Household options and
limitations in marginal
upland areas of Java
Market
Offfarm
job
Upland
Lowland
Soil & Water
Resources
Marginal Area Symposium
October 2003
Livestock
Labor
exchange
CASERD-JIRCAS
Collaborative Study
1997-2000
reported by Junko Goto
Indonesia since the late 1990s
-the turbulent era of transitiona 1997- Rupiah crisis
a May 1998- end of the
Soeharto regime (1968-98)
a 1999 East Timor crisis
a From B.J. Habibie to
Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus
Dur) (Oct. 99)
a Megawati Soekarnoputri
as President (July 2001)
a El Nino drought –
97-98 rice shortage
a increased inequality and
poverty
a difficult Road to
-decentralization
-democratization
a people’s economy
a agribusiness
development for small
farmers
A Banana-based FSR
project, Southern Cianjur
a Project to improve small farmer income and welfare by
agriculture development
P2RT: Pengembangan Pertanian Rakyat Terpadu
SPAKU: Sentra Pengembangan Agribisnis Komoditas Unggulan
aSUP-Pisang (AIAT)
Cropping Patterns- banana, feed grass, upland rice/
peanut/ soybean
Soil Conservation- ridges + sheep manure
Higher Yielding Varieties + Livestock (sheep)
-CASER-JIRCAS socio-economic follow-up survey
Map of West Java – location of case study area
Jakarta
case
study
area
a truck carrying sheep
(region’s main road)
モスクは
集落の要
upland fields
a mosque
a relatively wealthy
villager’s house
(motorbike – PPL)
water buffalos
children taking
care of sheep,
going home
(village road)
Land assets & livestock
aAverage size of farm operation, 0.92ha
0.20ha lowland, 0.72 ha upland
-owned: 81% lowland, 85% upland
-average # plots: 1.35 lowland; 2.06 upland
aMost farm households have sheep (4.3 head/farm)
and chicken (7.1 head/farm)
Only, a few farm households have a buffalo.
(Water buffalos hired for land tilling.)
A farmer house and farmland location
(an example )
Lowland
0.08ha (2 pt)
village road
Upland
0.12 ha (3 pt)
1 km
Parents
with two
children
Village
office
Upland
0.30 ha
(7.5 pt)
1 km
House
Sheep,
chicken
Labor input -- lowland
18.00
16.83
16.71
Farm Labor Input
16.00
14.09
14.00
11.91
12.00
9.83
10.00
HOK
8.00
6.00
5.34
4.00
2.00
0.00
family
labor
0.40
non-family
labor
land preparation
3.94
2.69
2.34
2.26
1.43
1.20
5.14
4.57
3.74
0.97
0.29
family
labor
non-family
labor
planting
family
labor
0.74
0.34
0.37
non-family
labor
weeding
family
labor
non-family
labor
fertilizing
0.17
0.00
0 .00
family non-family
labor
labor
pest & disease
control
family
labor
non-family
labor
harvest
Labor input -- upland
18.00
16.00
16.75
14.88
14.00
12.00
HOK
10.00
8.00
6.10
6.00
3.90
3.37
4.00
2.00
0.00
6.00
1.65
0.14
family
labor
nonfamily
labor
land preparation
1.25
family
labor
3.59
1.29
nonfamily
labor
planting
family
labor
3.04
1.33
nonfamily
labor
weeding
3.59
1.29
family
labor
3.04
1.33
nonfamily
labor
fertilizing
2.08
0.12
family
labor
1.70
0.16
0.00
nonfamily
labor
pest & disease
control
family
labor
3.88
2.56
nonfamily
labor
harvest
Farm output–major crops
30,000,000
120.0
25,000,000
100.0
20,000,000
80.0
15,000,000
60.0
10,000,000
40.0
5,000,000
20.0
0
banana
chili
palm
sugar
clove
coconu soybea
petai cassava maize jengkol peanut
t
n
系列2 20,562,711,255,07,228,005,205,50 2,275,001,945,501,840,05974,500 1,113,001,415,60494,750
93.2
73.6
100.0
83.3
79.0
82.0
92.7
70.5
27.9
73.8
系列1 86.2
lowland upland
rice
rice
28,360,05,555,50
15.0
0.3
0.0
Rate of commercialization
Rupiah
Crop production summary
Scatter diagram by farm types
>
farm basic type
progressive farmer
subsistent
barely subsistent
parttime farmer
with remittance
>
>
>
7500000
>
t
u
p
t
u
o
m
r
a
f
l
a
t
o
t
>
>
5000000
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
2500000
>
>
>>
>
0
0
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> >>>>
> > >>
>
> > >>> > >
>
>
>
>
>
1000000
2000000
total farm input
3000000
How to improve small farmer income?
-- Household options: niches in the local economy -TKW (Saudi Arabia,
Malaysia, JKT, …)
local non-farm
jobs
↑
nonag
income
part-time D
multiple-job
holder C-1
Market
generous employer C-3
Subsistent
starter
farmer
C-2
better-off
E
with
remittances
B
progressive
successful profit-maker A
agricultural income Æ
R e a s o n s o f d is s a tis fa c tio n w ith o w n fa rm in g s ys te m
F re q u e n tly c ite d re a s o n s (5 1 re s p o n d e n ts )
The num b e rs b e lo w c o rre s p o nd w ith c ho ic e s in F o rm C , Q ue s tio n 2 .
6 ) p ric e s o f fe rtiliz e rs , c h e m ic a ls , s e e d s , ke e p ris in g
4 ) p o o r h a rve s t b e c a u s e o f p e s t a n d d is e a s e s
7 ) p ric e s o f fa rm p ro d u c t lo w
2 ) la c k o f w a te r s o u rc e s fo r fa rm u s e
1 ) ra in fa ll in a d e q u a te , e tc .
8 ) p o o r in fra s tru c tu re fo r m a rke tin g (ro a d )
5 ) la c k o f fa rm la b o r fo r p e a k s e a s o n s
3 ) s o il c o n d itio n s n o t fa vo ra b le
9 ) la c k o f m id d le m e n fo r m a rke tin g
90 % farmers, not satisfied with own farming system
How to balance between:
asubsistence vs market-oriented farming
afarming vs off-farm income generation
aincome generation vs natural resource
conservation (soil & water, forestry
resources)
Thank you very much for your attention