linkages
special
the area,
improve the quality of
in the community.
improve
workers'
searching and
job
attitude
tenure
by
and
motivation
organizing
during
groups
for
job
peer
support and professional counseling services.
B.
The provision of training programs to upgrade workers' skills
and
education,
taking
into
account
their
vocational
history,
33
cultural
background and expectations.
action
will
curricula
and
ethics
work
concerning
misinterpretation of their cultural
to
continuous
changing
their
of
values and
attitudes
and
Understanding the
requirements
of
with
values
reactions
their
of
a
is
ethics"
work
low-income minority workers
situation of
complex
usually
is
What
frustrations.
and
hardships
assumptions
current
design.
of
lack
"minorities'
considered
in
modifications
require
implementation of this
The
enhance the
will
respect
to
work
performance.
The technical
as
a
little
leave
The
occupations.
for
rather
NCDC
the
to
it
provided
improvement
exclusively
is
those
working
but
carry
of
leadin g
interests
vocational
that
advisable
by these
trendy
as necess ary may bring
suggests
workers'
curricula,
less
supportin g
employment
the
of
Therefore,
to be
towards the
favor
related
than
abilities.
skills
forecast
after-tra ining
in
biased
being
supplying
of
the economic
skills that
prospects
idea
prevocational
decisions
for
chance
reasonably stated
options,
programs'
typical
for
basis
sound
job
training
the
risk
enterprises
interests
the
programs
of
and
selection of
be directed
of existing vocations.
should underta ke the organization and
impilementation of
training programs to be channelled through formal training centers
and
through
centers,
"on-the-job"
training
agreements.
Formal
training
like 0IC, are badly needed to serve the Dudley Street and
other minority communities.
The demand
for
program
placement
is
34
reported 700 training enrollments,
1980 statistics
from affiliated employers,
for trainees,
of
completion.
The workers' response
both
In
of
modes
training
in
are needed to help workers
C.
The promotion
to build
economy of the city.
the community:
would
through
help
production
for
in
minority workers
help promote economic development
workers
to
important
service
the
"social
the
present
it
possibilities;
attitude of workers
towards
would
wave
also
production
within
externalities";
of
lay-offs
the creation of new jobs within the reach of their
commitment,
in
a strong stand NCDC can take
This measure would bring several benefits to
It would
and occupational
mature
is
intensive)
(labor
place
the area which would bring along
it
staff
b i-lingual
implementation,
of worker-managed
up a proper
costly
their own language
units and community enterprises
order
less
upgrading.
to tackle skills
for NCDC
firms
those
the
is
72%.
and
67%
and
NCDC
identified as major employers of area workers
means
training
after
between
between
agreements
training
"On-the-job"
About 50%
is considered successful; their
fluctuates
rate
retention
job
average
The demand
high.
is also
immediately
employed
are
trainees
the
2120 assessment
1981.
for
list
their waiting
cases and 600 people on
its
and
its services,
so high that OIC does not need to advertise
skills
develop a more
awareness
as opposed to mere economic aspirations.
and
work
35
Local
is
a
economic development through worker-managed enterprises
democratic
answer
employment at an
that
workers'
from
their
share
the
problem
low
skilled
intermediate level of planning.
legitimation of
their
minority
The main
management
productive capabilities and
viability
feasibility
authority
idea
It
social
of
success
will
their
type
to
impleme nt
of
such
workers'
support
obtains;
and,
ganization
system
a
it is not impossible.
the
economic
institutional
c hanges
this
the
competitive conditions
enterprises
as
increase
the
on
self-managed
difficult
is
depends
quality of the
competitive market economy, but
technical
re sourctes
supporting
the
is faci litated.
iagenc ie es should
supported
not
keep
organizations
enterpri ses,
strong
because
threaten the desir ed econom ic and social
sel f-management.
It
is
al so
important
operational
by doing
a
The chances
become
It is advisable to note
a
can
within
institutiona 1 ized in such a way that their access to financial
of
is
derives
not necessarily from
proposal
on the
ystem of
qual ity
generate.
this
enterprise within
place;
the coordinated
the
of
of each
of the market
of
of
in the ownership of the enterprise.
The
on
to
and
that
control
so,they would
effectiveness of workers'
to
note
that
social
and
economic limitatio ns stemmi ng from the present economic conditions
are
likely
to
decision-makers
p ortray
t his
to dismiss it
proposal
as
on that ground.
utopian
and
prompt
36
The placement of these enterprises should be decided after
analysis of
alternatives;
the
best
possible
necessarily be within neighborhood boundaries.
keep
in mind
that
location may
It is
income,
not
important to
revitalization of the area may result
increase of resident's
an
regardless of the physical
from the
location
of the enterprise.
The
strength
of
the
starting
impulse
endurance of these community ventures will
the strength
of the
of the
implemented
supporting networks
training programs.
and
the
capacity
depend a great deal
and
on
the
for
on
effectiveness
37
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Cochran, W.
York,
John Wiley & Son,
Sampling Techniques.
New
1971.
Community:
in the
Workers
J. & Hunnius, G.
for
Community
Center
in the CDC,
Self-Management
Development, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2.
Case,
3.
Harrison,
The
Education,
B.
Hopkins
Johns
Training and the Urban Ghetto.
Baltimore,
Press,
University
1972.
4.
King,
M.
Chain
of
End
South
Change,
Press,
Boston,
and
Company,
1981.
Little,
Brown
5.
Tally's Corner.
Liebow, E.
Boston, 1967.
6.
Work and Quality
O'Toole, J.
Cambridge, MA, 1978.
7.
A.
L evitan,
&
J.
Saroff,
Comprehensive Urban Planning,
Press, Alaska, 1969.
8.
of
Evaluation
the
for
Criteria
S.
Schoenberg,
Low
in Wo rkin g Class and
Neighborhood Viability
In Social Probl ems,
Income Areas in Core Ci ties.
Vol. 27, No. 1 , October, 1979.
9.
Survey Research
for Social
of
Life.
The
MIT
Press,
for
Manual
Survey
University of Alaska
Center, Interviewer's Manual,
Research, The University of
Institute
Mi c h ig an,
1969.
10.
Total
Studio Report, From the Ground-Up:
the Dudley Street Neighborhood.
Urban Studies and Planning, 1981.
A Strategy
Dept.
MIT,
for
of
38
e03...:.
.
..
*. -.
-
./.
-es-
e
-c906
--
-P\
Censu
Bound
- -
Scal
914 .::::.-
904
------
-
- -
-
-.-..
#--""""
--
C.M-.ssTat
WO0
CDC B oundary
- ---- Census Tract
--
C
(0 300
Bound aries
39
Table 1
RACIAL COMPOSITION OF THE AREA POPULATION (1970 - 1980)
1980
Percent
of total
Percent
of change
1970
Percent
of total
WHITE
9,489
48.5
2,276
20.0
-76.0
BLACK
9,694
49.5
5,206
45.0
-46.3
(*)
(*)
OTHER
378
2.0
Total
19,561
SPANISH
(3,766 ***)
(32.0***)
(*)
ORIGIN
Sources:
100.0%
4,081
35.0
+979(**)
11,563
100.0%
-40.9%
1970 and 1980 U.S. Census of Population
(*)(**) This difference may account for new imigrants, and for different
criteria in self-classification (i.e., Cape Verdeans as others).
(***) People of Spanish origin who also classify thenselves as white or Black.
40
Table 2
INCOME IN 1979
Fanil ies
Households
9.8%
262
8.6%
392
12.9%
$ 5.000 to $ 7,499
$ 7,500 to $ 9,999
657 15.8%
594 14.3
497 12.0
421
$10,000 to $12, 499
457
$12,500 to $14,999
268
268
182
6.5
6.5
4.4
126
3.0
$22,500 to $24,999
140
$25,000 to $27,499
137
3.4
3.3
Less
than
$2,500
$ 2,500 to $ 4,999
$15,000 to $17,499
$17,500 to $19,999
$20,000 to $22,499
$27,500 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $74,999
$75,000 or more
409
70
134
11.0
393
13.0
194
12.3
312
10.2
171
10.8
190
6.2
207
6.8
155
5.0
110
3.6
99
131
74
122
4.0
2.9
35
0.8
28
0.9
15
0.3
15
0.5
3,046 100.0%
$10,520
MEAN
$13,022
$14,186
Census of Population
166
4.7
10.5
6
0.4
1,583
100.0%
1.5
$ 9,499
1980 U.S.
75
2.4
MEDIAN
Source:
16.6
4.3
47
88
105
I
24.2
3.2
1.5
2.5
61
4,155 100.0%
Total
20.5%
13.8
325
384
262
1.7
3.2
Unrelated Individuals
$ 6,065
$ 7,023
41
Table 3
HOUSEHOLDS WITH INCOME IN 1979 BY INCOME TYPE
Total
EARNINGS
Wage or Salary
Non-farm Self-Employment
Farm Self-Employment
2,887
2,864
77
0
Mean
Mean
30.6%
30.4
0.8
$ 14,041
$ 13,901
$ 7,279
0.0
$
0
2,021
INTEREST, DIVIDEND OR NET RENTAL
INCOME
616
6.5
$
SOCIAL SECURITY
740
7.8
$ 3,401
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
ALL OTHER
Total
Source:
1,484
15.7
$ 3,807
764
8.2
$ 3,961
9,432
1980 U.S.
100.0%
Census of Population
Table 4
FAMILIES WITH WORKERS IN 1979 BY WORKERS AND MEAN FAMILY INCOME
Total
%0
Mean
NO WORKERS
811
28.0
$ 4,628
ONE WORKER
915
32.0
$10,507
$25,276
TWO OR MORE WORKERS
1,156
40.0
Total
2,882
100.0%
Source:
1980 U.S.
Census of Population
42
Table 5
EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY OCCUPATION
Number
%
MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY
Executive, Administrative, Managerial
Professional Specialty
241
337
5.5
7.7
TECHNICAL, SALES, ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
Technicians and Related Support
Sales
Administrative Support, incl. Clerical
134
145
868
3.0
3.3
19.8
SERVICE
Private Household
Protective Service
Service, other
FARMING, FORESTRY AND FISHING
0.8
37
137
1,014
3.1
23.2
0
0.0
CRAFT AND REPAIR
344
7.8
OPERATORS, FABRICATORS AND LABORERS
Machine Operators, Assemblers,
and Inspectors
Transportation and Material Moving
Handlers, Equipment Cleaners,
Helpers and Laborers
621
229
14.2
5.2
277
6.5
PRECISION PRODUCTION,
4,384
Total
Source:
1980 U.S.
Census of Population
100.0 %
43
Table 6
EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY INDUSTRY
Number
AGRICULTURE,
FORESTRY,
FISHERIES,
MINING
0
0.0
2.3
CONSTRUCTION
105
MANUFACTUR ING
Nondurable Goods
Durable Goods
503
551
TRANSPORTATION
204
4.6
COMMUNICATION, OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES
114
2.6
WHOLESALE TRADE
121
2.8
RETAIL TRADE
505
11.5
12.6
11.5
275
6.3
BUSINESS AND REPAIR SERVICES
167
3.8
PERSONAL, ENTERTAINMENT AND
RECREATION SERVICES
254
5.8
PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES
Health Services
Educational Services
Other Professional and Related Services
649
341
293
14.8
7.8
6.7
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
302
6.9
FINANCE,
INSURANCE AND REAL ESTATE
4,384
Total
Source:
1980 U.S. Census of Population
100.0%
44
Table 7
EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY CLASS OF WORKER
PRIVATE WAGE AND SALARY WORKER
GOVERNMENT WORKER
Federal Government
State Government
Local Government
No.
%
3,319
75.7%
208
239
542
SELF-EMPLOYED WORKER
76
UNPAID FAMILY WORKER
0
4,384
Total
4.7
5.5
12.4
1.7
0.0
100.0%
1980 U.S. Census of Population
Source:
Table 8
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY OCCUPATION (1970-1980)
Dudley Street Neighborhood
1970(2)
PROFESSIONAL,
1970(2)
1980
MANAGERIAL
AND TECHNICAL
22.0
14.0~
4.o - 34.0
SALES WORKERS
CLERICAL
16.0.-
CRAFTSMEN
14.0
OPERATIONS & TRANSPORT
17.01
39.0
6.0
27.0
30.0
3.0
26.0
10.0
8.0
26.0
4.0
3.0
27.0
17.0
100.0%
100.0%
8.0
5 22.0
5-0.
LABORERS
SERVICE WORKERS
30.0
100.0%
Total
Sources:
1980(3)
City of Boston
(1)
(2)
(3)
B.R.A. Household Survey, 1980
1970 U.S. Census of Population
1980 U.S. Census of Population
19.0
100.0%
45
Table 9
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY INDUSTRY (1970-1980)
Dudley Street Neighborhood
City of Boston
1970(2)
1980(3)
1970(2)
1980(1)
4.0
2.4
4.0
2.0
MANUFACTUR ING
32.0
24.0
24.0
TRANSPORTATION
4.0
4.6
3.7
6.0
COMMUNICATION
4.0
2.6
3.3
16.0
15.0
14.3
18.0
FINANCE
5.0
6.3
8.5
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
3.0
6.9
31.0
4.0
25.0
32.2
6.5
27.0
OTHER
8.0
6.7
1.0
5.0
Total
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
CONSTRUCTION
COMMERCIAL
SERVICES
Sources:
(1)
(2)
(3)
B.R.A. Household Survey, 1980
1970 U.S. Census of Population
1980 U.S. Census of Population
14.0
7.0
46
Table 10
PERSONS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY SEX RACE/ORIGIN BY LABOR FORCE STATUS
Fenale
Male
Nunber
TOTAL:
LABOR FORCE
Armed Forces
Civilian Labor Force
Employed
Unenployed
NOT IN LABOR FORCE
Total
WHITE:
LABOR FORCE
Armed Forces
Civilian Labor Force
Employed
Unenployed
NOT IN LABOR FORCE
Total
%
Nunber
%
7
0.2%
11
2,218
361
1,537
4,123
53.7
8.8
37.3
100.
2,166
212
2,720
5,109
42.5
4.1
53.2
100.0%
0
0.0
0
0.0
539
52.8
100
382
1,021
10.0
37.2
100.0%
598
34
545
1,177
0.2
50.8
2.9
46.3
100.0%
BLACK:
LABOR FORCE
Armed Forces
Civilian Labor Force
Employed
Unenployed
NOT IN LABOR FORCE
7
0.4
11
1,041
126
788
53.0
6.4
40.2
1,095
125
1317
Total
1,962
10.0%
2 5T9
150.%
0.0
0
0.0
72.0
0.0
28.0
100.0%
9
0
30
39
23.0
0.0
77.0
100.0%
0.0
0
0.0
AMERICAN INDIAN, ESKIMO, ALEUTIAN:
LABOR FORCE
Armed Forces
0
Civilian Labor Force
Employed
23
Unenployed
0
NOT IN LABOR FORCE
9
Total
32
SPANISH ORIGIN (ANY RACE):
LABOR FORCE
Armed Forces
Civilian Labor Force
Employed
Unenployed
NOT IN LABOR FORCE
Total
Source:
1980 U.S.
0
563
85
382
1,030
Census of Population
54.7
8.2
37.1
100.0%
470
61
815
1,346
0.4
43.0
5.0
51.6
35.0
4.5
60.5
10O.0%
47
Table 11
PERSONS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY SEX BY LABOR FORCE STATUS IN 1979
female
male
IN LABOR FORCE
WORKED IN 1979
With Unemployment
No Unemployment
NO.
%
No.
%
505
12.2
475
2,058
50.0
1,934
9.3
38.0
206
5.0
160
3.0
DID NOT WORK, WITH UNEMPLOYMENT
NOT IN LABOR FORCE
1,354
32.8
2,540
Total
4, 123
100.0
5,109
Source:
49.7
100.0%
1980 U.S. Census of Population
Table 12
PERSONS 16 YEARS AND OVER WITH UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1979 BY WEEKS UNEMPLOYED
No.
%
UNEMPLOYED 1 TO 4 WEEKS
328
24.4
UNEMPLOYED 5 TO 14 WEEKS
440
32.7
UNEMPLOYED 15 OR MORE WEEKS
578
42.9
1,346
Total
Source:
1980 U.S.
Census of Population
100.0%
48
Table 13
FEMALES 16 YEARS AND OVER WITH ONE OR MORE OWN CHILDREN BY LABOR FORCE STATUS
No.
%
WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6:
In Labor Force
Not in Labor Force
410
521
20.9
26.6
WITH OWN CHILDREN 6-17:
In Labor Force
Not in Labor Force
491
536
25.1
27.4
1,958
Total
Source:
1980 U.S.
100.0%
Census of Population
Table 14
PERSONS 18 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED
No.
ELEMENTARY (0 to 8 years) THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL (1 to 3 years): 4,320
HIGH SCHOOL,
4 years:
COLLEGE:
1 to 3 years
4 years
5 or more years
692
225
211
8,377
Total
Source:
2,929
1980 U.S. Census of Population
%
51.5%
35.0
8.3
2.7
2.5
100.0%
49
Table 15
PERSONS 25 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY RACE BY YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED
TOTAL
ELEMENTARY (0 to 8 years)
No.
%
2,029
32.0
1,330
2,166
21.0
HIGH SCHOOL
1 to 3 years
4 years
COLLEGE
1 to 3 years
4 years or more
Total
419
402
WHITE
ELEMENTARY
HIGH SCHOOL
1 to 3 years
4 years
COLLEGE
1 to 3 years
4 years or more
Total
BLACK
ELEMENTARY
HIGH SCHOOL
1 to 3 years
4 years
COLLEGE
1 to 3 years
4 years or more
Total
AMERICAN INDIAN, ESKIMO,
ELEMENTARY
HIGH SCHOOL
1 to 3 years
4 years
COLLEGE
1 to 3 years
4 years or more
Total
Source:
1980 U.S.
34.1
6.6
6.3
6, 316
100.%
459
27.2
299
17.7
711
42.1
114
106
1,968-9
6.7
6.3
1060%
581
19.5
803
27.0
1,110
37.2
242
245
2,9T
8.1
8.2
100%
ALEUT
Census of Population
35
66.0
0
8
0.0
15.1
0
0.0
10
18.9
10x.0
13-3
50
Table 16
WORKERS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION TO WORK
No.
%
CAR, TRUCK, OR VAN
Drive Alone
Carpool
1,298
899
31
21.4
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
195 10
36
WALKED ONLY
23
10
OTHER MEANS
28
0.7
WORKED AT HOME
40
0.9
4,198
1o0-%
Total
Source:
1980 U.S. Census of Population
51
SKILLS
Respondent's
AND EMPLOYMENT
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Name
Phone
Address
Record
ISSUES
of Visit
Date
Results
Time
AM
PM
I am a graduate student in
My name is Marta Jaureguiberry.
and now working on
the Department of Urban Planning at MIT,
The goal of my thesis is to explore the
my Master's Thesis.
skills and employment issues of Black, white and Cape Verdean
area residents. My involvement with this topic grew out of an
intensive
Seminar on urban planning that focused on the
Seminar done
A product of this
Dudley Street Neighborhood.
affiliated
Community
and
i ts
"Al ianza
H i spana"
for
was a written
COMUNIDAD",
Development Corporation "NUESTRA
report on a strategy for the development of the Dudley Street
Neighborhood.
the
of
revitalization
economic
is
the
goal
Nuestra's
community
to
promote
are
Its
objectives
neighborhood.
organization, to promote low and moderate income housing, to
of
the
type
promote
to
Use
and
Land
optimal
promote
Industrial development that creates jobs and revenues for the
community residents.
My Master's Thesis will be used by NUESTRA's Industrial
future
identify
to
help
order
in
Committee
Development
business ventures of the type most likely to employ area
residents.
NUESTRA has such information on Hispanics already, and wants
to take Black, white and Cape Verdean employment needs into
account when planning its projects.
item
in answering a 24
I want to ask your cooperation
In
issues.
employment
general
will
cover
which
questionnaire
addition, if you know of any studies done on this subject I
would appreciate your sharing them with me.
As part of the study I would like to ask you
about you and your work for the community.
some
questions
52
1.
Which
2.
How
1.
2.
is
your
long have
nation of origin?
you been
in
living
3.
4.
Less than a year
One to two years
Three to five years
More than five years
3.
What
is
4.
How do you define the type
Please explain.
community?
position, agency/ies)
5.
How
1.
2.
6.
your
main
or occupation?
activity
of work you do
(type of work,
long have you been working
In general
In Roxbury-Dorchester
Initially,
what
Boston?
for the
role or
in community activities?
area
motivated
you
to
work
in
community
activities?
7.
Presently, what are your
in community activities?
8.
In your opinion, what
facing your community?
goals
and
objectives
in
woring
are the most important concerns
(unemployment, crime, housing)
Now, I would like to ask yc u some questions about the skills
and employment issues of Bl ack, white, and Cape Verdean area
residents.
9.
From studies done by your agency or organization, what
would you say is the median education attainment of
Describe
Blacks, whites and Cap e Verdeans in the area?
in percentages:
Male
Black
Some grade school
Graduated grade school
Some high school
Graduated high school
Some technical training
Graduated technical training
Some college
Graduated college
Graduate School
Female
Young
Old
53
Male
White
Some grade school
Graduated grade school
Some high school
Graduated high school
Some technical training
Graduated technical training
Some college
Graduated college
Graduate School
Male
Cape Verdeans
Some grade school
Graduated grade school
Some high school
Graduated high school
Some technical training
Graduated technical training
Some college
Graduated college
Graduate School
10.
What specific
represented
Female
Female
kinds of vocational
among the population?
Young
Old
Young
Old
training
are
most
Bl ack
White
Cape Verdean
11.
Where do the workers living in the
Please give figures or percentages
Black
Area
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
12.
area go to work?
for each group.
White
Cape
Verdeans
and
present,
Dorchester
Roxbury
South End
Jamaica Plain
Boston
Out of Boston
What are some commonly
the area residents?
held
Ar ea
Pa st
Black
Present
jobs,
past
White
Cape Verdeans
of
54
13.
whites and Cape
What kinds of problems do the Blacks,
Verdeans of this area experience in looking for work in
Boston?
Bl acks
Whites
Cape
14.
Verdeans
At what kinds of work have the
Verdeans in the area excelled?
Blacks,
whites,
and
Cape
Bl acks
Whites
Cape Verdeans
15.
Generally, how many people work per
Black, white, and Cape Verdean groups?
household
in
the
Bl acks
Whites
Cape Verdeans
16.
How do the
find their
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
17.
Blacks,
whites,
and
Cape Verdeans
in
the area
jobs?
Black
White
iends
y/fr
famil
Through
Through private agency
Through CETA
Through other agency
Newspaper or advertisement
Walk in and inquire/apply
Others
What would you say is the number or
Whites and Cape Verdeans without jobs?
Blacks
Wh ites
Cape Verdeans
Cape
Verdeans
rate
of
Blacks,
55
18.
job
sectors
What
unemployment?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
19.
currently
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cape
White
most
Verdeans
manufacturing,
What types of industr ies (i.e.,
whites,
and Cape
retail, etc.) do the Blacks,
in this area work in?
1.
2.
serv ice,
Verdeans
Verdeans
Construction
Manufacturing
Transportation, communication
and public utilities
Trade
F inance, Insurance,
Real Estate
Services
Government
Self Employed
Are there
numbers of
any specific companies
Please
the area workers?
Black
21.
Cape
White
Black
Construction
Manufacturing
Transportation, communication
and public utilities
Trade
insurance,
Finance,
Real Estate
Services
Government
Self Employed
Black
20.
the
experience
that employ
ident ify.
White
What percentage of the Blacks, whites
without jobs are looking for work?
Percentage
0 - 20 %
21 - 40 %
41 - 60 %
61 - 80 %
81 - 1oo%
Black
and
White
large
Cape Verdeans
Cape
Verdeans
Cape
Verdeans
56
22.
23.
What would you say is the average amount of time
Blacks, whites and Cape Verdeans presently without
have been looking for work?
Male
Blacks
less than a week
1.
a week to a month
2.
one to three months
3.
more than three months
4.
Female
Young
Old
Male
Whites
less than a week
1.
a week to a month
2.
one to three months
3.
more than three months
4.
Female
Young
Old
Male
Cape Verdeans
1.
less than a week
a week to a month
2.
one to th ree months
3.
more than three months
4.
Female
Young
Old
Among those Blacks, whites and
for work, what are the major
look for work?
Cape Verdeans
reasons that
that
jobs
not looking
they don't
Bl acks
Wh ites
Cape Verdeans
24.
What was the median
and Cape Verdeans?
income
Male
Blacks
Wh i tes
Cape Verdeans
in
1981
Female
for
Blacks,
Young
whites
Old