Developing the bioeconomy in southeastern Ontario: Lessons learned from the Domtar Hybrid Poplar Plantations
Jaconette Mirck*, Jim Richardson, Mark Richardson, Martin Streit, Adam Zulinski, Jim Hendry and Warren Mabee
*Presenting author: jmirck@gmail.com
History

Hybrid poplar plantations in southeastern Hybrid
poplar plantations in southeastern
ON were:




Active: 1976 – 1995
Program setup as cooperative:
Program setup as cooperative:







One of the first regional programs in Canada
Very successful
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR)
Domtar Inc.
Private landowners
University of Toronto
Plantations on leased private and Domtar Plantations
on leased private and Domtar
owned land
1990s: end support OMNR
2005: last activities (closing Domtar Mill)
Objectives


Summarize lessons learned from hybrid poplar plantations in Summarize
lessons learned from hybrid poplar plantations in
southeastern ON
Propose re‐measurement of 3 high performance plantations to increase knowledge of available lignocellulosic feedstocks
Lessons learned include:

Socio Economics
Socio‐Economics





Techniques




Landowner interest
Incentives needed
Policy barriers
Investment and market conditions
Selection and breeding
Stock production
Site preparation and tending
Clonal information


Yields
Disease prevention and early detection  Septoria musiva
Material and methods

Hybrid poplar
Hybrid poplar 


Planted: 1990/91
3 fields on former Domtar land






D78, D76 and D18
Statistical design: ld


35 clones
RCBD (D78 and D18)
CRD (D76)
(
)
Plot: 4 trees
Spacing: 3.6 m x 2.4 m
Planting stock: Cuttings
Now: 20 years old
Material and Methods

Measured:



1997 (pre‐ ice storm)
2001 (post‐ ice storm
Measurements: 




Survival
Height
DBH
Quality
 Septoria Volume defect
 Frost
Hybrid Poplar 35 Clones ‐ Origin
Clone
DN17
DN74
DN126
DN127
DN136
DN140
DN143
DN145
DN148
DN149
DN154
DN156
DN157
DN160
DN180
DN185
DN186
DN187
DN190
DN230
DN231
DN232
DN233
DN234
DN235
DN236
DN237
DN238
DN239
DN240
DN241
DN242
DN243
DN244
NM6
Cross
x euramericana cv. "Robusta"
deltoides D35
deltoides D35
deltoides D56
deltoides D56
deltoides D56
deltoides D56
deltoides D56
deltoides D56
deltoides D56
deltoides D56
deltoides D56
deltoides D56
deltoides D36
deltoides D36
deltoides D36
x euramericana (cl. "Flevo") (Koster925)
x euramericana (cl. "Spijk") (Koster2195)
"nebraska robusta"
x euramericana (Quebec # E‐3024‐PB)
d lt id (D32)
deltoides
Belgian ‐ 78.010/27
Belgian ‐ 78.010/28
Belgian ‐ 78.010/32
Belgian ‐ 78.010/33
Belgian ‐ 78.010/149
Belgian ‐ 78.010/155
Belgian ‐ 78.010/156
Belgian ‐ 78.010/192
Belgian ‐ 78.010/202
Belgian ‐ 78.010/203
Belgian ‐ 78.010/223
Belgian ‐
78 010/223
Belgian ‐ 78.010/226
Belgian ‐ 78.010/228
Belgian ‐ 81.001/30
Belgian ‐ 81.001/31
nigra
x nigra N3 Pop 537 5
x nigra N3 Pop 537‐5
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐1
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐2
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐13
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐17
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐20
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐22
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐25
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐26
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐32
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐34
x N1+2
x N1
2 Mixed Pop 683
Mixed Pop 683‐45
45
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 683‐48
x nigra (N2) Pop 813
i
(N2) P 813
Origin
Wentworth Co., Hungary
Wentworth
Co Hungary
Thunder Bay, Ontario
Thunder Bay, Ontario
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
Maple, Ontario
Maple, Ontario
Maple, Ontario
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
Maple, Ontario
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
Maple, Ontario
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
Wageningen, Netherlands
Wageningen, Netherlands
Durham, New Hampshire
Netherlands
Eli b tht
Elizabethtown Township, Ontario
T
hi O t i
Clones DN230‐DN244 were selected by the FGF staff in l t d b th FGF t ff i
1989 from 177 clones in the IEA trial at the Kemptville Nursery (B7/B8) after 3 years of observation for frost, disease (septoria & melampsora) and growth.
x maximowicizii (cl. "Max‐5")
Munden, W. Germany
10
97%
20
100%
1
100%
%
15
DN17
DN74
DN126
DN127
DN136
DN140
DN143
DN145
DN148
DN149
DN154
DN156
DN157
DN160
DN180
DN185
DN186
DN187
DN190
DN230
DN231
DN232
DN233
DN234
DN235
DN236
DN237
DN238
DN239
DN240
DN241
DN242
DN243
DN244
NM6
Vol (m3 ha
a-1 yr-1)
Pre‐/post Ice Storm Data ‐ Volume
30
1997
2001
D78
25
5
0
Clone
-1
-1
Clone
100%
97%
100%
%
20
DN17
DN74
DN126
D
DN127
D
DN136
D
DN140
D
DN143
D
DN145
D
DN148
D
DN149
D
DN154
D
DN156
D
DN157
D
DN160
D
DN180
D
DN185
D
DN186
D
DN187
D
DN190
D
DN230
D
DN231
D
DN232
D
DN233
D
DN234
D
DN235
D
DN236
D
DN237
D
DN238
D
DN239
D
DN240
D
DN241
D
DN242
D
DN243
D
DN244
D
NM6
3
Vol (m ha
a yr )
Pre‐/post Ice Storm Data ‐ Volume
30
1997
2001
D76
25
15
10
5
0
D
DN17
DN74
D
DN
N126
DN
N127
DN
N136
DN
N140
DN
N143
DN
N145
DN
N148
DN
N149
DN
N154
DN
N156
DN
N157
DN
N160
DN
N180
DN
N185
DN
N186
DN
N187
DN
N190
DN
N230
DN
N231
DN
N232
DN
N233
DN
N234
DN
N235
DN
N236
DN
N237
DN
N238
DN
N239
DN
N240
DN
N241
DN
N242
DN
N243
DN
N244
NM6
N
3
-1
1
-1
Vo
ol (m ha yr )
10
100%
Pre‐/post Ice Storm Data ‐ Volume
30
1997
2001
D 18
25
20
15
5
0
C lo n e
Summary‐ Yield
Site
> 15 m3
ha‐1 yr‐1
D78
DN238
D76
12‐15 m3
ha‐1 yr‐1
Origin
Belgian ‐ 78.010/202
DN234
Belgian ‐ 78.010/149
DN235
Belgian ‐ 78.010/155
DN236
Belgian ‐ 78.010/156
DN156
deltoides D56
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐34
Maple, Ontario
nigra
x maximowicizii (cl. "Max‐5")
Munden, W. Germany
DN136
deltoides D56
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐13
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
DN143
deltoides D56
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐20
p
Maple, Ontario
p ,
DN145
deltoides D56
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐22
Maple, Ontario
DN148
deltoides D56
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐25
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
DN154
deltoides D56
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐32
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696
32
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
Maple/T.Bay, Ontario
DN230
Belgian ‐ 78.010/27
DN235
Belgian ‐ 78.010/155
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐20
x N1+2 Mixed Pop 696‐20
Maple Ontario
Maple, Ontario
NM6
D18
Cross
DN143
DN235
DN237
deltoides D56
Belgian ‐ 78.010/155
Belgian ‐ 78.010/192
DN17
DN74
DN126
DN127
DN136
DN140
DN143
DN145
DN148
DN149
DN154
DN156
DN157
DN160
DN180
DN185
DN186
DN187
DN190
DN230
DN231
DN232
DN233
DN234
DN235
DN236
DN237
DN238
DN239
DN240
DN241
DN242
DN243
DN244
NM6
Septoria (%)
Pre‐/post Ice Storm Data ‐ Septoria
100
1997
2001
D78
80
60
40
20
0
C lo n e
100
DN17
DN74
DN126
D
DN127
D
DN136
D
DN140
D
DN143
D
DN145
D
DN148
D
DN149
D
DN154
D
DN156
D
DN157
D
DN160
D
DN180
D
DN185
D
DN186
D
DN187
D
DN190
D
DN230
D
DN231
D
DN232
D
DN233
D
DN234
D
DN235
D
DN236
D
DN237
D
DN238
D
DN239
D
DN240
D
DN241
D
DN242
D
DN243
D
DN244
D
NM6
Septoria (%)
Pre‐/post Ice Storm Data ‐ Septoria
1997
2001
D76
80
60
40
20
0
C lo n e
DN17
DN74
DN126
D
DN127
D
DN136
D
DN140
D
DN143
D
DN145
D
DN148
D
DN149
D
DN154
D
DN156
D
DN157
D
DN160
D
DN180
D
DN185
D
DN186
D
DN187
D
DN190
D
DN230
D
DN231
D
DN232
D
DN233
D
DN234
D
DN235
D
DN236
D
DN237
D
DN238
D
DN239
D
DN240
D
DN241
D
DN242
D
DN243
D
DN244
D
NM6
Septoria (%)
Pre‐/post Ice Storm Data ‐ Septoria
100
1997
2001
D 18
80
60
40
20
0
C lo n e
Summary –No Septoria
D78
D76
D18
DN136
DN74
DN136
DN157
DN157
DN149
DN180
DN232
DN154
DN230
DN235
DN157
DN232
DN236
DN185
DN233
DN238
DN186
DN234
DN230
DN235
DN233
DN236
DN235
DN237
DN236
DN238
DN237
DN238
DN239
DN240
DN241
DN242
Conclusion


Significant differences between fields
Significant
differences between fields
Only one clone had yields above 12 m3 ha‐1 yr‐1 on all three sites


Four clones did not suffer from Septoria musiva on any of the sites





DN235
DN157 DN235 DN236 DN238
DN157,DN235, DN236, DN238
This is data from 1997 and 2001, but what would be the case for y
g
2010 after 20 years of growth?
Would the annual yields be higher or lower now?
Are the plantations already past their peak?
What would be the optimum harvesting age?
Questions?
QUEEN’S INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY