Proceedings of the 2001 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium
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2001 Proceedings of the 2001 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium Todd, Sharon, comp., ed. 2002. Proceedings of the 2001 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium; 2001 April 1-3; Bolton Landing, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-(forthcoming). Newton Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. Symposium Topics: Keynote Address Crowding Issues in Resource Management The Role of Information in Travel Planning Decisions Demographic Trends in Outdoor Recreation Participation & Travel Methodology in Outdoor Recreation Research I: Interventions Leisure Motivations of Outdoor Recreationists Resource Management & International Tourism Development User Satisfaction in Outdoor Recreation Environmental Knowledge, Concern, Behavior & Education Leisure Constraints of Outdoor Recreationists Urban Recreation & Development Issues Economic Impacts & Non-economic Benefits of Tourism http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/2001.htm[5/25/12 9:17:32 AM] 2001 Management Decision-making & Planning for Outdoor Recreation Impacts of Wildlife Viewing Methodology in Outdoor Recreation Research II: Instruments & Methods Personal Relevance, Involvement & Loyalty in Outdoor Recreation Gender Issues in Outdoor Recreation & Resource Management Trails over Land & Water: Issues of Multiple Use & Conflict Attachments to Places & Activities in Outdoor Recreation Poster Session Management Presentation Roundtable Discussions Complete List Other Years: 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Home http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/2001.htm[5/25/12 9:17:32 AM] Keynote 2001 Home Up Keynote Address Making research more relevant: Give it a try! David W. Lime http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/keynote_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:17:36 AM] Crowd 2001 Home Up Crowding Issues in Resource Management Balancing tradeoffs in the Denali Wilderness: An expanded approach to normative research using stated choice analysis. Steven R. Lawson and Robert Manning Coping, crowding and satisfaction: A study of Adirondack wilderness hikers. Andrew K. Johnson and Chad Dawson Perceived crowding at Boston Harbor Islands National Park Area. Megha Budruk, Robert E. Manning, William A. Valliere, and Benjamin Wang Transportation planning and social carrying capacity in the National Parks. William Valliere, Robert Manning, Megha Budruk, Steven Lawson, and Benjamin Wang http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/crowd_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:17:41 AM] Info 2001 Home Up The Role of Information in Travel Planning Decisions Assessing information needs and communication behaviors of National Forest summer visitors. James D. Absher, Brijesh Thapa, and Alan R. Graefe The commodification process of extreme sports: The diffusion of the X-Games by ESPN. Chang Huh, Byoung Kwan Lee, and Euidong Yoo Marketing National Parks: Oxymoron or opportunity? Alan K. Hogenauer http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/info_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:17:47 AM] Demo 2001 Home Up Demographic Trends in Outdoor Recreation Participation & Travel Wildlife-associated recreation in the North Central Region: Participation patterns and management implications. Allan Marsinko and John Dwyer The New England travel market: Generational travel patterns, 1979 to 1996. Rod Warnick Welcome center research: How valuable is secondary research? Lousia Meyer, Tara Patterson, Lori Pennington-Gray, Andrew Holdnak, and Brijesh Thapa http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/demo_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:17:52 AM] MethI 2001 Home Up Methodology in Outdoor Recreation Research I: Interventions Unique programming: An examination of the benefits of a free choice program. Dorothy L. Schmalz, Deborah L. Kerstetter, and Harry C. Zinn Outdoor experiential-based training: Motivational and environmental influences affecting outcomes. Teresa (Birdie) High and Alan R. Graefe Use of experience sampling method to understand the wilderness experience. Lynn Anderson Encounters and the guided group trip: Going “on-the-scene” to examine the situational interpretation of encounters. Erin K. Sharpe http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/methi_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:17:57 AM] Leisure 2001 Home Up Leisure Motivations of Outdoor Recreationists Differences in SCUBA diver motivations based on level of development. Sharon L. Todd, Alan R. Graefe, and Walter Mann Skier motivations: Do they change over time? Erin White and Lori Pennington-Gray Sociocultural perspectives of trapping revisited: A comparative analysis of activities and motives 1994 and 2000. Rodney R. Zwick, Ron Glass, Kim Royar, and Tom Decker http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/leisure_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:03 AM] Internat 2001 Home Up Resource Management & International Tourism Development The impact of potential political security level on international tourism. Young-Rae Kim, Chang Huh, and Seung Hyun Kim Future of the Korea National Parks: A preliminary Delphi study of key experts. Byung-kyu Lee and Wilbur F. LaPage http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/internat_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:08 AM] User Sat 2001 Home Up User Satisfaction in Outdoor Recreation A preliminary analysis of Florida State Park satisfaction survey data. Andrew Holdnak, Stephen Holland, and Erin Parks Recreationists in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area: A survey of user characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes. Robert C. Burns and Alan R. Graefe Visitor satisfactions: Backcountry and wilderness users in the White Mountain National Forest. Chad P. Dawson, Rebecca Oreskes, Frederick Kacprzynski, and Tom More Participants’ perceptions of the 1997-1998 Missouri State Parks Passport Program. Yi-Jin Ye and Jaclyn Card http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/user_sat_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:13 AM] Env Ed 2001 Home Up Environmental Knowledge, Concern, Behavior & Education An evaluation of Appalachian Trail hikers’ knowledge of minimum impact skills and practices. Peter Newman, Robert Manning, Jim Bacon, Alan Graefe, and Gerard Kyle Who cares and who acts? Different types of outdoor recreationists exhibit different levels of environmental concern and behavior. Mario F. Teisl and Kelly O’Brien Visitor behavior and resource impacts at Cadillac Mountain, Acadia National Park. Rex Turner and Wilbur LaPage http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/env_ed_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:19 AM] LeisureII 2001 Home Up Leisure Constraints of Outdoor Recreationists The effects of perceived leisure constraints among Korean university students. Sae-Sook Oh, Sei-Yi Oh, and Linda L. Caldwell Exploration of the influence of self-efficacy on recreation participation levels of individuals with visual impairments who use dog guides. Laurlyn K. Harmon and Linda L. Caldwell http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/leisureii_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:24 AM] Urban 2001 Home Up Urban Recreation & Development Issues An integrative concept for visitor monitoring in a heavily used conservation area in the vicinity of a large city: The Danube Floodplains National Park, Vienna. Arne Arnberger, Christiane Brandenburg, and Andreas Muhar Linkages in the use of recreation environments across the urban to ex-urban spectrum by urban residents. John F. Dwyer and Susan C. Barro The role, use and benefits of natural recreation areas within and near residential subdivisions. Christine A. Vogt and Robert W. Marans http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/urban_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:29 AM] Econ Imp 2001 Home Up Economic Impacts & Non-economic Benefits of Tourism New York State’s 1999 agritourism business study. Diane Kuehn and Duncan Hilchey Rail-trails and special events: Community and economic benefits. Charles Nelson, Christine Vogt, Joel Lynch, and Daniel Stynes Private business perceptions of transportation issues and the Island Explorer Bus system at Acadia National Park, Maine. Rea Brennan, Marc Edwards, and John J. Daigle http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/econ_imp_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:35 AM] Mgt DM 2001 Home Up Management Decision-making & Planning for Outdoor Recreation Integrating resource, social and managerial indicators of quality into carrying capacity decision making. Peter Newman, Robert Manning, and Bill Valliere Redefining roles of science in planning and management: Ecology as a planning and management tool. Greg Mason and Stephen Murphy http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/mgt_dm_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:40 AM] Imp Peeping 2001 Home Up Impacts of Wildlife Viewing Elk viewing in Pennsylvania: An evolving eco-tourism system. Bruce E. Lord, Charles H. Strauss, and Michael J. Powell Competing values: A case study of Pennsylvania’s elk herd as a tourism attraction. Jeffrey A. Walsh and Leonard K. Long Impacts of wildlife viewing at Dixville Notch Wildlife Viewing Area. Judith K. Silverberg, Peter J. Pekins, and Robert A. Robertson http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/imp_peeping_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:45 AM] MethII 2001 Home Up Methodology in Outdoor Recreation Research II: Instruments & Methods Effects of pretesting with the adventure recreation model instrument. Anderson Young, Lynn Anderson, and Dale Anderson Modeling nonlinear preferences. Donald F. Dennis http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/methii_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:51 AM] Personal 2001 Home Up Personal Relevance, Involvement & Loyalty in Outdoor Recreation Psychological commitment as a mediator of the relationship between involvement and loyalty. Joohyun Lee and Alan Graefe http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/personal_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:18:56 AM] Gender 2001 Home Up Gender Issues in Outdoor Recreation & Resource Management Older Chinese women immigrants and their leisure experiences: Before and after emigration to the United States. Ching-Hua Ho and Jaclyn A. Card Towards an understanding of gender differences with respect to whitewater rafting preferences. Duarte B. Morais, Traci Zillifro, and Susanne Dubrouillet http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/gender_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:01 AM] Trails 2001 Home Up Trails over Land & Water: Issues of Multiple Use & Conflict Use and user patterns among Michigan licensed Off-Highway Vehicles ownership types. Joel A. Lynch and Charles M. Nelson Recreation conflict of riparian landowners with personal watercraft and motorboat use along the New York’s Great Lakes. Cheng-Ping Wang and Chad P. Dawson User preferences for social conditions on the St. Croix International Waterway. Jamie Hannon, John J. Daigle, and Cynthia Stacey Security along the Appalachian Trail. James J. Bacon, Robert E. Manning, Alan R. Graefe, Gerard Kyle, Robert D. Lee, Robert C. Burns, Rita Hennessy, and Robert Gray Trails research: Where do we go from here? Michael A. Schuett and Patricia Seiser http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/trails_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:07 AM] Attach 2001 Home Up Attachments to Places & Activities in Outdoor Recreation Visitor meanings of place: Using computer content analysis to examine visitor meanings at three National Capitol sites. Wei-Li Jasmine Chen, Chad L. Pierskalla, Theresa L. Goldman, and David L. Larsen The importance of visitors’ knowledge of the cultural and natural history of the Adirondacks in influencing sense of place in the High Peaks Region. Laura Fredrickson Attachments to places and activities: The relationship of psychological constructs to customer satisfaction attributes. Thomas D. Wickham and Alan R. Graefe An exploration of human territoriality in forest recreation. Harry C. Zinn, Laurlyn K. Harmon, Brijesh Thapa, Deborah L. Kerstetter, and Alan R. Graefe Community attachment and resource harvesting in rural Denmark. Rodney R. Zwick and David Solan http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/attach_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:12 AM] Posters 2001 Home Up Poster Session The political economy of wilderness designation in Nova Scotia. Glyn Bissix, Leah Levac, and Peter Horvath The Westfield River Watershed Interactive Atlas: Mapping recreation data on the Web. Robert S. Bristow and Steven Riberdy Park resources as an essential to urban societies. Kristin Dion, Doug Stefancik, Serena Hawkins, and Robert Bristow Parks and recreation employment status: Implications from a civil service perspective. Joel Frater and Arthur Graham Natural resources interpretation: The role of researchers – A new-old approach. Mark Gleason Mountain bike trail compaction relation to selected physical parameters. Jeff Hale and Rodney R. Zwick Internet & branding: A perfect match or a fatal attraction? Analysis of fifty states of the U.S. official tourism websites. Gyehee Lee, Liping A. Cai, Everette Mills, and Joseph T. O’Leary Job satisfaction among recreation practitioners. http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/posters_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:17 AM] Posters 2001 Erin Parks and Andrew Holdnak Extensity and intensity of grants usage in obtaining funding for recreation services and capital improvement projects among park and recreation agencies in the state of Michigan. Jerry L. Ricciardo Resident camp directors, spirituality, and wilderness. Michael Rule and Edward Udd Social groups preferences relation to motivations and ability levels of whitewater kayakers. Seth Turner and Rod Zwick http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/posters_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:17 AM] Mgt Pres 2001 Home Up Management Presentation Human preferences for ecological units: Patterns of dispersed campsites within landtype associations on the Chippewa National Forest. Lisa Whitcomb, Dennis Parker, Bob Carr, Paul Gobster, and Herb Schroeder http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/mgt_pres_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:23 AM] Roundtable 2001 Home Up Roundtable Discussions Creating recreation partnerships on private agricultural and forest land in the urban Northeast: A case study from the Great Meadows of the Connecticut River. Robert L. Ryan and Juliet Hansel Applied research opportunities in developed campgrounds. Carl P. Wiedemann Adapting the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) for states lands planning. Susan Bulmer, Linda Henzel, Ann Mates, Matt Moore, and Thomas A. More It’s time to put the C.A.R.T. before the H.O.R.S.E. or Putting Critical, Analytical, and Reflective Thinking before “Handyman” Oriented Recreation Student Education. David L. Jewell http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/roundtable_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:28 AM] cl 2001 Home Up Keynote Address Making research more relevant: Give it a try! David W. Lime Crowding Issues in Resource Management Balancing tradeoffs in the Denali Wilderness: An expanded approach to normative research using stated choice analysis. Steven R. Lawson and Robert Manning Coping, crowding and satisfaction: A study of Adirondack wilderness hikers. Andrew K. Johnson and Chad Dawson Perceived crowding at Boston Harbor Islands National Park Area. Megha Budruk, Robert E. Manning, William A. Valliere, and Benjamin Wang Transportation planning and social carrying capacity in the National Parks. William Valliere, Robert Manning, Megha Budruk, Steven Lawson, and Benjamin Wang The Role of Information in Travel Planning Decisions http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM] cl 2001 Assessing information needs and communication behaviors of National Forest summer visitors. James D. Absher, Brijesh Thapa, and Alan R. Graefe The commodification process of extreme sports: The diffusion of the X-Games by ESPN. Chang Huh, Byoung Kwan Lee, and Euidong Yoo Marketing National Parks: Oxymoron or opportunity? Alan K. Hogenauer Demographic Trends in Outdoor Recreation Participation & Travel Wildlife-associated recreation in the North Central Region: Participation patterns and management implications. Allan Marsinko and John Dwyer The New England travel market: Generational travel patterns, 1979 to 1996. Rod Warnick Welcome center research: How valuable is secondary research? Lousia Meyer, Tara Patterson, Lori Pennington-Gray, Andrew Holdnak, and Brijesh Thapa Methodology in Outdoor Recreation Research I: Interventions Unique programming: An examination of the benefits of a free choice program. http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM] cl 2001 Dorothy L. Schmalz, Deborah L. Kerstetter, and Harry C. Zinn Outdoor experiential-based training: Motivational and environmental influences affecting outcomes. Teresa (Birdie) High and Alan R. Graefe Use of experience sampling method to understand the wilderness experience. Lynn Anderson Encounters and the guided group trip: Going “on-the-scene” to examine the situational interpretation of encounters. Erin K. Sharpe Leisure Motivations of Outdoor Recreationists Differences in SCUBA diver motivations based on level of development. Sharon L. Todd, Alan R. Graefe, and Walter Mann Skier motivations: Do they change over time? Erin White and Lori Pennington-Gray Sociocultural perspectives of trapping revisited: A comparative analysis of activities and motives 1994 and 2000. Rodney R. Zwick, Ron Glass, Kim Royar, and Tom Decker Resource Management & International Tourism Development The impact of potential political security level on international tourism. http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM] cl 2001 Young-Rae Kim, Chang Huh, and Seung Hyun Kim Future of the Korea National Parks: A preliminary Delphi study of key experts. Byung-kyu Lee and Wilbur F. LaPage User Satisfaction in Outdoor Recreation A preliminary analysis of Florida State Park satisfaction survey data. Andrew Holdnak, Stephen Holland, and Erin Parks Recreationists in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area: A survey of user characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes. Robert C. Burns and Alan R. Graefe Visitor satisfactions: Backcountry and wilderness users in the White Mountain National Forest. Chad P. Dawson, Rebecca Oreskes, Frederick Kacprzynski, and Tom More Participants’ perceptions of the 1997-1998 Missouri State Parks Passport Program. Yi-Jin Ye and Jaclyn Card Environmental Knowledge, Concern, Behavior & Education An evaluation of Appalachian Trail hikers’ knowledge of minimum impact skills and practices. Peter Newman, Robert Manning, Jim Bacon, Alan Graefe, and Gerard Kyle Who cares and who acts? Different types of outdoor recreationists exhibit different levels of environmental concern and behavior. http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM] cl 2001 Mario F. Teisl and Kelly O’Brien Visitor behavior and resource impacts at Cadillac Mountain, Acadia National Park. Rex Turner and Wilbur LaPage Leisure Constraints of Outdoor Recreationists The effects of perceived leisure constraints among Korean university students. Sae-Sook Oh, Sei-Yi Oh, and Linda L. Caldwell Exploration of the influence of self-efficacy on recreation participation levels of individuals with visual impairments who use dog guides. Laurlyn K. Harmon and Linda L. Caldwell Urban Recreation & Development Issues An integrative concept for visitor monitoring in a heavily used conservation area in the vicinity of a large city: The Danube Floodplains National Park, Vienna. Arne Arnberger, Christiane Brandenburg, and Andreas Muhar Linkages in the use of recreation environments across the urban to ex-urban spectrum by urban residents. John F. Dwyer and Susan C. Barro The role, use and benefits of natural recreation areas within and near residential subdivisions. Christine A. Vogt and Robert W. Marans Economic Impacts & Non-economic Benefits of Tourism http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM] cl 2001 New York State’s 1999 agritourism business study. Diane Kuehn and Duncan Hilchey Rail-trails and special events: Community and economic benefits. Charles Nelson, Christine Vogt, Joel Lynch, and Daniel Stynes Private business perceptions of transportation issues and the Island Explorer Bus system at Acadia National Park, Maine. Rea Brennan, Marc Edwards, and John J. Daigle Management Decision-making & Planning for Outdoor Recreation Integrating resource, social and managerial indicators of quality into carrying capacity decision making. Peter Newman, Robert Manning, and Bill Valliere Redefining roles of science in planning and management: Ecology as a planning and management tool. Greg Mason and Stephen Murphy Impacts of Wildlife Viewing Elk viewing in Pennsylvania: An evolving eco-tourism system. Bruce E. Lord, Charles H. Strauss, and Michael J. Powell Competing values: A case study of Pennsylvania’s elk herd as a tourism attraction. http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM] cl 2001 Jeffrey A. Walsh and Leonard K. Long Impacts of wildlife viewing at Dixville Notch Wildlife Viewing Area. Judith K. Silverberg, Peter J. Pekins, and Robert A. Robertson Methodology in Outdoor Recreation Research II: Instruments & Methods Effects of pretesting with the adventure recreation model instrument. Anderson Young, Lynn Anderson, and Dale Anderson Modeling nonlinear preferences. Donald F. Dennis Personal Relevance, Involvement & Loyalty in Outdoor Recreation Psychological commitment as a mediator of the relationship between involvement and loyalty. Joohyun Lee and Alan Graefe Gender Issues in Outdoor Recreation & Resource Management Older Chinese women immigrants and their leisure experiences: Before and after emigration to the United States. Ching-Hua Ho and Jaclyn A. Card http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM] cl 2001 Towards an understanding of gender differences with respect to whitewater rafting preferences. Duarte B. Morais, Traci Zillifro, and Susanne Dubrouillet Trails over Land & Water: Issues of Multiple Use & Conflict Use and user patterns among Michigan licensed Off-Highway Vehicles ownership types. Joel A. Lynch and Charles M. Nelson Recreation conflict of riparian landowners with personal watercraft and motorboat use along the New York’s Great Lakes. Cheng-Ping Wang and Chad P. Dawson User preferences for social conditions on the St. Croix International Waterway. Jamie Hannon, John J. Daigle, and Cynthia Stacey Security along the Appalachian Trail. James J. Bacon, Robert E. Manning, Alan R. Graefe, Gerard Kyle, Robert D. Lee, Robert C. Burns, Rita Hennessy, and Robert Gray Trails research: Where do we go from here? Michael A. Schuett and Patricia Seiser Attachments to Places & Activities in Outdoor Recreation Visitor meanings of place: Using computer content analysis to examine visitor meanings at three National Capitol sites. Wei-Li Jasmine Chen, Chad L. Pierskalla, Theresa L. Goldman, and David L. http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM] cl 2001 Larsen The importance of visitors’ knowledge of the cultural and natural history of the Adirondacks in influencing sense of place in the High Peaks Region. Laura Fredrickson Attachments to places and activities: The relationship of psychological constructs to customer satisfaction attributes. Thomas D. Wickham and Alan R. Graefe An exploration of human territoriality in forest recreation. Harry C. Zinn, Laurlyn K. Harmon, Brijesh Thapa, Deborah L. Kerstetter, and Alan R. Graefe Community attachment and resource harvesting in rural Denmark. Rodney R. Zwick and David Solan Poster Session The political economy of wilderness designation in Nova Scotia. Glyn Bissix, Leah Levac, and Peter Horvath The Westfield River Watershed Interactive Atlas: Mapping recreation data on the Web. Robert S. Bristow and Steven Riberdy Park resources as an essential to urban societies. Kristin Dion, Doug Stefancik, Serena Hawkins, and Robert Bristow Parks and recreation employment status: Implications from a civil service perspective. Joel Frater and Arthur Graham Natural resources interpretation: The role of researchers – A new-old approach. http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM] cl 2001 Mark Gleason Mountain bike trail compaction relation to selected physical parameters. Jeff Hale and Rodney R. Zwick Management Presentation Human preferences for ecological units: Patterns of dispersed campsites within landtype associations on the Chippewa National Forest. Lisa Whitcomb, Dennis Parker, Bob Carr, Paul Gobster, and Herb Schroeder Roundtable Discussions Creating recreation partnerships on private agricultural and forest land in the urban Northeast: A case study from the Great Meadows of the Connecticut River. Robert L. Ryan and Juliet Hansel Applied research opportunities in developed campgrounds. Carl P. Wiedemann Adapting the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) for states lands planning. Susan Bulmer, Linda Henzel, Ann Mates, Matt Moore, and Thomas A. More It’s time to put the C.A.R.T. before the H.O.R.S.E. or Putting Critical, Analytical, and Reflective Thinking before “Handyman” Oriented Recreation Student Education. David L. Jewell http://www.esf.edu/nerr/previous/2001/cl_2001.htm[5/25/12 9:19:34 AM]
