EMBARGO
The contents of this report must
not be quoted or summarized
in the press, on radio,
or on television, before
6 February 2008, 19:00 hours GMT
INFORMATION ECONOMY
REPORT 2007-2008
Science and technology for development:
the new paradigm of ICT
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007 - 2008
Science and technology for development:
the new paradigm of ICT
OVERVIEW
UNITED NATIONS
New York and Geneva, 2007
Note
Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters with
¿JXUHV0HQWLRQRIVXFKDV\PEROLQGLFDWHVDUHIHUHQFHWRD8QLWHG1DWLRQV
GRFXPHQW
7KH GHVLJQDWLRQV HPSOR\HG DQG WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH PDWHULDO LQ WKLV
publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the
SDUWRIWKH6HFUHWDULDWRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHOHJDOVWDWXVRI
DQ\ FRXQWU\ WHUULWRU\ FLW\ RU DUHD RU RI LWV DXWKRULWLHV RU FRQFHUQLQJ WKH
GHOLPLWDWLRQRILWVIURQWLHUVRUERXQGDULHV
Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but full
DFNQRZOHGJHPHQW LV UHTXHVWHG WRJHWKHU ZLWK D UHIHUHQFH WR WKH GRFXPHQW
QXPEHU$FRS\RIWKHSXEOLFDWLRQFRQWDLQLQJWKHTXRWDWLRQRUUHSULQWVKRXOG
be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH-1211, Geneva
6ZLW]HUODQG
7KH(QJOLVKYHUVLRQRIWKHIXOOUHSRUWDQGWKH(QJOLVK)UHQFKDQG6SDQLVK
versions of its Overview section are currently available on the Internet at the
DGGUHVVLQGLFDWHGEHORZ9HUVLRQVLQRWKHUODQJXDJHVZLOOEHSRVWHGDVWKH\
EHFRPHDYDLODEOH
www.unctad.org/ecommerce
UNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/2007/ (Overview)
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
&RS\ULJKW‹8QLWHG1DWLRQV
$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG
ii
Foreword
7KH ZRUOG HFRQRP\ LV LQFUHDVLQJO\ GULYHQ E\ WHFKQRORJLFDO LQQRYDWLRQV
,IGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDUHWRVHL]HWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVWKLVLPSOLHVDQGDOVR
WR DGGUHVV HPHUJLQJ JOREDO FKDOOHQJHV WKH\ ZLOO KDYH WR KDUQHVV WKRVH
LQQRYDWLRQVDQGWKHNQRZOHGJHWKDWFRPHVZLWKWKHP
81&7$'¶V,QIRUPDWLRQ(FRQRP\5HSRUWVFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\
IRUGHYHORSPHQWWKHQHZSDUDGLJPRI,&7DQDO\VHVWKHFXUUHQW±DQGSRWHQWLDO
±FRQWULEXWLRQRI,&7WRNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQDQGGLIIXVLRQ,WORRNVDWKRZ
GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV XVH WHFKQRORJ\ WR JHQHUDWH LQQRYDWLRQV WKDW LPSURYH
WKH OLYHOLKRRGV RI WKH SRRU DQG VXSSRUW HQWHUSULVH FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV$QG LW
H[DPLQHVWKHLPSDFWRI,&7VRQSURGXFWLYLW\DQGJURZWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGH
DQGHPSOR\PHQWLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
%XWPDVWHULQJWHFKQRORJ\LVQRWHQRXJKLWPXVWDVWKHUHSRUWDOVRVWUHVVHV
EH FRPSOHPHQWHG E\ JRYHUQPHQW SROLFLHV WR GHYHORS WKH ,&7 VHFWRU ± E\
SURYLGLQJ LQFHQWLYHV IRU H[DPSOH DQG E\ EXLOGLQJ QDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQDO
FDSDFLW\IRUNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQDQGGLIIXVLRQ$WWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOPRUH
HIIHFWLYHWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHUDQGNQRZOHGJHVKDULQJDUHQHHGHGZKLFKFDQ
EHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKPRUHÀH[LEOHLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWVUHJLPHVRSHQ
DFFHVVWRNQRZOHGJHDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOSDUWQHUVKLSV'HYHORSPHQWSDUWQHUV
LQ WXUQ FDQ DOVR KHOS FORVH WKH GLJLWDO GLYLGH LQFOXGLQJ WKURXJK WHFKQLFDO
DVVLVWDQFHDQGIXQGLQJRI,&7LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
We are now at the midpoint in the timeline set by the international community
IRU DFKLHYLQJ WKH 0LOOHQQLXP 'HYHORSPHQW *RDOV 7KH HLJKWK JRDO ±
GHYHORSLQJDJOREDOSDUWQHUVKLSIRUGHYHORSPHQW±LQFOXGHGPDNLQJDYDLODEOH
WKHEHQH¿WVRIQHZWHFKQRORJLHVHVSHFLDOO\LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
WHFKQRORJLHV LQ FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU 7KLV UHSRUW PDNHV DQ
LPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIKRZWRDFKLHYHWKDW
Ban ki-moon
Secretary-General of the United Nations
iii
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007 - 2008
Science and technology for development:
the new paradigm of ICT
OVERVIEW
Harnessing knowledge for development
,WLVQRZZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGWKDWWHFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVVDQGLQQRYDWLRQDUHWKH
ORQJWHUPGULYHUVRIHFRQRPLFJURZWK,QWKHFRQWH[WRIDJOREDONQRZOHGJH
HFRQRP\IXHOOHGE\WKHIDVWSDFHRIWHFKQRORJLFDOLQQRYDWLRQLWLVLPSRUWDQW
IRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVWROD\JRRGIRXQGDWLRQVIRUEXLOGLQJWKHLUFDSDFLW\
WRDFTXLUHDQGFUHDWHNQRZOHGJHDQGWHFKQRORJ\LQRUGHUWRWDNHDGYDQWDJH
RIWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVRIIHUHGE\JOREDOL]DWLRQDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHWRDGGUHVV
HPHUJLQJJOREDOFKDOOHQJHV7KHFKDOOHQJHLVWKHUHIRUHWRKDUQHVVNQRZOHGJH
IRUGHYHORSPHQW±E\SURYLGLQJDQHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI
ideas and innovations, as well as for their dissemination and use by different
DFWRUVGLUHFWO\RULQGLUHFWO\LQYROYHGLQWKHSURGXFWLRQSURFHVV
,Q WKLV EURDGHU FRQWH[W RI VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ IRU GHYHORSPHQW WKH
Information Economy Report 2007/2008 LV DQDO\VLQJ WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\,&7WRJURZWKDQGGHYHORSPHQW
$V LQ WKH FDVH RI RWKHU WHFKQRORJLHV WKH ,&7 FRQWULEXWLRQ LV GHWHUPLQHG
by factors such as the role of human capital, externalities and spillovers
QRWDEO\WKURXJKOHDUQLQJDQGFRPSOHPHQWDU\LQQRYDWLRQDQGDSSURSULDWH
SROLFLHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV VXSSRUWLQJ LQQRYDWLRQV 7KH DQDO\VLV KLJKOLJKWV
WKHLPSRUWDQFHRIRSHQDFFHVVWRNQRZOHGJHDQGKHQFHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI
GLIIXVLRQDQGVKDULQJRINQRZOHGJHDQGWHFKQRORJ\HVSHFLDOO\LQWKHFDVHRI
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
7KHLQVWLWXWLRQDOIUDPHZRUNVKRXOGHQVXUHDJRRGÀRZRINQRZOHGJHEHWZHHQ
VFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFKDQGWHFKQRORJLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVDVZHOODVDJRRGÀRZRI
1
LQIRUPDWLRQDPRQJUHVHDUFKHUVDQGXVHUVDWWKHQDWLRQDODQGWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
OHYHO*RYHUQPHQWVSOD\DFUXFLDOUROHEHFDXVHNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQFDQQRW
UHO\RQPDUNHWPHFKDQLVPVDORQH3ROLFLHVWRVXSSRUWNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQ
VXFK DV JRYHUQPHQW IXQGLQJ JRYHUQPHQW SURFXUHPHQW WD[ VXEVLGLHV DQG
LQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\SURWHFWLRQDVZHOODVNQRZOHGJHGLIIXVLRQHVWDEOLVKPHQW
RI OLEUDULHV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ QHWZRUNV DFFHVV FRVW VXEVLGLHV HWF DUH
H[DPSOHVRIJRYHUQPHQWPHDVXUHVLQWKLVDUHD$FOHDUOHJDODQGUHJXODWRU\
IUDPHZRUN LQ PDQ\ DUHDV WRXFKLQJ XSRQ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQV DQG WUDQVDFWLRQV
DPRQJGLIIHUHQWDFWRUVLVDOVRQHFHVVDU\
7KHPDUNHWIRUNQRZOHGJHLVRIWHQFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\LPSHUIHFWLRQVWKDWLV
WRVD\VRFLDODQGSULYDWHUHWXUQVGHULYHGIURPNQRZOHGJHFDQZLGHO\GLIIHU
,QWKHDUHDRINQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQWKLV³PDUNHWIDLOXUH´PD\OHDGWRSULYDWH
XQGHULQYHVWPHQWLQNQRZOHGJHWKDWLVZK\*RYHUQPHQWVKDYHWDNHQPHDVXUHV
WR SURYLGH LQFHQWLYHV IRU LQGLYLGXDO DJHQWV WR FUHDWH NQRZOHGJH QDPHO\
WKURXJKLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWV,35VWD[UHEDWHVDQGVXEVLGLHVDQGIXOO
RUSDUWLDOIXQGLQJRIUHVHDUFK,QSDUWLFXODULQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\SURWHFWLRQ
WKURXJKSDWHQWVWUDGHPDUNVFRS\ULJKWVRUWUDGHVHFUHWVFRQIHUVWKHULJKWWR
appropriate the income derived from the application of proprietary research
LQRUGHUWRUHFRYHUWKHKLJK¿[HGFRVWRIUHVHDUFK+RZHYHUWKHDSSURDFKWR
IPRs needs to strike a balance between incentives for creativity and society’s
LQWHUHVWLQPD[LPL]LQJWKHGLVVHPLQDWLRQRINQRZOHGJHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQ
.QRZOHGJH LV LQFUHDVLQJO\ EHLQJ SULYDWL]HG DQG FRPPHUFLDOL]HG DQG WKH
XVH RI ,35V WR SURWHFW NQRZOHGJH KDV UHVWULFWHG DFFHVV WR LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG
WHFKQRORJLHV )XUWKHUPRUH WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO JRYHUQDQFH RI NQRZOHGJH KDV
PRYHGWRZDUGVWLJKWHUDQGPRUHKDUPRQL]HG,35VDWWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHO
ZLWK D YLHZ WR PLQLPL]LQJ WKH IUHHULGHU SUREOHP7KLV KDV EHHQ DFKLHYHG
WKURXJKWKH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ¶V$JUHHPHQWRQ7UDGH5HODWHG$VSHFWV
RI ,QWHOOHFWXDO 3URSHUW\ 5LJKWV 75,36 WKH ³75,36SOXV´ SURYLVLRQV RI
UHJLRQDO DQG ELODWHUDO WUDGH DJUHHPHQWV QHJRWLDWHG E\ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ
(8DQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGQHZWUHDWLHVQHJRWLDWHGXQGHUWKHDXVSLFHVRI
WKH:RUOG,QWHOOHFWXDO3URSHUW\2UJDQL]DWLRQ
2
,QWKHDUHDRINQRZOHGJHGLIIXVLRQDQGWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHUH[WHUQDOLWLHVDQG
VSLOORYHUVFDQEULQJHQRUPRXVEHQH¿WVIRUWKHHFRQRP\DVDZKROHDQGIRU
WKHUHVWRIZRUOGGHULYHGIURPWHFKQRORJ\ÀRZVDPRQJFRXQWULHV,QVRPH
LQVWDQFHV NQRZOHGJH FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG WR EH D SXEOLF JRRG QRQULYDOURXV
DQG QRQH[FOXGDEOH 0DQ\ LQYHQWLRQV ZHUH EXLOW RQ HDUOLHU LQYHQWLRQV
³VWDQGLQJRQVKRXOGHUVRIJLDQWV´DQGWKHEHQH¿WVRIWHFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVV
DUHQRWMXVWOLPLWHGWRRQH¿UPRURQHVHFWRUEHFDXVHRIFRPSOHPHQWDULWLHV
LQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQDQGJHQHUDWLRQRINQRZOHGJHDQGDUHWKXVH[WHQGHGWRWKH
HFRQRP\DVDZKROH7KHEHQH¿WVRIH[WHUQDOLWLHVDQGVSLOORYHUVPD\QRWEH
IXOO\UHDSHGEHFDXVHRIKLJKDFFHVVFRVWVRURWKHUSURWHFWLRQLVWREVWDFOHV,Q
WKHFDVHRIFURVVERUGHUÀRZVRINQRZOHGJHKLJKDFFHVVFRVWVDQGEDUULHUV
UHVXOWLQJ IURP D KDUPRQL]DWLRQ DQG WLJKWHQLQJ RI ,35 VWDQGDUGV DW WKH
international level may be harmful for poorer countries with limited human
DQGFDSLWDOFDSDFLW\:KLOHPDUNHWIDLOXUHVLQWKHDUHDRIWHFKQRORJ\GLIIXVLRQ
PD\EHLPSRUWDQWPHDVXUHVWRDGGUHVVWKHPKDYHQRWEHHQFOHDUO\LGHQWL¿HG
HVSHFLDOO\ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHWUDQVIHURIWHFKQRORJ\IURPGHYHORSHGWROHVV
GHYHORSHGFRXQWULHV
0DQ\ DSSURDFKHV WR HQFRXUDJH PRUH HIIHFWLYH WUDQVIHU RI WHFKQRORJ\ WR
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVKDYHEHHQVXJJHVWHG
•
,PSURYLQJÀH[LELOLWLHVLQ,35VLQWHUPVRIFDOLEUDWLRQRIVWDQGDUGVDQG
QRUPVIRUFRXQWULHVZLWKYDU\LQJOHYHOVRIGHYHORSPHQW
•
2SHQDFFHVVV\VWHPV7KHNH\IHDWXUHRIRSHQDFFHVVV\VWHPVLVWKDWWKH
NQRZOHGJHLVSXWLQWKHSXEOLFGRPDLQ,QVRPHDUHDVLQYROYLQJH[WHQVLYH
FXPXODWLYHLQQRYDWLRQVXFKDVFRPSXWHUVRIWZDUHELRWHFKQRORJ\RURWKHU
SXEOLFGRPDLQVRIFRPPRQNQRZOHGJHWKHVHV\VWHPVPD\EHWKHPRVW
HI¿FLHQWWRDGYDQFHNQRZOHGJH
•
,QWHUQDWLRQDOSDUWQHUVKLSVIRUJHQHUDWLQJDQGVKDULQJLQIRUPDWLRQ0DQ\
JOREDOLQLWLDWLYHVKDYHEHHQODXQFKHGZLWKWKH¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWRISXEOLF
DQGSULYDWHVHFWRUVWRHQKDQFHJOREDOUHVHDUFKDQGLQIRUPDWLRQFDSDELOLWLHV
so as to overcome crucial problems in the areas of rural development,
HQYLURQPHQWDQGKHDOWKLQWKHSRRUHVWGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO
3
partnerships could be reinforced in those areas, as well as in other areas,
LQRUGHUWRDOORZPRUHHIIHFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQE\SRRUFRXQWULHVLQVKDULQJ
WKHEHQH¿WVRIFRPPRQNQRZOHGJH
•
*OREDOVXSSRUWIRUEXLOGLQJFDSDFLW\LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVHVSHFLDOO\
the least developed countries, to enhance human capital, infrastructure
and institutions in order to develop those countries' capacity to absorb
DQGFUHDWHVFLHQWL¿FDQGWHFKQLFDONQRZOHGJH7KHUHLVDVWURQJFDVHIRU
GRQRUVWRLQFUHDVHNQRZOHGJHDLGDQGDLGIRUVFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\
The new paradigm of ICT: implications for innovations and
development policies
,&7LVDJHQHUDOSXUSRVHWHFKQRORJ\DQGDVVXFKKDVDSHUYDVLYHLPSDFWRQ
WKHHFRQRP\,WLQWURGXFHVD QHZSDUDGLJPIRUWKHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRIHFRQRPLF
DFWLYLWLHV UDGLFDOO\ FKDQJLQJ WKH DSSURDFK WR WHFKQRORJ\ IRU GHYHORSPHQW
7KHPDLQDVSHFWVRIWKLVQHZSDUDGLJPFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZV
•
First, the economic impact of ICT could be more important, in terms of
H[WHUQDOLWLHV DQG VSLOORYHUV WKURXJK LWV XVH DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ GLIIHUHQW
sectors of the HFRQRP\ WKDQ LWV GLUHFW FRQWULEXWLRQ WR JURVV GRPHVWLF
product as a production sector
•
Second, one of the most important externalities is a new mode of
RUJDQL]DWLRQRISURGXFWLRQDQGFRQVXPSWLRQZKLFKUHVXOWVLQFRVWVDYLQJ
transactions and faster and better communication between economic
DJHQWV:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVWKRVHLQQRYDWLRQVKDYH
SURYLGHGQHZRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKHLULQVHUWLRQWRWKHJOREDOYDOXHFKDLQV
DQGIRUGLYHUVLI\LQJSURGXFWLRQDFWLYLWLHVDQGH[SRUWV$WWKHVDPHWLPH
,&7V IDFLOLWDWH WKH FUHDWLRQ RI QHWZRUNV DQG LQFUHDVH WKH H[FKDQJH RI
LQIRUPDWLRQORFDOO\DQGJOREDOO\
•
Third, the rapid pace of innovation in the ICT sector itself has considerably
UHGXFHGWKHFRVWVRIDFFHVVWR,&7V7KLVKDVDOORZHGDGHPRFUDWL]DWLRQ
RI,&7XVHLQFOXGLQJXVHE\SRRUHUSHRSOHWRVXSSRUWWKHLUOLYHOLKRRGV
4
and it has also facilitated the adoption of ICT in poverty reduction
SURJUDPPHV
•
)RXUWK ,&7 KDV JHQHUDWHG QHZ VHUYLFHV LQ WKH IRUP of e-commerce, e¿QDQFHHJRYHUQPHQWDQGVRIRUWK7KHVHQHZVHUYLFHVFDQFRQWULEXWH
WR JUHDWHU HFRQRPLF HI¿FLHQF\ +RZHYHU RWKHU FKDOOHQJHV PD\ DULVH
FRQFHUQLQJ TXHVWLRQV RI WUXVW DQG VHFXULW\ LQ WKH WUDQVDFWLRQV WKDW WKHVH
QHZHVHUYLFHVJHQHUDWH
•
)LIWK ,&7 UHTXLUHV VNLOOV DQG HGXFDWLRQ DQG WUDLQLQJ DUH HYHU PRUH
LPSRUWDQWLQEXLOGLQJDNQRZOHGJHHFRQRP\LQZKLFK,&7UHSUHVHQWVDQ
LQGLVSHQVDEOHWRRO
•
/DVWO\ ,&7 KDV JLYHQ ULVH WR QHZ PRGHOV RI VKDULQJ NQRZOHGJH DQG
collective production of ideas and innovations, which often bypass the
SURSULHWDU\ V\VWHP SURYLGHG E\ ,35V 7KHVH RSHQ DFFHVV PRGHOV
whether in activities such as open source software, open innovations or
FRPPRQNQRZOHGJHDVVRFLDWLRQVKDYHEHFRPHYHU\ZLGHVSUHDGDQGDUH
SURPLVLQJLQWHUPVRIWKHUDSLGGLIIXVLRQRINQRZOHGJHWROHVVDGYDQFHG
FRXQWULHV
7KH ,&7 UHYROXWLRQ LV VSUHDGLQJ WR WKH GHYHORSLQJ ZRUOG DQG EULQJV ZLWK
LW WKH SURPLVH RI PDMRU WHFKQRORJ\ OHDSIURJJLQJ ZKLFK ZLOO FRQWULEXWH WR
UDSLG PRGHUQL]DWLRQ RI WKH HFRQRPLHV RI GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV ,Q RUGHU
WR UHDS WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV RIIHUHG E\ ,&7 FRXQWULHV PD\ ¿QG LW QHFHVVDU\
WRLGHQWLI\DVHWRISROLFLHVWRHQFRXUDJHWKHFUHDWLRQGLIIXVLRQDQGXVHRI
NQRZOHGJHZKLFKVKRXOGIRUPWKHEDVLVRIDVXVWDLQHGJURZWKVWUDWHJ\7KH
,&7 FRQWULEXWLRQ WR EXLOGLQJ NQRZOHGJH FDSLWDO VKRXOG EH WDNHQ IXOO\ LQWR
DFFRXQWLQGHVLJQLQJLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHV,QQRYDWLRQSDWWHUQVDUHFRXQWU\DQG
LQGXVWU\VSHFL¿FDQGFRXQWULHVZLWKGLIIHUHQWOHYHORIGHYHORSPHQWZLOOKDYH
GLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUFDSDFLWLHVDQGSULRULWLHV7DNLQJIRU
JUDQWHGDJHQHUDOHQDEOLQJSROLF\IUDPHZRUNIRULQYHVWPHQWDQGHQWHUSULVH
GHYHORSPHQWVSHFL¿FLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHVVKRXOGDLPDWSURPRWLQJQDWLRQDO
NQRZOHGJHV\VWHPVWRVXSSRUWWKHFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVRIQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLHV
5
:LWKLQWKLVEURDGSROLF\IUDPHZRUNWRHQFRXUDJHLQQRYDWLRQVWKHSDUWLFXODU
UROHRI,&7DVDQHQDEOHURILQQRYDWLRQVVKRXOGEHUHFRJQL]HGDQGHQFRXUDJHG
*LYHQWKHVWURQJOLQNVEHWZHHQ,&7XVHE\HQWHUSULVHVFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVDQG
LQQRYDWLRQWKHUHLVDQHHGIRUEHWWHULQWHJUDWLRQRISROLFLHVWRSURPRWH,&7
XVHE\HQWHUSULVHVZLWKLQJHQHUDOLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHV2QHZD\WRDFKLHYHWKDW
LQWHJUDWLRQLVWRV\VWHPDWLFDOO\FRRUGLQDWHWKHSROLFLHVRIGLIIHUHQWPLQLVWULHV
DQG WR GR VR DW GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV 0DQ\ RI WKH GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV KDYH
HQWUXVWHG RYHUDOO SROLF\PDNLQJ IRU LQQRYDWLRQ DQG HEXVLQHVV WR WKH VDPH
RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZKLFK IRUPXODWH ,&7 SROLF\ DV DQ LQWHJUDO SDUW RI VFLHQFH
WHFKQRORJ\DQGLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHV
It should be stressed that ICTs enable faster dissemination and better
FRRUGLQDWLRQ RI NQRZOHGJH WKXV HQFRXUDJLQJ RSHQ DFFHVV WR VRXUFHV
RI LQQRYDWLRQV $Q LQQRYDWLRQ SROLF\ IUDPHZRUN WKDW WDNHV IXOO\ LQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHFKDQJHVJHQHUDWHGE\,&7PD\JLYHSURPLQHQFHWRRSHQ
DSSURDFKHV WR LQQRYDWLRQ ZKLFK FRXOG SUHVHQW VLJQL¿FDQW DGYDQWDJHV IRU
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
,&7 SROLF\ VKRXOG DOVR DGGUHVV WKH GLJLWDO GLYLGH between rich and poor
FRXQWULHV DQG WKH QDWLRQDO GLJLWDO GLYLGH EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW LQFRPH JURXSV
LQ WKH SRSXODWLRQ 7HFKQRORJLFDO SURJUHVV LQ ,&7V LV PRYLQJ IDVW DQG DW
WKHVDPHWLPHFRVWVDUHGHFOLQLQJDQGPDQ\NLQGVRIVRIWZDUHKDYHEHFRPH
DYDLODEOH WKURXJK WKH IUHH DQG RSHQ VRXUFH VRIWZDUH QHWZRUNV $OWKRXJK
some new ICT applications (Wi-Fi, Semantic Web, to name but a few)
DQG WKH FRQWLQXLQJ IDOO LQ DFFHVV FRVWV ZLOO DOORZ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV WR
OHDSIURJRQWKHWHFKQRORJ\WUDLODQXPEHURIFKDOOHQJHVUHPDLQWREHWDFNOHG
LQRUGHUWRFORVHWKHGLJLWDOGLYLGH7KH¿UVWLVWRLQYHVWLQWKHGHYHORSPHQW
RI KXPDQ FDSLWDO FDSDEOH RI UDSLGO\ DEVRUELQJ DQG HIIHFWLYHO\ XVLQJ WKRVH
QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV 7KH VHFRQG LV WR UHJXODWH HFRPPHUFH DQG SURYLGH
SURWHFWLRQDQGVHFXULW\WRXVHUVXQGHUF\EHUODZV7KHWKLUGLVWKH¿QDQFLQJ
RI LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH FRVWV RI DGMXVWPHQW RI GLVSODFHG
WHFKQRORJLHV,QDOOWKUHHDUHDVWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\RIGHYHORSPHQW
SDUWQHUVFDQPDNHDVLJQL¿FDQWFRQWULEXWLRQ
6
7KHFKDSWHUVRIWKLV5HSRUWLOOXVWUDWHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH,&7QHZSDUDGLJP
IRU WKH HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW RI GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LQ DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO
FRQWH[WFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DVWLOOVXEVWDQWLDOGLJLWDOGLYLGHEHWZHHQGHYHORSHG
DQGGHYHORSLQJQDWLRQVDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHE\WKHG\QDPLVPRIGHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVWKDWDUHEHFRPLQJFRPSHWLWLYHLQDIHZ,&7VHFWRUV
1. Trends in ICT access and use
7KHGLIIXVLRQRI,&7LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVLVJURZLQJVWHDGLO\EXWH[FHSW
for East Asian countries that straddle the line between developed and
GHYHORSLQJVWDWXVQRWDEO\WKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDDQG6LQJDSRUHGHYHORSLQJ
countries remain far behind developed ones in the adoption of ICTs and their
XVHE\HQWHUSULVHV
$PRQJ,&7VPRELOHSKRQHVDUHPRVWZLGHO\VSUHDGLQWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOG
7KHQXPEHURIPRELOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVKDVDOPRVW
WULSOHGLQWKHODVW¿YH\HDUVDQGWKH\QRZDFFRXQWIRUSHUFHQWRIPRELOH
SKRQH VXEVFULEHUV ZRUOGZLGH 7KLV PDUNHG LQFUHDVH VXJJHVWV WKDW PRELOH
WHOHSKRQ\ VHUYHV DV D ³GLJLWDO EULGJH´ ZKLFK ZLOO KHOS PDQ\ GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV UHGXFH WKH FRQQHFWLYLW\ GLYLGH ,Q $IULFD ZKHUH WKH LQFUHDVH LQ
terms of the number of mobile phone subscribers and penetration has been
JUHDWHVWWKLVWHFKQRORJ\FDQLPSURYHWKHHFRQRPLFOLIHRIWKHSRSXODWLRQDV
DZKROH
0RELOHSKRQHVEHLQJWKHPDLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRROIRUPDQ\HQWUHSUHQHXUV
SDUWLFXODUO\ VPDOO HQWUHSUHQHXUV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV KDYH JUHDW
SRWHQWLDO IRU VPDOO DQG PHGLXPVL]HG HQWHUSULVHV LQ WKRVH FRXQWULHV )RU
example, in Africa mobile phones were the most commonly used ICT for
FRPPXQLFDWLQJZLWKFOLHQWVDQGIRURUGHULQJVXSSOLHV6PDOODQGPHGLXP
VL]HGHQWHUSULVHV60(VWKDWH[SRUWDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVUHFHLYHGDLO\SULFH
TXRWHVDQGDUHDOHUWHGWREXVLQHVVRSSRUWXQLWLHVWKURXJKWKHLUPRELOHSKRQHV
0FRPPHUFHWKHEX\LQJDQGVHOOLQJRIJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVXVLQJZLUHOHVV
KDQGKHOGGHYLFHVRIGLJLWDOSURGXFWVVXFKDVPRELOHFRQWHQWLVVWDUWLQJLQ
7
PRVWGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQGLVH[SHFWHGWRJURZ3D\PHQWVDQGEDQNLQJ
E\PHDQVRIPRELOHSKRQHVDUHOLNHO\WRSURPRWHWKHJURZWKRIPFRPPHUFH
SURYLGHGWKDWWKHUHLVDQHQDEOLQJUHJXODWRU\HQYLURQPHQW
7KH ,QWHUQHW KDV FRQWLQXHG JURZLQJ ZRUOGZLGH LQ WHUPV RI XVHUV DQG
SHQHWUDWLRQ $OWKRXJK GHYHORSHG HFRQRPLHV VWLOO DFFRXQW IRU WKH PDMRULW\
RI ,QWHUQHW XVHUV DQG KDYH WKH KLJKHVW ,QWHUQHW SHQHWUDWLRQ GHYHORSLQJ
HFRQRPLHV DUH VORZO\ FDWFKLQJ XS :KLOH LQ ,QWHUQHW SHQHWUDWLRQ LQ
GHYHORSHG HFRQRPLHV ZDV WHQ WLPHV KLJKHU WKDQ LQ GHYHORSLQJ HFRQRPLHV
LQ LW ZDV VL[ WLPHV KLJKHU &RXQWULHV ZLWK HFRQRPLHV LQ WUDQVLWLRQ
KDGWKHKLJKHVWDQQXDO,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQJURZWKUDWHVEHWZHHQDQG
6HYHUDOGHYHORSLQJFRXQWU\*RYHUQPHQWVDUHWDNLQJVWHSVWRLPSURYH
,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQWKURXJKDFRPELQDWLRQRI,&7IRUGHYHORSPHQWSROLFLHV
WRLPSURYH,&7DFFHVVDQGVNLOOVUHJXODWRU\UHIRUPVWRLQFUHDVHWKHRIIHURI
VHUYLFHVDQGFRPSHWLWLRQDQGIRVWHULQJLQYHVWPHQWVLQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGLQWKH
,&7VHFWRU,QWHUQHWDFFHVVE\HQWHUSULVHVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVFRQWLQXHV
WRJURZDVGRHVWKHQXPEHURIHPSOR\HHVXVLQJWKH,QWHUQHWLQWKHLUGDLO\
ZRUN7KHQXPEHURIHQWHUSULVHVZLWKZHEVLWHVLVDOVRVORZO\LQFUHDVLQJ7KH
DGRSWLRQRI,&7E\HQWHUSULVHVJRHVKDQGLQKDQGZLWKWKHLQYHVWPHQWVWKH\
PDNHLQ,&7DQGLWLVWKHODUJHUHQWHUSULVHVWKDWLQYHVWPRUHRIWHQ
While available data show that the number of broadband subscribers has
JURZQUDSLGO\ZRUOGZLGHGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVVWLOOGRPLQDWHVXEVFULSWLRQV
DQG WKH JDS EHWZHHQ WKRVH FRXQWULHV DQG GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LQ WHUPV RI
SHQHWUDWLRQ KDV ZLGHQHG VLQFH %URDGEDQG DFFHVV WR WKH ,QWHUQHW FDQ
enable or enhance the adoption of certain applications that have an impact on
HQWHUSULVHSURGXFWLYLW\DQGWKHWHFKQRORJ\LVFKDQJLQJIDVWHYHULQFUHDVLQJ
DFFHVV VSHHGV$ PRUH FRPSHWLWLYH HQYLURQPHQW EURXJKW DERXW EURDGEDQG
JURZWK LQ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV ZKLOH FRQWLQXRXV LPSURYHPHQWV DQG
GLYHUVL¿FDWLRQLQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHFRQWULEXWHGWRLQFUHDVLQJWKHEDQGZLGWK,Q
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVKRZHYHUGLIIHUHQWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGPDUNHWFRQGLWLRQV
UHVXOWHGLQSULFHSROLFLHVWKDWVWLOOKLQGHUHGWKHZLGHUDGRSWLRQRIEURDGEDQG
8
$OWKRXJKGDWDRQEURDGEDQGDGRSWLRQE\HQWHUSULVHVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
DUHVWLOOVFDUFHWKHUHLVVRPHLQGLFDWLRQWKDWLWLVJURZLQJ
7KHXVHRI,&7IRUEXVLQHVVSURFHVVHVFDQDOVRFRQWULEXWHWRLQFRPHJHQHUDWLRQ
DQG LQFUHDVHG ODERXU SURGXFWLYLW\ ,&7 FDQ UHGXFH WKH FRVW RI WUDQVDFWLRQV
DQGLQFUHDVHPDUNHWDFFHVV+RZHYHUZLGHUDGRSWLRQRI,&7VE\GHYHORSLQJ
country enterprises is still limited by a lack of awareness of the potential
EHQH¿WV RI ,&7 XVH DQG E\ LQYHVWPHQW DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ FRVWV )HZ
HQWHUSULVHV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV KDYH DQ LQWUDQHW RU H[WUDQHW ZKLFK DUH
RIWHQWKH¿UVWVWHSVWRZDUGVWKHDXWRPDWHGLQWHJUDWLRQRIEXVLQHVVSURFHVVHV
± WKDW LV DXWRPDWLF OLQNLQJ EHWZHHQ FRPSXWHU V\VWHPV WR PDQDJH RUGHUV
WKDWKDYHEHHQSODFHGRUUHFHLYHGDQGRWKHULQWHUQDOV\VWHPVUHRUGHULQJRI
VXSSOLHVLQYRLFLQJDQGSD\PHQWDQGPDQDJHPHQWRISURGXFWLRQORJLVWLFVRU
VHUYLFH RSHUDWLRQV 2Q DYHUDJH SHU FHQW RI (XURSHDQ HQWHUSULVHV KDYH
DXWRPDWHGLQWHJUDWLRQRILQWHUQDOEXVLQHVVSURFHVVHV7KLV¿JXUHFDQQRWEH
GHWHUPLQHGDWSUHVHQWIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
7KHUHDUHKRZHYHUHQFRXUDJLQJVLJQVWKDWVRPHHQWHUSULVHVLQGHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV DUH UHDOL]LQJ WKH EHQH¿WV RI ,&7 DGRSWLRQ ,Q VRPH FDVHV
*RYHUQPHQWV FDQ KHOS E\ HQFRXUDJLQJ HQWHUSULVHV¶ XVH RI HJRYHUQPHQW
VHUYLFHVWRLPSURYHWKHHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHLURSHUDWLRQV7KH*RYHUQPHQWRIWKH
5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDIRUH[DPSOHSURYLGHV¿UPVZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQRQH[SRUW
LPSRUWORJLVWLFVDQG&XVWRPVDQGRIIHUVDQHOHFWURQLFGRFXPHQWDWLRQVHUYLFH
IRU SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV WKDW KDYH D KLJK OHYHO RI GRFXPHQW H[FKDQJHV ZLWK
WKH*RYHUQPHQW,Q,QGLDWKHJRYHUQPHQWRI:HVW%HQJDOLVODXQFKLQJDQ
HOHFWURQLFWUDGLQJSURJUDPPHIRUDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV
2. The ICT-producing sector and the emerging South
7KH ,&7 VHFWRU LV D G\QDPLF DQG IDVWFKDQJLQJ PDUNHW ZLWK DQ LPSRUWDQW
JURZWK SRWHQWLDO LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV $V D NH\ WHFKQRORJ\ SURGXFHU
LWFRQWULEXWHVWRWRWDOIDFWRUSURGXFWLYLW\DQG*'3JURZWKDQGFDQSOD\DQ
important role in the development of a competitive information economy
9
LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV 7KH VWURQJ JURZWK LQ ,&7 SURGXFWLRQ WUDGH DQG
investment observed since the mid-1990s has continued over the past few
\HDUV LQ SDUWLFXODU LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DQG FRXQWULHV ZLWK HFRQRPLHV
LQWUDQVLWLRQZKHUH,&7VHFWRUVXSSO\DQGPDUNHWVKDYHJURZQPXFKIDVWHU
WKDQLQPHPEHUFRXQWULHVRIWKH2UJDQLVDWLRQIRU(FRQRPLF&RRSHUDWLRQDQG
'HYHORSPHQW2(&'7KHVHVKLIWVIURPGHYHORSHGWRGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
DUHOLNHO\WRFRQWLQXHDQGWKH,&7VHFWRUZLOOWKHUHIRUHSOD\DQLQFUHDVLQJ
UROHLQWKHHPHUJLQJ6RXWK±6RXWKWUDGH
ICT sector value added as a share of total business sector value added
FRQWLQXHVWRLQFUHDVHJOREDOO\,&7VHUYLFHVDFFRXQWIRUPRUHWKDQWZRWKLUGV
RI,&7VHFWRUYDOXHDGGHGLQWKH2(&'FRXQWULHVZLWKJURZWKVHFWRUVEHLQJ
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVVHUYLFHVDQGVRIWZDUHVHUYLFHV%HWZHHQDQGLQ
WKH(8FRXQWULHVKLJK,&7VHFWRUYDOXHDGGHGVKDUHVZHUHVHHQLQ)LQODQG
DQGWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPZKHUHDVVKDUHVZHUHIDOOLQJLQ,UHODQGDQG$XVWULD
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG QHZ (8 PHPEHU FRXQWULHV VXFK DV +XQJDU\ 6ORYDNLD
5RPDQLD DQG (VWRQLD KDYH LQFUHDVLQJ VKDUHV RI ,&7 VHFWRU YDOXH DGGHG
$PRQJWKHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV,&7VHFWRUYDOXHDGGHGVKDUHLVVWLOOVPDOO
ZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIVRPH$VLDQFRXQWULHV*URZLQJVKDUHVFDQEHREVHUYHG
LQVRPHVPDOOHUHFRQRPLHVVXFKDV0DXULWLXVDQG&XED
(PSOR\PHQWLQWKH,&7VHFWRULVDOVRLQFUHDVLQJ7KHVKDUHRIWKH,&7VHFWRU
ZRUNIRUFH LQ WRWDO EXVLQHVV VHFWRU ZRUNIRUFH LV KLJKHVW LQ WKH 5HSXEOLF RI
.RUHDDFFRXQWLQJIRUPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWLQ$VLQWKHFDVHRI,&7
VHFWRUYDOXHDGGHG,&7ZRUNIRUFHVKDUHVDUHLQFUHDVLQJLQ(8FRXQWULHVVXFK
DV)LQODQGDQGWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPEXWDUHGHFUHDVLQJLQRWKHUVIRUH[DPSOH
,UHODQG 6ZHGHQ DQG WKH 1HWKHUODQGV $YDLODEOH ¿JXUHV IURP GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV SRLQW WR VPDOO EXW LQFUHDVLQJ VKDUHV LQ FRXQWULHV VXFK DV (J\SW
,QGLDWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQG6UL/DQND
7KHSDVWGHFDGHKDVZLWQHVVHGVWURQJJURZWKLQ,&7UHODWHGWUDGHÀRZVDQG
IXOOUHFRYHU\IURPWKHFULVLVLQZLWKJURZWKUDWHVIRUWUDGHLQ,&7JRRGV
HTXDOWRWKRVHLQRYHUDOOPDQXIDFWXULQJWUDGHDQGDERYHWKHDYHUDJHJURZWK
10
RI WUDGH LQ ,&7 VHUYLFHV ,Q H[SRUWV IURP GHYHORSLQJ WR GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVLH6RXWK±6RXWKH[FHHGHGWKRVHIURPGHYHORSLQJWRGHYHORSHG
FRXQWULHV 7KH ELOOLRQ YDOXH RI 6RXWK ± 6RXWK WUDGH LQ ,&7 JRRGV
DOPRVW HTXDOOHG WKH ELOOLRQ YDOXH RI 1RUWK ± 1RUWK WUDGH DQG LV
OLNHO\WRKDYHH[FHHGHGLWLQJLYHQWKHVWURQJJURZWKRI6RXWK±6RXWK
,&7 WUDGH DQG WKH UHODWLYHO\ ZHDNHU JURZWK RI 1RUWK ± 1RUWK WUDGH 7KLV
FRQ¿UPVWKHLQFUHDVLQJLPSRUWDQFHRIWUDGHDPRQJGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQG
WKHRYHUDOOVKLIWRI,&7SURGXFWLRQDQGWUDGHIURPGHYHORSHGWRGHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV,WDOVRGHPRQVWUDWHVWKHJURZWKRIWKH,&7PDUNHWLQGHYHORSLQJ
countries, where the potential for ICT uptake is considerable and hence the
GHPDQGIRU,&7JRRGVLVKLJK$OWKRXJKWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOG,&7PDUNHW
is concentrated in a few Asian economies, a number of small economies
LQFOXGLQJVRPHOHDVWGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVKDYHVXFFHHGHGLQEXLOGLQJVRPH
FRPSHWLWLYHDGYDQWDJHDQGLQFUHDVLQJWKHLUVKDUHVRIH[SRUWVRI,&7JRRGV
DQGVHUYLFHV
([SRUWV RI ,&7HQDEOHG VHUYLFHV JUHZ IDVWHU WKDQ WRWDO VHUYLFHV H[SRUWV
GXULQJWKHSHULRG±,QWKHWULOOLRQYDOXHRI,&7HQDEOHG
services represented about 50 per cent of total services exports, compared
ZLWK RQO\ SHU FHQW LQ 7KLV KDV FUHDWHG QHZ H[SRUW RSSRUWXQLWLHV
IRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV8SXQWLOWKHWRSH[SRUWHUVRI,&7HQDEOHG
services were all from developed countries, but in 2005 India joined their
UDQNV DV WKH ¿UVW GHYHORSLQJ HFRQRP\ &RPSXWHUDQG LQIRUPDWLRQ VHUYLFHV
H[SRUWVJUHZVL[WLPHVIDVWHUWKDQWRWDOVHUYLFHVH[SRUWVEHWZHHQDQG
DQGWKHVKDUHRIGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVLQWKLVH[SRUWVHFWRULQFUHDVHG
IURPSHUFHQWLQWRSHUFHQWLQ
)RUHLJQ GLUHFW LQYHVWPHQW )', LQ WKH ,&7 VHFWRU LV JURZLQJ VWURQJO\
HVSHFLDOO\ LQ ,&7 PDQXIDFWXULQJ DQG VHUYLFHV ZLWK GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV
LQFUHDVLQJO\EHFRPLQJDGHVWLQDWLRQIRU)',ÀRZV:KLOHPRVWRIWKRVHÀRZV
DUHGLUHFWHGWRZDUGV$VLDQHPHUJLQJHFRQRPLHVWKH\UHSUHVHQWODUJHUVKDUHV
RI*'3LQVPDOOHUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV6RXWK$VLD(DVW$VLDDQG6RXWK
(DVW$VLD DUH WKH PDLQ PDJQHW IRU )', LQÀRZV LQWR GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV
11
ZKLFKUHDFKHGELOOLRQLQUHSUHVHQWLQJSHUFHQWRIZRUOGLQÀRZV
0DQXIDFWXULQJ)',KDVEHHQLQFUHDVLQJO\DWWUDFWHGWR6RXWK(DVWDQG6RXWK
(DVW$VLDDOWKRXJKVSHFL¿FORFDWLRQVKDYHFKDQJHGDVFRXQWULHVKDYHPRYHG
XSWKHYDOXHFKDLQ,WKDVLQFOXGHGODUJHLQÀRZVLQWRWKHHOHFWURQLFVLQGXVWU\
,QSDUWLFXODU6RXWK±6RXWKLQYHVWPHQWLQÀRZVLQWRWKHWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
VHFWRU DUH LQFUHDVLQJ GULYHQ E\ ODUJH WUDQVQDWLRQDO FRUSRUDWLRQV IURP VXFK
FRXQWULHVDV6RXWK$IULFD0DOD\VLDDQG0H[LFR
&KLQDDQG,QGLDDUHWKHZRUOG¶VODUJHVWSOD\HUVLQWKHH[SRUWRI,&7JRRGV
DQGVHUYLFHVUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHVWURQJJURZWKRIWKH,&7VHFWRUKDVSOD\HG
DFULWLFDOUROHLQWKHH[SDQVLRQRIWKHWZRHFRQRPLHV&KLQDKDVRYHUWDNHQ
the United States as the world’s number one producer and exporter of ICT
JRRGVLQ,QGLDLVWKHZRUOG¶VODUJHVWH[SRUWHURI,&7VHUYLFHVDQG,&7
HQDEOHG VHUYLFHV DQG WKH PDLQ VXSSOLHU IRU EXVLQHVV SURFHVV RXWVRXUFLQJ
%32)RUHLJQLQYHVWPHQWDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOVRXUFLQJSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROH
LQWKHHFRQRPLFJURZWKRI&KLQDDQG,QGLD,QWKHQH[WIHZ\HDUVQRWRQO\
will China and India continue to be major recipients of FDI and international
VRXUFLQJ EXW DOVR LQWHUQDWLRQDO VRXUFLQJ E\ WKRVH WZR FRXQWULHV WR RWKHU
ORFDWLRQV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV ZLOO LQFUHDVH %RWK FRXQWULHV DUH LQ WKH
SURFHVVRIVKLIWLQJIURPODERXULQWHQVLYHWRNQRZOHGJHLQWHQVLYHJRRGVDQG
VHUYLFHV,WLVWREHH[SHFWHGWKDWWKH\ZLOOGHYHORSKXJHGRPHVWLFPDUNHWV
DQG DV D UHVXOW IRUHLJQ WUDGH LV OLNHO\ WR EHFRPH UHODWLYHO\ OHVV LPSRUWDQW
WKDQLQVPDOOHUHFRQRPLHV7KHWZRFRXQWULHVZLOOJHQHUDWHDODUJHSRRORI
NQRZOHGJHDVZHOODVGHYHORSLQJQHZWHFKQRORJLHVDQGZLOOWKHUHIRUHIXUWKHU
FRQWULEXWHWRJOREDOVKLIWVLQ,&7SURGXFWLRQWUDGHDQGHPSOR\PHQW
7KHWUHQGREVHUYHGLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVSUHDGLQJRISURGXFWLRQRI,&7JRRGV
DQGVHUYLFHVZLOOPRVWOLNHO\FRQWLQXHZLWKDKXJHSRWHQWLDOIRUGHYHORSLQJ
countries to host this production, while the impact on employment in
,&7 VHFWRU LQ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV LV LQVLJQL¿FDQW RYHUDOO DOWKRXJK PRUH
SURQRXQFHG LQ VRPH ORZHUVNLOOHG VHFWRUV $W WKH VDPH WLPH FRPSHWLWLRQ
ZLOO LQFUHDVH DQG FRXQWULHV ZLVKLQJ WR DWWUDFW )', DQG %32 FRQWUDFWV ZLOO
12
need to invest more in their domestic labour skills and telecommunications
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGLPSURYHWKHLULQYHVWPHQWFOLPDWH
*RYHUQPHQWSROLF\FDQEHLQVWUXPHQWDOLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH,&7VHFWRU
In particular, in the area of telecommunications infrastructure and services,
JRYHUQPHQWSROLF\FDQFRQWULEXWHWRFUHDWLQJDPRUHFRPSHWLWLYHPDUNHWZLWK
DYLHZWRORZHULQJSULFHVDQGLPSURYLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIVHUYLFHV*RYHUQPHQWV
FDQDOVRVWUHQJWKHQWHFKQLFDOHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJLQRUGHUWRFUHDWHDKLJK
VNLOOHGZRUNIRUFHIRUWKHLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\,7LQGXVWU\DQGSURYLGH
D VWDEOH UHJXODWRU\ DQG HQDEOLQJ HQYLURQPHQWWR DWWUDFW%32 FRQWUDFWV DQG
SURPRWH FDOO FHQWUHV &UHDWLQJ DQ LQYHVWPHQWIULHQGO\ HQYLURQPHQW LV DOVR
FULWLFDOLQWKLVSURFHVV
$W WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHYHO WKH :72 LQWHUQDWLRQDO WHFKQRORJ\ DJUHHPHQW
KDV FRQWULEXWHG WR IDFLOLWDWLQJ WUDGH LQ ,&7 JRRGV SHU FHQW RI ZKLFK
DUH QRZ LPSRUWHG GXW\IUHH$ UHYLVLRQ RI WKH DJUHHPHQW WR KDUPRQL]H WKH
SURGXFWFRYHUDJHRQWKHEDVLVRILQWHUQDWLRQDOFODVVL¿FDWLRQVDQGWRWDNHLQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHIDVWFKDQJLQJQDWXUHRIWKH,&7PDUNHWVKRXOGIXOO\DVVHVV
WKHLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQGHVSHFLDOO\WKHOHDVWGHYHORSHG
FRXQWULHV
0HDVXULQJWKHLPSDFWRI,&7RQSURGXFWLRQHI¿FLHQF\
7KHSRVLWLYHPDFURHFRQRPLFLPSDFWRI,&7RQ*'3JURZWKLQWKHFDVHRI
GHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVKDVEHHQZHOOGHPRQVWUDWHGDQGUHVHDUFKHG7KHUHDUH
KRZHYHURQO\DIHZVWXGLHVIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVEXWWKH\FRQ¿UPWKDW
LQ UHFHQW \HDUV WKRVH FRXQWULHV KDYH EHQH¿WHG IURP D SRVLWLYH FRQWULEXWLRQ
E\,&7LQYHVWPHQWWR*'3JURZWK7KLVSRVLWLYHFRQWULEXWLRQFRPHVPRVWO\
IURPWKH,&7SURGXFWLRQVHFWRUDOWKRXJKWKHUROHRI,&7XVHE\HQWHUSULVHV
LQ LQFUHDVLQJ ODERXU SURGXFWLYLW\ LV DOVR UHFRJQL]HG *DLQV IRU ODERXU
SURGXFWLYLW\IURP,&7GHULYHIURPWZRSULQFLSDOVRXUFHVFDSLWDOGHHSHQLQJ
WKURXJKLQYHVWPHQWLQ,&7DQGWHFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVVLQWKH,&7SURGXFLQJ
13
LQGXVWU\,QFRXQWULHVZLWKDORZOHYHORI,&7XVHWKHHIIHFWRI,&7LQYHVWPHQW
RQ*'3JURZWKUHPDLQHGVLPLODUO\ORZ
$WWKH¿UPOHYHODQXPEHURIVWXGLHVXVLQJGHYHORSHGFRXQWU\VWDWLVWLFDOGDWD
PHDVXUHWKHHIIHFWRIVSHFL¿F,&7VRQEXVLQHVVSURGXFWLYLW\7KHPDJQLWXGH
RIWKLVHIIHFWGHSHQGVYHU\PXFKRQWKHEXVLQHVVHQYLURQPHQW)RUH[DPSOHD
SHUFHQWKLJKHUVKDUHRIHPSOR\HHVXVLQJFRPSXWHUVZDVIRXQGWRJHQHUDWH
DQGSHUFHQWPRUHODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\LQ)LQQLVKPDQXIDFWXULQJ¿UPV
DQG VHUYLFHV ¿UPV UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKLOH LQ 6ZHGHQ WKH HVWLPDWHG HIIHFW ZDV
SHU FHQW IRU D PL[HG VDPSOH RI EXVLQHVVHV $GGLWLRQDOO\ WRWDO IDFWRU
SURGXFWLYLW\ JDLQV IURP FRPSXWHU FDSLWDO EHFRPH VLJQL¿FDQW RQO\ DIWHU D
VHULHV RI RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FKDQJHV DQG UHVWUXFWXULQJ RI WKH EXVLQHVV SURFHVV
(VWLPDWHVVKRZWKDWIDFWRUVVXFKDV¿UPDJHIRUHLJQRZQHUVKLSRULQGXVWU\
DI¿OLDWLRQ KDYH DQ LQÀXHQFH RQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ,&7 DQG ODERXU
SURGXFWLYLW\
7KH7KDL 1DWLRQDO 6WDWLVWLFDO 2I¿FH DQG 81&7$' KDYH FRQGXFWHG D MRLQW
research project to assess the link between ICT use and labour productivity in
7KDLPDQXIDFWXULQJ¿UPV7KHVWXG\LVSDUWRIDEURDGHUJOREDOLQLWLDWLYHWR
improve ICT measurement and the quality of data on ICT uptake, promoted
E\81&7$'WKURXJKWKH3DUWQHUVKLSRQ0HDVXULQJ,&7IRU'HYHORSPHQW1
DQGLVWKH¿UVWGHYHORSLQJFRXQWU\DQDO\VLVXQGHUWDNHQLQWKLVFRQWH[WRQWKH
LPSDFWRI,&7RQODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\DWWKH¿UPOHYHO
7KHVWXG\FRQ¿UPVWKDWWKHXVHRI,&7E\7KDLHQWHUSULVHVLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
VLJQL¿FDQWO\KLJKHUVDOHVSHUHPSOR\HH8QOLNHVLPLODUVWXGLHVRQGHYHORSHG
FRXQWU\¿UPVWKLVVWXG\UHYHDOVWKDWLQ7KDLODQGWKHXVHRIEDVLF,&7VVXFK
DV FRPSXWHUV VWLOO DFFRXQWV IRU ODUJH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WHUPV RI SURGXFWLYLW\
EHWZHHQ HQWHUSULVHV :KLOH LQ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV FRPSXWHU SHQHWUDWLRQ
UDWHVDUHFORVHWRVDWXUDWLRQOHYHOVLQVRPHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVWKHVKDUHRI
¿UPVXVLQJDWOHDVWRQHFRPSXWHUUHPDLQHGFRQVLGHUDEO\ORZHUSHUFHQW
LQPDQXIDFWXULQJLQ7KDLODQGLQ
1
For more information see http://measuring-ict.unctad.org
14
$OVRYDULDWLRQVLQWKHLQWHQVLW\RIFRPSXWHUXVHLQ7KDLODQGZHUHUHÀHFWHG
LQODUJHUSURGXFWLYLW\GLIIHUHQWLDOVEHWZHHQ¿UPV$SHUFHQWLQFUHDVHLQ
WKH VKDUH RI HPSOR\HHV XVLQJ FRPSXWHUV ZDV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK SHU FHQW
KLJKHUODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\FRPSDUHGZLWKSHUFHQWLQWKHFDVHRI)LQQLVK
¿UPV2QWKHRWKHUKDQG,QWHUQHWDFFHVVDQGZHEVLWHSUHVHQFHZHUHIRXQGWR
EHFRUUHODWHGZLWKKLJKHUVDOHVSHUHPSOR\HHLQ7KDLODQGZLWKDFRHI¿FLHQW
similar to that estimated by other studies in developed countries (between
4 and 6 per cent in Thailand from the Internet and 5 per cent in the United
6WDWHVIURPFRPSXWHUQHWZRUNV
7KH 7KDL H[DPSOH FRQ¿UPV WKH K\SRWKHVLV WKDW GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV FDQ
EHQH¿WDVPXFKDVGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVIURPWKHXVHRI,&70RUHRYHUUHVXOWV
show that even the use of ICTs such as computers can make a substantial and
SRVLWLYH GLIIHUHQFH WR WKH HFRQRPLF SHUIRUPDQFH RI GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV¶
¿UPV
*LYHQWKHSRVLWLYHLPSDFWRI,&7RQSURGXFWLYLW\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVVKRXOG
HQFRXUDJHWKHXVHRI,&7RQDZLGHUVFDOH)RUWKDWSXUSRVHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WR
JDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRQVWDQWO\PRQLWRUWKHHYROXWLRQRI,&7XVHLQRUGHU
WRDVVHVVWKHLPSDFWRI,&7RQHFRQRPLFJURZWK)XUWKHUDQDO\VLVLVQHHGHG
WRLGHQWLI\WKHFRPSOHPHQWDU\IDFWRUVWKDWOHDGWRVXSHULRUSURGXFWLYLW\JDLQV
IURP,&7LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWU\¿UPV,QDGGLWLRQ,&7SROLF\PDNHUVVKRXOG
ensure that domestic businesses have access to information about the best
SUDFWLFHVZKHUHE\,&7XVHFDQHQKDQFHSURGXFWLRQHI¿FLHQF\
4. ICT, e-business and innovation policies
7HFKQRORJLFDO SURJUHVV JHQHUDWHV SURGXFWLYLW\ JDLQV WKURXJK SURGXFW RU
EXVLQHVV SURFHVV LQQRYDWLRQ +HQFH LW UHSUHVHQWV WKH PDLQVRXUFH RI ORQJ
WHUPLPSURYHPHQWLQSHUFDSLWDLQFRPH,&7LVWKHWHFKQRORJ\WKDWSRZHUHG
WKHVWURQJZDYHRILQQRYDWLRQWKDWWUDQVIRUPHGWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\GXULQJ
WKHODVWTXDUWHURIWKHWKFHQWXU\,QSDUWLFXODUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI,&7WR
¿QDQFLDOPDQXIDFWXULQJDQGPDUNHWLQJDQGGLVWULEXWLRQDFWLYLWLHVKDVKHOSHG
15
HQWHUSULVHVWREHFRPHPRUHHI¿FLHQWWKURXJKSURFHVVLQQRYDWLRQVDQGLWKDV
UHVXOWHGLQWKHHPHUJHQFHRIHQWLUHO\QHZSURGXFWVRUVHUYLFHV
(FRQRPLFJOREDOL]DWLRQKDVVLJQL¿FDQWO\LQFUHDVHGWKHFRPSHWLWLYHSUHVVXUH
RQHQWHUSULVHVLQPDQ\VHFWRUV7KLVFRPHVDVDUHVXOWRIDPRQJRWKHUIDFWRUV
WKHHPHUJHQFHRIQHZORZHUFRVWSURGXFHUVIDVWFKDQJLQJGHPDQGSDWWHUQV
LQFUHDVHGPDUNHWIUDJPHQWDWLRQDQGVKRUWHQHGSURGXFWOLIHF\FOHV,QVXFKDQ
HQYLURQPHQWSURGXFWDQGRUSURFHVVLQQRYDWLRQEHFRPHVFUXFLDOIRUWKHORQJ
WHUP FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV DQG VXUYLYDO RI HQWHUSULVHV ,QQRYDWLRQ DOVR HQDEOHV
them to climb the value ladder, a particularly important consideration for the
HQWHUSULVHVRIPDQ\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHHQWHUSULVHVRI
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVSDUWLFXODUO\60(VIDFHVHULRXVGLI¿FXOWLHVLQEHQH¿WLQJ
IURP ,&7OHG LQQRYDWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH VLQFH UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW
5'LQYROYHVKLJK¿[HGFRVWVLWLVDKLJKULVNDFWLYLW\DQGLVVXEMHFWWR
HFRQRPLHVRIVFRSHWKDWIDYRXUODUJHU¿UPV2WKHUJHQHUDOIHDWXUHVRI60(V
VXFKDVJUHDWHUYXOQHUDELOLW\WRWKHHVVHQWLDOO\XQSUHGLFWDEOHPDUNHWUHVSRQVHV
WRLQQRYDWLYHDFWLYLW\RUWKHJUHDWHUGLI¿FXOWLHVWKH\IDFHLQDFFHVVLQJ¿QDQFLDO
DQG KXPDQ FDSLWDO SXW WKHP DW D GLVDGYDQWDJH ZLWK UHJDUG WR HQJDJLQJ LQ
LQQRYDWLYHDFWLYLWLHV:KHQLWFRPHVWR,&7EDVHGLQQRYDWLRQSROLF\PDNHUV
QHHGWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHJHQHUDOGLI¿FXOWLHVHQFRXQWHUHGE\HQWHUSULVHV
LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVSDUWLFXODUO\LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKDFFHVVWR,&7DQGLWV
XVHE\HQWHUSULVHV
,&7 KDV SURIRXQGO\ FKDQJHG WKH WHFKQRHFRQRPLF SDUDGLJP ZLWKLQ ZKLFK
LQQRYDWLRQWDNHVSODFHWRGD\:KHUHDVLQWKHSDVWLQQRYDWLRQUHYROYHGDURXQG
concepts of mass production, economies of scale and corporate-dominated
R&D, in the last three decades of the 20th century this was replaced to a
ODUJHH[WHQWE\DQHPSKDVLVRQHFRQRPLHVRIVFRSHH[SORLWLQJWKHEHQH¿WV
RI LQWHUFRQQHFWHG ÀH[LEOH SURGXFWLRQ IDFLOLWLHV DQG JUHDWHU ÀH[LELOLW\ DQG
GHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQRI5')OH[LELOLW\LQWHUFRQQHFWHGQHVVDQGFROODERUDWLRQ
UHO\ RQ ,&7 ZKLFK DOVR SOD\V D IXQGDPHQWDO UROH LQ IDFLOLWDWLQJ UHVHDUFK
GLYHUVL¿FDWLRQDQGFROODERUDWLYHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DSSURDFKHV
16
,&7DOVRHQDEOHVIDVWHUFURVVERUGHUNQRZOHGJHGLVVHPLQDWLRQSDUWLFXODUO\
ZLWKLQWUDQVQDWLRQDOFRUSRUDWLRQVEXWDOVRWKURXJKQHWZRUNLQJDQGSDUWQHULQJ
DPRQJVPDOOHUSOD\HUV%\LQYHVWLQJLQ,&7VHQWHUSULVHVLPSURYHWKHLUFDSDFLW\
WRFRPELQHGLVSDUDWHWHFKQRORJLHVLQQHZDSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVLVLPSRUWDQWQRW
RQO\IURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIHQVXULQJWKDW¿UPVDFKLHYHDQDGHTXDWHVSUHDG
RILQWHUQDOWHFKQRORJLFDOXQGHUWDNLQJVEXWDOVRIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIWKH
QHHG WR HQJDJH LQ 5' SDUWQHUVKLSV ,Q WKDW UHJDUG WKH PDMRU EHQH¿W RI
DGRSWLQJ ,&7V PD\ QRW QHFHVVDULO\ GHULYH IURP WKH WHFKQRORJ\ SHU VH EXW
IURPLWVSRWHQWLDOWRIDFLOLWDWHWHFKQRORJLFDOUHFRPELQDWLRQDQGFKDQJH
*RYHUQPHQWSROLFLHVDLPHGDWVXSSRUWLQJORQJWHUPJURZWKQHHGWRUHFRJQL]H
DQGH[SORLWWKHG\QDPLFUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHXVHRI,&7DQGLQQRYDWLRQ$
JURZLQJQXPEHURILQLWLDWLYHVDWDOOJRYHUQPHQWDOOHYHOVQRZDLPDWVXSSRUWLQJ
,&7GULYHQLQQRYDWLRQ7KHOLQNVEHWZHHQLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHVDQGSROLFLHVWR
SURPRWHWKHXVHRI,&7DQGHEXVLQHVVE\HQWHUSULVHVDUHEHFRPLQJVWURQJHU
DQGLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVWKH\DUHQRZEHLQJSODFHGZLWKLQWKHVDPHLQVWLWXWLRQDO
IUDPHZRUNDQGXQGHUWKHVDPHRYHUDOOSROLWLFDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\+RZHYHUHYHQ
when innovation and policies related to the use of ICT by enterprises share
the same institutional framework, they are not necessarily envisioned as a
VLQJOHVHWRISROLF\REMHFWLYHVZLWKDFRKHUHQWDUVHQDORISROLF\LQVWUXPHQWV
WRDFKLHYHWKHP7KHERUGHUOLQHVDUHXQFHUWDLQDQGPLQLVWULHVDQGDJHQFLHV
GHDOLQJZLWKPDWWHUVVXFKDVLQGXVWU\60(VHGXFDWLRQDQGVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFK
PD\ EH LQYROYHG DW YDULRXV OHYHOV $V GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DGDSW WKHLU
QDWLRQDOLQQRYDWLRQV\VWHPVWREHQH¿WIURPWKHG\QDPLFLQWHUSOD\EHWZHHQ
ICT use in economic activities and innovation-led competitiveness they
QHHGWREHDZDUHRIDYDLODEOHH[SHULHQFHLQWKDWUHJDUGDQGDGDSWWKHOHVVRQV
IURPLWWRWKHLUVSHFL¿FQHHGVDQGFRQFHUQV7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOLQVWLWXWLRQDO
issues to be addressed, such as the establishment of a development-friendly
LQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\UHJLPHDQGFRPSHWLWLRQSROLFLHVWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWRI
HGXFDWLRQDQGUHVHDUFKV\VWHPVWKHFUHDWLRQRISXEOLFNQRZOHGJHVWUXFWXUHV
the development of IT infrastructures, the creation of a trust environment for
,&7XVHDQGZHOOIXQFWLRQLQJFDSLWDOPDUNHWV
17
%H\RQG WKRVH JHQHUDO LVVXHV GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV QHHG WR UHLQIRUFH WKH
FRPSOHPHQWDULW\ EHWZHHQ ,&7 DQG LQQRYDWLRQ SROLFLHV $Q LPSRUWDQW
consideration for them is to put in place instruments to support ICT-enabled
LQQRYDWLRQDPRQJ60(V7KLVLQYROYHVLGHQWLI\LQJWKHVSHFL¿FFRQWULEXWLRQ
WKDWHEXVLQHVVFDQPDNHWRWKHLULQQRYDWLRQDQGFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVVWUDWHJLHV
ZKLFK LV QRW VRPHWKLQJ WKDW FDQ EH GRQH TXLFNO\ RU DW ORZ FRVW %XW LW LV
HVVHQWLDOIRU,&7HQDEOHGLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHVWRVXFFHHGDPRQJWKH60(V
WKDW WKH ODWWHU XQGHUVWDQG WKH ORQJWHUP FRPSHWLWLYH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI ,&7
adoption and what skills they need to equip themselves with if they wish
WREHDEOHWRHQJDJHLQSURFHVVLQQRYDWLRQDQG±SUREDEO\LQDVHFRQGVWDJH
±SURGXFWLQQRYDWLRQ
3ROLFLHV VKRXOG DLP DW KHOSLQJ 60(V LQWHJUDWH ,&7 DQG HEXVLQHVV
considerations as a fundamental element of their enterprise development
SODQV7RWKDWHQGLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRVSHDNWRHQWHUSULVHVLQDODQJXDJHWKH\
XQGHUVWDQGQDPHO\WKH¿QDQFLDOSHUIRUPDQFHEHQFKPDUNVWKDWWKH\DUHXVHG
WR :KHQ 60(V FDQ PDNH D FOHDU FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKHLU SHUIRUPDQFH
EHQFKPDUNVDJDLQVWWKRVHRIWKHLUFRPSHWLWRUVDQGWKHLUUHODWLYHSRVLWLRQLQ
terms of ICT, e-business use and innovation, the vital importance of ICT
LQWHJUDWLRQ LQ WKHLU EXVLQHVV ZLOO EHFRPH HYLGHQW 7KLV FDOOV IRU DGHTXDWH
RXWUHDFKVWUDWHJLHV,WDOVRPHDQVWKDWSROLFLHVVKRXOGEHLPSOHPHQWHGZLWK
VXI¿FLHQWFRQWLQXLW\DQGEHVROLGO\LQWHJUDWHGLQWRVHFWRUDODSSURDFKHV3ROLFLHV
VKRXOG IDFLOLWDWH WKH HPHUJHQFH RI ,&7HQDEOHG DOOLDQFHV DQG QHWZRUNV IRU
5'(TXDOO\LPSRUWDQWIURPWKHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWU\SHUVSHFWLYHLVWKHQHHG
to support open, user-centred innovation approaches: development-friendly
LQWHOOHFWXDO SURSHUW\ UHJLPHV DUH SDUWLFXODUO\ XVHIXO LQ WKDW UHJDUG DV LW LV
RIWHQREVHUYHGLQPDUNHWVZKHUHLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\UHJLPHVDUHZHDNWKDW
RSHQDFFHVVPRGHOVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRH[SDQG
$Q LPSRUWDQW OHVVRQ IRU FRXQWULHV WKDW DUH FRQVLGHULQJ SXWWLQJ LQ SODFH
VXSSRUWSURJUDPPHVLQWKLV¿HOGLVWKDWIRULQLWLDWLYHVWRVXFFHHGWKH\QHHGWR
UHPDLQLQSODFHIRUDUHDVRQDEOHSHULRGRIWLPH7KHYDOXHRIDQ\VHWRI,&7
LQQRYDWLRQVXSSRUWPHDVXUHVFDQEHMXGJHGRQDUDWLRQDOEDVLVRQO\RQFHDQ
18
LPSDFWPHDVXUHPHQWKDVEHHQXQGHUWDNHQDQGWKLVWDNHVWLPH+RZHYHULWLV
QRWXQFRPPRQWRVHHSURJUDPPHVLQWKDW¿HOGWHUPLQDWHGEHIRUHWKHLUHIIHFWV
RQHQWHUSULVHVFDQEHDVVHVVHG7KLVPDNHVLWGLI¿FXOWWRUHSOLFDWHDQGVFDOH
XSVXFFHVVIXOLQLWLDWLYHVDQGWRDFFXPXODWHDQGGLVVHPLQDWHEHVWSUDFWLFH$W
WKHVDPHWLPHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWSROLFLHVDGDSWDQGFKDQJHLQUHVSRQVHWR
SUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFH6WULNLQJWKHULJKWEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKHQHHGIRUSROLF\
VWDELOLW\DQGWKHQHHGIRUÀH[LELOLW\DQGHYROXWLRQUHTXLUHVPHFKDQLVPVWKDW
DOORZIHHGEDFNIURPHQGXVHUVWRSROLF\PDNHUVDQGIUHTXHQWDQGPHDQLQJIXO
LQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQDOOVWDNHKROGHUV
5. E-banking and e-payments: implications for developing and
transition economies
%HLQJ RQH RI WKH PRVW LQIRUPDWLRQLQWHQVLYH VHUYLFHV ¿QDQFH LV DW WKH
IRUHIURQWLQWKHXVHRIPRGHUQ,&7VDVDPHDQVWRDFKLHYHHI¿FLHQF\JDLQV
LQHYHU\VWHSRIWKH¿QDQFLDOVXSSO\FKDLQ,QWKHFDVHRIEDQNLQJ,QWHUQHW
EDQNLQJRUHEDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVDUHEHFRPLQJRQHRIWKHPDLQGHOLYHU\
channels as they make it possible to dramatically decrease the unit costs of
¿QDQFLDORSHUDWLRQVDQGWRPDNHWKHODWWHUPXFKIDVWHUDQGLQPDQ\FDVHV
VDIHU&RQVHTXHQWO\FRPPHUFLDOEDQNVDQGRWKHU¿QDQFLDOVHUYLFHSURYLGHUV
DUH LQFUHDVLQJ WKH VKDUH RI ,QWHUQHWEDVHG RSHUDWLRQV DQG VHUYLFHV DQG DUH
HVWDEOLVKLQJDFRQVWDQWDQGVXVWDLQDEOHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHLUFOLHQWVWKURXJK
RQOLQHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
,&7VKDYHWKXVDFFRPPRGDWHGWKHH[SORVLRQRIODUJHLQWHUQDWLRQDO¿QDQFLDO
transactions mainly between banks, thanks to the introduction of new online
SD\PHQWVSURWRFROVDQGUHDOWLPHJURVVVHWWOHPHQWV\VWHPV,QUHWDLOSD\PHQWV
WUDI¿FDFWLYHO\XVHGHOHFWURQLFPHDQVRISD\PHQWVLQFOXGHSD\PHQWFDUGV
DXWRPDWHG WHOOHU PDFKLQHV WHOHSKRQH EDQNLQJ DQG PRELOH EDQNLQJ P
EDQNLQJRUPSD\PHQWV7KHODWWHUFDQXVHWKH,QWHUQHW3URWRFRODQGRWKHU
communication protocols and are relatively more important in the context of
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
19
%DQNV DQG SD\PHQW FDUG SURYLGHUV UHPDLQ DW WKH FRUH RI HEDQNLQJ DQG H
SD\PHQWV$WWKHVDPHWLPHUHODWLYHO\QHZSOD\HUVVXFKDVQRQEDQNPRQH\
WUDQVIHURSHUDWRUVPRELOHSKRQHRSHUDWRUVDQGHSD\PHQWWHFKQRORJ\YHQGRUV
DUHWU\LQJWRGHYHORSQLFKHVRUVSHFLDOYDOXHDGGHGRSHUDWLRQVYLDWKHPDLQ
SOD\HUVRUWRPDNHYDULRXVFRRSHUDWLYHDUUDQJHPHQWVZLWKWKHP
,QQRYDWLYH HEDQNLQJ DQG HSD\PHQWV ERWK FRUSRUDWH DQG UHWDLO SURYHG WR
be less costly and more convenient for commercial banks and their clients,
LQFOXGLQJEXVLQHVVHV*RYHUQPHQWVDQGKRXVHKROGV7KH\HQFRXUDJHGIXUWKHU
XVHRIEDQNPRQH\DQGUHGXFHGWKHUROHRIFDVKQRWHVDQGFRLQV+RZHYHU
,QWHUQHWEDQNLQJFUHDWHGDQRWKHUVHWRIVHFXULW\FKDOOHQJHVVXFKDVWKHQHHG
IRUSURWHFWLRQIURPHPHUJLQJF\EHUFULPH&RQVHTXHQWO\IXUWKHULQQRYDWLRQV
ZHUH LQWURGXFHG WR DOORZ PRUHVHFXUHPHWKRGVRIH¿QDQFH7KHLQWHQVLYH
use of ICTs also facilitated the transformation of traditional bank-related
ORDQVLQWRVHFXULWLHVWKDWDUHÀRDWHGRQFDSLWDOPDUNHWV$VDUHVXOWEDQNV¶
DFWLYLWLHV LQ VHFXULWLHV WUDGLQJ KDYH LQFUHDVHG ZKLOH WKHLU UROH DV GHSRVLW
WDNLQJLQVWLWXWLRQVKDVEHFRPHOHVVLPSRUWDQWLQFRPSDULVRQ
0DNLQJ HEDQNLQJ DQG HSD\PHQWV PRUH DIIRUGDEOH IRU EDQNV DQG WKHLU
FOLHQWV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LV VWLOO D PDMRU FKDOOHQJH )XUWKHUPRUH
SURYLGLQJ 60(V PLFURHQWHUSULVHV DQG LQGLYLGXDOV D SURSRUWLRQ RI ZKRP
DUH ³XQEDQNHG´ LH KDYH QR EDQN DFFRXQWV ZLWK EHWWHU DFFHVV WR VLPSOH
IRUPV RI HEDQNLQJ DQG HSD\PHQWV RU PSD\PHQWV LV DOVR DQ LVVXH WKDW LV
EHLQJDGGUHVVHGLQPDQ\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
7KH¿QDQFLDOÀRZVEHWZHHQGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVWDNHSODFH
PDLQO\LQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIPDMRURQOLQHLQWHUEDQNWUDQVIHUV\VWHPV:KLOH
those systems facilitate the transmission of the main private and public
¿QDQFLDOÀRZVVXFKDVEDQNFUHGLWV)',SRUWIROLRLQYHVWPHQWVDQGRI¿FLDO
development assistance, ICTs are no less important for retail or small-volume
¿QDQFLDO WUDQVIHUV GHVWLQHG IRU KRXVHKROGV DQG VPDOO EXVLQHVVHV7KH PRVW
LPSRUWDQWRIVPDOOVFDOHSULYDWH¿QDQFLDOWUDQVIHUVDUHPLJUDQWUHPLWWDQFHV
20
WKHVHDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\UHO\LQJRQRQOLQHPRQH\WUDQVIHUV\VWHPVZKLFKDUH
FRVWVDYLQJIRUERWKRULJLQDWRUVDQGHQGXVHUVRIWKRVHIXQGV
60(VDQGPLFURHQWHUSULVHVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDUHVWLOOODUJHO\H[FOXGHG
IURP IRUPDO ¿QDQFLDO LQWHUPHGLDWLRQ 7KLV ORQJVWDQGLQJ LVVXH FRXOG EH
DGGUHVVHG E\ LQWURGXFLQJ H¿QDQFH WHFKQLTXHV )RU H[DPSOH RQH RI WKH
REVWDFOHVWROHQGLQJWRWKRVHVPDOOVFDOHHQWHUSULVHVLVWKHODFNRILQIRUPDWLRQ
DERXW WKHLU FUHGLW ULVNV DQG WKH KLJK FRVW LQYROYHG LQ NHHSLQJ FUHGLW ULVNV
RQ UHFRUG %XLOGLQJ XS DW PXFK ORZHU XQLW FRVWV RQOLQH GDWDEDVHV DQG
VFRULQJV\VWHPVFRQFHUQLQJVPDOOFOLHQWV¶FUHGLWULVNVFDQSURYLGHVROXWLRQV
IRURYHUFRPLQJWUDGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQDV\PPHWU\EDUULHUVWRWKHLUDFFHVVWR
¿QDQFH,QWKDWUHVSHFWWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIDEXVLQHVVIULHQGO\DQGVWUHDPOLQHG
UHJXODWRU\ DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDO HQYLURQPHQW ZLOO KHOS WKRVH HQWHUSULVHV PRYH
RXWRIWKHLQIRUPDOVHFWRUDQGVWDUWFUHDWLQJWKHLUFUHGLWKLVWRULHV7RSURYLGH
FUHGLWWR60(VEDQNVZLOOLQFUHDVLQJO\QHHGHLWKHUWRUDWHERUURZHUV¶FUHGLW
ULVNVLQWHUQDOO\RUWRUHO\RQH[WHUQDODFFHSWDEOHFUHGLWUDWLQJLQVWLWXWLRQV
(EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVKDYHDFKLHYHGTXLWHDKLJKOHYHORISHQHWUDWLRQLQ
GHYHORSHGHFRQRPLHVDQGLQDQXPEHURIHPHUJLQJRQHV+RZHYHUWKH\DUH
VWLOODWDQHDUO\VWDJHLQWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJPDMRULW\RIGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
DQG FRXQWULHV ZLWK HFRQRPLHV LQ WUDQVLWLRQ 7R H[SORLW WKDW SRWHQWLDO WKH
¿QDQFLDOVHFWRURIGHYHORSLQJDQGWUDQVLWLRQHFRQRPLHVZLOOQHHGWKHFDSDFLW\
WRPRYHUDSLGO\WRZDUGVPRGHUQ,&7EDVHGV\VWHPV
6. Mobile telephony for business connections for the poor
Mobile telephony has become the most important mode of telecommunications
LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV While Internet access has become a reality for many
EXVLQHVVHVDQGSXEOLFLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGIRULQGLYLGXDOVZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOVRI
education and income, for the vast majority of low-income population mobile
WHOHSKRQ\ LV OLNHO\ WR EH WKH VROH WRRO FRQQHFWLQJ WKHP WR WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ
VRFLHW\LQWKHVKRUWWRPHGLXPWHUP
21
0RELOH WHOHSKRQ\ KDV JURZQ UHPDUNDEO\ IDVW LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DQG
FRQWLQXHVWREHWKHRQO\,&7XVHVHFWRUZKHUHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDUHFDWFKLQJ
XSTXLFNO\RUKDYHLQVRPHZD\VHYHQRYHUWDNHQGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHV0RELOH
FRQQHFWLYLW\KDVDFOHDUDGYDQWDJHRYHU¿[HGOLQHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHZKLFKIDFHV
KLJK FRVWV DQG GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ FRQQHFWLQJ UHPRWH DUHDV$V D UHVXOW PRELOH
SKRQH VXEVFULSWLRQV VLQFH KDYH GRXEOHG JOREDOO\ DQG TXDGUXSOHG LQ
$IULFD+RZHYHUIRUPDQ\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQGUHJLRQVLPSURYLQJERWK
UXUDOSHQHWUDWLRQDQGWKHDFFHVVLVDPRUHGDXQWLQJWDVNEHFDXVHRIWKHODFNRI
commercial distribution channels, the low level of education and widespread
SRYHUW\
0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\FDQOHDGWRHFRQRPLFJURZWKLQVHYHUDOZD\V,QYHVWPHQW
in network infrastructure and related services creates direct and indirect
HPSOR\PHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV7KH XVH RI PRELOH WHOHSKRQ\ LQ WKH FRQGXFW RI
EXVLQHVV UHGXFHV WKH FRVWV DQG LQFUHDVHV WKH VSHHG RI WUDQVDFWLRQV 7KRVH
HIIHFWVZLOOEHPRUHSURQRXQFHGLQHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVWKDWKDYHDJUHDWHU
QHHGIRULQIRUPDWLRQRUZKHUHDGGHGLQIRUPDWLRQHQDEOHVLQFUHDVLQJUHWXUQV
WR VFDOH 7KH JURZLQJ DYDLODELOLW\ RI PRELOH VHUYLFHV DQG WKHLU FRQVWDQWO\
GHFUHDVLQJ FRVW IXUWKHU LQFUHDVH WKH XVH RI PRELOH SKRQHV LQ WKH EXVLQHVV
FRPPXQLWLHVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVHYHQLQWKHLQIRUPDOVHFWRU
Mobile telephony services are provided on a prepayment basis, which helps
WRDYRLGSUREOHPVRIQRQSD\PHQW7KLVLVLPSRUWDQWLQUHJLRQVZKHUHODUJH
JURXSVRIWKHSRSXODWLRQDUHSRRUDQGDUHWKXV³XQEDQNDEOH´2QFHWKHQHWZRUN
LVLQSODFHWKHUHLVQRZDLWLQJWLPHIRUQHZPRELOHVXEVFULSWLRQV,QPDQ\
countries prepaid services are used to provide mobile public payphones, and
WKLVLPSURYHVFRQQHFWLYLW\DQGDFFHVVLELOLW\LQUXUDODUHDV
Examples of innovative and productive use of mobile telephony in small
EXVLQHVVHVDPRQJWKHSRRULQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDERXQG0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\
SURYLGHV PDUNHW LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU DQG LPSURYHV WKH HDUQLQJV RI YDULRXV
FRPPXQLWLHVVXFKDVWKH¿VKHUPHQRI.HUDODWKHIDUPHUVRI5DMDVWKDQWKH
22
UXUDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQ8JDQGDDQGWKHVPDOOYHQGRUVLQ6RXWK$IULFD6HQHJDO
DQG.HQ\D
0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\LVDG\QDPLFWHFKQRORJ\JURZLQJLQVRSKLVWLFDWLRQ6KRUW
PHVVDJH VHUYLFHV KDYH LQWURGXFHG VLPSOH ZLUHOHVV WH[W DQG GDWD WUDQVIHUV
0RELOH KDQGVHWV KDYH QHZ IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV VXFK DV GLJLWDO SKRWRJUDSK\
PXOWLPHGLDPHVVDJLQJDQGRWKHUSURJUDPPHVDQGXWLOLWLHVWKDWZHUHSUHYLRXVO\
DYDLODEOH RQO\ RQ SHUVRQDO FRPSXWHUV ZLWK ,QWHUQHW FRQQHFWLRQV 0RELOH
WHOHSKRQ\SURYLGHVDJDWHZD\WRGLJLWDOOLWHUDF\)RUPDQ\LQGLYLGXDOVDQG
communities, once the initial hurdle of ICT acceptance has been overcome,
WKHDGRSWLRQRIVXEVHTXHQWKLJKHUOHYHOWHFKQRORJLHVPD\EHOHVVLQWLPLGDWLQJ
In that sense, mobile telephony is the most useful ICT tool for low-income
SRSXODWLRQV
,QDGGLWLRQWRSROLFLHVWRHQFRXUDJHFRPSHWLWLRQZLWKDYLHZWRUHGXFLQJFRVWV
DQGLPSURYHWKHVHUYLFLQJRIPRELOHWHOHSKRQ\*RYHUQPHQWVPD\H[SORUH
locally relevant policies to extend mobile services and networks to remote
UXUDODUHDVDQGWRSRRUFRPPXQLWLHV
7. Promoting livelihoods through telecentres
7HOHFHQWUHV ± WKDW LV SXEOLF IDFLOLWLHV ZKHUH SHRSOH FDQ DFFHVV ,&7V
FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK RWKHUV DQG GHYHORS GLJLWDO VNLOOV ± KDYH EHFRPH D NH\
SURJUDPPH DQG SROLF\ LQVWUXPHQWWRH[WHQGWKHEHQH¿WVRI ,&7V WRSRRUHU
FRPPXQLWLHV7KH\FDQVXSSRUWWKHOLYHOLKRRGVRUPHDQVRIOLYLQJRISHRSOH
OLYLQJ LQ SRYHUW\ E\ SURYLGLQJ DFFHVV WR NH\ LQIRUPDWLRQ VXSSRUWLQJ WKH
GHYHORSPHQWRIWHFKQLFDODQGEXVLQHVVVNLOOVIDFLOLWDWLQJDFFHVVWRJRYHUQPHQW
VHUYLFHV DQG ¿QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV DQG VXSSRUWLQJ PLFURHQWUHSUHQHXUV )RU
H[DPSOH WHOHFHQWUHV VXFK DV WKH UXUDO LQIRUPDWLRQ FHQWUHV LQ %DQJODGHVK
DQGWKH3DUWQHUVKLSIRU(SURVSHULW\IRUWKH3RRULQ,QGRQHVLDDUHSURYLGLQJ
IDUPHUVZLWKDFFHVVWRYDOXDEOHIDUPLQJNQRZOHGJHWRFRPEDWFURSLQVHFWV
DQGLPSURYHEUHHGLQJWHFKQLTXHV
23
7RXQGHUVWDQGKRZWHOHFHQWUHVDUHFXUUHQWO\VXSSRUWLQJOLYHOLKRRGV81&7$'
KDV VXUYH\HG D QXPEHU RI WHOHFHQWUH QHWZRUNV 7KH VXUYH\ DVVHVVHV ZKDW
VHUYLFHVWHOHFHQWUHVDUHSURYLGLQJZKREHQH¿WVIURPWKHPDQGZKDWDUHWKHNH\
HQYLURQPHQWDODQGLQVWLWXWLRQDOIDFWRUVLQÀXHQFLQJWKHDELOLW\RIWHOHFHQWUHVWR
VXSSRUWOLYHOLKRRGV7KHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWPRVWWHOHFHQWUHVDUHFRQFHQWUDWLQJ
WKHLU HIIRUWV RQ SURYLGLQJ DFFHVV WR ,&7V DQG GHYHORSLQJ EDVLF ,&7 VNLOOV
In line with the type of services offered, telecentres are primarily used for
LQIRUPDWLRQDODQGHGXFDWLRQDOSXUSRVHV+RZHYHUZLGHUDFFHVVWR,&7VDQG
JHQHUDOWUDLQLQJLQ,&7VNLOOVDUHQRWVXI¿FLHQWWRVXSSRUWWKHOLYHOLKRRGVRI
SHRSOHOLYLQJLQSRYHUW\)RULQVWDQFHIHZWHOHFHQWUHVSURYLGHVSHFL¿FWUDLQLQJ
in how to use ICTs for the development of economic opportunities, such as
HEXVLQHVVWUDLQLQJRUWUDLQLQJWRVXSSRUWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIEXVLQHVVDQGRU
RFFXSDWLRQDOVNLOOV
7KHUHDUHVRPHJRRGH[DPSOHVRIKRZWHOHFHQWUHVSURYLGHDFFHVVWREXVLQHVV
UHODWHGVHUYLFHVPRVWQRWDEO\DFFHVVWRJRYHUQPHQWVHUYLFHVHPSOR\PHQW
UHODWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ PRUH GHYHORSHG HFRQRPLHV VHFWRUVSHFL¿F
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGEXVLQHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQV+RZHYHUWKHUHLVOLPLWHGVXSSRUW
IRUFUXFLDOEXVLQHVVUHODWHGVHUYLFHVVXFKDVEDQNLQJRUDFFHVVWR¿QDQFH
$FFHVVWRUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQDQGNQRZOHGJHLVFUXFLDOIRUOLYHOLKRRGVDQG
telecentre network leaders believe that improvements would be most valuable
LQ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI UHOHYDQW FRQWHQW 7R IDFLOLWDWH DFFHVV WR
FRQWHQWVRPHWHOHFHQWUHVDUHUHSDFNDJLQJLQIRUPDWLRQLQIRUPDWVDFFHVVLEOH
WRWKHLULOOLWHUDWHFXVWRPHUV2WKHUWHOHFHQWUHVDUHIDFLOLWDWLQJDFFHVVWRFRQWHQW
WKURXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIORFDOFRQWHQWDQGXVHUJHQHUDWHGFRQWHQWRUE\
VXSSRUWLQJDFFHVVLELOLW\WKURXJKKHOSGHVNVDQGLQIRPHGLDULHV7KHTXDOLW\RI
WKHJHQHUDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGWKHEURDGHUHFRQRPLFDQGEXVLQHVVFRQGLWLRQV
DUHWZRRWKHULPSRUWDQWH[WHUQDOIDFWRUVLQÀXHQFLQJWHOHFHQWUHVFDSDFLW\WR
VXSSRUWOLYHOLKRRGV
Questionnaire responses show that, institutionally, the majority of telecentre
networks support economic activities where possible, but this is not their main
24
REMHFWLYH7HOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNVZRUNZLWKVRFLDODQGHGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQV
DQG WR D OHVVHU H[WHQW ZLWK RUJDQL]DWLRQVWKDWSURPRWHHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHV
VXFK DV SURIHVVLRQDO DVVRFLDWLRQV RU EXVLQHVV VXSSRUWLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV
7KHUHIRUHWKHUHLVVFRSHIRUZRUNLQJZLWKEXVLQHVVVXSSRUWLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQV
LQ RUGHU WR IRU LQVWDQFH VKDUHSURYLGH WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPPHV DQG EXVLQHVV
UHODWHGVHUYLFHV
2QH HI¿FLHQW DSSURDFK WR VXSSRUW HFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHV LV WR HPEHG WKH
DFWLYLWLHV RI WHOHFHQWUHV LQ H[LVWLQJ HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV )RU H[DPSOH H
&KRXSDO LV D FRPPRGLW\ VHUYLFHV SURJUDPPH VXSSRUWLQJ IDUPHUV LQ ,QGLD
WKURXJKLQIRUPDWLRQNLRVNVWKDWSURYLGHUHDOWLPHLQIRUPDWLRQRQFRPPRGLW\
SULFHV FXVWRPL]HG DJULFXOWXUDO NQRZOHGJH D VXSSO\ RI IDUP LQSXWV DQG D
GLUHFWPDUNHWLQJFKDQQHOIRUIDUPSURGXFH%HFDXVHWKHQHWZRUNLVVWURQJO\
HPEHGGHGLQDVSHFL¿FHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\LWHQDEOHVLWVSDUWLFLSDQWVWRGHULYH
HFRQRPLFRSSRUWXQLWLHV+RZHYHUWKHGRZQVLGHLVWKDWWKRVHQRWSDUWRIVXFK
DFWLYLWLHVZLOOEHH[FOXGHG
$QRWKHU DSSURDFK WKDW VRPH WHOHFHQWUHV DUH VXFFHVVIXOO\ XVLQJ WR VXSSRUW
OLYHOLKRRGV LV WR GHYHORS QLFKHV RI HFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHV )RU H[DPSOH
a telecentre in an impoverished community in Nunavut (Canada), as a
UHVXOW RI LQFUHDVLQJ GHPDQG LV VXSSRUWLQJ WZR VSHFL¿F VHFWRUV QDPHO\
¿OP SURGXFWLRQ DQG VFLHQWL¿F UHVHDUFK ,W DFTXLUHG ¿OPLQJ HTXLSPHQW
WKURXJKDGGLWLRQDOIXQGLQJDQGLVSURYLGLQJWUDLQLQJLQ¿OPSURGXFWLRQ$V
DUHVXOW¿OPFRPSDQLHVDUHLQWHUHVWHGLQ¿OPLQJLQWKLVFRPPXQLW\EHFDXVH
RI WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI WUDLQHG SHUVRQQHO7KH QHWZRUN KDV DOVR GHYHORSHG D
SURJUDPPHWRVXSSRUWUHVHDUFKZRUNE\RIIHULQJVHUYLFHVIRUYLVLWLQJVFLHQWL¿F
UHVHDUFKHUVLHUHQWLQJRIHTXLSPHQWDQGE\WUDLQLQJFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUVLQ
EDVLFUHVHDUFKPHWKRGV
7HOHFHQWUHV FDQ EHWWHU VXSSRUW HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV ZKHQ SURYLGLQJ YDOXH
DGGHG VHUYLFHV DQG QRW RQO\ FRQQHFWLYLW\ )RU LQVWDQFH WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI
WUDLQLQJWRGHYHORSVNLOOVLPSRUWDQWIRUXQGHUWDNLQJHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVVXFK
DVHEXVLQHVVVNLOOVLVVWLOOOLPLWHG7HOHFHQWUHVVKRXOGSURYLGHDFRQWLQXXPRI
25
WUDLQLQJIURPEDVLF,&7VNLOOVWUDLQLQJWRPRUHVSHFLDOL]HGVNLOOVWUDLQLQJDQG
VXSSRUWFXVWRPHUVLQSXWWLQJWKRVHVNLOOVLQWRSUDFWLFH7KHUHLVDOVRVFRSHIRU
SURYLGLQJDZLGHUUDQJHRIVHUYLFHVVXFKDVDFFHVVWR¿QDQFHRUWRH[SHUWLVH
LQVSHFL¿FVHFWRUV
6SHFLDOHIIRUWVDUHQHHGHGWRVXSSRUWWKRVHLQZHDNHUSRVLWLRQV6XFKVXSSRUW
may be provided by an intermediary who can offer adequate information,
VSHFL¿FSURJUDPPHVWDUJHWHGWRGLVDGYDQWDJHGJURXSVDQGVSHFLDOVHUYLFHVWR
VXSSRUWWKHLUHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHV)RUH[DPSOHLQ,QGRQHVLDHDFKWHOHFHQWUH
of the Partnership for e-Prosperity for the Poor has an infomobilizer - that
LV D SHUVRQ ZKR VXSSRUWV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ E\ XVLQJ
DQG SURPRWLQJ WKH XVH RI UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH LQIRPRELOL]HU KHOSV
WKH FRPPXQLW\YLOODJH LGHQWLI\ LWV QHHGV DQG RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU LPSURYLQJ
OLYHOLKRRGV VXFK DV DFTXLULQJ QHZ DJULFXOWXUDO VNLOOV RU H[SDQGLQJ WKH
PDUNHWLQJRIYLOODJHSURGXFWV
3ROLF\PDNHUVDQGWHOHFHQWUHPDQDJHUVPD\FRQVLGHUVRPHXVHIXOPHDVXUHV
WRHQVXUHWKDWWHOHFHQWUHVVXSSRUWWKHOLYHOLKRRGVRISHRSOHOLYLQJLQSRYHUW\
,Q SDUWLFXODU UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV DUH PDGH WR *RYHUQPHQWV IRU SURPRWLQJ
UHOHYDQW HJRYHUQPHQW FRQWHQW DQG VHUYLFHV VXSSRUWLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW
RI HEXVLQHVV VNLOOV DQG SURYLGLQJ VWUDWHJLF ¿QDQFLDO VXSSRUW IRU WHOHFHQWUH
QHWZRUNV
6LPLODUO\ UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV DUH PDGH WR PDQDJHUV RI WHOHFHQWUH QHWZRUNV
IRU SURYLGLQJ YDOXHDGGHG VHUYLFHV RIIHULQJ HEXVLQHVV VNLOOV WUDLQLQJ
SURJUDPPHVVXSSRUWLQJWKHHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVRIWKRVHLQZHDNHUSRVLWLRQV
E\ HPSOR\LQJ FRPPXQLW\ LQIRPHGLDULHV DQG FROODERUDWLQJ ZLWK RWKHU
RUJDQL]DWLRQVWKDWVXSSRUWHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVEXVLQHVVDVVRFLDWLRQV
RUPLFURFUHGLWLQVWLWXWLRQV
26
8. Harmonizing cyber legislation at the regional level: the case of
ASEAN
7KH$VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6RXWKHDVW$VLDQ 1DWLRQV $6($1 LV WKH ¿UVW UHJLRQDO
RUJDQL]DWLRQLQWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOGWRKDYHVHWLQPRWLRQWKHKDUPRQL]DWLRQ
RI LWV PHPEHUV¶ HFRPPHUFH OHJDO IUDPHZRUN %\ WKH HQG RI DOO
ASEAN member countries will have enacted consistent national e-commerce
OHJLVODWLRQ ,Q WKDW FRQQHFWLRQ $6($1 KDV FRPPLVVLRQHG D SURMHFW WKH
ASEAN E-Commerce Project, to help its ten member countries develop and
LPSOHPHQWDKDUPRQL]HGHFRPPHUFHOHJDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
$QLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHURIGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDUHDGDSWLQJWKHLUOHJLVODWLRQ
to e-commerce in order to remove barriers to online services and provide
OHJDOFHUWDLQW\IRUEXVLQHVVDQGFLWL]HQV7KHLPSDFWRIWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRI
OHJLVODWLRQRQWKHH[SDQVLRQRIHFRPPHUFHDFWLYLWLHVLVUHSRUWHGE\FRXQWULHV
WREHSRVLWLYHOHDGLQJWRLQFUHDVHG,&7UHODWHGEXVLQHVVRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQG)',
DFFRUGLQJWRDQ81&7$'VXUYH\RQHFRPPHUFHOHJLVODWLRQLQGHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVFDUULHGRXWLQ
'HYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVZLWKLQWKHLUUHJLRQDQGVXEUHJLRQDUHDOVRFRQVLGHULQJ
WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDKDUPRQL]HGOHJDOIUDPHZRUNIRUHFRPPHUFHWRPDNH
WKHLUUHJLRQFRPSHWLWLYHDQGKHOSERRVWHEXVLQHVVDQGHFRQRPLFJURZWK7KH
KDUPRQL]DWLRQRIHFRPPHUFHOHJDOIUDPHZRUNVLVH[SHFWHGWROHDGWRODUJHU
LQWHUQDO RU H[WHUQDO FRQVXPHU DQG EXVLQHVV PDUNHWV E\ IDFLOLWDWLQJ FURVV
ERUGHUHFRPPHUFHDQGWKHFURVVERUGHUUHFRJQLWLRQRIGLJLWDOVLJQDWXUHV
'UDZLQJ RQ WKH $6($1 H[SHULHQFH WKH FKDSWHU SUHVHQWV WKH EHQH¿WV RI
the implementation of law reform, as well as possible options and potential
FKDOOHQJHVDZDLWLQJFRXQWULHVLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDFRPPRQUHJLRQDODQG
QDWLRQDOHFRPPHUFHOHJDOIUDPHZRUN6XFKFKDOOHQJHVLQFOXGHGLIIHUHQWH
UHDGLQHVVOHYHOVDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWVWDJHRIHFRPPHUFHOHJLVODWLRQZKLFK
FDQYDU\IURPRQHFRXQWU\WRDQRWKHU
27
The experience of the ASEAN member countries may be useful for other
UHJLRQDODVVRFLDWLRQVLQWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOGWKDWDUHFXUUHQWO\FRQVLGHULQJ
WKH KDUPRQL]DWLRQ RI HFRPPHUFH OHJDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH +DUPRQL]DWLRQ
SURMHFWV DUH GHVLJQHG WR DOLJQ LQGLYLGXDO PHPEHU FRXQWU\ ODZV LQ RUGHU WR
UHPRYHXQZDQWHGJDSVRYHUODSVDQGGXSOLFDWLRQWKHDLPEHLQJWRLQFUHDVH
OHJDO FHUWDLQW\ IRU SDUWLHV HQJDJHG ZLWK PRUH WKDQ RQH PHPEHU FRXQWU\
±IRUH[DPSOHPXOWLQDWLRQDOEXVLQHVVHVWKDWDUHDWWHPSWLQJWRH[SDQGWKHLU
EXVLQHVVLQDQHZUHJLRQ
+DUPRQL]DWLRQ SURMHFWV XVXDOO\ IDOO LQWR RQH RI WZR FDWHJRULHV ± ³VRIW
KDUPRQL]DWLRQ´ EDVHG RQ WUDLQLQJ DQG FDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJ RU ³KDUG
KDUPRQL]DWLRQ´ EDVHG RQ PRGHO RU XQLIRUP ODZV 0RVW HFRPPHUFH
OHJDO KDUPRQL]DWLRQ SURMHFWV DUH ³VRIW KDUPRQL]DWLRQ´ SURMHFWV LQ WKDW
there is no intention or requirement that countries adopt the same (or even
PRGHO ODZV DQG UHJXODWRU\ V\VWHPV$OO WKDW LV XQGHUWDNHQ LV WUDLQLQJ DQG
capacity development activities, so as to ensure a common (or harmonized)
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI HFRPPHUFH OHJDO UHTXLUHPHQWV +RZHYHU WKH $6($1
(FRPPHUFH 3URMHFW LV DQ H[DPSOH RI D ³KDUG KDUPRQL]DWLRQ´ SURMHFW
EDVHG RQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ JXLGHOLQHV WKDW EXLOG RQ WKH FRPPRQ REMHFWLYHV
DQG SULQFLSOHV IRU HFRPPHUFH OHJDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQ$6($1 UDWKHU WKDQ
VLPSOH FDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJ $OWKRXJK WKH $6($1 (&RPPHUFH 3URMHFW KDV
HQMR\HG VRPH VXFFHVV LQ JHQHUDWLQJ UDSLG SURJUHVV LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI
DKDUPRQL]HGHFRPPHUFHOHJDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHLQ$6($1LWDOVRUHLQIRUFHV
VRPH RI WKH VLJQL¿FDQW FKDOOHQJHV IDFHG E\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ
KDUPRQL]DWLRQSURMHFWVRIWKLVW\SHRULQLPSOHPHQWLQJGRPHVWLFHFRPPHUFH
OHJDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
$6($1 PHPEHU FRXQWULHV KDYH LGHQWL¿HG D QXPEHU RI LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
FKDOOHQJHV DQG WKHVH DUH OLNHO\ WR EH FRPPRQ WR PDQ\ RWKHU FRXQWULHV
HVSHFLDOO\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV.H\FKDOOHQJHVLQFOXGHVHFXULQJJRYHUQPHQW
SROLF\VXSSRUWLGHQWLI\LQJVXI¿FLHQWIXQGLQJDQGREWDLQLQJUHOHYDQWWUDLQLQJ
DQG DVVLVWDQFH )XUWKHUPRUH PDQ\ GHYHORSLQJ QDWLRQV PD\ QRW EH DEOH WR
GHYHORS HIIHFWLYH HFRPPHUFH OHJDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ZLWKRXW VRPH IRUP RI
H[WHUQDODVVLVWDQFH6HYHUDO$6($1PHPEHUFRXQWULHVKDYHEHQH¿WHGIURP
28
H[WHUQDO DVVLVWDQFH LQFOXGLQJ WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPPHV DQG DGYLVRU\ VHUYLFHV
FRQFHUQLQJ WKH OHJDO DVSHFWV RI HFRPPHUFH SURYLGHG E\ 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV
RUJDQL]DWLRQVVXFKDVWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV&RPPLVVLRQRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGH
/DZDQG81&7$'
Part of the success of the ASEAN E-Commerce Project is due to the fact that
LWIRFXVHGRQJOREDOKDUPRQL]DWLRQDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOLQWHURSHUDELOLW\UDWKHU
WKDQVLPSO\IRFXVLQJRQUHJLRQDOKDUPRQL]DWLRQ7KLVIRFXVRQLQWHUQDWLRQDO
interoperability included the selection of international models and templates,
HVSHFLDOO\WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV&RQYHQWLRQRQ(OHFWURQLF&RQWUDFWLQJIRUWKH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIGRPHVWLFHFRPPHUFHODZLQ$6($1PHPEHUFRXQWULHV
7KLVHQVXUHGWKDW$6($1¶VHFRPPHUFHOHJDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHZRXOGDOVREH
FRPSDWLEOHZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWVSURYLGLQJJUHDWHUFHUWDLQW\IRU
FRQVXPHUVDQGJUHDWHUFRQVLVWHQF\IRUEXVLQHVVHV$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWIDFWRU
IRU VXFFHVV ZDV WKH VWURQJ IRFXV RQ WUDGH IDFLOLWDWLRQ LQ WKLV SURMHFW 7KLV
UHVXOWHG LQ FRQVWDQW WHVWLQJ RI WKH SURMHFW RXWSXWV DJDLQVW WUDGH IDFLOLWDWLRQ
REMHFWLYHV
7KHUH LV D QHHG IRU GHWDLOHG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WRROV WR KHOS GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVLPSOHPHQWHFRPPHUFHOHJDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHUDWKHUWKDQMXVWKLJK
OHYHO UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV RU JHQHULF GLVFXVVLRQ SDSHUV 7KH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
WRROVXVHGLQWKH$6($1SURMHFWLQFOXGHGUHJLRQDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQJXLGHV
FRXQWU\VSHFL¿FLPSOHPHQWDWLRQJXLGHVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSURJUHVVFKHFNOLVWV
DQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQWLPHOLQHV
7KH $6($1 SURMHFW VKRZV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI GHYHORSLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLYH
OHJDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ± QRW MXVW ZULWWHQ ODZV ± DQG RI DOLJQLQJ GRPHVWLF DQG
LQWHUQDWLRQDO HFRPPHUFH ODZV WR DYRLG RYHUODSV DQG LQFRQVLVWHQFLHV ,W LV
important for countries to minimize inconsistencies and duplications in order
WRFUHDWHDVPRRWKFRQVLVWHQWOHJDOSODWIRUPIRUEXVLQHVVHVHQJDJLQJLQH
FRPPHUFHLQWKHLUUHJLRQ
29
Printed at United Nations, Geneva
*(±'HFHPEHU±
UNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/2007/1(Overview)