Acknowledgements
This report was compiled and edited by Craig Haskins with assistance from Lize Jennings
and reviewed by Keith Wiseman. This report would not have been possible without valuable
contributions from organisations and individuals. The City of Cape Town’s Environmental
Management Department therefore gratefully acknowledges the following organisations and
individuals for their assistance and / or contributions to the development of this report:
The production of the State of Environment report for the City of Cape Town was made
possible with a generous donation from the Agreement between the Government of the
Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway through the National
Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism.
Blaauwberg Administration
■
Engineering – A Lindgren, T Truter
■
Urban Planning and Economic Development – P Titmuss, JJ Retief
Cape Metropolitan Council Administration
■
Corporate Services – P Romanovsky
■
Economic and Social Development – R Wolpe, A van Eeden
■
Planning, Environment and Housing – S Granger, G Oelofse, L Buirski, V Ntshinga,
H Davies, E Weinronk, J Jackson, T Katzschner, G McCulloch, L Smit, P Kulati, J Kuhn,
P van der Spuy, S van Gend, D Shepherd, G Tait, S Pheiffer, G Theron, R McDonald, G
van Ross, P Matthuysen, A Smit
■
Protection, Health and Trading – H Schrader, E Filby, E Carolissen, H Linde
■
Transportation and Traffic – C Hugo, P Sole, J Martheze, S Manojilovic, L Holtzhausen,
C Hesqua
■
Water and Waste – S Pithey, I Murray, A Maxwell, S Haider, P Novella, S Dittke,
C van Wyk, G Ravenscroft, C A Haskins, I Thomson, R Mee, M Killick, G de Swardt
Cape Town Administration
■
City Engineers – C Mckinnon, E Chester
■
Health Services – F Dyers
■
Electricity – G Munro
■
Health Services – H Mohamed, J de Sa, C Hugo
■
Municipal Services – L Castle
Helderberg Administration
■
Community Services – T Sampson
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
i
South Peninsula Administration
■
Health – I Gildenhuys
■
Parks and Recreation – D Ferreira, D Gibbs, C Le Roux
■
Waste Management – M Kriel
Tygerberg Administration
■
Health Services – R Avenant
■
Civil Engineering – R Mathlay, S Morkel
■
Urban Planning and Economic Development – O Asmal, G Stead
Other Institutions / Organisations:
■
Airports Company of South Africa (ACSA) – B Miller
■
Cape Peninsula National Park (CPNP) – P Britton
■
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT): Marine and Coastal
Management – G Kiviets, C Attwood
■
Eskom – A Kuhn, W Steffens
■
Fairest Cape Association (FCA) – B Jenman
■
Koeberg Nuclear Power Station – M Jenkins
■
Provincial Administration of the Western Cape (PAWC) Planning Department – L Cedras
■
PAWC Health Department – D Smith, Dr N Shaikh
■
PAWC Department of Cultural and Environmental Affairs and Sport (DECAS) –
Environmental Impact Management Unit – D Laidler, D Watkins
■
Metrorail – W Deminis
■
Portnet – Z Christians
■
SAPS – Capt van Zyl, Director Roberts
■
Santam Cape Argus Ukuvuka Operation Firestop – S Lamb, S Fowkes
■
Table Mountain Fund – B Myrdal
■
Western Cape Education Department – F Toefy
■
Western Cape Nature Conservation Board (WCNCB) – A Turner
Suggested citation: City of Cape Town (2002). City of Cape Town State of Environment
Report Year 4 (2001).
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
ii
Foreword
Cape Town is one of the most beautiful
deliberation at the summit. These are:
and diverse cities in the world. The City of
Water and Sanitation, Energy, Health,
Cape Town (CCT) aims to ensure that
Agriculture and Biodiversity. The national
these qualities are enhanced for present
Department of Environmental Affairs and
and future generations and that residents
Tourism has also highlighted key areas for
live in a safe, healthy and caring city. For
South Africa. In addition to supporting
this reason the City of Cape Town has
those highlighted by the United Nations,
made
and
South Africa has stressed the importance
HIV/AIDS, the provision of free lifeline
of education and technology transfer for
services (water and electricity) and the
Southern Africa and other developing
promotion of tourism its priorities. The City
regions. Together, the initials for the
of Cape Town is committed to sustainable
United Nations and South African key
development and to achieve this, we must
areas for the WSSD form the word
monitor
the
WEHABET (pronounced “We habit”). This
environment in its broadest terms and
is an appropriate word since we inhabit the
report on changes that are taking place.
earth and must protect it for the benefit of
the
reduction
our
of
crime
progress,
assess
current and future generations.
The information presented in this State of
the Environment (SoE) Report, and the
The value of the SoE report lies in the fact
SoE Summary version, has been gathered
that it informs decision-makers, interested
from
organisations,
parties and the public on the most
researchers and scientists to enable us to
fundamental environmental issues in an
identify trends and emergent patterns and
accessible way. It aims to stimulate debate
to assess management responses to
and to raise awareness on important
changes in our environment.
environmental issues.
This is the fourth SoE report for Cape
We urge you to use the report, seek
Town
for
additional information for subsequent SoE
publication in the year of the World
reports and become more involved in
Summit
Development
ensuring a sustainable environment for
Cape
Cape Town and all her people. Together
a
variety
and
on
(WSSD).
is
a
of
special
Sustainable
The
City
of
edition
Town
welcomes the WSSD to South Africa and
we can move mountains.
sees this as an opportunity to share
environmental experiences with, and learn
from,
other
countries,
cities
and
organisations. The theme of the WSSD is
“people, planet, prosperity”. The United
Mr R. Maydon
Nations has highlighted five key areas for
City Manager – City of Cape Town
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
iii
Executive Summary
Improved /
Theme
Comment
Declined
Year 2001 experienced fewer air pollution events than
1. Air Quality and the previous year. Indicators for most pollutants
decreased, although levels of particulate matter (PM10),
Atmosphere
(Page 5)
especially in the informal areas, remain a concern for
☺
☺
health.
2. Inland Waters
(Page 23)
3. Coastal
Waters
(Page 42)
Water levels of key dams increased in 2001. Pollution of
☺
rivers, streams and wetlands increased. Strategies to
reduce pollution are however being finalised.
False Bay water quality deteriorated slightly but a citywide coastal zone strategy was initiated. Slightly higher
☺
levels of pollutants on the Atlantic seaboard must be
addressed if problems are to be avoided.
An increase in the rate of Tuberculosis poses a
4. Health
significant threat to the wellbeing of Cape Town’s
(Page 57)
residents. The HIV/AIDS rate appears to have stabilised
at 8.6% although some areas remain above 20%.
Cape town’s unique biodiversity is under significant
5. Biodiversity
and Soils
(Page 76)
threat owing to urban expansion and the limited capacity
and resources available for conservation. The City of
☺
Cape Town has initiated a Biodiversity Strategy and
promising local and international partnerships have
already emerged.
6. Urbanisation,
The housing backlog increased to 245 000 in 2001,
Urban Form and
5 000 more than in 2000. This increase is well below the
Housing
(Page 98)
average
population
growth
rate
(natural
and
☺
in-
migration) of 3.5%.
Refuse removal has improved compared to last year and
7. Infrastructure
(Page 112)
litter and illegal dumping were addressed by the
WasteWise Campaign. The City of Cape Town initiated
the supply of free lifeline services of 6Kl of water and 20
☺
☺
units of electricity per month to all households.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
iv
Improved /
Theme
Comment
Declined
Lack of investment and fragmentation of authority in
transport has resulted in the deterioration of the system.
8. Transport
Inadequate and unsafe public transport, increasing road
(Page 116)
congestion and a poor road traffic safety record continue
to limit efficient access to opportunities and result in
environmental, health and economic costs.
The City of Cape Town has initiated a Sustainable
9. Energy
(Page 132)
Energy
partners.
Strategy
Some
involving
27%
of
local
and
households
international
are
☺
without
electricity and rely on wood fuel and paraffin for energy.
Increases in the amount of waste, unaccounted for
10. Waste
(Page 142)
medical waste and high levels of litter are negative
☺
factors. The WasteWise Campaign was launched to
reduce waste, improve law enforcement and work with
communities to clean up their areas.
The City’s economy continues to grow above the
national average at 3%. Other encouraging signs include
11. Economy
a reduction in the proportion of poor households, the
(Page 162)
growing proportion of skilled workers and growth in
☺
tourism and exports. Challenges include increased
unemployment, HIV/AIDS and crime.
A ratio of 0.26 schools per 1 000 residents reflects
12. Education
poorly on education. However, initiatives such as the
(Page 180)
Youth Environmental Schools (YES) programme will
☺
have immeasurable benefits for the younger generation.
13. Safety and
High levels of crime continue to have a negative impact
Security
on Cape Town. The introduction of the newly established
(Page 188)
14.
Environmental
Governance
(Page 193)
☺
City Police will have a positive impact in the future.
The City of Cape Town adopted its first ever
environmental policy (IMEP) and the implementation
☺
strategy for the policy in October 2001. However, critical
shortages of capacity exist, especially for enforcement
and monitoring.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
v
Abbreviations
ACSA
BCA
CAPE
CBD
CBOs
CCT
CMC
CMCWQC
CPNP
CSIR
DEAT
DECAS
DWAF
EIA
EMS
IDP
IWM
MLAs
MPA
MSDF
MTA
NBI
NGOs
NO2
NOx
O3
PAWC
Pb
PBMR
PM10
PNE
SAPS
SANP
SO2
SMME
WCNCB
WSSD
WWF
Airports Company of South Africa
Blaauwberg Conservation Area
Cape Action for People and the Environment
Central Business District
Community-based organisations
City of Cape Town - refers to the current administration (comprising
the former CMC and the six former metropolitan local councils)
Former Cape Metropolitan Council
Cape Metropolitan Coastal Water Quality Committee
Cape Peninsula National Park
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
Western Cape Department of Environmental and Cultural Affairs and
Sport
National Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Environmental Impact Assessment
Integrated Environmental Management System
Integrated Development Planning
Integrated Waste Management
Metropolitan Local Administrations of the CCT (formerly metropolitan
local councils - MLCs), including Blaauwberg, Tygerberg,
Oostenberg, Helderberg, Cape Town and South Peninsula
Marine Protected Area
Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework
Metropolitan Transport Authority
National Botanical Institute
Non-government organisations
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Provincial Administration of the Western Cape
Lead
Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
Particulate Matter
Protected Natural Environment
South African Police Services
South African National Parks
Sulphur Dioxide
Small, medium and micro- enterprise
Western Cape Nature Conservation Board
World Summit on Sustainable Development
World Wide Fund for Nature
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
vi
Contents
Acknowledgements
i
Foreword
iii
Executive Summary Table
iv
Abbreviations
vi
Table of Contents
vii
List of Figures
viii
List of Tables
x
List of Appendices
xi
Context
Introduction
1
The City of Cape Town
3
State of Environment link to Policy
3
Themes
5
1. Air Quality and Atmosphere
2. Inland Waters
23
3. Coastal Waters
42
4. Health
57
5. Biodiversity and Soils
76
6. Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
98
7. Infrastructure
112
8. Transport
116
9. Energy
132
10. Waste
142
11. Economy
162
12. Education
180
13. Safety and Security
188
14. Environmental Governance
193
Way Forward and Closure
15. Policies, Strategies and Targets
201
16. Conclusion
214
17. References
215
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
vii
List of Figures
Figure 1: Map of the City of Cape Town (CCT) showing UniCity boundary and place
names
2
Figure 1.1: Air Quality Monitoring Points in Cape Town
6
Figure 1.2: Average annual NO2 concentrations at two sites in Cape Town
7
Figure 1.3: Average annual SO2 concentrations at two sites in Cape Town
7
Figure 1.4: Average annual particulate matter levels at three sites in Cape Town
8
Figure 1.5: Average annual ozone levels at two sites in Cape Town
8
Figure 1.6: Average annual lead levels at two sites in Cape Town
9
Figure 1.7: Annual number of 1 hour mean NO2 exceedances at two sites in Cape
Town
14
Figure 1.8: Annual number of PM10 24 hour exceedances at three sites in Cape Town
14
Figure 1.9: Annual number of 24 hour SO2 exceedances at three sites in Cape Town
15
Figure 1.10: Annual number of 8 hour O3 exceedances at two sites in Cape Town
16
Figure 1.11: Annual number of air pollution events in Cape Town
16
Figure 1.12: Annual number of air pollution complaints and notices in Cape Town
17
Figure 1.13: Annual number of poor visibility days – Goodwood
17
Figure 1.14: Annual number of poor visibility days – City Centre
18
Figure 1.15: Greenhouse gas emissions by sector for City of Cape Town operations
21
Figure 2.1: Geographic Drainage Catchments Cape Town
25
Figure 2.2: Nutrients. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Ratio (1)
26
Figure 2.3: Nutrients. Nitrogen and phosphorus Ratio (2)
27
Figure 2.4: Blue Green Blooms. Occurrence of ‘blue-green algae’ bloom and the
percentage of these within which toxins were detected
30
Figure 2.5: Bacteriological Quality. Percentage of river and vlei samples complying
32
with the DWAF guidelines for intermediate contact recreation (1)
Figure 2.6: Bacteriological Quality. Percentage of river and vlei samples complying
with the DWAF guidelines for intermediate contact recreation (2)
33
Figure 2.7: Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling
37
Figure 2.8: Percentage of full supply capacity dams supplying Cape Town
38
Figure 2.9: Percentage of full supply capacity of the five major dams supplying Cape
Town
38
Figure 3.1: Coastal Monitoring Points along Cape Town’s coastline
48
Figure 3.2: DWAF Guidelines Figures for Water Quality (faecal coliform / 100ml)
50
Figure 3.3: DWAF Guidelines Figures for Water Quality (faecal coliform / 100ml)
51
Figure 4.1: Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling
61
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
viii
Figure 4.2: Percentage of population served with safe and adequate sanitation
62
Figure 4.3: Percentage of households with refuse removal at least once a week
62
Figure 4.4: Annual number of Meningitis cases and deaths in Cape Town
64
Figure 4.5: Annual number of Tuberculosis cases and deaths in Cape Town
64
Figure 4.6: Bulk and Pasteurised milk exceeding the standard of coliform bacteria
(percentage non-compliance)
72
Figure 5.1: Map of Protected Areas and Marine Protected Areas in Cape Town
77
Figure 5.2: Cape Peninsula National Park
91
Figure 6.1: Housing backlog (no. of units) in Cape Town
99
Figure 6.2: Building Statistics for new buildings and renovations in Cape Town
103
Figure 7.1: Percentage of households with refuse removal services
113
Figure 7.2: Percentage of households with on-site waterborne sanitation
113
Figure 7.3: Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling
114
Figure 8.1: Annual number of crime incidents on Metrorail property
122
Figure 8.2: Annual number of international flights to Cape Town airport
126
Figure 8.3: Annual number of domestic flights to Cape Town airport
126
Figure 8.4: Annual number of international visitors to Cape Town airport
127
Figure 8.5: Annual number of domestic visitors departing from Cape Town airport
127
Figure 8.6: Total number of accidents in Cape Town
129
Figure 8.7: Total number of fatalities in Cape Town
129
Figure 8.8: Total number of pedestrian casualties in Cape Town
130
Figure 9.1: Households receiving electricity in Cape Town
132
Figure 9.2: Amount of Radioactive waste generated in drums/annum by Koeberg
Nuclear Power Station (KPNS)
135
Figure 10.1: Schematic Diagram of Integrated Waste Exchange
143
Figure 10.2: Annual amounts of solid waste received at landfills in Cape Town
143
Figure 10.3: Average flow rate for wastewater treatments works in Cape Town
145
Figure 10.4: Location of solid waste landfill sites in Cape Town
151
Figure 10.5: Medical waste incinerated (tonnes per annum) in Cape Town
155
Figure 11.1: Unemployment figures for Cape Town
168
Figure 11.2: Employment, turnover and populations distributions in Cape Town
(2001)
174
Figure 13.1: Crime rates (per 100 000 of population) in Cape Town
189
Figure 14.1: Environmental Management staff in the City of Cape Town
194
Figure 14.2: Annual number of scoping reports processed by Provincial government
195
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
ix
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Guidelines used for atmospheric pollutants
13
Table 2.1: Activities and status of a number of Cape Town vleis
31
Table 3.1: Marine reserves in Cape Town
44
Table 3.2: Percentage of bathing areas on the False Bay Coast complying with the
80th percentile guideline for the period October to March
49
Table 3.3: Percentage of bathing areas on the Atlantic Coast complying with the 80
th
percentile guideline for the period October to March
49
Table 3.4: Percentage of areas on the False Bay coast complying with the 80th and
95th percentile guidelines for the period January to December
51
th
Table 3.5: Percentage of areas on the Atlantic Coast complying with the 80 and 95
th
percentile guidelines for the period January to December
52
Table 3.6: Bacteriological levels of stormwater on the Atlantic and False Bay Coasts
53
Table 3.7: Change in heavy metal concentrations in mussels (May 1999-May 2000)
54
Table 4.1: Infant Mortality Rate per 1 000 live births
63
Table 4.2: TB cases and incidence rates in Cape Town during 2000 and 2001
65
Table 4.3: HIV prevalence by Health District
66
Table 4.4: HIV data by Health Districts
67
Table 4.5: HIV prevalence as per antenatal survey (percentage of total population)
68
Table 4.6: Teenage Births by Health District
69
Table 4.7: Monitoring results for prepared food samples analysed within Cape Town
73
between 1999 and 2001
Table 4.8: Tabulated results from the six administrative areas involved in chemical
sampling
74
Table 5.1: Protected areas under the jurisdiction of Cape Town
78
Table 5.2: Number of children exposed to Environmental Education through nature
82
areas between 1999 and 2001
Table 5.3: Number of hectares cleared of alien vegetation by the City’s Open Space
and Nature Conservation Branches
83
Table 6.1: Annual population growth (absolute number and percentage)
99
102
Table 6.2: Building statistics – constructions completed during 2000
Table 8.1: Light motor vehicles entering and leaving Cape Town CBD over 12 hr
period (7:00 to 19:00)
117
Table 8.2: Commuters per public transport mode (AM peak period)
121
Table 8.3: Bus and Rail subsidies 1990 – 2001 (in million Rands)
121
Table 8.4: Key data for Port of Cape Town business operations
125
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
x
Table 8.5: Percentage of pedestrian casualties and fatalities in Cape Town
130
Table 10.1: Waste tonnes landfilled by the City of Cape Town between 1998 and
2001
144
Table 10.2: Air space, life span and permits of solid waste sites in Cape Town
150
Table 10.3: Waste related complaints by administrative area in Cape Town
157
Table 10.4: Area cleansing in the City of Cape Town
159
Table 11.1: Proportion of the labour force in different skills categories in Cape Town
(1996 – 2001)
164
Table 11.2: Number of new registered businesses
164
Table 11.3: Goods Trade Balance (1997 – 2001)
166
Table 11.4: Cape Town’s top five export and import product categories (2001)
166
Table 11.5: Projected Economic growth and labour force scenarios
169
Table 11.6: Employment and unemployment levels (1997-2001)
170
Table 11.7: The distribution of companies by employment size in Cape Town
170
Table 11.8: Formal companies by employment size: 2001
171
Table 11.9: Contributions towards turnover and employment of selected areas
173
Table 12.1: Number of Educators with each type of school
181
Table 12.2: Enrolment number of schools during 2001 in Cape Town
182
Table 13.1: Distribution of SAPS personnel in Cape Town in 2001
189
List of Appendices
Appendix 1: Indicators and Institutional sources – Summary Table
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
216
xi
Introduction
This is the Fourth State of the Environment (SoE) Report for Cape Town. It is of
particular importance in this year in which the World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD) is being held in Johannesburg from 26 August to 4
September. The City of Cape Town has published a special edition of the SoE
Report and Summary SoE Report to mark the event.
This special WSSD edition SoE Report provides a picture of what the state of Cape
Town’s environment was in 2001. It will allow you to identify short- and long-term
trends in the quality of our environment. In addition, SoE reporting is an important
tool for our Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) as it helps to
measure the progress of policy implementation as well as the success of the policy in
effecting change. SoE reporting will continue to inform and update IMEP and its
implementation strategy.
This report aims to:
•
Update the issues, indicators and other information in the annual SoE Report for
Cape Town.
•
Investigate, demonstrate and explain tendencies and trends in the data.
•
Report on progress or lack of progress of current responses and policies to the
environmental issues and trends identified in the SoE.
Some of the report’s inferences and conclusions should, however, be carefully
interpreted because of the relatively short time periods for comparison (1998 to 2001)
and the uncertain level of accuracy of some data.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
1
Figure 1. Map of the City of Cape Town, showing Unicity boundary and place names
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
2
The City of Cape Town
The City of Cape Town (CCT) (see map on page 2) is the local authority which
provides essential municipal services to the people of Cape Town. The City of Cape
Town was established in December 2000 by the merging of the previous Cape
Metropolitan Council and six Metropolitan Local Councils: Tygerberg, Oostenberg,
Blaauwberg, South Peninsula, Helderberg and Cape Town.
Located in a scenic, cultural and floristically unique part of South Africa, Cape Town
is the southernmost metropolitan area on the African continent and covers an area of
2 487 km2. With its Atlantic Ocean and mountain boundaries, Cape Town comprises
a valuable and rich mix of cultural and natural resources. These support the
flourishing tourism industry, which in turn stimulates the City’s economy and helps to
create jobs and alleviate poverty.
There are, however, many environmental, social and economic challenges facing this
area. These are largely the result of the young and growing population of 3.15 million
people and their need for infrastructure, services, jobs, housing, transport and
education. The City’s challenges are to halt environmental deterioration and,
simultaneously, improve the state of the environment and quality of life for the
inhabitants of Cape Town.
State of the Environment (SoE) link to Policy
The Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP)
The City of Cape Town adopted IMEP and its implementation strategy (IMEMS) on
31 October 2001. The City of Cape Town now, for the first time, has a bold and clear
environmental policy.
The City’s political and administrative leadership have
committed themselves to the implementation of IMEP. This is reflected in the
approval of IMEP as an overall strategic policy applicable to the municipality as a
whole, and by the signing of the IMEP pledge by the City’s leadership.
IMEP addresses key environmental issues and sets out the City of Cape Town’s
commitment to improving Cape Town’s environment. IMEP is a living policy that is
capable of producing real deliverables and the City of Cape Town has prioritised six
IMEP strategies for implementation.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
3
The Six priority IMEP strategies are:
•
Air pollution
•
Biodiversity
•
Coastal zone
•
Litter and illegal dumping
•
Quality open space — especially in disadvantaged areas
•
Noise pollution
SoE reporting remains an important part of IMEP and will continue to inform and
update IMEP, and IMEP’s priority strategies. For more information, please visit:
www.capetown.gov.za/imep
Continuing policy review
Monitoring and review are two essential parts of the policy process and the
environmental management strategy for the City of Cape Town. This ensures that the
policy and strategies that have been put into place to address environmental issues
are being effected on the ground. Monitoring and review can be achieved only by the
City of Cape Town measuring the change in the environment — both good and bad
— over time.
There are 14 themes, ranging from air quality and education to environmental
governance, within the State of the Environment report. Reporting on the
implementation of IMEP and its strategies is thus an integral part of SoE reporting.
The IMEP year 2020 vision for the City of Cape Town has been included, for the first
time, under each theme. The progress in each theme is assessed on the basis of
new information that is collected every year. The information is presented via
indicators. The current state of the environment is compared to that of the previous
year, which also makes it possible to identify trends.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
4
Air Quality and Atmosphere
1 Air Quality and Atmosphere
The most important air pollutants (such as SO2, NO2, particulate matter and heavy
metals) result from combustion processes in industry, services, utilities, agriculture,
transport and homes. Currently no legally enforceable ambient standards exist in
South Africa. The results of this air pollution can influence people’s lives through
aspects such as health, acid rain and corrosion as well as global climate change.
Climate change is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of
greenhouse gases (GHGs), most importantly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane
(CH4). The build up of GHGs is changing the ability of the atmosphere to absorb and
retain energy.
This is a natural phenomenon, which is being enhanced by the
contribution of human, or anthropogenic activities. In order to reduce or mitigate the
impacts of climate change a number of programmes are currently underway globally
and locally. Cape Town recently became involved in two such programmes.
The issues are:
1.1. Frequency and Intensity of Air Pollution Events
1.2 Potential for Health Risks and Effects due to Air Pollution
1.3 Mitigating Global Climate Change
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
The environmental quality will have improved in terms of air, water, land and sea.
1.1. Frequency and Intensity of Air Pollution Events
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The air pollution indicators in the following paragraphs show an improvement in air
quality over the past year.
Annual average levels for key atmospheric pollutants
Although there are nine monitoring sites (Figure 1.1, overleaf) throughout Cape Town
there are only long-term data for two of the sites, namely the City Centre and
Goodwood. The levels of the pollutants are discussed below.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
5
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Figure 1.1 Air Quality Monitoring Points in Cape Town
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
6
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
The long term annual trend (average values for the year) for NO2 (Figure 1.2)
suggests a decrease in pollution levels at both sites (City Centre and Goodwood).
Figure 1.2 Average annual NO2 concentrations at two sites in Cape Town
(*indicates no data available) No current annual U.K. Guideline for NO2
Goodw ood
City Centre
100
NO2 - µg/m3
80
60
40
20
0
*
1990
*
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
The trend for SO2 (Figure 1.3) mirrors that of nitrogen with decreasing average
annual levels. SO2 concentrations have decreased in the City Centre and Goodwood
over the past year.
Figure 1.3 Average annual SO2 concentrations at two sites in Cape Town
(*indicates no data available) U.K. guideline – Annual mean: 20µg/m3
City Ce ntre
G oodw ood
50
SO2 - µg/m3
40
30
20
10
0
*
1990
*
1991
1992
1993
1994
*
*
*
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Ye a r
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
7
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Particulate matter (PM10)
Particulate levels for two of these sites decreased over the past year. There was no
data available for the Khayelitsha site during 2001.
Figure 1.4 Average annual particulate matter levels at three sites in Cape Town
(*indicates no data available) No current annual U.K. guideline for PM10
C ity C e n tr e
Goodw ood
K h a y e lits h a
60
3
50
PM10 - µg/m
40
30
20
10
*
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
Year
1999
2000
2001
Ozone (O3)
The ozone concentrations for the City Centre have increased while the levels at
Goodwood have decreased significantly relative to the previous year (Figure 1.5).
The 2000 levels at the city centre remain the highest on record.
Figure 1.5: Average annual ozone levels at two sites in Cape Town
(*indicates no data available) No current annual U.K. Guideline for O3
C it y C e n t r e
50
Goodwood
OZONE - µg/m3
40
30
20
10
*
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
*
1998
1999
2000
2001
Y e ar
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
8
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Lead
Lead levels have increased at the Goodwood site and decreased at the City Centre
site (Figure 1.6). There has, however, been no significant change in lead
concentrations over the past 12 years. The Goodwood site equalled the highest
levels recorded for the third time in 12 years.
Figure 1.6 Average annual lead levels at two sites in Cape Town
U.K. guideline – Annual mean: 0.25µg/m3
C it y H a ll
1
Goodwood
LEAD - µg/m3
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Y e ar
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
Diesel Vehicle Emission Testing: The legal enforcement of diesel vehicle
emission testing commenced early in 2000. Three Diesel Emission Testing
Teams each comprising of an environmental health assistant and a helper, have
been deployed on a daily basis at various sites within Cape Town. During 2001,
3 514 vehicles were tested, which is a 100% increase in vehicles tested
compared to the previous year. The number of vehicles which failed the test was
11% which relates to an encouraging decrease in failures by 6%. There were 87
reports of observed smoking vehicles and 16 complaints of smoking vehicles
which is also encouraging as it can be considered a direct result of the testing
programme. Law enforcement remains a major component of this initiative. There
were 149 intentions to prosecute for the period, which is a significant increase
over the previous period where only 20 prosecutions were pending.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
9
Air Quality and Atmosphere
•
During 2001 SO2 guideline levels were adopted by the CCT, based on guidelines
set by the National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT).
DEAT had issued revised ambient air quality guidelines for sulphur dioxide in
December 2001. Plan are currently being put in place by DEAT to initiate a
process of air quality standards setting for all criteria pollutants. These guidelines
are referred to as the State of Environment (SoE) guidelines and are shown in
the table below.
•
Monitoring: The Air Pollution Control Section acquired two new moveable
monitoring stations which are able to monitor PM10, NO2, NO, NOx, O3, SO2,
including wind speeds and direction. These have been deployed in order to
determine "hotspots" within the City of Cape Town area. Hotspot monitoring
during 2001 was undertaken using the two movable stations located as follows:
Caltex Donated Station
Dates
Sites
Jan-June 2001
July-November
2001
Killarney Theological
College
Plattekloof Reservoir
Cape Town Hotspot Station
Dates
Sites
Jan-June 2001
Labiance, Bellville
July-December
Wallacedene,
2001
Kraaifontein
No. of days SoE guideline exceeded for
SO2
PM10
44
2
2
0
No. of days SoE guideline exceeded for
SO2
PM10
0
9
0
16
More information on these episodes can be found at www.capetown.gov.za/airqual
using the episodes link on the right of the "Home page".
•
Legislation: The South African Government has a number of initiatives underway,
which are aimed at reducing the levels of harmful atmospheric pollutants across
the country. Currently, no legally enforceable ambient air quality standards exist
in South Africa. It is for this reason that the Department of Environmental Affairs
and Tourism (DEAT) has embarked upon the development of legislation, which
will amongst other things, address national air quality standards. Such legally
enforceable standards will give South African industry and others clarity in terms
of what concentrations of pollutants are allowable in the atmosphere at any given
moment.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
10
Air Quality and Atmosphere
There has been some progress in the Environmental Law Reform Process by the
Department of Environment and Tourism (DEAT). City officials have been called
upon by DEAT to attend meetings as part of the Law Reform process.
•
Significant progress was made with regard to an Air Pollution Control By-law for
the City of Cape Town. It is anticipated that the by-law will be ready for public
comment prior to the World Summit on Sustainable Development in August 2002.
This process will entail participation on both the draft by-law and the promulgation
of a Smokeless Zone. The By-law will include:
Incorporating Duty of Care principles, and provisions for Council to
promulgate policies and smokeless zones.
Extending air pollution control to the entire city area.
The tightening up of the smoke emission limits from industries, from 40%
to 20% obscuration (visible degradation).
Including the control of turbo charged diesel vehicles in the section
dealing with compression ignition powered vehicles.
Adding a nuisance section.
The burning of waste material and control burning is dealt with in Part VI
of the by-law. Selective burning in non-proclaimed townships and on
farms will be considered. The Council’s policy on open burning is the
subject of multidisciplinary discussion between various stakeholders and
still needs to be formulated.
•
An Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) for the CCT has been
developed as the first step to developing and implementing an Integrated
Metropolitan Environmental Management Strategy. The City of Cape Town
approved IMEP and its implementation strategy in October 2001 following
extensive public comment and stakeholder review. An IMEP Air Pollution
Strategy was initiated as one of the six priority sectoral strategies for
development during 2001. The Air Pollution Strategy aims to make dramatic
improvements in the current state of air quality in Cape Town. For more
information on the Strategy please refer to Chapter 15 – Policies, Strategies and
Targets. The Air Pollution Strategy intends to develop an Air Quality Management
Plan (AQMP) for the City of Cape Town by October 2003.
A Situation
Assessment of Air Pollution in Cape Town has been completed and this will form
the foundation for the development of the AQMP (see below).
•
Air Quality Situation Assessment and Management Plan: An Air Quality
Management Plan for the City is currently underway. IMEP and impending
changes to national air pollution legislation provided the main impetus for the
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
11
Air Quality and Atmosphere
development and implementation of an Air Quality Management Plan for the
Unicity.
The development and implementation of IMEP in turn reflects local
public concerns regarding air quality and the need for public State of the
Environment (SoE) reporting.
The completion of an air quality situation assessment, comprising the collation,
analysis and presentation of all relevant available information able to guide the
development of an Air Quality Management Plan for the CCT, and the
recommendation of a Framework Plan for AQM Plan development, represent the
main objectives. Key focus areas of the situation assessment study include:
characterisation of baseline air quality for the region, with particular
emphasis on the identification of critical pollutants, significant sources and
air pollution "hot spots";
review of current air pollution control and air quality management
practices and procedures being implemented at local, provincial and
national levels;
identification of recent governmental and non-governmental initiatives and
assessment of the implications of such for CCT air quality management;
and
identification of trends in international air quality management, and
establishment of what constitutes good air quality management for cities.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
12
Air Quality and Atmosphere
1.2 Potential for Health Risks and Effects due to Air Pollution
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Health risks are measured in terms of international standards (United Kingdom,
Australia and World Health Organisation – Table 1.1), with exceedances of these
standards presented in the following figures. Exceedances are presented as number
of days per annum that the guidelines were exceeded. The short-term trends for
exceedances illustrate increasing compliance for NO2 and ozone along with more
exceedances for particulate matter and SO2. Of the pollutants, particulate matter
poses the most serious health risk as it can penetrate deep into the lungs and has
been linked to respiratory problems and cancer. In addition there are associated
negative effects in terms of visible air pollution (brown haze) over Cape Town,
particularly during winter.
Table 1.1 Guidelines used for atmospheric pollutants
Pollutant
Guideline
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
3
200 µg/m – hourly mean
World Health Organisation, UK, SA
3
World Health Organisation
120 µg/ m – 8 hour running mean
3
Lead
0.5 µg/ m – annual mean
3
Particulates
World Health Organisation, UK
3
125 µg/ m – 24 hour mean
Ozone
Organisation
50 µg/ m – 24 hour running mean
World Health Organisation, UK
United Kingdom
(sub 10 microns)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Guidelines for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have been approached or exceeded at City Hall
and, to a lesser extent, Goodwood. The latest data suggests a slight increase in
exceedances (i.e. non-compliance) at Goodwood and a significant reduction at the
City Centre (Figure 1.7).
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
13
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Figure 1.7 Annual number of 1-hour mean NO2 exceedances at two sites in Cape Town
Number of exceedances
Goodwood
C it y C e n tr e
60
40
20
*
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
*
1999
2000
2001
Y e ar
Particulate matter (PM10 -soot and dust)
Particulate matter levels have decreased significantly at two of the monitoring sites
during the past year (Figure 1.8). This is reassuring given the serious health
implications associated with particulate matter as well as the climate change
implications. Particulate matter is recognised as an important contributor to green
house gas emissions, accounting for 15% to 30% of global warming potential. There
were no data available for the Khayelitsha site during 2001 due to instrument failure.
PM10 concentrations remain a concern in this area.
Figure 1.8 Annual number of PM10 24-hour exceedances at three sites in Cape Town
(*indicates no data available)
Number of exceedances
100
C it y C e n t r e
Goodwood
K h a ye lit s h a
75
50
25
*
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Y e ar
.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
14
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
The exceedances for sulphur dioxide are an order of magnitude lower than other
forms of air pollution except in areas close to significant industrial sources (see
Killarney site details in responses section of 1.1). There are, however, no clear longterm trends from the data available (Figure 1.9).
Figure 1.9 Annual number of 24-hour SO2 exceedances at three sites in Cape Town
(*indicates no data available)
C i ty C e n tr e
Number of exceedances
10
Goodw ood
T a b le vie w
8
6
4
2
0
*
1990
*
1991
*
*
1992
1993
1994
*
*
1995
1996
*
1997
1998
1999
*
*
2000
2001
Ye a r
Ozone (O3)
Ground level ozone is the main component in photochemical smog and causes
breathing problems, aggravates asthma, and increases the severity and incidence of
respiratory infections. Ozone exceedances, relative to the United Kingdom
guidelines, are relatively low in number (Figure 1.10). Exceedances at the City
Centre are down on the previous year’s values with an improvement noted at the
Goodwood monitoring site as well.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
15
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Figure 1.10 Annual number of 8-hour O3 exceedances at two sites in Cape Town
(*indicates no data available)
C it y C e n t r e
Number of exceedances
20
Goodwood
15
10
5
*
0
1993
1994
1995
*
1996
1997
*
1998
1999
2000
2001
Y e ar
Air pollution events
The annual number of air pollution events / episodes (number of days that a
monitoring guideline was exceeded) decreased slightly between 2000 and 2001.
Figure 1.11 Annual number of air pollution events in Cape Town
D at a f or C en t al C it y an d G oodwood - O 3, PM - 10 an d NO 2
episodes occurred
Number of days on whic
100
80
62
*
60
*
* 58
47
50
49
2000
2001
38
40
27
20
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Y ear
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
16
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Complaints, notices and prosecutions
The data for 2001 (141 complaints and 55 notice served) reflect a decreasing trend
(fewer complaints and notices) (Figure 1.12) probably due to lower exceedances
being recorded in the CCT. The serving of notices worked and appears to be having
a positive outcome as shown by the decrease in complaints received and notices
served. It was not necessary to institute legal proceedings, hence no successful
prosecutions.
Figure 1.12 Annual number of air pollution complaints and notices in Cape Town
C o m p la in ts
350
N o tic e s s e r v e d
303
300
258
Number
250
200
174
141
150
100
78
70
55
55
50
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
Y ear
Poor Visibility Days
The indicator gives a breakdown of the number of days on which air pollution
episodes caused “poor” visibility. It was derived by examining over 2000 photos from
the WEB CAM on the Tygerberg Hills between 2000 and 2001 and correlating
Figure 1.13 Annual number of poor visibility days - Goodwood
200
AM
PM
1996
1997
T O T A L E IT H E R
TO TAL BO TH
DAYS/YEAR
150
100
50
0
1995
1998
1999
2000
2001
YEAR
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
17
Air Quality and Atmosphere
visibility degradation with particulate matter (PM-10) levels as follows:
AM = number of days per annum with three consecutive hours of poor visibility in
the morning
PM = number of days per annum with three consecutive hours of poor visibility in
the afternoon.
Total either = number of days with either poor visibility in the morning or in the
afternoon
Total both = number of days with poor visibility in the morning and in the
afternoon.
Poor morning visibility was caused by an average PM-10 concentration of
78ug/m3.
Poor afternoon visibility was caused by an average PM-10 concentration of
63ug/m3.
Figure 1.14 Annual number of poor visibility days – City Centre
AM
200
PM
T O T A L E IT H E R
TO TAL BO TH
DAYS/YEAR
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
YEAR
1999
2000
2001
Of interest is that the Goodwood site had more “poor” visibility days per annum
(Figures 1.13 and 1.14) than the City Centre (also refer Figure 1.8). In both cases the
recent trend suggests a decrease across all categories for 2001. Because visibility is
affected by particulate matter levels and photochemical smog it is not surprising with
lower exceedances during 2000 (see Figures 1.7, 1.8 and 1.10) that poor visibility
days are reduced.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
18
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway:
•
Adoption of ambient air quality monitoring guidelines - Refer to Chapter 1.1
•
Air Pollution Control By-law for the City of Cape Town - Refer to Chapter 1.1
•
An Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) Air Pollution StrategyRefer to Chapter 1.1
•
Air Quality Situation Assessment and Management Plan: An Air Quality
Management Plan for the City is currently underway - Refer to Chapter 1.1
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
19
Air Quality and Atmosphere
1.3 Mitigating Global Climate Change
This is a new issue that has been added in light of the City of Cape Town’s
commitment to reducing its impact on global climate change through reducing
emissions of so-called greenhouse gas emissions (particularly carbon dioxide and
methane) from Council operations. During 2001 the CCT resolved to join the Cities
for Climate Protection (CCP) Campaign and the SouthSouthNorth (SSN) Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM). These are two capacity building initiatives to
ascertain emissions levels and bring about some mitigatory action.
Despite the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCC) failing to reach agreements (55 signatories and 55% of global emissions)
during 2001 to put the Kyoto Protocol into effect it is still likely that South Africa will
ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2002.
Tonnage of emissions in Cape Town
This is one of the original indicators for which there is now data available. Total
emissions in Cape Town (2000/1) amounted to 14 645 506 tonnes of CO2
equivalents (or 4.6 t CO2 eq per capita). This comprised 10 309 491 tonnes from
electricity, 4 072 366 tonnes from fuel use and 188 182 tonnes from methane. The
CCT’s contribution to this total was 500 614 tonnes of CO2 equivalents. The initial
sectoral results from the CCT’s operations indicate that the largest emitter of
greenhouse gas emissions is Solid Waste (landfill sites) followed by Streetlights and
Buildings (Figure 1.15). Tonnage emitted (CO2 equivalents) for the year 2000/1 is as
follows: Solid Waste (188 182), Streetlights (118 445), Buildings (89 022), Vehicle
fleet (75 467) and Water and sewage (29 498).
These results will assist the CCT to identify and prioritise projects to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
20
Air Quality and Atmosphere
Figure 1.15 Greenhouse gas emissions by sector for City of Cape Town operations
Solid waste
38%
18%
Water and sewage
Vehicle Fleet
Buildings
6%
15%
24%
Streetlights
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway:
•
Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) Campaign: The Cities for Climate Protection
Campaign is a campaign that was initiated by the International Council for Local
Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) in 1993 and is being implemented in 500 local
authorities world-wide (www.iclei.org/co2/). The aim of this campaign is to assist
local authorities to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions (mostly CO2 and CH4)
from local government operations and that of the wider community. In South
Africa the participating cities include the City of Cape Town, Saldahna
Municipality, eThekweni Municipality, Sol Plaatjie Municipality, Buffalo City
Municipality, Tshwane Municipality, Potchefstroom Municipality and the City of
Johannesburg. The City of Cape Town will be conducting an emissions inventory
in early 2002, initiating mitigatory projects and reporting on these over the next 18
months to September 2003.
•
South South North (SSN) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): The South
South North Project aims to design, develop and implement Clean Development
Mechanism projects under the Kyoto Protocol. This involves project based
trading between developed countries of the North and developing countries. The
SSN project operates in Bangladesh, Brazil, South Africa and Indonesia
(www.southsouthnorth.org).
The SSN project is a public interest experiment
testing the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) through the development of
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
21
Air Quality and Atmosphere
CDM pilot projects. In South Africa, four projects have been selected of which two
are owned by the City of Cape Town: Bellville Landfill Methane Recovery project
and Kuyasa Residential Energy Efficient project.
Reflections and Summary - Air Quality and Atmosphere
The air monitoring data illustrate a short-term decrease in NO2, SO2, particulate
matter and ozone concentrations. This has resulted in a slight decrease in the
number of air pollution events / episodes relative to the previous year. Generally
speaking this illustrates a marginal improvement in air quality over the past year. All
the indicators work well and provide relevant information on the state of the
environment and the trends that illustrate long term changes in the environment.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
22
Inland Waters
2 Inland Waters
Globally, nationally and locally, water plays a key role in development. As the City of
Cape Town has set itself the vision of becoming a world-class city it is of critical
importance that the City’s water resources are managed for the benefit of present
and future generations. Water management in the City of Cape Town goes beyond
the efficient supply of potable water and removal, treatment and disposal of
wastewater, but includes management of stormwater systems including rivers, vleis,
wetlands, groundwater and the impacts of land-based activities on our coastal
waters.
Although most of the City’s potable water is imported from catchments
outside the Metropolitan boundaries, the urban rivers, vleis, wetlands and estuaries
(Figure 2.1) form important green corridors that link the City’s mountains with the
coastal regions providing habitats for a rich diversity of terrestrial and aquatic life.
The following section highlights the state and trends of more established, and some
new, indicators of water quality, use and management.
The issues are:
2.1 State of Rivers, Vleis, Wetlands and Estuaries
2.2 Water Demand for Industrial, Commercial and Residential Use
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
The environmental quality will have improved in terms of air, water, land and sea.
Water and energy resources and utilisation will be optimally and efficiently managed.
Wastewater treatment works will be efficient and comply with legislative
requirements.
2.1 Health of Rivers, Vleis, Wetlands and Estuaries
General Water Quality of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems
Nutrients (in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus) as well as several other pollutants
enter water from a variety of point and non-point sources (e.g. runoff from roads,
agricultural areas and gardens, discharges of treated sewage effluents and other
trade wastes). An evaluation of the water quality of aquatic ecosystems in terms of
the raw data can be confusing. A solution to this problem is to make use of a Water
Quality Index which integrates complex analytical data and generates a single
number expressing the degree of impairment of a given water body. Use of such an
index in the operational management of aquatic ecosystems water quality can bridge
the gap between the two extremes of water quality monitoring and reporting. A Water
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
23
Inland Waters
Quality Index, which is under development at the City’s Scientific Services
Department, will be featured in next year’s State of the Environment Report.
The nutrient status of the City’s inland aquatic ecosystems can be used as a
measure of how “polluted” they are.
The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry states that “unimpacted systems
typically have an N:P ratio greater than 25 - 40 : 1, whilst most impacted (i.e.,
eutrophic or hypertrophic) systems have an N:P ratio of less than 10:1”
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. South African Water Quality Guidelines.
Aquatic Ecosystems. Vol. 7 1996.
Figures 2.2 and 2.3 illustrate median N:P ratios of several rivers and vleis located in
the Unicity area (1998 to 2001). Highly eutrophic waterbodies include Zeekoevlei,
Wildevoelvlei and Langevlei while rivers such as the Eerste/Kuils, Lotus,
Liesbeek/Black/Vygekraal and Elsieskraal also show signs of nutrient enrichment.
Most rivers in the southern Peninsula area (Figure 2.2) show some impact, whereas
Wildevoelvlei, Langvlei and Princessvlei show severe levels of nutrient impact. On
the Cape Flats, northern suburbs and West Coast (Figure 2.3), nutrient impacts are
more severe and only the Lourens River has an N:P ratio outside the high nutrient
enrichment level. While median N:P ratios do show some changes over the indicated
period (1998-2001) there is no trend indicating an overall decline or improvement in
the water quality in the City’s inland aquatic ecosystems. Gross changes in N:P from
above to below 10:1 should be of concern since these would indicate a significant
deterioration in the nutrient status of a waterbody.
An increase in the growth of nuisance aquatic plants (e.g. rooted reeds and floating
aquatic plants) in rivers, which can lead to increased flooding risks to property
owners, often results from nutrient enrichment. In vleis, nutrient enrichment is
commonly implicated in the development of algae blooms which decrease the
aesthetic value and recreational use potential of the waterbody. A decrease in the
ecological integrity / “health” of aquatic ecosystems is also an obvious consequence
of nutrient pollution.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
24
Inland Waters
Assessment of the Fitness for Use of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems
While the rivers and water bodies in Cape Town are not used as a potable resource,
a number of inland water bodies (vleis) are used for a variety of recreational
purposes (e.g. sailing, canoeing, water-skiing, fishing, swimming). Furthermore,
although not formally recognised for recreational use, wading in rivers is common. It
is therefore necessary to assess all our inland aquatic systems in terms of their
fitness for use (e.g. for intermediate contact recreation). Bacteriological data (and the
occurrence of algal blooms) can be used to make this assessment.
Algae blooms in Unicity vleis
The presence of algae blooms in a water body is usually indicative of an underlying
problem such as unacceptable organic pollutant loads (nutrient enrichment – see
above). Blooms therefore give a visible indication of the “health” of the waterbody.
Since excessive algae can be responsible for a number of other problems (e.g.
clogging motorboat engines, becoming tangled in rudders and oars, hampering
swimming and fishing, producing unsavoury smells and, in some Cyanophyceae
species, producing hazardous toxins) they also give an indication of the aesthetic
value and suitability for recreational use of the water body.
The graph presented in Figure 2.4 illustrates the number of times that Cyanophyceae
(“blue-green algae”) blooms were recorded in samples from several Cape Town
vleis. Also indicated is the percentage of these blooms in which intracellular toxins
were detected. A “bloom” is recognised when a vlei sample has a concentration of 20
000 or more cells per ml (at this concentration testing for the presence of
cyanobacterial toxins is also undertaken). Samples are generally analysed once a
month (however data for 1999 only covers the period September to December). If
one looks at the results for 2000 and 2001 for Zeekoevlei, the following is evident: in
2000 and 2001 there were 8 blooms recorded during each year, however the
percentage of these that were toxic decreased from 25% to 13% which indicates an
improvement. Princessvlei also shows an interesting trend since although the
number of recorded blooms has increased, none of these blooms produced toxins.
The reader’s attention is drawn to the information block below.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
28
Inland Waters
Some facts about blue-green algae blooms
Blue-green algae are natural microscopic inhabitants of many inland waters,
estuaries and the sea. In still waters such as lakes, ponds and reservoirs they may
multiply sufficiently in summer months to discolour the water so that it appears green,
blue-green or greenish brown. Blooms flourish in warmer summer waters and in
many areas die down during winter. Plant nutrients promote growth of these algae.
Toxins produced can survive high temperatures. Toxicity fluctuates constantly – it is
possible for algae to be toxic one day and not the next. You should avoid contact with
surface scum and water close to scum.
From a pamphlet (“Beware! Toxic Algae”) produced by the Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry
Bacteriological status of rivers and vleis in Cape Town
The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry’s Water Quality Guidelines are used to
assess the suitability of Cape Town’s vleis for intermediate contact recreational use
i.e. zero to 1 000 faecal coliform counts per ml (volume 2, 1996). Above this level,
limited contact with water might be associated with a risk of gastrointestinal illness.
Faecal coliforms are one of the most commonly used bacterial indicators of faecal
pollution and indicate the possible presence of pathogens responsible for the
transmission of infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, dysentery,
cholera and typhoid fever. The faecal coliform group is used to evaluate the quality of
wastewater effluents, river water, sea water at bathing beaches, raw water for
drinking water supply, treated drinking water, water used for irrigation and
aquaculture and recreational waters.
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. South African Water Quality Guidelines.
Recreational Use. Vol. 2 1996.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
29
Inland Waters
Table 2.1 lists the activities and status (in terms of occurrence of “blue-green” blooms
and bacteriological non-compliance) of a number of CCT vleis.
Table 2.1 Activities and status of a number of Cape Town vleis
Water Body
Wildevoelvlei
Usage
Not intended for contact recreation but bird watching and walking
allowed. Blue-green blooms common, toxic blooms common, 100%
compliance with faecal coliform intermediate contact guideline.
Princessvlei
Occasional fishing from shore, picnicking and baptism rituals occur.
Blue-green
blooms
common,
zero
toxic
blooms,
poor/fair
compliance with faecal coliform intermediate contact guideline.
Zeekoevlei
Used for water sports (i.e. intermediate and full contact recreation),
fishing, bird watching, walking. Blue-green blooms common, some
toxic blooms, good compliance with faecal coliform intermediate
contact recreation guideline.
Rondevlei
Located in Rondevlei Nature Reserve. Contact recreation not allowed
but nature watching permitted. Few blue-green blooms, few toxic
blooms, poor/fair compliance with faecal coliform intermediate
contact guideline.
Little
Occasional fishing from shore occurs. Zero blue-green blooms,
Princessvlei
poor/fair compliance with faecal coliform intermediate contact
guideline.
Langevlei
Occasional fishing from shore and picnicking occurs. Few blue-green
blooms, few toxic blooms, poor/fair compliance with faecal
coliform intermediate contact guideline.
Die Oog
Contact recreation not permitted. Nature watching permitted. Bluegreen blooms common, toxic blooms common, poor compliance
with faecal coliform intermediate contact guideline.
Zandvlei
Used for water sports, fishing, bird watching, picnicking and walking.
Very few blue-green blooms, zero toxic blooms, 100% compliance
with faecal coliform intermediate contact guideline.
Glencairnvlei
Used for bird watching and walking. Very few blue-green blooms, zero
toxic blooms, 100% compliance with faecal coliform intermediate
contact guideline.
Rietvlei
Used for water sports, fishing, bird watching, picnicking and walking.
Zero blue-green blooms, poor/fair compliance with faecal coliform
intermediate contact guideline.
Zoarvlei
Occasionally used for walking and bird watching. Very few blue-green
blooms, zero toxic blooms, 100% compliance with faecal coliform
intermediate contact guideline.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
31
Inland Waters
Summary of responses
Catchment, Stormwater and River Management
The Catchment, Stormwater and River Management service currently provided within
the municipal area, involves the management of urban catchments in respect of their
hydrological functioning for drainage, flood control, ecological and social needs and
acts as an important urban water resource.
It includes the management of
stormwater reticulation systems, open watercourses, wetlands, groundwater, vleis
and river estuaries. During 2001 the first Catchment Stormwater and River
Management Strategy for the City of Cape Town was initiated and developed. The
vision and mission are defined as follows:
Vision –
Effective stormwater drainage with safe and healthy rivers, wetlands,
vleis and coastal bathing areas
Mission –
Minimise flooding of property and improve the water quality and health
of our rivers, wetlands, vleis and coastal bathing areas through
integrated catchment management or the benefit of the people of
Cape Town.
Progress for 2001 is reported under the following main functions of the service:
•
Strategy and policy
•
Catchment planning, co-ordination and development control
•
Information management and monitoring
•
Relationship management and education
Strategy and Policy
COMPLETED
•
Protocols for GIS capture of sewers
INITIATED
•
management Strategy (2002 – 2007)
and stormwater
•
•
Practitioners Manual for Urban River
•
Stormwater By-law
Maintenance
•
Water Quality Improvement Strategy
Development Control Guidelines for
floodprone areas (Phase 1)
•
Catchment Stormwater and River
Investigations into legislation to
for the City of Cape Town
•
Stormwater Land Identification
Project (SLIP)
manage dumping, infilling and
excavation in flood prone areas
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
34
Inland Waters
Catchment Planning, Co-ordination and Development Control
COMPLETED
INITIATED
Plans
Plans
•
Atlantic Coastline Stormwater Pollution
•
Hout Bay Estuary Hydrological Study
Investigation
•
Salt River Floodline Study
•
Diep/Rietvlei Floodlines
•
Sand River CMP
•
Eerste River Flood Warning System
•
Sand River Floodline
and Catchment Management Protocol
•
Zeekoe Hydrological Study
Study
•
Hout Bay River Catchment
Management Plan (CMP) (Phase 1)
•
Hout Bay Water Pollution Abatement
Plan
•
Kalk Bay Harbour Water Pollution
Abatement Plan
•
Klapmuts River Floodline Study
•
Lotus River WPAP (Phase 1)
•
Mitchells Plain Stormwater Pollution
Investigation
•
Phillipi Stormwater Management Plan
•
Salt River CMP
•
Salt River (Phase 2) Hydrological
•
Salt River WPAP
•
Sand River (Phase 2 ) Hydrological
•
Sir Lowrys Pass Floodline Study
•
Zeekoe CMP (Phase 1)
Forums
Forums
•
•
Cape Metropolitan Coastal Water
South Peninsula Catchment Forum
Quality
•
Hout Bay Catchment Forum
•
Kuils River Catchment Forum
•
Noordhoek Catchment Forum
•
Sand River Catchment Forum
•
Salt River Catchment Forum
•
Zeekoe Catchment Forum
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
35
Inland Waters
Information management and monitoring
COMPLETED
•
INITIATED
Monitoring Information System
•
River and Vlei Assessment
(MONIS) for rainfall, flow and water
•
Development of Water Quality Index
quality
•
Additional MONIS chapters for
•
Lourens River early warning system
•
Hout Bay flow monitoring investigation
groundwater and Water Quality Index
Low flow monitoring for summer low
flows
Relationship management and education
COMPLETED
•
Integrated Urban Catchment
INITIATED
•
Management Short Course
Schools Water Action Project
(SWAP) partnership
•
World Wetlands Day
•
Water Week
•
CSRM Website
•
MTN Science Centre partnership
•
Moddergatspruit Education Project
•
Zeekoevlei Environmental Education
•
Water and Waste Interactive Display
with Two Oceans Aquarium
partnership
•
Bokramspruit Education Project
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
36
Inland Waters
2.2 Water Demand for Industrial, Commercial and Residential Use
The year 2001 saw Cape Town receive the highest rainfall in recent history. This
event raised the issues of disparity in our city at the intra-urban level, where many
Cape Town residents enjoyed the benefit if living in areas with good infrastructure,
whilst others were flooded. Unlike counterpart cities however, the City of Cape Town
is working towards full integration of the issues around flood protection, water quality
and beneficial use of river corridors.
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Percentage population served with safe and adequate water supply
From Figure 2.7 it is apparent that water supply remained static between 1995 and
2001. There has thus been no improvement in water service delivery rate and 20% of
the CCT's population remain without piped water in the dwelling. There are no
reliable data for 1998 and 2000.
Figure 2.7 Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling
Households w ith piped w ater in dw elling
100%
79%
81%
1995
1996
1997
No data available
Households (%)
60%
40%
20%
81%
79%
0%
1998
Year
1999
No data available
No data available
82%
80%
2000
2001
Water demand per annum (in m3)
The amount of water supplied to the City of Cape Town and adjacent Local
Authorities for the period July 2000 to June 2001 was 294 455 000 m3. This amount
is considerably lower than that supplied during the same period the previous year,
due to the imposition of water restrictions in the City of Cape Town area. The City
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
37
Inland Waters
achieved an approximate saving of 15% in water demand compared to the target set
by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of 10%, for the original restriction
period.
Percentage of full supply capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town with raw
water for treatment
The percentage of full supply capacity of the dams supplying the City of Cape Town
area as at 31 October 2001 was 100%, in comparison to 97% in 1999 and 83% in
2000 (Figures 2.8 and 2.9).
Figure 2.8 Percentage of full supply capacity of dams supplying Cape Town
% full supply of dams
% full supply capacity
120%
100%
100%
97%
91%
83%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1998
1999
2000
Year
2001
Figure 2.9: Percentage of full supply capacity of the five major dams supplying Cape Town
WEMMERSHOEK
STEENBRAS UPPER
THEEWATERSKLOOF
% of capacity
120.0
STEENBRAS LOWER
VOELVLEI
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
Proportion of treated effluent re-used
The effluent re-used did not increase and remains 9% of the effluent produced. The
wastewater produced during the period was virtually unchanged at 490Ml/d for
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
38
Inland Waters
2000/2001 compared with an average of 488 Ml/d in 1999/2000.
Wastewater
discharged through long marine outfall pipelines is the same for the fourth
consecutive year at approximately 12 000 Ml/a.
Capacity of Wastewater Treatment Works
The total wastewater treatment capacity of the 20 wastewater treatment works and
three marine outfalls in the municipal area is approximately 564 Ml/day (reduced from
590 Ml/d as previously indicated due to deteriorated equipment at Athlone
Wastewater Treatment Works) and the average flow was 490 Ml/d for the period 1
July 2000 to 30 June 2001. This represents an increase of 0.5% on the previous
year’s average value of 488 Ml/d.
Quantities, types and dilution ratios of industrial effluent entering sewage works
and ocean outflow
The total wastewater treatment capacity of the 20 wastewater treatment works within
the municipal area has reduced from approximately 590 Ml/d to 564 Ml/day due to
deteriorated infrastructure at Athlone Wastewater Treatment Works. Upgrading of
the works is under way and the capacity of the works will increase by 25 Ml/day
within the next 3 years again.
Sludge and by-product management
Consultants
appointed
by
the
Wastewater
Department
are
finalizing
a
comprehensive sludge Management Plan for each wastewater treatment works. This
plan includes first phase sludge de-watering and second phase benefaction and will
be implemented as funds permit.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
39
Inland Waters
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
Water Demand Management - A Water Demand Management (WDM) Policy and
Strategy was accepted by Council in the second half of 2001. The main objective
of the Strategy is to reduce the projected demand for water by at least 20% by
the year 2010.
•
A draft “Comprehensive” Water Services Development Plan (WSDP) was drafted
for Water Services during the 2001 calendar year. A copy of the Draft WSDP was
submitted to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in December 2001. It
is the intention to invite public comment on the document early in 2002 and then
to
proceed
with
the
process
of
Council
approval.
Website:
www.capetown.gov.za/water/wsdp
•
Work on the Integrated Water Resource Planning (IWRP) Study continued during
2001. The IWRP Study was completed in August 2001 and the results presented
to
the
Trading
Services
Portfolio
Committee.
The
conclusions
and
recommendations emanating from the Study helped inform the City of Cape
Town’s Water Demand Management Strategy.
•
The Master Plan for Bulk Water Supply to the City of Cape Town was completed
in 2001.
•
The following major wastewater projects were in progress during the review
period:
■
Athlone Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW): Upgrading to 105
Ml/day: Construction commenced
■
Cape Flats WWTW: 50 Mℓ/d extensions, Clarifiers and inlet works
improvements under way
■
Zandvliet WWTW: Clarifiers and sludge dewatering
■
Potsdam WWTW: Clarifiers and sludge dewatering; Supply of additional
belt press and refurbishment of existing building for the belt press
installation
■
Borcherds Quarry WWTW: Inlet works upgrade and odour control;
Construction commenced on the receiving station
■
Bellville WWTW: New diffusers and clarifiers
■
Wildevoëlvlei WWTW: Completion of extensions
■
Camps Bay Marine Outfall: Upgrading of the marine outfall pump station
commenced
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
40
Inland Waters
■
Llandudno WWTW: Commissioning of the new rotating biodiscs
Reflections and Summary – Inland Waters
Overall the situation regarding inland waters in the City of Cape Town area has
deteriorated between 2000 and 2001, following on from deterioration experienced
between 1999 and 2000. Most of the pollution indicators showed an increase as well
as an increase in the number of recorded algal blooms. On the other hand water
consumption declined in response to media campaigns and the number of
households served with water remains steady. The upgrading of waste water
treatment works, progress with water demand management, strategy and policy
development as well setting of targets are all proactive steps being taken to remedy
the deteriorating inland water situation.
No indicators exist for groundwater, although it is an important source of water and
component of the hydrological cycle.
The reader should also note the Coastal Waters chapter since in many cases the
quality of water coming from inland rivers and waterbodies has a direct impact on
the quality of water in the near shore / coastal environment which is used for bathing
recreation.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
41
Coastal Waters
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
41
Coastal Waters
3 Coastal Waters
This new coastal water chapter has arisen out of a need to split a larger and very
important chapter on Water, reflecting a new focus on two important components of
the City of Cape Town.
During September 2001 Cape Town experienced severe storms. During one of these
storms, on the 5th September the biggest wave ever recorded off the Cape Peninsula
was measured at 17 metres off Slangkop, Scarborough. The same storm resulted in
the Singapore-registered Ikan Tanda running aground 300 metres off Scarborough.
The wave damage to the coastline of Cape Town was significant with numerous
buildings being severely damaged, including significant damage to the Sea Point
swimming pool and Three Anchor Bay Boat Lockers. This damage to infrastructure
along the coast revealed the costs of inappropriate development in the coastal zone.
The issues are:
3.1
Alteration of Marine and Coastal Habitats and the Increased Exploitation of
Marine Resources
3.2
Bathing Water Quality during Summer months
3.3
Overall Coastal Water Quality (Annual)
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
The environmental quality will have improved in terms of air, water, land and sea.
3.1 Alteration of Marine and Coastal Habitats and the Increased Exploitation of
Resources
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Area of coastline conserved (% of total)
The two marine protected areas (MPA) and five restricted areas comprise 43km of
coastline. Of 307km of coastline within the CCT this represents 14% with some
conservation status. There are two MPAs in Cape Town, namely Castle Rock Marine
Protected Area (previously known as the Millers Point Marine Reserve), and the
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
42
Coastal Waters
Helderberg Marine Protected Area. Both were proclaimed Marine Protected Areas in
2000. For more details please consult Table 3.1.
This indicator is limited in providing an accurate assessment of the marine resources
because it is ultimately the management effectiveness and not the conserved area
that determines the sustainable utilisation of marine resources. In 2001 there were 30
posts for on-the-ground officials to service the harbours and coastal zone between
Cape Town and Gordon’s Bay. Unfortunately less than half the posts were effectively
filled. A number (10) of fish stocks and abalone have been exploited beyond the point
at which they can sustain their losses (known as a collapsed stock).
Effective
management interventions have however stabilised the rock lobster and geelbeck
populations.
The main focus of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: Marine and
Coastal Management is the administering of Acts, processes and international
procedures particularly related to fisheries, marine pollution, oil pollution and sea
birds. This is done in terms of the Sea Shore Act (No. 21 of 1935), Dumping at Sea
Control Act (No. 73 of 1980), Marine Pollution (Control and Civil Liability) Act (No. 6
of 1981), National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998), Marine Living
Resources Act (No. 18 0f 1998) and the White Paper for Sustainable Coastal
Development in South Africa (2000).
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
43
Coastal Waters
Table 3.1 Marine reserves in the City of Cape Town. (See Figure 5.1 in Chapter 5: Biodiversity and Soils for location of reserves). The goals for these reserves
include conservation of biodiversity, fisheries management, research, education and recreational opportunities.
No. Name
Type of reserve Managing Location, regulations, size and management
Legislation and date of proclamation
Body
objective
6b
Cape of Good
Restricted Area
DEAT
From Schuster Bay (Scarborough) to the Cape
Regulations in terms of the Marine Living
Hope Closed Area
Point lighthouse, extending 500 m from the high
Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
water mark. Length of reserve: 25 km
Proclaimed 1977
2
Reserve area: 12 km
23
Miller’s point /
Marine
DEAT
From Bakoven Rock to Bobbejaansklip
Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18
Castle Rocks
Protected Area
Length of reserve: 3,5 km
of 1998)
Reserve area: 6,6 km2
Proclaimed 1977 / Re-proclaimed in 2000
15
Jagger’s Walk to
Restricted Area
DEAT
Extending 500 m seawards from the high-water
Regulations in terms of the Marine Living
Glencairn Beach
mark. Length of reserve: 2,5 km
Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
Reserve area: 1,25 km2
Proclaimed 1977
24
Neptune’s Corner
Restricted Area
DEAT
Extending 500 m seawards from the high-water
Regulations in terms of the Marine Living
(Muizenberg to St.
mark. Length of reserve: 1,5 km
Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
2
James Station)
Reserve area: 0,75 km
Proclaimed in 1977
19
St. James to Kalk
Restricted Area
DEAT
Extending 500 m seawards from the high water
Regulations in terms of the Marine Living
Bay
mark. Length of reserve: 1 km
Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
Reserve area: 0,5 km2
Proclaimed in 1977
29
Strand
Restricted Area
DEAT
From the security fence next to the Lorens River,
Regulations in terms of the Marine Living
Strand, to the eastern breakwater of the fishing
Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
harbour at Gordon’s Bay, extending 500 m
seawards. Shore angling and the collection of
washed up red-bait is allowed.
Length of reserve: 8 km
Reserve area: 4 km2
Helderberg
Marine
DEAT
Eerste River to Lourens River, extending 500m from Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18
Protected Area
the high water mark. No exploitation
of 1998). Proclaimed 2000
Coastal Waters
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway:
•
National Policy for Sustainable Coastal Development in South Africa adopted in
2000: The Policy sets out a vision for the coast, and principles, goals and
objectives for coastal management, together with a Plan of Action for
implementation. In essence, this Policy aims to achieve sustainable coastal
development through a dedicated and integrated coastal management approach,
in partnership with all South Africans.
•
CoastCare programme initiated: Marine and Coastal Management (MCM)
initiated a national beach clean-up under the CoastCare banner. This programme
provided employment and education opportunities to disadvantaged communities
while at the same time tackling litter and waste along our coastline.
•
City of Cape Town Coastal Zone Strategy initiated: In November 2001 a Coastal
Zone Technical Coordinating Committee was established to develop and
implement a Coastal Zone Strategy for the CCT.
This committee has
representatives from the following line functions and departments:
■
Environmental Management
■
Spatial Planning
■
Law Enforcement
■
Disaster Management
■
Health
■
Community Facilities
■
Open Space and Nature Conservation
■
Catchment Management
During 2001, the Coastal Zone area has been defined and mapped by a
technical task team representing the relevant line functions of the CCT. The
coastal zone area includes a number of coastal management units, such as
those located on rocky and sandy shores, as well as coastal structures such as
ports and launching areas. Defining and mapping a coastal management area
will assist by ensuring the unique features of the coast are recognised.
Following the identification of the coastal zone as a specific area, a State of the
Coast Report was completed in November 2001. The information in this State of
the Coast Report will form the basis for the development of a Coastal Zone
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
45
Coastal Waters
Management Framework in 2002. For more information on this Coastal Zone
strategy please refer Chapter 15 – Policies, Strategies and Targets.
•
The Coastal Zone Policy for the Western Cape (CZPWC) being developed by
Provincial Government aims to establish sustainable development and
conservation for the Western Cape Province within the broader context of the
National White Paper for Sustainable Coastal Development in South Africa. In
July 2001 the Provincial Department of Planning, Local Government and Housing
launched the draft CZPWC and initiated a further public participation process,
which ended 30 November 2001. Written comments received on the document
are currently being addressed in finalising the policy. It is anticipated that the
revised CZPWC will be submitted to the Provincial Cabinet in August 2002 for
ratification as official Provincial Policy.
•
Port of Cape Town initiates a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for the
proposed Port expansion
The Port of Cape Town has initiated an extensive SEA as part of its plans to
expand the capacity of the Port.
This is a proactive approach by the Port
Authority to its environmental responsibilities and will ensure that environmental
considerations are included at all stages and in all phases of the proposed Port
expansion.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
46
Coastal Waters
3.2
Coastal Water Quality
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The discharge of industrial and domestic effluents, including treated sewage effluent,
as well as stormwater discharge and litter occurs at points along the coastline. Data
for the indicators suggest improvements in most cases.
Exceedances of DWAF guidelines for faecal coliform counts in coastal water
1. Coastal Water Quality
The Scientific Services Department monitors coastal water quality in Table Bay and
False Bay on a fortnightly basis. The areas monitored stretch from Miller’s Point to
Kogel Bay on the False Bay Coast and from Silverstroom to Scarborough on the
Table Bay Coast (Figure 3.1).
The Guideline used to measure sea water quality (bathing and recreational) is the
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry: South African Water Quality Guidelines
For Coastal Marine Waters volume 2 Recreational Use 1995. This guideline uses the
80th and 95th percentile values of faecal coliform counts to measure water quality.
Water Quality Guideline for Coastal Marine Waters (Recreational use) states as
follows:
80th percentile: 80% of samples must contain not more than 100 faecal coliforms
(stringent)
per 100ml
95th percentile: 95% of samples must not contain more than 2000 faecal coliforms
(relaxed)
per 100ml
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
47
Coastal Waters
Figure 3.1 Coastal monitoring points along Cape Town’s coastline
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
48
Coastal Waters
1.1 Bathing Water Quality (Summer: October 2001- March 2002)
This review covers the six months from October to March. Only the 80th percentile
guideline has been used to measure compliance during this period as there are
insufficient results to accurately calculate the 95th percentile.
False Bay
Although this stretch of coast had a very good summer in 2000-2001, the level of
compliance was not maintained during the review period (Table 3.2). The areas that
exceeded the guideline were: Fish Hoek Beach, Silvermine River Mouth, Sandown
Hotel, Muizenberg Station, Muizenberg Pavilion, Monwabisi Beach, Gordons BayVan Riebeek Hotel, Gordons Bay Harbour and Kogel Bay Beach. Investigations are
taking place to determine the sources of pollution in most of the affected areas.
Table 3.2 Percentage of bathing areas on the False Bay Coast complying with the 80th
percentile guideline for the period October to March
Year
Percentage compliance
1999
2000
2001
2002
80th Percentiles
89
92
98
78
Number of Areas
37
39
40
40
Table Bay
Over the past year there has been a drop in the percentage compliance with the
guideline compared with the previous year (Table 3.3). The ageing stormwater
infrastructure coupled with the high urban runoff in this area has lead to high bacterial
loads at many of the bathing sites. The sites that exceeded the guideline are as
follows: Tree Anchor Bay, Rocklands Beach, Graafs Pool, Milton Pool, Saunders
Rocks Beach, Horne Bay and Hout Bay Beach.
Table 3.3 Percentage of bathing areas on the Atlantic Coast complying with the 80th
percentile guideline for the period October to March
Year
Percentage compliance
2001
2000
2001
2002
80th Percentiles
82
89
93
75
Number of Areas
22
27
28
28
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
49
Coastal Waters
Figure 3.3 Compliance levels with DWAF Guideline Figures for Water Quality for the
Atlantic coast (faecal coliforms / 100ml) (Source: CCT Scientific Services Department)
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
50
Coastal Waters
Figure 3.2 Compliance levels with DWAF Guideline Figures for Water Quality for the False
Bay coast (faecal coliforms / 100ml) (Source: CCT Scientific Services Department)
1.2 Overall Coastal Water Quality (All year: January – December 2001)
This period covers the year from January to December 2001. Both the 80th and 95th
percentiles were considered.
The European Union also use the 80th and 95th percentiles to evaluate the quality of
their coastal waters; the 95th percentile being a mandatory value that should be
complied with by all the member states while the 80th percentile, which is a more
stringent value, is used as a guideline to be aimed for. However in South Africa both
are guideline values and are of equal importance. Statistically speaking, the 80th
percentile is a more reliable indicator of overall quality.
False Bay
From the bar graph for False Bay (Figure 3.2) it can be seen that, for the 80th
percentile, 9 sample sites exceeded the limit compared with 4 last year and, for the
95th percentile, 1 compared to 5 in the previous year. Thus, the overall water quality
of False Bay was slightly worse than the previous year but there were fewer very
high counts (Table 3.4).
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
51
Coastal Waters
Table 3.4 Percentage of areas on the False Bay Coast complying with the 80th and 95th
percentile guidelines for the period January to December
Year
Percentage compliance
1998
1999
2000
2001
80th Percentiles
81
97
90
78
95th Percentiles
92
100
88
97
Number of Areas
37
38
40
39
Table Bay
On the Table Bay coast, a similar condition applied, with 9 sample sites exceeding
the 80th percentile compared to 6 the previous year and 4 sample sites exceeding the
95th percentile compared with 5 the previous year. Hence a slight deterioration on the
previous year’s findings (Figure 3.3 and Table 3.5).
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
52
Coastal Waters
Table 3.5 Percentage of areas on the Atlantic Coast complying with the 80th and 95th
percentile guidelines for the period January to December
Year
Percentage compliance
1998
1999
2000
2001
80th Percentiles
70
78
79
68
95th Percentiles
96
85
82
86
Number of Areas
27
27
28
28
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
53
Coastal Waters
2. Stormwater Quality
The quality of coastal waters is mostly affected by urban runoff and a lack of
infrastructure in certain areas. The faecal pollution from these sources enters the sea
via stormwater, rivers and the outlets of wastewater treatment works. From Table 3.6
it can be seen that the water quality has remained at unacceptably high levels,
notably along the Atlantic coast and, unless this problem is addressed in an
integrated manner, coastal water quality will continue to be adversely affected.
Table 3.6 Bacteriological levels of stormwater on the Atlantic and False Bay Coasts
Faecal coliforms / 100ml
Year
Stormwater
1998
1999
2000
Year
2001
1998
80th Percentile
1999
2000
2001
95th Percentile
Atlantic Coast
Three Anchor Bay Stormwater A
46e4
19e5
3e5
85e4
27e5
3e7
36e5
3e7
Three Anchor Bay Stormwater B
67e4
2e6
18e4
29e5
12e6
3e7
33e5
3e7
Saunders Rocks Stormwater
22e4
31e4
17e4
41e3
17e5
3e6
2e6
53e4
Horne Bay Stormwater
7e4
5e3
6400
5900
14e5
ID
ID
ID
Graafs Pool Stormwater 1
3e6
9e5
88e4
ID
24e6
34e5
ID
ID
Graafs Pool Stormwater 3
3e6
59e5
11e5
17e5
ID
ID
32e5
55e5
Bakoven Stormwater
34e4
ID
9e5
2e6
25e5
ID
37e5
48e5
Muizenberg station Stormwater
81e3
3e4
26e3
24e3
35e4
55e3
3e5
32e4
Mitchells Plain West Stormwater
Outlet
25e4
5600
2e5
38e3
14e5
57e3
85e4
89e3
Mitchells Plain East Stormwater
Outlet
22e4
19e3
45e3
29e3
3e6
82e3
98e4
67e4
Bailey’s Cottage Stormwater
4800
2200
9e3
8e3
43e4
27e3
3e5
3e5
False Bay Coast
Key: ID = Insufficient data to accurately calculate this value
e = x 10 to the power of
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
54
Coastal Waters
Contaminant levels of heavy metals in mussels (at 35 sampling sites)
The Mussel Watch program endeavours to monitor the quality of the coastal marine
waters of South Africa using mussels as long-term indicators of trends to identify any
‘hot spots’ before a problem arises. Mussels are sessile and bioaccumulate
pesticides and heavy metals which through analytical techniques can be measured.
The Mussel Watch Program, under the auspices of DEAT’s Marine and Coastal
Management, has revealed significant decreases in the concentration of three heavy
metals in mussel tissue (Table 3.7). This is reassuring given that the long-term trend
for cadmium between October 1985 and May 1999 showed a significant increase in
tissue concentration.
Table 3.7 Change in heavy metal concentrations in mussels (May 1999 – May 2000)
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Decrease
32
37
19
Increase
8
8
5
Non significant change
7
2
18
3
2
2
3
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
City of Cape Town Coastal Zone Strategy initiated: In November 2001 a Coastal
Zone Technical Coordinating Committee was established to develop and
implement a Coastal Zone Strategy for the CCT.
This committee has
representatives from the following line functions and departments:
■
Environmental Management
■
Spatial Planning
■
Law Enforcement
■
Disaster Management
■
Health
■
Community Facilities
■
Open Space and Nature Conservation
■
Catchment Management
For more information on this Coastal Zone strategy please refer Chapter 15 –
Policies, Strategies and Targets.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
55
Coastal Waters
•
CoastCare programme initiated: DEAT’s Marine and Coastal Management
initiated a national beach clean-up under the CoastCare banner. This programme
provided employment and education opportunities to disadvantaged communities
while at the same time tackling litter and waste along our coastline. For more
information please visit http://www.environment.gov.za/sacoast.
Reflections and Summary – Coastal Waters
The marine component remains in a critical state in terms of over exploitation of
abolone and 10 endemic species of line fish, although management measures for
rock lobsters are having the desired effect. The current indicator, percentage of
coastline conserved, does not yield an adequate representation of this issue. Other
indicators that should be investigated and reported on, most importantly staffing
levels for law enforcement and monitoring.
In terms of overall and bathing water quality the faecal coliform data for the Atlantic
coast and False Bay showed deterioration on the previous year’s data. Pollution
emanating from the stormwater system remains a critical issue and health risk.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
56
Health
4 Health
The impact of HIV / AIDS on the population, the economy, housing, transport and
other sectors continued to receive unprecedented international and national focus
and attention during 2001. Indications are that the prevalence rate is stabilising at
8.6%. Several new indicators have been added to this chapter, providing a more
inclusive picture of environmental health.
The issues are:
4.1 Health Risks Resulting from Air, Water and Noise Pollution
4.2 Health Problems Resulting from Inadequate Provision and Access to
Physical Infrastructure and Services
4.3 Potential Health Risks Associated with Food Production
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
Environmental poverty will no longer exist and all communities will live in an
environment that is not detrimental to their health or well being.
4.1 Health Risks Resulting from Air, Water and Noise Pollution
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Exceedances of WHO guidelines for lead, SO2 and NO2 and UK guidelines for
PM10
The air monitoring data illustrate a short-term decrease in NO2 and ozone
concentration with increases noted for particulate matter. This has resulted in a
decrease in the number of air pollution events / episodes relative to the previous
year, illustrating a marginal improvement in air quality over the past year. Particulate
matter levels have also decreased slightly, although there were more exceedance
events than the previous year at two of the monitoring sites. Of all the pollutants
monitored, particulate matter poses the most serious health risk as it can penetrate
deep into the lungs and has been linked to respiratory problems and cancer. Refer to
Chapter 1- Air quality and Atmosphere.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
57
Health
Tobacco Smoke – Complaints, Notices and Prosecutions
This is a new indicator, although data are only available for the latter part of the year.
412 complaints were received, whilst 237 warning notices and 14 summonses were
issued during the period of 1 July to 31 December 2001. The Tobacco Products
Control Act (83 of 1993) read with the Notice Relating to Smoking of Tobacco
products in Public Places (R975 of 29 September 2000) was enacted to protect the
rights of the public from the dangers of passive smoking. Controlling smoking in
public places ensures a clean, healthy environment for activities of daily living, public
events, travel and work.
In essence, smoking of tobacco products in any indoor or enclosed area open to the
public or part of the public is prohibited. This includes areas such as the work place,
restaurants, places of entertainment, airports, banks, accommodation facilities, public
transport, post offices, shopping malls, etc. However, the legislation makes provision
for smoking in designated smoking areas in certain public places upon compliance
with the following conditions;
•
The designated smoking area should not exceed 25% of the total floor space of
the public place.
•
The designated smoking area must be designed and ventilated in such a way
that it does not allow smoke to enter into non-smoking areas.
•
All public places must have clear signs indicating the smoking and non-smoking
areas.
•
An employer, owner, licensee, lessee or person in charge of a public place is
responsible for ensuring compliance with the Tobacco Law.
Exceedances of WHO guidelines for Esherichia coli
E. coli is a highly specific indicator of faecal pollution, which originates from humans
and warm-blooded animals. Faecal coliform bacteria, on the other hand, are primarily
used as a practical indicator of faecal pollution. Bathing water quality deteriorated
over the past year according to data for the Atlantic and False Bay coastlines. The
DWAF Water Quality Guidelines (1 000 cells / 100ml) have been exceeded at all
stormwater monitoring sites, far in excess of the guideline for intermediate-contact
recreation. The Atlantic coast was worse, and deteriorated more, than the False Bay
coastline over the past year. Refer to section 3.2 – Coastal Water Quality.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
58
Health
Number of toxic algal blooms
Seven toxic blooms were detected in 2001, down from nine toxic blooms in 2000.
However three toxic blooms were detected in 1999 and two in 1998. If not stringently
monitored and reported to the public and users, these toxic blooms can pose serious
health risks to humans, pets and livestock. Refer to section 2.1 – Inland Aquatic
Ecosystems.
Noise Pollution
This is a new indicator for which there are currently no data available. The Noise
Control Regulations promulgated in terms of the Environment Conservation Act 1989
(Act 73 of 1989) are essentially health related, however, the enforcement is not the
exclusive domain of Health and the application differs from Administration to
Administration.
Most of the complaints received are about people and music, mechanical equipment,
home industries, animals, traffic and building operations.
In categorising the noise complaints, many of the complaints are dealt with by the
various Directorates of Community Services.
Land Use Management, Building
Control and Traffic are some of the disciplines that are involved in noise control,
using the Provincial legislation, and legislation specific to their disciplines.
For the year under review, there have been successful prosecutions for
contravention for the regulations. In most cases admissions of guilt were paid and in
the other cases fines were imposed by the Courts.
The Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) has identified noise as a
priority for the implementation for the City of Cape Town.
The challenge will
therefore be to develop a policy that would address noise pollution in an uniform and
multi-sectoral way. The aim of the Noise Pollution Strategy is to ensure that noise
pollution is managed and monitored, that relevant noise pollution guidelines are
developed, and that noise pollution legislation is enforced. No progress was made
during 2001 but a noise pollution working group was convened in early 2002.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
59
Health
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway in 2001:
•
A decision by Council confirmed that Environmental Health Officers were tasked
to enforce the requirements of the law in so far as the smoking of tobacco
products in any public place is concerned.
A pamphlet indicating all the
requirements of the legislation was prepared and distributed to owners and
managers of public places in the City. 590 enquiries and 412 complaints were
received, whilst 237 warning notices and 14 summonses were issued during the
period of 1 July 2001 to 31 December 2001. This programme will be continued in
an effort to ensure that at least 80% of all restaurants in the City complies with
the requirements of the legislation by 30 June 2002.
•
A Draft Air Pollution Control By-law for the City of Cape Town is being prepared.
Refer to Chapter 1 for more information.
•
As part of the Integrated Metropolitan environmental Policy (IMEP) an Air
Pollution Strategy was initiated as one of the six priority sectoral strategies for
development during 2001. Refer to Chapter 1 for more information
During 2001 the first Catchment Stormwater and River management strategy for
the City of Cape Town was initiated and developed. Refer to
Chapter 2 for more information
•
Further information on responses to Air Quality and Atmosphere and Inland
Waters can be seen in Chapters 1 and 2.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
60
Health
4.2 Health Problems Resulting from Inadequate Provision and Access to
Physical Infrastructure and Services
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Percentage of population with safe and accessible drinking water
From Figure 4.1 it is apparent that water supply has remained static. There has been
no improvement in water service delivery rate with approximately 20% of the CCT's
population without piped water in the dwelling. This results in the burden being
transferred to the health services with high incidence of waterborne disease resulting
from poorer communities withdrawing water from river systems with particularly high
bacteriological counts including the Lotus, Elsieskraal, Kuilsriver as well as the
Liesbeeck/Black/Vygekraal system (refer to section 2.1 – Inland Waters). There are
no reliable data for 1998 and 2000.
Figure 4.1 Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling
Households w ith piped w ater in dw elling
100%
81%
1995
1996
1997
Households (%)
60%
40%
20%
0%
81%
79%
1998
Year
1999
No Data Available
No data available
79%
No Data
No data
Available
available
82%
80%
2000
2001
Percentage of population served with safe and adequate sanitation
The data for the past few years suggest an improving situation with the number of
households with on-site waterborne sanitation increasing over time. Unfortunately
there are no reliable data for the period 1996 to 1998.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
61
Health
Figure 4.2 Percentage of population served with safe and adequate sanitation
Hous eholds w ith on-s ite w aterborne s anitation
89%
90%
93%
94%
1999
2000
2001
40%
20%
1996
1997
No Data Available
60%
No Data Available
80%
No Data Available
Households (%)
100%
0%
1995
1998
Y ear
Percentage of the population with adequate refuse removal
From Figure 4.3 it is evident that refuse services have improved in the past two
years.
Figure 4.3: Percentage of households with refuse removal at least once a week
Hous eholds w ith ref us e remov al
100%
93%
80%
96%
9 5%
2000
2001
88%
No Data Available
Households (%)
84%
9 1%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1995
1996
1997
1998
Y ear
1999
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 births)
This new indicator has been included because of its relevance to the inadequacy of
services such as water and sanitation. What is presented below is infant mortality
rate for each health district and for the City of Cape Town area as a whole. The
infant mortality rate means the number of babies less than one year old who died for
every 1000 born during a particular year e.g. in 2000 for every 1000 children born in
South Peninsula, 12 died before turning one, while for every 1000 born in
Khayelitsha, 46 died before turning one.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
62
Health
Table 4.1 Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 live births
Health District
IMR (2000)
IMR (2001)
Athlone
16.7
15.5
Blaauwberg
18.8
22.8
Central
17.2
17.8
Helderberg
20.0
25.3
Khayelitsha
46.3
43.9
Mitchells Plain
17.5
18.1
Nyanga
47.1
51.5
Oostenberg
22.6
30.5
South Peninsula
12.1
14.8
Tygerberg East
24.0
24.1
Tygerberg West
23.4
19.1
City of Cape Town area
25.9
26.6
What the table above shows is that the poorest areas of Cape Town, Khayelitsha and
Nyanga, have the highest infant mortality rates. By examining the causes of death,
we can get some idea of why this is so. In these two areas, HIV/AIDS and diarrhoeal
diseases are the main causes of death.
Diarrhoeal disease can be linked to
inadequacy of services such as water and sanitation, which are lacking in these
areas.
HIV/AIDS levels are a function of sexual behaviour amongst adults with
factors such as education and migration, which are of relevance here.
Infant Mortality Rate or IMR is an internationally utilised indicator of development and
given the above, it is also relevant to the Cape Town context. There is a slight
increase in the CCT’s IMR over the two years but this difficult to interpret at this point
in time.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
63
Health
Meningococcal meningitis rate
The number of deaths has increased despite reduction in cases relative to 2000
(Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4 Annual number of Meningitis cases and deaths in Cape Town
Deaths
Cases
130
25
21
125
20
120
15
115
10
110
10
10
6
5
105
0
100
1998
1999
Year
2000
2001
Tuberculosis (TB) rate
The pattern that is emerging from the TB data suggests steady increases in the
number of reported cases and deaths (Figure 4.5). The number of TB deaths
reported for 1999 is likely to be an error or an undercount, given the trend. It is likely
that many of these deaths are masked by AIDS related deaths.
Figure 4.5 Annual number of Tuberculosis cases and deaths in Cape Town
Deaths
Cases
19000
2000
1847
18000
1750
1500
1250
17000
1101
16000
1000
750
666
500
15000
367
327
250
14000
0
1997
1998
Year
1999
2000
2001
TB incidence reflects the number of new TB cases diagnosed for every 100 000
population in a year. So 384 cases of TB was diagnosed in Athlone in the year 2000
for every 100 000 people living there while in Nyanga 910 people were diagnosed
with TB for every 100 000 people living there.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
64
Health
Table 4.2 TB cases and incidence rates in Cape Town during 2000 and 2001
Number of TB
Health District
cases in 2000
Incidence Rate
per 100 000
(2000)
Number of TB
cases in 2001
Incidence Rate
per 100 000
(2001)
Athlone
585
384
906
399
Blaauwberg
689
380
785
402
Central
1 395
459
1 365
438
Helderberg
1 144
728
1 043
636
Khayelitsha
2 743
797
3 359
921
698
254
729
262
Nyanga
2 686
910
2 988
963
Oostenberg
2 308
806
2 103
714
South Peninsula
1 170
288
1 294
309
Tygerberg East
1 212
466
1 158
430
Tygerberg West
1 662
479
1 614
462
17 244
560
18 361
577
Mitchells Plain
City
of
Cape
Town (Total)
17 244 new cases of TB were diagnosed in Cape Town in the year 2000 and 18 361
in 2001. The incidence rate increased from 560 to 577 per 100 000 people showing
that TB is increasing over and above population increase. Because HIV positive
people are at higher risk of developing TB, this increasing rate of TB is likely to be a
reflection of an increasing HIV epidemic in Cape Town.
Again the poorest districts (Nyanga and Khayelitsha) have the highest rates of TB but
districts such as Oostenberg and Helderberg also have quite high rates of TB. TB
can be linked to poor housing, poverty, poor nutrition and HIV and is thus a useful
development indicator.
Cape Town has one of the highest incidence rates of TB in the world. While the
reasons for this are complex and include climatic factors, it makes sense that the City
of Cape Town has made both HIV and TB priority areas for attention.
The health risks of contracting TB relate to overcrowding, poverty and HIV. The
health risks for contracting HIV / AIDS relate to sexual practices (e.g. multiple
partners, commercial sex work etc), population mobility (linked to truck routes) and
the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases. The two diseases are heavily
interdependent and TB is the leading killer of people with AIDS.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
65
Health
HIV / AIDS
HIV/AIDS is currently one of the most devastating health conditions affecting the
health of millions throughout the world. UNAIDS estimates that approximately 60
million people have been infected since the beginning of the epidemic and in 2001
alone an estimated 5 million would have acquired HIV infection.
A significant
proportion of these individuals reside in Sub Saharan Africa.
A South African survey was conducted concurrently across all nine provinces from
the 1st to 31st October 2001. The study was an anonymous, unlinked, cross-sectional
survey. The study population included pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics
in the public health sector of South Africa.
Based on the 16 730 blood samples tested for HIV during the survey, it is estimated
that nationally, 24.8% of pregnant women were infected with HIV by the end of 2001.
This is in comparison with a prevalence rate of 24.5% recorded for 2000. Whilst this
rate of infection is high and a significant public health problem the findings indicate
that there is not a statistically significant growth in the epidemic from the previous
years.
The findings of this survey are however an important pointer to the magnitude of the
HIV/AIDS problem that South Africa confronts, where an estimated 4.74 million
individuals are infected with HIV.
The Western Cape has consistently reported the lowest HIV prevalence compared
with the other provinces in South Africa. Trend data suggests that the HIV epidemic
in the Western Cape differs from the national epidemic in that it reflects a lower
magnitude of disease and slower rate of progression over the last decade.
Table 4.3 HIV prevalence by Health District
Health District
HIV Prevalence (±95% Confidence interval)
Blaauwberg
0.6
±1.1
Cape Town Central
3.7
±3.6
Greater Athlone
6.8
±4.6
Helderberg
19
±6
Khayelitsha
22
±5
Mitchell’s Plain
0.7
±1.3
Gugulethu / Nyanga
16.1
±6.5
Oostenberg
5.7
±3.3
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
66
Health
South Peninsula
5.9
±3.9
Tygerberg East
6.1
±3.4
Tygerberg West
7.9
±3.9
The Annual HIV Provincial Survey in the Western Cape reveals a prevalence of 8.6%
for the year 2001. This figure is not significantly different from the previous year’s
prevalence of 8.7%. However, the survey shows that the HIV prevalence steadily
increased in the under 20 year age group which is a proxy for new HIV infections.
A researcher at University of Cape Town (Professor R Dorrington) was asked to
estimate the number of HIV positive people in Cape Town and the number of
orphans. This information is provided below: please note that these are estimates –
the real figures are difficult to measure.
Table 4.4: HIV data by Health District
Health District
Estimated Number
HIV positive 2001
Estimated Percentage
Estimated
of population HIV
Number of AIDS
positive
orphans in 2001
Athlone
5 029
2.3
211
Blaauwberg
4 476
2.4
335
Central
13 044
4.1
826
Helderberg
4 837
3.0
360
Khayelitsha
39 684
11.1
3 013
Mitchells Plain
7 257
2.6
334
Nyanga
33 568
10.9
2 603
Oostenberg
9 251
3.2
788
South Peninsula
9 004
2.2
797
Tygerberg East
7 811
2.9
444
Tygerberg West
6 230
1.8
246
140 192
4.5
9 958
City
of
Cape
Town (Total)
These results again show a stark variation within the Cape Metropole with areas
such as Nyanga and Khayelitsha showing much higher levels than other areas.
Again the link to poorest areas of the City is clear. The pattern is similar to the TB
and IMR measures showing the common developmental links between these
indicators. Education, sexual practices and migration are significant factors here.
The government monitors HIV prevalence by means of an annual survey amongst
pregnant women.
The table below show the trends at national level and in the
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
67
Health
Western Cape Province. As the CCT contains 75% of the people in the province, the
provincial figures can be seen as a proxy for what is happening in the CCT area.
Table 4.5 HIV prevalence as per antenatal survey (% of total population)
Year
Western Cape
National SA
1990
0.06
0.73
1991
0.08
1.74
1992
0.25
2.15
1993
0.56
4.01
1994
1.16
7.57
1995
1.66
10.44
1996
3.09
14.17
1997
6.30
17.00
1998
5.20
22.80
1999
7.10
22.40
2000
8.70
24.50
2001
8.60
24.80
The following trends can be seen: a steady upward trend in the past 11 years at both
provincial and national level with the Western Cape at a much lower level. The
recent flattening off cannot at this stage be interpreted as a slowing down of the
epidemic – one needs at least 3-5 years of data before one can be confident of this.
The lower levels in the Western Cape hide the huge variations, which exist within the
province as can be seen by the first table. All this means is that there can be no
relaxation in the tackling of the HIV epidemic in the City. The City has made this
area a priority and this needs to continue.
The Health Directorate and other
Directorates in the City are engaged in a range of activities related to dealing with
HIV in the City around education, condom availability, prevention of mother to child
transmission and the availability of HIV testing.
Teenage Births
Teenage births represent a disruption of schooling particularly for teenage girls. The
data below refers to teenage girls under the age of 18 (ranging from 13 to 17) who
have given birth. The percentage refers to the proportion of total births that are made
up of teenagers under the age of 18.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
68
Health
Table 4.6: Teenage births by Health District
Number of teenage births Percentage teenage births of
Health District
(<18 years) in 2001
all births
Athlone
133
3.9
Blaauwberg
108
4.4
Central
149
2.7
Helderberg
156
5.9
Khayelitsha
380
5.3
Mitchells Plain
245
4.3
Nyanga
225
4.5
Oostenberg
325
5.7
South Peninsula
213
4.0
Tygerberg East
266
5.7
Tygerberg West
341
6.4
2 541
4.8
TOTAL
The Health Directorate aims to reduce teenage births to less than 3.5%. The pattern
above shows that it is in poorer areas that teenage pregnancies are higher, but in a
different way to indicators such as TB and infant mortality. The underlying issues
here relate to education, access to recreational facilities and drug misuse. Teenage
pregnancies do not occur in a vacuum, impacts on population growth and has
implications for health services since teenage births are regarded as higher risk than
ordinary births. A link to HIV is also significant in that the initiation of sexual activity
at a young age is a risk factor for this condition.
Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution poses both a direct and an indirect threat to the health and
safety of the residents and visitors to the City of Cape Town. A direct threat to
human health from the polluting agents such as medical waste, faecal matter and
other toxic substances that are illegally disposed of in the environment and an
indirect threat in the way pollutants such as litter and other dumped material impact
on our sense of mental, physical and social well being.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
69
Health
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The Helminth Worm Project in the Khayelitsha District of Tygerberg: Among the
achievements for the year 2001, was the completion of the learning materials,
which have been endorsed by Minister of Education, Kader Asmal and are being
piloted in the schools.
Another achievement was the partnership with Mvula
Trust for the hardware for the experimentation with alternate sanitation
technology. Communities are now driving this part of the project in collaboration
with the project team partners. Approaches have also been made to Aus Aid and
this proposal has also been successful. The City of Cape Town continues to
make significant input as one of the project partners and we have emphasised
the need to roll the project out to other areas in the City where worm infestation is
also proving to be problematic. The challenge for the City is to use the lessons
learnt in the Khaylitsha project and to ensure that the necessary resources are
available to support any roll-out plan.
•
Health and Development Directory: An initiative of the Healthy Cities project in
2001 was the development and subsequent launch of the Health and
Development Directory. This was a joint initiative with the Western Cape Health
Promotion Forum. The directory lists three hundred organisations involved in the
area of health and development in the City of Cape Town area and will be
updated in two to three year’s time.
•
The development of a single Environmental Health by-law for the City, an aspect
of which deals with the control of medical waste from the point of generation to
the point of disposal. This by-law will for the first time allow for the proper control
of medical waste and the appropriate fining of perpetrators who dump medical
waste illegally.
•
The development of health promotion material aimed at educating the
Community of the hazards of medical waste.
•
Participation in the WasteWise Campaign – Historically, Environmental Health
Officers in the different administrations played an active role in addressing the
issue of littering and dumping in their respective Communities. These initiatives
were often less than successful in that they were carried out in isolation of other
Departments.
Clean-up campaigns were launched, but shortly after their
completion, the state of the environment soon reverted back to its polluted state.
The WasteWise Campaign, which is driven by the City’s Waste Management
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
70
Health
Directorate, for the first time deals with waste generation, dumping and littering in
a comprehensive, holistic and integrated manner. Environmental Health Officers
across the City are now playing an important role in the implementation of this
initiative and contributing to the overall success of the campaign.
•
Development and installation of uniform Health Warning signs for recreational
waters, which do not conform to the laid down standards.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Health
4.3 Potential Health Risks Associated with Food Production
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
An important function of Environmental Health Services relates to the implementation
of an effective food control programme throughout the City.
This includes the
monitoring of all formal and informal food premises to determine the degree of
compliance with legal standards relating to structural aspects, food handling
practices, hygiene standards; ongoing health promotion regarding safe food handling
practices and the personal hygiene of food handlers; implementation of food
sampling programmes to determine the extent of compliance with food safety
standards prescribed by applicable health legislation.
Exceedances of the bacteriological standards as specified in the Foodstuffs,
Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act (1972) for packaged milk and milk sold in bulk
tanks
Bacteriological standards were exceeded more frequently in pasteurised milk sold via
bulk tanks compared to packaged milk. In 2001, approximately 38% of samples
taken of pasteurised bulk retail milk exceeded the standard for coliform bacteria. In
the same period, 14% of samples taken of pasteurised packaged milk exceeded this
standard. This is an improvement compared with the 2000 results (56% and 17%,
respectively). Less than 1% of all pasteurised milk samples analysed by the City’s
Food and Milk Laboratory during 2001, yielded positive results for the presence of
Escherichia coli.
Figure 4.6 Bulk and Pasteurised milk exceeding the standard of coliform bacteria
(% non-compliance)
56%
60%
40%
B ulk milk
P asteurised milk
76%
80%
38%
36%
17%
20%
14%
0%
1999
2000
Year
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
2001
72
Health
Bacterial monitoring of prepared foods
The presence of Escherichia coli in prepared foods is an indication of poor food
handling processes and / or poor personal hygiene of food handlers. E. coli is a
highly specific indicator of faecal pollution, which originates from humans and warmblooded animals. Certain strains of E. coli are known to cause food poisoning. Where
E. coli is present there is the likelihood of the presence of other pathogenic
organisms.
Most of the bacteriological monitoring in the CCT is done through the accredited
National Health Laboratory Services SA (NHLS) laboratory and the Directorate: City
Health’s own Food and Milk laboratory. Results for 2001 are presented in Table 4.7.
Of concern is the fact that approximately 7% of samples of prepared food analysed
contained E. coli.
Table 4.7 Monitoring results for prepared food samples analysed within the CCT between
1999 and 2001.
No. of samples
analysed
Laboratory
No. of samples
Percentage non-
tested positive for
compliance
E. coli
1999
2000
2001
1999
2000
2001
1999
2000
2001
148
21
731
0
2
41
0%
9.5%
5.6%
849
476
437
85
36
40
10%
7.5%
9.2%
Food and Milk Lab
Directorate: City
Health
SA Institute for
Medical Research
Food Safety (with particular reference to Chemical Sampling)
The sampling of foodstuff was undertaken in terms of the Foodstuff, Cosmetic and
Disinfectants Act No. 54 of 1972. One of the aims of this Act is the protection of the
health of consumers by means of the analysis of the quality of foodstuff intended for
human consumption. The foodstuff sampled varied from meat and milk products,
beverages, salt, sauces to fruit and vegetables for pesticide residue. This report
focuses primarily on the results of analytical test based on the composition of
foodstuff.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
73
Health
Table 4.8: Tabulated results from the six Administrative areas involved in Chemical Sampling.
Questions
Blaauwberg
Cape Town
Helderberg
Oostenberg
South
Tygerberg
Peninsula
Chemical
samples
Compliance
% noncompliance
155
1 111
137
218
436
515
108
1 080
115
200
335
398
10%
3%
16%
8%
14%
31%
The remedial action taken by the six administrations relative to the defaulting
samples were as follows:
•
Issuing of warning letter
•
Summonses issued to repeat offenders
•
Health education conducted and informational leaflets issued
•
Follow-up sampling done
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway:
•
A workshop focusing on problems experienced during the production, processing,
transportation and final sale of pasteurised milk via bulk tanks, was held with
stakeholders during August 2001. The objectives of this workshop, namely to
share information, identify problem areas and promote co-operation and support
between the authorities and the milk industry in an effort to address the problems
experienced with the bacteriological quality of milk sold via bulk tanks, were
achieved. A Dairy Products Forum to further the co-operation amongst various
stakeholders has since been established.
•
Follow-up investigations are carried out by Environmental Health Practitioners in
respect of all food samples that fail to comply with legal standards.
Actions
include the identification of environmental conditions that could lead to the
contamination of food and monitoring the implementation of corrective steps to
address such problems; on-going health education to the food industry regarding
safe food handling practices and hygienic food handling; implementation of legal
actions.
During 2001, a total of 118 warning letters were issued and three
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
74
Health
prosecutions were initiated by Health Officials of the City in respect of food
samples that had failed to comply with bacteriological standards.
•
Refer to responses in section 4.2.
Reflections and Summary - Environmental Health
Despite the HIV/AIDS prevalence stabilising for the City as a whole there are still
some areas, communities and age groups which have an HIV/AIDS rate equivalent
to the highest in the country. TB continues to increase along with Meningitis Deaths.
The geographic anomalies suggest targeted interventions in the poorest areas such
as Khayelitsha, Gugulethu and Nyanga. This includes developmental, infrastructural,
educational and health care solutions. Some progress has been made with regards
milk products, tobacco and noise and less so with regards food stuffs.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
75
Biodiversity and Soils
5 Biodiversity and Soils
Cape Town contains a diverse and unique set of ecosystems due to the
Mediterranean climate, the location of Table Mountain and its associated
microhabitats, the surrounding sand flats and the sea. Cape Town is also located in
the smallest, but richest of the plant kingdoms, the Cape Floral Kingdom. The biotic
habitats and biodiversity of the area are, however, under pressure from development.
The soil resource in Cape Town performs an important biological function in
supporting the fauna and flora as well as an agricultural role. The soil resource is
however being lost to development through urban expansion and sprawl and is being
utilised for building material at an unknown rate.
The issues are:
5.1 Habitat and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems
5.2 Location of the Cape Peninsula National Park within Cape Town
5.3 Loss of Soils and Agricultural Potential due to Urban Expansion and Sprawl
5.4 Loss of Soils due to the Mining of Minerals, Sand and Clay
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
The environmental quality will have improved in terms of air, water, land and sea.
There will be adequate and well distributed open spaces for recreation and
sustaining biodiversity.
5.1 Habitat and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Our global responsibility to conserve the smallest and richest of the plant kingdoms in
the world is onerous on all the peoples of Cape Town. Cape Town is situated within
an area of world class biodiversity and conservation value and is home to many
vegetation types, which are considered a wonder of the world because of their
extraordinary diversity. The unique environment of Cape Town is its greatest asset
and the effective management and enhancement of this asset is the responsibility of
the CCT and, to some extent, Provincial and National Government.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
Figure 5.1 Map of Protected Areas and Marine Protected Areas in the City of Cape Town
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
77
Biodiversity and Soils
Area of land within CCT area having formal conservation status
Land area with formal conservation status remains at 476km2 (See Figure 5.1),
representing approximately 19% of the City’s total area and includes national,
provincial and local nature reserves. Land area alone does not ensure conservation,
only effective management can achieve this. In future the effectiveness of nature
conservation management will need to be reported in order to provide a better
understanding of the state of Cape Town’s biota.
Number of conservation areas proclaimed versus number of conservation areas
managed
This is a new indicator and serves to provide a better indication of the biodiversity
managed as opposed to proclaimed area alone, which has been used as a proxy to
date. There are 23 formal nature areas across the City, with five* (Table 5.1) of them
being managed by the local authority to a satisfactory level to sustain their
associated biodiversity. The 23 areas managed by the City’s Nature Conservation
Branch, amounting to 7 777 ha, are listed in Table 5.1 below.
Table 5.1 Protected areas under the jurisdiction of the City of Cape Town
Status
Reserve
Managed for biodiversity
to satisfactory levels
Proclaimed Local Authority
Helderberg Nature Reserve*
Yes
Tygerberg Nature Reserve*
Yes
Durbanville Nature Reserve*
Yes
Rondevlei Nature Reserve*
Yes
Zandvlei Nature Reserve*
Yes
Harmony Flats Nature Reserve
No
Dick Dent Nature Reserve
No
Braken Nature Reserve
No
Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve
No
Edith Stevens Nature Reserve
No
Raapenberg Nature Reserve
No
Wolfgat Nature Reserve
No
Nature Reserves
Natural Heritage Sites
Silverboom
Kloof
Natural
No
Rondebosch Common Natural
No
Heritage Site
Natural Heritage Sites
Heritage Site
Natural Heritage Site
Waterhof Heritage Site
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
No
78
Biodiversity and Soils
Natural Heritage Site
Rondebosch East Common
No
Protected Natural
Lourens
Protected
No
Environment
Natural Environment
Protected Natural
Rietvlei
Natural
No
Environment
Environment
Nature Area
Uitkamp Wetlands Nature Area
No
Heritage Area
Blaauwberg Conservation Area
No
Biosphere Reserve
Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve
No
River
Protected
(part)
Biosphere Reserve
West Coast Biosphere Reserve
No
(part)
Public Open Space
Zoarvlei
No
Only portions of the Blaauwberg Conservation Area (BCA), as proposed in the BCA
Development and Management plan (May 2000, OvP Associates), have formal
conservation status. These portions were proclaimed in 1996 as Conservation Areas
under the former National Monuments Act (28 of 1969), but with the promulgation of
the National Heritage Act (25 of 1999) these have become Heritage Areas.
The state of the flora in the City of Cape Town is affected by the management levels
on proclaimed areas. Because many of the existing reserves do not meet
management levels necessary to ensure biodiversity protection, flora conservation is
compromised. Furthermore there is no city-wide biodiversity conservation network in
place, many conservation worthy areas that have no formal status and do not enjoy
recognition and protection in terms of the City’s rich floral biodiversity.
A number of biodiversity-related initiatives have, however, been completed or are
underway. The Cape Flats Flora Core Conservation Sites project is a key biodiversity
initiative, which will form a core component of the envisioned Biodiversity Strategy
(see responses section). This study identified 38 core botanical sites that need to be
protected and managed to ensure the survival of the unique Cape Flats flora. These
sites contain over 97.5% of the unique plant species of the Cape Flats. The City of
Cape Town (CCT) has adopted and supported the challenge and urgency of
ensuring adequate conservation status and management for these sites.
In addition to the Cape Flats Flora programme, another study initiated in 2001, the
"Identification of Key Nature Conservation Areas in the City of Cape Town", which
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
79
Biodiversity and Soils
identifies all the terrestrial areas in the City of Cape Town that are needed to ensure
the enhancement and protection of the City of Cape Town's terrestrial biodiversity, is
nearing completion.
Once the results have been finalised, the aim is establish a biodiversity conservation
network, i.e. a committed number of Key Biodiversity Areas, within the City of Cape
Town including all 38 Cape Flats Flora Sites which will ultimately be prioritised for
protection and management.
An update of data on fauna is required as there have been changes to and
refinement of the data and this has lead to changes in the summary statistics. The
information is supplied by Western Cape Nature Conservation Board, Scientific
Services Department and the City’s Nature Conservation Department.
Amphibians
There are 20 species recorded within the CCT boundary at nearest second spatial
resolution. A further four species are likely to occur within this area although only on
the periphery. The Western Leopard Toad (Bufo patherinus) is a newly described
species (1998) which was split from the nominate race on the eastern side of the
country. It is the largest amphibian in the City area and has a limited distribution
range, being found on the southwestern corner of the Cape Flats around Rondevlei,
Zeekoevlei, Zandvlei and the few remaining wetlands in Philippi.
There are outlying populations of the Western Leopard Toad in Hout Bay and the
Fish Hoek - Noordhoek Valley. Immediately upon description the species was
designated as a Red Data species threatened with extinction. The main threats to it
are fragmentation of habitat, urban development across its migration routes, poor
water quality and possibly alien fish species at its breeding sites.
At Zeekoevlei 25 years ago residents speak of the Leopard Toad being so common
that the roads became slippery from squashed frogs during winter when they moved
to water bodies to breed; several hundred would accumulate against walls at a
house. Last year two were seen at Zeekoevlei.
Reptiles
There are 54 taxa recorded in the database for the CCT area at reserve or urban
centroid spatial resolution (in the order of 10s of minutes) and a further eight species
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
are expected to occur in the area. Note that some of these species are marine
species.
Mammals
There are 79 mammal species recorded in the database with a further 10 species
that are likely to occur within the region. Of the total, 15 species are marine species
and five are alien species.
Fish
There are 12 species recorded with the CCT boundary. Of the total, eight species
are exotic to the CCT area and one species has gone extinct within the CCT area i.e.
Pseudobarbus burgi (Berg River Redfin) no longer occurs in the Eerste River.
Loss of habitat and biodiversity
This is a new indicator and although difficult to quantify is nonetheless relevant. The
proposed R300 toll road, if built, will eradicate the only piece of strandveld vegetation
associated with Zandvlei Nature Reserve. It will cover and impact the only habitat of
the butterfly, Barber’s Ranger (Kedestes barbarae bunta), known worldwide only
from Zandvlei Nature Reserve and Pelican Park. The proposed road could also take
up as much as 20% of the usable habitat at the Strandfontein Waste Water
Treatment Works, which is the sixth most important coastal wetland for birds in South
Africa. During a count last year this site recorded more water birds than the entire
Kwazulu-Natal! The road will fragment the proposed False Bay Ecology Park, the
largest multi use conservation area on the Cape Flats.
Number of species extinct
This is a new indicator. The extinct Cape Flats Erica (Erica verticillata) has been
re-established in the wild at Rondevlei Nature Reserve, bringing together the last two
known plants that were in cultivation. 2001 was the first time that seed has been
produced and is the first sign that this species may come back from the brink of
extinction.
Number of children exposed to environmental education through nature areas
This is a new indicator. During 2001 the City’s Nature Conservation Branch provided
environmental education for 20 860 school children, an increase of 8 924 children for
the same period last year.
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Biodiversity and Soils
Table 5.2 Number of children exposed to Environmental Education through nature areas
between 1999 and 2001
Reserve
99/2000
2000/2001
2001/2002
Rietvlei
no record
no record
334
Tygerberg
no record
903
2 470
Durbanville
no record
144
612
Zandvlei
0
250
1 207
Edith Stevens
0
0
1 820
Zeekoevlei (3 day camp)
0
735
1 275
Rondevlei
6 009
7 262
8 721
Helderberg
1 675
2 642
3 571
no record
no record
850
7 684
11 936
20 860
Kogelberg (ECO - private)
TOTAL
A non-profit Trust, the Zeekoevlei Environmental Education Programme, was
established through the City to run overnight environmental education camps at
Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve. By the end of the year 1 350 children had attended
these programmes.
Number of hectares cleared of alien vegetation by the City’s Open Space and
Nature Conservation Branches
This is a new indicator and needs to be carefully interpreted as it can yield spurious
information if not properly contextualised. The results of alien vegetation removal in
isolation can be interpreted in various ways and may be misleading, as follows:
■
High figures may mean that an area is well managed, after initial lack of
alien vegetation control
■
High figures may mean that an area is being neglected [an increase in
alien vegetation is experienced]
■
Low figures may mean that an area is well managed due to previous
stringent alien vegetation control measures.
■
Low figures may mean that control measures are slackening.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
Table 5.3 Number of hectares cleared of alien vegetation by the City’s Open Space
and Nature Conservation Branches
Administrative Area
Initial Clearing
Re - Cleaning
Area - Ha
Area - Ha
South Peninsula Administration
131
746
Tygerberg Administration
379
742
Blaauwberg Administration
81
15
Helderberg Administration
172
200
Oostenberg Administration
0
0
Cape Town Administration
0
0
763
1 033
Total
This information is likely to be used as a performance measure in the future.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are being undertaken in 2001:
•
In order to protect the biodiversity the City has embarked on the development of
a biodiversity strategy, as one of the Integrated Metropolitan Environmental
Policy (IMEP) priority strategies. The aim of the IMEP Biodiversity Strategy is to
ensure that the unique biodiversity in the CCT is protected and enhanced for the
benefit of current and future generations. The strategy will aim to do this through
primary biodiversity conservation areas (nature reserves and protected areas),
secondary biodiversity sources (open space, road verges, etc.), by combating the
spread of alien invasive species and through education and awareness.
Partnerships between local government and other stakeholders will be used
wherever possible to ensure sustainability and broad support for the strategy. A
Biodiversity Strategy Committee was established in 2001 and includes
representatives of the key line functions involved in biodiversity management in
the CCT (including Open Space and Nature Conservation, Environmental
Management and Spatial Planning). The Steering Committee is guiding the
development of the Biodiversity Strategy. More information on this strategy may
be found in section 6 – Policies, Strategies and Targets.
•
Identification of Key Nature Conservation Areas in the City of Cape Town: This
analysis was completed at the end of 2001. The analysis will then be re-run
using different data to serve as a check to the results of the first analysis. This
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
revision of the study should be complete by July 2002.
The sites that are
identified as key nature conservation areas will form the basis of a proposed
biodiversity conservation network for Cape Town. These sites will be assessed
in terms of the most appropriate conservation models once a status quo
assessment on them has been completed.
•
The Environmental Significance Mapping database was restructured and the
aquatic, marine and terrestrial information was updated in 2001. Version 2 of the
database was released in June 2001. The visual, geophysical and heritage layers
are currently being updated for the next release in March 2002. The
Environmental Significance Mapping will form the basis of a new Environmental
Resource Database that will include spatial and non-spatial environmental
information in support of the priority IMEP strategies and other statutory
environmental functions.
•
The Metropolitan Open Space Value Study was completed in October 2001. The
study tested Environmental Resource Economics tools for environmental
management in the CCT. The study showed that the City's open spaces and
environmental resources have significant economic value. The City benefits from
millions of rands of "free" services provided by open space every year. The study
showed that crime and grime detracts from the value of open space while
investment and maintenance of open space could increase open space and
property values.
•
Driftsands Nature Reserve: An Environmental Education (EE) centre was
established at the Delft MRC facility during the year. In addition training of
volunteers commenced along with pilot EE work being started in schools.
Scoping was done and public participation commenced for the establishment of
an initiation village. DEAT approved the establishment of an initiation village.
Goals for 2002 include broadening community links, running formal EE
programmes for local schools, construction of the initiation village and
development of an initiation village management plan as well as setting up
conceptual architectural plans for all projects planned for Driftsands and
resolution of the future of informal settlements in the reserve.
Additional responses underway in which the City is partnering with various
organisations:
•
Mainstreaming Biodiversity: Cape Flats Nature - Biodiversity for the people.
Cape Flats Nature is a partnership project between the City of Cape Town, the
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
National Botanical Institute, the Table Mountain Fund, and the Botanical Society
of South Africa. Cape Flats Nature aims to develop good practice in sustainable
management of city conservation sites. It will do this in a people-centred way
that builds local leadership in conservation and benefits the surrounding
communities, particularly the townships where living conditions are poor. The
project’s approach is being developed in the context of the City of Cape Town’s
‘Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy’ and ‘Biodiversity Strategy’. It has
four focus areas that depend on each other for success, with conservation being
the primary aim:
Conservation: The Cape Flats is a biodiversity hotspot. It has over 1400
indigenous plant species, which include 131 rare or endangered species of which
76 species are only found on the Cape Flats and nowhere else in the world.
These plants support a rich diversity of birds, reptiles and other animals.
Education: City nature sites provide an ideal setting for education, particularly for
learners at schools in poor communities that are less likely to have access to
facilities further away. It allows children to learn that nature is not something that
happens in the wilderness, and that they can begin to discover, care about and
enjoy the environment on their doorstep.
Recreation and quality of life: Most people living in poor communities have very
little access to areas of natural beauty for recreation. Often open space is
severely limited in these communities or unsafe, and living space is cramped.
Provided activities are carefully managed, city conservation areas can contribute
to people’s health and wellbeing by providing much needed space for outdoor
recreation.
Job creation: There will be limited job creation through alien clearing activity and
links to tourism and other local economic development initiatives.
•
Blaauwberg Conservation Area (BCA): An Implementation Plan for the ‘western
section’ (public owned land) of the BCA was prepared. Work commenced on a
detailed GIS based Inventory of Attributes and Sensitivity Analysis for the Primary
Conservation Zone of the BCA. A study to consider the Conservation Interface
Zone in more detail in terms of what could be considered as appropriate activities
to occur within this zone of the BCA was initiated. A programme to protect and
enhance the coastal section of the BCA commenced. Parking areas were
demarcated along the coast to control previously uncontrolled and illegal access
by vehicles to the beach and coastal dunes. Regulatory and educational signage
was placed in the parking areas. The programme will continue into 2002 with
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
activities including dune rehabilitation, placement of a bollard barrier along Otto
du Plessis drive, educational signage and surfacing of the parking areas.
•
Towards a Conservation and Development Framework for the False Bay Coast:
A project was undertaken by University of Cape Town Masters Degree students
looking at the area between Muizenberg and Koeelbaai. This project can be
considered as an initial stage of a larger initiative to prepare a conservation and
development framework for the False Bay Coast.
•
False Bay Ecology Park: A Development and Action Plan (Phase 1) was
prepared for the False Bay Ecology Park – an area proposed to incorporate
Rondevlei Nature Reserve, Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve, Cape Flats Waste Water
Treatment Works, Coastal Park landfill site, and a contiguous coastal strip. The
focus of the plan is on development tourism and economic opportunities in the
area.
•
The Western Cape Nature Conservation Board Scientific Services continued with
the State of Biodiversity 2000 Programme (initiated October 1998) for the
Western Cape Province. Data collection and collation for this project continued
through 2000, the bulk of the work focussing on amphibians, reptiles, freshwater
fish and birds. Products from this initiative are due in the 2002. This programme
aims to address the following objectives:
■
A biodiversity monitoring inventory of the Western Cape Province and
the Cape Floral Kingdom
■
A monitoring tool (audit) for biodiversity
■
A planning tool for determining conservation area networks and for
use in planning sensitive developments
■
Intra- and inter-organisational technology transfer, capacity building
and co-ordination
•
Cape Action for People and the Environment (CAPE) has made significant
progress during 2001. The City’s biodiversity initiatives complement and support
the large-scale ecoregional programme being undertaken across the Cape Floral
Kingdom, namely Cape Action for People and the Environment (C.A.P.E.). A
report for terrestrial ecosystems, published in 1999, showed that all of the habitat
types found on the City of Cape Town Cape Lowlands were of maximum
conservation value and recommended that all of the remnant habitat was
required in order to achieve a modest conservation target. Given the high-threat
status of this region, it emerged as a priority for conservation action. This has
opened the door for international funds to be allocated for conservation actions
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
on the City of Cape Town's lowlands. The City of Cape Town recently signed
onto the Memorandum of Understanding for C.A.P.E. and has thus committed
itself to the C.A.P.E. vision. For more information please visit www.wwfsa.org.za
or www.capeaction.org.za.
•
Table Mountain Fund (TMF): The overarching objective of the TMF is the
conservation of the biodiversity of the Cape Peninsula and the CFK as a whole,
including the adjacent marine systems, all of which are of global significance.
TMF continues to sponsor and manage a number of studies and initiatives as
part of the development of a plan for the conservation and management of the
Cape Floristic Kingdom, which includes the CCT area. The project focal areas, an
increase in all areas from 2000, are as follows:
■
Protection of terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems from
inappropriate use and development (9 active projects, 11 projects
completed).
■
The building of environmental awareness through partnerships and
education (5 active projects, 4 projects completed).
■
The control of alien invasives and the restoration of natural
biodiversity (2 active projects, 3 completed projects).
■
Applied research that supports biodiversity conservation (1 active
project, 10 completed projects).
■
Enhancement of the global conservation status of the Cape Floral
Kingdom (3 active projects).
■
Conservation of the lowlands of the Cape Floral Kingdom (5 active
projects, 1 project completed).
For more information on TMF please visit www.panda.org.za.
•
The Santam / Cape Argus Ukuvuka Operation Firestop campaign was initiated
after the devastating fires on January 2000, which destroyed vast areas in the
Western Cape and 8 370ha in the Cape Peninsula along with eight houses
destroyed and damage to 51 houses. The fires created the opportunity to form a
short-term public/private sector partnership (PPP). The main aim of the PPP is to
ensure that the avoidable conditions that lead to fires, both in the mountains as
well as in the informal settlements, are so changed that uncontrolled fires are
significantly decreased in the campaign area (the Cape Peninsula) by the end of
the Campaign in June 2004.
The City of Cape Town is the major sponsor of the Campaign. Other sponsors
are Santam, the Cape Argus, Total and WWF’s Green Trust made possible by
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
87
Biodiversity and Soils
Nedbank. There is a wide range of supporters which includes the National and
Provincial governments as well as PriceWaterhouse Coopers (auditors) and Jan
S. Marais and sons who provide professional services.
The overriding aim of the campaign and its implementing partners is to
significantly reduce the damage and danger from uncontrolled fires in the Cape
Peninsula. In addition, the campaign seeks to create employment opportunities,
training and poverty relief and to help protect the most vulnerable communities
from fires. In addition Campaign activities will assist in ensuring the ecological
integrity of the Cape Peninsula National Park. The Campaign further wishes to
create a role model of the Public / Private / Community partnership that can be
replicated in other areas in South Africa as well as internationally.
The Campaign will achieve its aim through its partner institutions – the City of
Cape Town and the Cape Peninsula National Park - by working with the land and
its plants to:
1. Control invading alien plants
2. Rehabilitate fire damaged areas, communities and individuals
3. Create employment, training and poverty relief for disadvantaged people
4. Protect the most vulnerable communities from fire
5. Promote co-operation and social cohesion between communities, institutions
6. Implement integrated fire management plans
7. Manage the urban edge.
For
more
information
on
the
Ukuvuka
campaign
please
visit
www.ukuvuka.org.za.
•
Natural Interface Study: The Natural Interface Strategy was initiated by the City of
Cape Town under the banner of the Santam Cape Argus Ukuvuka: Operation
Firestop campaign with the goal to reduce the risk that wildfires and flooding pose
to the urban and rural areas bordering the natural areas on the Peninsula
Mountain Chain.
The Natural Interface Study covers a range of integrated initiatives by the City of
Cape Town to manage the fire risk on the Peninsula natural interface zone by:
■
Identification of a special fire risk management area where special
policies and guidelines could be applied
■
Developing proactive fire wise and flood planning guidelines for new and
existing developments
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
■
Revise engineering service standards to accommodate the fire-prone
ecology of the region,
■
Educating, communicating and raising awareness about fire and firesafety for homeowners, and
■
Accessing funding and resources to extend the study to other wildfire risk
areas in the City of Cape Town area.
Another important conservation area in the City is the Cape Peninsula National Park,
which is managed by South African National Parks.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
5.2 Location of the Cape Peninsula National Park (CPNP) within Cape Town
State and Trends
Park establishment
Currently, 23 870ha of undeveloped natural areas on the Cape Peninsula
(approximately 79% of the Cape Peninsula Protected Natural Environment) are
under park management (see Figure 5.2). Of this, 18 027 ha (75.5%) are formally
proclaimed as a national park either by contractual agreement with the landowner or
as State land. The proposed future extent of the Marine Protected Area has been
identified through intensive applied research and extensive stakeholder consultation.
Park planning and development
A Conservation Development Framework (CDF) that provides a framework for visitor
management has been compiled for the CPNP. The CDF identifies use zones, the
guidelines for land management in each zone and appropriate development for each
zone. The CDF can be downloaded from http://www.cpnp.co.za.
Inventory, monitoring and information management
Current baseline inventory data indicate that 6% (141 species of a total of 2 285
species) of the Peninsula’s flora are threatened and up to 160 species (7% of total)
are endemic. Approximately 42 mammal species, 155 regularly breeding bird
species, 48 snake, lizard and tortoise species, 2 fish species and 17 amphibian
species have been recorded. At least 19 red data book species and 113 endemic
species of fauna (14% of a preliminary total of 801 species) occur on the Cape
Peninsula. Of the 14 taxonomic groups of invertebrates on the Peninsula for which
full species lists occur, endemism levels range from 5.3% to 67%. Three major
vegetation types are represented in the park – the Cape Fynbos shrubland, the
Renosterveld shrubland and Forest/Thicket.
Invasive alien plant management
Jointly funded by the Global Environment Facility, DWAF’s Working for Water
Programme, Santam Cape Argus Ukuvuka: Operation Firestop Campaign and South
African National Parks, the total area cleared since park establishment in 1998 is
27 815 ha at a total cost of R 28 297 364 (average cost/ha of R1 017). During 2001,
the CPNP cleared a total of 6 047 ha at a total cost of R 9.68 million. Over 800 jobs
have
been
created
as
a
result
of
this
clearing
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
program.
90
Biodiversity and Soils
Figure 5.2 Cape Peninsula National Park
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
Fire control and management
A total of 20 fires were reported during the 2000/2001fire season covering an areal
extent of 363.8 ha.
Cultural heritage resources
The management of cultural heritage resources is currently ad hoc or forms part of
the management of visitor nodes.
Visitor use
Visitor survey findings indicate a conservative total of 4.1 million visits to the park
over the year-long period (excluding visitors to Kirstenbosch). Besides the pay points,
there were 1.3 million visits per year at 10 high usage sites, 525 000 visits at 11
medium usage sites, and 350 000 visits at 41 selected low usage sites. 1200 visitor
interviews provided useful and accurate information on visitor preferences and
patterns for future management of the CPNP. Capetonians were responsible for most
visits (61%), while the most popular international tourist sites were Table Mountain
via the cableway, Cape Point, and Boulders beach. Most visitors were accompanied
by family (51%) or friends (36%), and most used private cars as a means of transport
to the CPNP site visited (87%). Sightseeing, walking or hiking, and picnicking were
the main reasons for visiting. Most visitor suggestions for improvements related to
basic facilities catering for these popular outdoor activities. More than 90% of visitors
rated their overall experience in the CPNP positively, as “good” or “excellent”. The
most common complaint related to the lack of basic necessities such as toilets and
taps at many of the sites, and the need for cleaning and maintenance. Visitors were
not in favour of large-scale “commercial” developments in the CPNP, their priority
being to retain the natural settings and tranquillity of the CPNP environment that they
currently
enjoy.
The
full
visitor
survey
results
can
be
downloaded
at
http://www.cpnp.co.za.
During 2001, visitor numbers to the CPNP pay entry points showed an overall
decrease – Cape of Good Hope fell by 8.2% to 645 633, Boulders fell by 4.75% to
336 420, Table Mountain cableway was estimated to fall by 4.7%, Silvermine fell by
92.3% to 5 965 as a result of gate closure for most of the year and Oudekraal fell by
9.67% to 138 535. “Go Green” card sales, however increased by 11.6% to 272 565.
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Biodiversity and Soils
Environmental education
The park environmental education program is very weak. The only existing
educational facility is the Sunbird Centre (Noordhoek Valley) and programs are
barely adequate.
Summary of responses - CPNP
Park establishment
The long-term objective of the park is to consolidate all possible land within the Cape
Peninsula Protected Natural Environment (CPPNE), and strategic key properties
outside of the CPPNE, under the management authority of SA National Parks
(SANParks). The CPNP will continue to make use of many mechanisms to include
land into the Park. Land may be contracted into the Park, donated, purchased or
incorporated according to agreed principles. While proactively pursuing the inclusion
of priority land, the CPNP will also respond opportunistically, as pieces of land
become available. The establishment of the Peninsula Private Land Working Group –
a partnership between SANParks, City of Cape Town, Botanical Society of South
Africa, Ukuvuka and WWF-SA – has been established to investigate and implement
incentives for private landowners to contract into the Cape Peninsula National Park.
A complementary objective is to include a marine component to the CPNP. A
feasibility study has been completed and the proposed Marine Park will be gazetted
for public and institutional comments and a formal management agreement is being
drafted between SANParks and DEAT’s Marine Coastal Management for the future
collaborative management of the Marine Park.
Park planning and development
An ISO 14001-compliant Environmental Management System has been developed
and implemented for the Park. Based on the CDF, detailed planning has been
initiated for visitor nodes at Van Riebeek Park, The Glen, Rhode Estate, Cape of
Good Hope homestead and Boulders. Further sites planning to be undertaken
include Koeelbaai, Bordjiesrif, Signal Hill, Table Mountain, Constantia Nek and
Oudekraal.
Research, monitoring and information management
The CPNP has developed an extensive GIS-based information management system
available to all park staff using ArcIMS and WAN technology. A comprehensive Park
inventory and monitoring system has been developed.
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Biodiversity and Soils
Invasive alien plant management
The CPNP aims to manage aliens with minimum negative environmental effects and
maximises social benefits by involving contractors from disadvantaged communities
in alien clearing. The CPNP’s objective is to remove all seed-bearing invasive alien
woody plants from the CPNP within 6 years. Refinements to the project include the
development of a strategic plan for the clearing, the monitoring of the biological and
socio-economic efficacy of the methodologies employed, the piloting of economic
empowerment programs and collaboration with other implementing and affected
agencies to address both the short-term negative impacts of the program and the
management of invasive alien plants on private land.
Fire control and management
A comprehensive fire management plan has been compiled for the CPNP and forms
the basis for collaborative fire management between responsible fire-fighting
agencies. An extensive firebelt network has been developed along the CPNP-urban
interface. All fire-prone stacks of cleared invasive alien plants are burnt during the
winter season. The CPNP is actively engaging in the establishment of the Fire
Protection Association (FPA) as a means of effectively integrating and coordinating
the fire management activities on the Cape Peninsula. Key members of the FPA
include the City of Cape Town, SANDF, National Botanical Institute and private
landowners. The park is currently expanding numbers and area of jurisdiction of the
park volunteer fire fighting service.
Cultural heritage resources
The CPNP is, in collaboration with the City of Cape Town, Heritage Resources
Agency and professionals and academics, developing a “Heritage Resources
Management Plan” to guide the sensitive future management of heritage resources
in the park.
Visitor use
Current visitor nodes have been prioritised and planning processes initiated for their
development. An extensive footpath management system has been developed and a
maintenance program initiated.
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Biodiversity and Soils
Environmental education
The CPNP has developed a comprehensive and extensive educational resource file
for the teachers to use within the CPNP. The CPNP has initiated a planning process
toward the development of a world-class environmental educational overnight facility
at Bordjiesrif. The CPNP has restructured its organogram to provide for dedicated
staff to manage the environmental education activities in the CPNP.
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Biodiversity and Soils
5.3 Loss of Soils and Agricultural Potential due to Urban Expansion and Sprawl
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
There were no new data on the state of the soil resource within Cape Town during
2001.
5.4 Loss of Soils due to the Mining of Minerals, Sand and Clay
Area of mining activities (ha/annum)
The total area of mineral resources in Cape Town is given as 246 945 hectares
(CMC, 2000).
Cumulative area mined (ha/annum)
The total surface area mined as of 2000 is 3 133 hectares, representing 1.3% of the
total mineral resource in Cape Town.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The Structure plan for Mining for the Cape Metropolitan Region and Adjoining
West Coast Areas was completed in September 2000. The structure plan is
awaiting approval from the Provincial Administration of the Western Cape
(PAWC). Other related studies that have been initiated include the Urban Edge
Studies, Densification Study and the Urban Agriculture Study. Refer to Chapter 5
– Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing).
The primary objective of the Structure Plan for Mining is to facilitate decisionmaking in regard to the appropriate long-term use of land, keeping in mind the
overall goal of improving or maintaining the quality of life of the inhabitants of the
area under consideration. The Structure Plan can be used as tool to assist in
assessing the merits of development applications for mining and other related
land-uses in terms of current land-use legislation. The Structure Plan includes
recommendations such as:
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Biodiversity and Soils
■
determining areas where mining (or any land use other than conservation)
should not be permitted;
■
areas where high priority mineral resources occur;
■
areas where mining should be given preference until the resources are
exhausted.
The dissemination of information is an important criterion in realising the aim of
the study and to ensure that the results of this study assist in rational decision
making. The information has been published in a report format and could also be
accessed through the website at www.capetown.gov.za/msp.
Reflections and Summary – Biodiversity and Soils
The unique biodiversity of Cape Town is still not fully recognised and many areas
remain under threat. It appears, however, that there are a number of initiatives under
underway to protect the remaining remnants of indigenous plants and animals in
Cape Town. The Biodiversity Strategy that the City is putting in place as one of the
Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) strategies will in future guide
and integrate these initiatives.
Soils remain a neglected resource in the City, there are data for some of the
indicators. The Structure Plan for Mining will improve protection and management of
soil resources and will be used to facilitate effective management of the resource.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
6 Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
Housing remains a critical issue in the city because of the increasing backlog and the
fact that it is highly politicised. Completion of a number of urban edge studies raise a
glimmer of hope with regards urban form and the prevention of sprawl. Many of the
indicators remain ineffectual.
The issues are:
6.1 Housing Cape Town’s Growing Population
6.2 Urban sprawl
6.3 Urban Structure
6.4 Metropolitan Open Space
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
The cultural heritage and built environment will be enhanced, restored and protected,
while diverse religions and cultures will enrich the social fabric of the City of Cape Town.
Environmental poverty will no longer exist and all communities will live in an
environment that is not detrimental to their health or well being.
There will be adequate and well distributed open spaces for recreation and sustaining
biodiversity.
6.1 Housing Cape Town’s Growing Population
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The housing backlog and the need for housing continues to grow.
Percentage population without housing
The housing backlog in the CCT has increased slightly to 245 000 houses in 2001 as
compared to 240 000 in 2000. (Figure 6.1 below).
Annual population growth (absolute number and percentage)
According to the population projection study that was completed in October 2001, the
CCT has a population of 3.15 million with a growth rate of approximately 3.5% (Table 6.1
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
below). The highest growth occurred in the Blaauwberg Administrative area with an
average growth rate of approximately 6.4% per annum from 1996 to 2001.
Figure 6.1 Housing backlog (number of units) in Cape Town
Backlog (houses)
300000
250000
221000
200000
240000
245000
2000
2001
150000
150000
100000
50000
0
1998
1999
Year
Table 6.1: Annual population growth (absolute number and percentage) for Cape Town
Administrative
area
Population
% Growth
Average growth
1996
2001
1996 - 2001
per annum
Blaauwberg
131 379
173 451
32%
6.4%
Cape Town
987 007
1 130 176
14.5%
2.9%
South Peninsula
356 730
406 354
13.9%
2.8%
Tygerberg
827 945
976 412
17.9%
3.6%
Oostenberg
250 846
319 710
27.5%
5.5%
Helderberg
128 959
148 113
14.9%
3%
2 682 866
3 154 216
17.6%
3.5%
Total
Source: October 2001. Metropolitan Population Projections – Population Figures by Spatial Area.
B. van Zyl Planning Inc
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
The development of a Metropolitan Housing Policy to ensure more effective housing
delivery and reduce housing backlogs was due to be completed in 2000. The policy
was not completed in 2001 principally due to local government restructuring.
However, it continues to receive attention and is being achieved through a
piecemeal process. Various subject-specific policies, which are part of the overall
housing policy have been tabled for adoption (see below).
•
Three sets of housing related policy have been moulded in the course of 2001:
Indigents Policy, Eviction Policy and Housing Allocations Policy.
•
The restructuring process in the course of 2001 took up much staff effort. A new
and much reduced Housing Directorate is presently being finalised. It rests with a
Housing Strategy seeking to separate the management of new housing projects
from managing Council stock. A third pillar of the policy focuses on informal areas.
•
A study locating informal settlements, and assessing which of those are most suited
to upgrading, was initiated by the City’s Housing Department. The report was
completed in 2000 with the findings that 68 settlements were considered for some
form of upgrading.
•
R 42 million was allocated to bulk / link infrastructure (including bulk sewage,
electricity and water services) for housing in 1998/9. Approximately R 33 million was
rolled over from the 1999/2000 financial year and was boosted by an additional R 12
million of the 2000/1 financial year. Much has been spent with only R 7 million
being rolled over into 2001/02.
The Bulk/Link Infrastructure fund has been
discontinued, to be integrated with general engineering services expenditure.
•
Studies looking at land tenure options for rapid release of land were completed.
•
A review of all the waiting lists in the CCT was completed. An integrated waiting list
will be prepared as part of Council's Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) project in
2002.
•
Housing delivery in 2000 almost reached 10 000 units. This has been improved on
slightly, going up to 10 500 in 2001.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
•
Population Study - A study aimed at managing and planning for population growth
was initiated in 1999 and completed in October 2001.
It entailed the following
phases:
■
The first phase of the study was to determine a base population for 1996 and
to project these figures up to the year 2031 for the whole CCT area as well as
figures for former MLC areas.
■
The second phase of the study would entail a refinement of the projected
figures by former MLC area, taking into consideration forward planning
guidelines and expected development proposals.
In addition, the second
phase would provide more specific spatial allocations of the projected figures
within suitable population areas.
Potential vacant land for low-income housing has been identified and mapped. The
provisional findings are reported in the figure below. Prioritisation of this land will
form part of a Housing Land Plan for cape town, including short, medium and long
term land for housing needs.
V a c a n t la n d in h e c ta re s
2000
1577
1559
1500
Hectares
•
1138
1000
585
500
0
C o u n c il
G ov
P riv a te
O th e r
O wner
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
6.2 Urban sprawl
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Containment of the urban sprawl in the CCT remains largely ineffectual due to delays
and without Provincial acceptance of the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework
(MSDF). A defined urban edge, the results from work on a number of urban edge
studies, is likely to assist the planning process.
Number of amendments beyond the urban edge – change of land use from open
space, agricultural rural to other
During 2001, three applications were received, two were supported and one was not
supported.
Number of constructions completed
A total of 12 566 structures were completed during 1999. During 2000, 6 936 residential
structures, 299 non-residential structures and 9 038 additions and alternations were
completed in the CCT area.
This covered an area of 3 306 ha.
The Blaauwberg
Administrative area was the focus of the majority of residential building work completed
in the CCT in 2000, while the majority of building work completed in the non-residential
sector occurred in the Tygerberg Administrative area.
Most of the additions and
alternations completed in 2000 occurred in the Cape Town Administration.
Refer to
Table 6.2 and Figure 6.2 for an indication of residential and non-residential focus areas.
Table 6.2 Building statistic - Constructions completed during 2000
Residential
Non-residential
Additions & Alterations
Blaauwberg
2351
32
933
Cape Town
599
43
2814
Helderberg
421
16
512
Oostenberg
521
28
656
South Peninsula
1141
80
2155
Tygerberg
1903
100
1958
Totals
6936
299
9028
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
Figure 6.2 Building Statistics for new buildings and renovations in Cape Town (2000)
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
The Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (MSDF) Redraft (2001) was
adopted by the City of Cape Town in October 2001. After Council adoption, the
MSDF Principles and Goals for Development was resubmitted in 2001 for approval
by the Provincial Government of the Western Cape.
•
The MSDF Handbook - Guidelines for local interpretation and application of the
MSDF principles and spatial concepts - was published in February 2000.
•
Urban Edge – This forms part of a comprehensive growth management study for the
CCT, specifically to counter sprawl and protect the natural resources and unique
character of different areas within the CCT. The demarcation of the urban edge line
and the formulation of management policies and strategies for zones on either side
of that line are not aimed at solely limiting urban development, but also at directing
the form and pattern of metropolitan growth. Three urban edge studies, the
Peninsula Urban Edge Study, the Northern Urban Edge Study (inclusive also of the
Melkbosstand Urban Edge Study), and the Helderberg Urban Edge Study, were
adopted by the City of Cape Town in August 2001, and then submitted to Provincial
Government: Western Cape (PGWC) in October 2001 for approval in terms of the
Land Use Planning Ordinance (LUPO, 1985).
•
The Blaauwberg Spatial Development Framework (BSDF) draft document was
circulated to Interested and Affected parties for comment during October 2001. A
number of workshops were held and the comments received were reviewed and the
necessary technical amendments were made to the document. It should be noted
that the criteria relating to the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station has recently been
reviewed by the National Nuclear Regulator and that the amended BSDF document
now incorporates the amended criteria which can be summarised as follows: No
further development is permitted within a 5km radius of Koeberg Nuclear Power
Station and further developments within the 0-16km radius are subject to evacuation
time of 12 – 16 hours.
•
Heritage Resources Policy and Legislative Framework – Heritage Resources
management at Local Authority level is a statutory function, with duties derived both
from some zoning schemes and from the National Heritage resources act. In 2001
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
there was no metro-wide policy, and the regulatory frameworks were not consistent
across the former municipalities and resources are not equitably distributed across
the City.
Accordingly a Heritage Working Group has been established with
representatives from each Local Authority and the South African Heritage Resources
Agency. The work includes the formulation of a regulatory framework, which covers
the following:
•
■
City-wide policy for Heritage Resource Management
■
A regulatory framework using the authority delegated by National legislation
■
A guideline series augmenting the regulatory framework and policy
■
A map and inventory of heritage elements
Metropolitan Zoning Framework – The Metropolitan Zoning Framework was finalised
in August 2001. It recommended that a Land Use Management Systems (LUMS) be
developed as part of the Spatial Plan of the IDP. The LUMS is a planning system for
the City of Cape Town within which the planning tools are located. The Integrated
Zoning Scheme (IZS) has been identified as one of these tools, which has been
prioritised as an urgent project as part of the City’s work programme.
•
Rural Management Study - The study was finalised in 2001 and is directed at
formulating guidelines and policy recommendations for land use and management in
the rural areas of the CCT, and strives to achieve the following :
Understanding of rural-urban relationships
Provide a rural development vision
Reinforce existing strategies (e.g. MOSS, urban edge) towards a long term
sustainable development of rural areas
Assist local authorities to assess their rural development applications
Inform a rural development programme for the City and the identification of
specific rural areas requiring planning and development input
Serve as the rural institutional framework proposal to the Unicity institutional
debate
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
6.3 Urban Structure
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
A number of new initiatives and projects have been initiated and implementation of other
projects is progressing. Closer integration between land-use planning and transportation
planning is needed to ensure sustainable benefits to development of urban structure.
Number of mixed use rezoning approvals
There were five approvals received by former CMC’s Spatial Planning Department
during 1998. During 2000, nine applications were received from the former MLC’s.
During 2001, there were four applications received, of which three were supported.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
Philippi Market Study: Phase 1, during which the Business Plan was completed and
supported by the Executive Council on 15 September 2001, was concluded.
The Business Plan:
•
Recommended a multi-functional market based on the sale and processing of
fresh agricultural products
•
Presents a financially sustainable market operation in the medium term
Phase 1A, which includes the appointment of an operator to complete the detailed
design of the market as well as the preparation of tender documents is currently
underway. The Site Development Plan has been completed together with the zoning
layout has been handed in for approval. The consultant to the project has also
undertaken a marketing exercise. Potential synergies between the Phillippi East
Trading Centre and the Epping Market have recently been discussed.
•
The planning database project, initiated in 1998 to determine where development
pressures are occurring in the CCT, is ongoing and updated annually.
•
An MSDF Indicators study was initiated in 2000 and completed in October 2001. This
focused on two types of indicators, namely conformance (to the plan) and
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
performance (with respect to outcomes). These indicators will be included in future
SoE reports.
•
The “Moving Ahead” Metropolitan Transport Plan is being developed in support of
the MSDF objectives. This includes the promotion of high density public transport
corridors and peak period counter flow movements in order to maximise the use of
existing road infrastructure and reduce average trip lengths and travel times.
Refer also to the responses described in the section 6.2
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
6.4 Metropolitan Open Space
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Despite development pressures on open space and delays the indicators suggest a
favourable situation with opportunities for formal MOSS status in 2002.
Percent of non-urban land in Cape Town
A total of 88% of the CCT’s land does not have a build-up structure on it. This includes
areas such as agricultural land, roads, green areas, residential gardens and vacant land.
Green area per capita (ha/person)
Green area remains at approximately 0.0207ha/person (207m2/person), from 651.5km2
and a population of approximately 3.15 million.
Area of Cape Town that has formal status as MOSS
This is not an effective indicator. No land had formal MOSS status in 2001. The MOSS
study was expected to be completed in 2001 but, due to local government re-structuring,
this was not possible.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
A Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS) Study, which aims to identify MOSS at
both a metro and local level, provide broad guidelines to assist with the management
and implementation of MOSS, and synthesise various existing open space studies,
was initiated in 1999. During 2000 Phase 1 of the MOSS study was completed. This
phase developed a MOSS definition and vision, and criteria and methodology to
identify and map MOSS. Phase 2, involving the actual identification and mapping of
CMOSS (Cape Metropolitan Open Space System), as the study has subsequently
become known as, commenced in 2001.
This included a public participation
process, and was completed in 2001. This task has subsequently been underway
for the remainder of the city, and a first draft CMOSS mapped layer is due for
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
completion in July 2002.
Phase 3 of the study, involving the development of
management policy and guidelines as part of the overall CMOSS strategy,
commenced in late 2001 with the development of a Management Policy and
Guidelines Framework. This Phase is due to continue into 2003.
•
An IMEP sectoral strategy on Quality Open Spaces especially in Disadvantaged
Areas was under development during 2001.
The planning, development and
management of open space in the city is the responsibility of a number of functional
areas in the City of Cape Town. The aim of an Open Space Strategy for the City of
Cape Town is to conserve and develop a quality open space system. To this end the
CMOSS Study was initiated in 2000. This study is in the final stages of identifying
and mapping (where possible) a Metropolitan Open Space System.
The next phase of the CMOSS study will be the development of an Open Space
Management Policy and Guidelines. The guidelines will support the development
and management of CMOSS by providing guidance, together with the vision and
policy, for decision-making and land-use management that affect CMOSS.
Furthermore the guidelines will assist in the implementation of the strategy by
providing specific operational guidelines for management within different types of
open space and areas adjacent to CMOSS.
The guidelines will also assist in
ensuring a consistent approach to the decision-making, land-use management and
operational management of open space throughout the City of Cape Town.
The CMOSS study will form the basis of the Open Space Strategy and will comprise
of a vision and goals for the management of open space and an implementation
plan. Other key programmes and strategies are being incorporated into the open
space strategy, such as the Public Space and Markets programme.
At the commencement of the CMOSS study in 2000 a Steering Committee was
formed, which included officials from a number of functional units and the former
Municipal Local Council’s, as well as Provincial Government: Western Cape (PGWC)
Planning, and Department of Environmental and Cultural Affairs and Sport, and
Cape Peninsula National Park. The restructuring of the City of Cape Town is now
necessitating a review of the composition of this Steering Committee to both reflect
representation through newly reconstituted Unicity functions (as opposed to former
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
MLC’s), as well as include certain hitherto underrepresented functional areas (e.g.
Property Services, Urban Design and Open Space Management). The new steering
committee, once constituted, will take the Open Space strategy forward.
•
The Environmental Significance Mapping database was restructured and the aquatic,
marine and terrestrial information was updated in 2001. Version 2 of the database
was released in June 2001.
The visual, geophysical and heritage layers are
currently being updated for the next release in March 2002. The Environmental
Significance Mapping will form the basis of a new Environmental Resources
Database that will include spatial and non-spatial environmental information in
support of the priority IMEP strategies and other statutory environmental functions.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
Reflections and Summary – Urbanisation, Urban Form and Housing
The housing backlog remains an important issue in the urbanisation theme. The majority
of the indicators in the urbanisation theme are still unable to provide an accurate picture
for these aspects of the built environment. There are, also, a number of the transport
indicators and other urban efficiency indicators that are not relevant on an annual basis.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Infrastructure
7 Infrastructure
Rapid population growth in Cape Town, in particular in the informal settlement sector
continues to place immense pressure on the service delivery functions of the local
authorities. The latest data suggest, however, that service delivery in Cape Town has
improved during the past two years.
The issue is:
7.1 Provision of Basic Services and Infrastructure
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
The City of Cape Town communities will have adequate shelter and basic services
and will have access to education, employment and recreation. The livelihoods of the
citizens will be sustainable and in harmony with the natural environment.
7.1 Provision of Basic Services and Infrastructure
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The data for the indicators in this section suggest that basic infrastructural
development has improved during the past two years.
Households receiving refuse removal services
From Figure 7.1 (below) the indications are that the refuse removal services have
improved in the past two years. This data does not, however, give an indication of
whether there are anomalies in the geographical distribution of removal services.
These data have been derived from Census (1996) and annual October Household
Surveys.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
112
Infrastructure
Figure 7.1 Percentage of Households receiving refuse removal services
Households w ith refuse removal
100%
93%
96%
95%
2000
2001
88%
80%
No Data Available
Households (%)
84%
91%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1995
1996
1997
1998
Year
1999
Sanitation availability (type)
From the available data all indications are that delivery of on-site sanitation have
consistently improved during the past three years.
Figure 7.2 Percentage of households with on-site waterborne sanitation
Hous eholds w ith on-s ite w aterborne s anitation
89%
90%
93%
94%
1999
2000
2001
40%
20%
1996
1997
No Data Available
60%
No Data Available
80%
No Data Available
Households (%)
100%
0%
1995
1998
Y ear
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
113
Infrastructure
Water availability by source
From Figure 7.3 it is apparent that water supply has remained static and there has
been no improvement in water service delivery rate with approximately 20% of Cape
Town's population without piped water in the dwelling. There are no reliable data for
1998 and 2000.
Figure 7.3 Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling
Households w ith piped w ater in dw elling
100%
79%
81%
1995
1996
1997
No
No Data
DataAvailable
Available
Households (%)
60%
40%
20%
81%
79%
No Data Available
82%
80%
0%
1998
Year
1999
2000
2001
Telephone availability (as a %)
Increasing cellphone usage, particularly in formerly un-serviced households, and
unreliable data have resulted in this indicator being removed from the set in this
theme.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
Refer to Chapter 6.1 (Housing) and Chapter 8 (Transportation) for responses to
Infrastructure.
Additional responses underway:
•
Statistics South Africa (STATSSA) undertakes an annual October Household
Survey, which includes the collection of data on the adequacy and availability of
physical services and infrastructure. Although not a management response this is
the single most important source of infrastructural and developmental data at
national, provincial and, to a lesser extent, metropolitan levels in South Africa.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Infrastructure
Reflections and Summary - Infrastructure
Data for infrastructural development indicates that service delivery in Cape Town has
generally improved during 2000 and 2001. Refuse removal services have also
improved. However, approximately 20% of the population (600 000 people) are still
without access to water in the dwelling.
The indicators in the infrastructure theme are relevant on an annual basis provided
that the data are available timeously. Where data are current they are largely
effective in portraying the current situation and trends as regards infrastructure in
Cape Town.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
115
Transport
8 Transport
Congestion, public transport, and road traffic safety remain important issues within
the transportation theme. Accidents cost Cape Town approximately R 2.2 billion
during 2001. Congestion and public transport, in particular, are contentious and
difficult issues which directly impact Cape Town’s environment. Congestion results in
increased levels of air pollution, stress, health problems as well as loss of productivity
and labour time.
The issues are:
8.1 Private Vehicle Usage resulting in Traffic Congestion
8.2 Public Transport Services
8.3 Need to Expand Metropolitan Airports and Harbours to meet Growing Demand
8.4 Road Traffic Safety
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
Public transport will be safe, clean, efficient and non-polluting. Commuters will be
less reliant on private transport and there would be significant reductions in traffic
congestion and air pollution. Public transport will provide all inhabitants of the City of
Cape Town with a safe, affordable, and convenient access to urban opportunities.
8.1 Private Vehicle Usage resulting in Traffic Congestion
Increases in car ownership in middle and lower income groups are a major
contributor to increased traffic, which is further enhanced by the current
unattractiveness of public transport as well as subsidies to car ownership. Rapid
urbanisation and urban growth have resulted in a larger number of people in Cape
Town, which leads to a higher number of potential users of transport, including
private vehicles.
residence.
Urban sprawl has increased the distances between work and
The unattractiveness of the public transport systems, as well as a
consequent lack in provision of services, results in more people driving further within
Cape Town. During peak periods the capacity of road networks in certain areas of
Cape Town is exceeded, and in other areas the road network is reaching its capacity.
The lack of capacity in the road systems is as a result of a lack of investment in both
road and public transport systems. The preference for private transport as the main
transport mode of choice is due to the lack of integrated land use and transport
planning and the perception that public transport systems are unsafe and unreliable.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
•
There are 825 000 registered vehicles in all classes. Vehicle ownership has
increased by 45% in the 10-year period 1990 to 2000.
•
The numbers of motor cars has increased to approximately 570 000, doubling in
the last 25 years. There are now approximately 178 cars per 1 000 people in the
CCT.
•
The public/private modal split is approximately 50%.
Private transport is the dominant single form of transport used by commuters in Cape
Town (approximately 50%). The highest proportion of private car commuting is done
from the higher income areas, but in terms of absolute numbers of cars, the highest
figures are found in the middle and lower income areas. Over 30% of all commuters
originate in the south-eastern areas of Cape Town. In terms of business travel,
private car transport is again dominant, further increasing traffic volumes on Cape
Town roads.
The number of private motor vehicles entering the Cape Town CBD
This is a new indicator. The number of private motor vehicles entering and leaving
the Cape Town CBD is given in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1 Light motor vehicles entering and leaving Cape Town CBD over 12 hr period
(7:00 to 19:00)
Year
Inbound
Outbound
1994
123 985
125 181
1995
135 723
129 231
1996
144 586
137 003
1997
148 078
142 634
1998
NA.
NA.
1999
NA.
NA.
2000
NA.
NA.
2001
157 452
163 639
Source: Annual Vehicle Screenline Survey – Cape Town CBD 2001. City of Cape Town, Directorate:
Transport, Roads and Stormwater (Vol. 1 & 2). NA – not available
The average metropolitan home - work trip is approximately 14 km. Lower income
areas average higher travel distances (15.5 km) than higher income areas (12.6 km),
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
highlighting the separation of work and residence places in Cape Town (CMC,
1997/8). The discrepancy between work and residence is also referred to in the
Economy chapter (Chapter 11).
Vehicles per 1 000 population
This is not an annual indicator and is revised infrequently when the Metropolitan
Transport Plan is revised. There were, on average, 178 vehicles per 1 000 people in
2000 and it is likely that this figure will remain stable or increase since the long term
trend is increasing car ownership.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
The “Moving Ahead” Metropolitan Transport Plan is being developed in support of
the MSDF objectives. This includes the promotion of high density public transport
corridors and peak period counter flow movements in order to maximise the use
of existing road infrastructure and reduce average trip lengths and travel times.
The MSDF has been developed to direct and contain patterns of urban growth
and development to reduce the distances between places of residence and
employment.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
8.2 Public Transport Services
There is a lack of investment and commitment to the funding of public transport as
well as inappropriate institutional structures to manage public transport within the City
of Cape Town. Inappropriate land use planning has resulted in a poorly developed
transport system with poor integration between road and rail transport networks.
Rapid urbanisation and urban growth have also given rise to larger numbers of
people requiring access to public transport. It has been noted that personal security
concerns relating to public transport services results in more people choosing to use
private transport.
State and Trends
At present, the three main providers of public transport services in the CCT operate
largely independently. There is extensive scope to rationalise public transport
services and provide an integrated multi-modal public transport system in the
metropole. Rail
•
Rail and bus services receive subsidies. In the 2000/01 financial year, the
annual subsidy to Cape Metrorail Services was ±R 240 million (Table 8.3
overleaf). The bus service received an annual subsidy of R 275 million. This
shows an increase of the bus subsidy, hence a continued improvement for
bus transport.
•
The responsibility of managing public transport is split between various
authorities and organisations, e.g. South African Rail Commuter Corporation,
National Department of Transport, Provincial Government: Western Cape and
the City of Cape Town.
•
The continuation of low-density land use development further reduces the
efficiency of the public transport system.
•
In 2001 there were 163 incidents of robbery, 179 incidents of theft and 122
assaults recorded on the metropolitan trains. There were 34 murders and 5
incidents of rape in 2001 out of 503 incidents of crime that were reported.
Commuter Transport Modes
Inhabitants in the CCT use various modes of transport to commute between their
place of residence and employment. Although the single dominant mode of transport
is private vehicles, the modal split between public and private and public transport is
relatively stable at around 50% each. Road-based travel by commuters constitutes
71% of all commuter trips in the AM peak period. Public modes of transport consist of
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
buses, minibus taxis and rail, with rail being the most preferred choice of public
transport users. There is a lack of integration between modes of transport in Cape
Town (Cameron 1997), which contributes to overcrowding and congestion.
What is the state of the environment?
Rail Services
Currently, all commuter rail services in Cape Town are provided by Cape Metrorail, a
business unit of the parastatal company Transnet (Pty) Ltd. The metropolitan area is
served by a 250 km electrified railway network servicing a total of 117 passenger
stations. Trains on mainline routes do not operate any later than 20h00 or earlier
than 05h00. This railway network, comprising seven rail routes, serves mainly the
southern and the eastern areas, with no commuter rail routes to the northern area of
Cape Town. In 1998, Metrorail accommodated 235 000 commuters daily during peak
periods (City of Cape Town, 2001).
Bus Services
The largest and almost exclusive operator of passenger bus services in Cape Town
is Golden Arrow Bus Services (Pty) Ltd. Peak period services are provided on 900
routes or route combinations, however on half of these routes, only one bus trip is
scheduled during the AM peak period (Cape Metropolitan Council, 1997/8). Busses
operate at approximately 43% capacity during peak periods. The routes with the
highest bus/passenger demand are in areas without direct rail services to
employment centres.
Minibus Services
Approximately 59 different taxi associations comprising some 6 000 registered
minibus-taxis operate in Cape Town (Cape Metropolitan Council, 1997/8).
Approximately 10 000 registered and unregistered mini-bus taxis operate throughout
the metropolitan area. Some 270 mini-bus taxi routes are operated from about 80
formalised (on-street and off-street) taxi ranks and from about 100 other locations.
Some minibus-taxi routes operate as short feeder services to line haul taxi, bus and
train services. Longer routes often operate in direct competition with subsidised bus
and rail services. The capacity of a minibus-taxi varies from 11 to 15 passengers.
Minibus-taxis operate at 59% capacity during peak periods.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
Modal split percentages (road- versus rail-based transport and public versus
private transport)
The observed road:rail split in 1999 was 35:65. During 2000 public transport split for
road and rail based transport was observed to be 43:57 (AM peak period) thus
indicating a shift from rail to road based systems. From surveys undertaken in 1991
data indicated a modal split of approximately 50:50 private to public transport use.
There is no other data to indicate that the situation has changed significantly.
Transport to / from work by mode
Although the data are inconclusive there are indications that commuters have shifted
from rail to mini-bus taxi, although rail remains the most popular transport mode for
work. Buses remain the smallest mode of the public transport options.
Table 8.2 Commuters per public transport mode (AM peak period)
Mode
1997
1998
1999
2000
Rail
265 800
NA
NA
251 300
Bus
NA
NA
NA
43 319
115 130
135 600
124 000
140 000
Mini-Bus Taxi
NA – no data available
Public subsidies for public transport for all modes
The fact that bus services have received significant increases in subsidies during the
few years, unlike train subsidies, is out of context with user numbers by mode
(Compare tables 8.2 and 8.3). This was clearly one of the issues underlying the bustaxi wars in Cape Town during 2000 and is not sustainable in the long term.
Table 8.3 Bus and Rail Subsidies 1990 – 2001 (in million Rands)
Mode
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Bus
45
51
44
54
59
70
86
120
160
240
200
275
Rail
110
132
154
176
198
220
229
248
255
150
230
240
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
121
Transport
Safety and security on public transport
The long-term trends indicate decreasing crime levels for robbery and assault on
Metrorail property (Figure 8.1). However, between 2000 and 2001 the number of
assaults increased while other forms of crime remained stable. Expressed on a per
100 000 basis (i.e. taking into account population growth) the data show that the
Metrorail crime rates have, in fact, decreased in most categories. Refer to the Safety
and Security chapter (Chapter 13) where the data suggest that the overall crime
situation improved between 2000 and 2001.
Annual number of crime incidents
Figure 8.1 Annual number of crime incidents on Metrorail property
700
Theft
600
Robbery
Assault
500
Murder
Rape
400
300
Figure 33: Annual number of crime incidents on Metrorail property
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Theft
227
106
163
109
217
199
179
Robbery
697
169
382
158
197
200
163
Assault
410
154
202
94
84
93
122
Murder
22
16
39
41
15
42
34
Rape
23
13
14
8
9
0
5
In 2001 there were 163 incidents of robbery, 179 incidents of theft and 122 assaults
recorded on the metropolitan trains. There were 34 murders and 5 incidents of rape
in 2001 out of 503 incidents of crime that were reported.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
122
Transport
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
The CCT increased the contract for the metropolitan transport information centre,
which provides routes, fares and timetable information. This is provided by
means of a toll free 24 hours number (0800-656 463) in English, Afrikaans and
Xhosa.
•
The ‘Moving Ahead’ Metropolitan Transport Plan is being developed to promote
the development of high density public transport corridors and peak period
counter flow movements to maximise the use of existing road infrastructure and
reduce average trip lengths and travel times.
•
The MSDF has been developed to integrate transport and activity corridors.
•
Security is being provided at a selected number of pilot public transport
interchanges, e.g. Wynberg.
•
A contract to extend the “Dial-a-Ride” service, a demand-response service for
physically disabled persons, to 2006 has been awarded to a new operator.
•
The Inner City Public Transport service, a new high frequency public transport
service operating between the CBD, the Waterfront and Kloof Street is being
initiated. It is intended that new low floor busses will operate 18 hours a day with
a maximum headway of 15 minutes. It is intended that the service commence in
February 2003.
The CCT is also participating in the following initiatives:
•
Creation of a single (metropolitan) transport authority: The establishment of a
Metropolitan Transport Authority (MTA) was initiated in the 1998/99 financial
year. Progress has been hampered due to funding limits and the restructuring of
local government. The MTA aims to implement new legislation for land based
transportation, in order to ensure integration of transport planning with spatial
and environmental planning processes. This process is continuing.
•
A taxi recapitalisation programme was initiated by the National Government.
During 1999 tenders for 18 and 36 seater diesel vehicles were called for. Due to
industry concerns the tender processes were extended and no tenders have
been awarded.
•
The planning and design of new bus contracts was initiated with the aim of
breaking up the current single contract held be Golden Arrow, into smaller
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
contracts in order to stimulate growth in small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
and allow for competition in the industry. The national Department of Transport
(NDOT) have however extended Golden Arrows interim contract as the intended
date for the implementation of contracts could not proceed due to a lack of an
overall public transport strategy needed to guide the process.
•
Rail remains under National Government control through a performance based
concession agreement with Metrorail. This concession, however, does not
encourage Metrorail to attract new customers. Metrorail has been pressurised to
become more competitive through reduction in government subsidies and the
pending process of competitive international tendering, which was to be
implemented when the present concession was due to end March 2003.
However institutional arrangements are now likely to influence this course of
events and pending which, the concession with Metrorail will have to be
extended.
•
The plan to extend the Khayelitsha rail line has been revitalised and this may
commence in 2003.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
8.3 Need to Expand Metropolitan Airports and Harbours to meet Growing
Demand
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Expansion and improvement of strategic infrastructure are supporting the shift to
global competitiveness. Increases in tourism to Cape Town mirror a growth in world
travel. This makes the expansion of these facilities necessary. To ensure the
potential of tourism as a creator of jobs is realised, it is important to protect the
resource base (the natural and cultural environments) upon which it relies.
Total tonnage of cargo moved per annum (in t/a)
The data for 2001 indicate a slight increase in all aspects of Port of Cape Town
business (Table 8.4).
Table 8.4 Key data for Port of Cape Town business operations
1998
1999
2000
2001
Tons handled (millions)
11.7
10.2
10.1
11.2
Annual Turnover (R millions)
700
705
710
715
3 910
3 716
3 737
3 998
Ships docked (Nos.)
Number of containers (TEUs) moved as a proportion of capacity
The Port of Cape Town container terminal was operating at 80 – 83% of capacity
during 1999. By 2000 this had increased to 94% of capacity. During 2001 the Port
exceeded its theoretical maximum capacity of 450 000 containers moved per annum
by 6%. As a result some funding has been set aside to complete the EIA process for
the planned expansion of the container terminal.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
Number of international flights arriving per annum
The pattern for international flights show that the numbers decreased between 1999
and 2000 but increased slightly over the past two years. (Figures 8.2 and 8.3). The
pattern for the domestic flights show continued increase in flight numbers to Cape
Town International.
Figure 8.2 Annual number of international flights to Cape Town Airport
Int. Arrivals
3000
Flights/ annum
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1993/4 1994/5 1995/6 1996/7 1997/8 1998/9 1999/0 2000/1 2001/2
Year
Figure 8.3 Annual number of domestic flights to Cape Town Airport
DomArrivals
Flights/annumn
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1993/4 1994/5 1995/6 1996/7 1997/8 1998/9 1999/0 2000/1 2001/2
Year
Million passengers per annum (mppa)
The annual number of passengers is a function of the number of flights, however the
same pattern is not observed. By all indications international tourist numbers to Cape
Town have increased between 2000 and 2001. It is likely that international tourists
arriving through Johannesburg Airport and departing from Cape Town International
are influencing this pattern. Domestic departures have increased slightly over the
same period (Figures 8.4 and 8.5).
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
Figure 8.4 Annual number of international visitors departing from Cape Town Airport
Int. Dep. Pax
Passengers/annum
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
1993/4 1994/5 1995/6 1996/7 1997/8 1998/9 1999/0 2000/1 2001/2
Years
Figure 8.5 Annual number of domestic visitors departing from Cape Town Airport
Dom. Dep. Pax
Passangers/annum
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
1993/4 1994/5 1995/6 1996/7 1997/8 1998/9 1999/0 2000/1 2001/2
Year
Air traffic movements per annum as a proportion of capacity
This information is not available due to expansion of the airport and ongoing capacity
changes.
Total passengers per annum as a proportion of capacity
This information is not available due to expansion of the airport and ongoing capacity
changes.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
127
Transport
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
Portnet had initiated an EIA in 1998/9 to investigate the expansion of the
container terminal in the Port of Cape Town. A scoping document was completed
by July 1999 with specialist studies identified. Motivation for funding to complete
this project has not been forthcoming and did not happen in 2001. It is likely,
however, due to the rapid increase in container traffic that funds will be secured
during 2002 in order to complete the specialist studies.
•
Port of Cape Town published a draft Port Development Framework at the end of
2000. The PDF shows a number of scenarios and options for the port expansion
and identifies a preferred scenario. Planning and the evaluation of alternative
scenarios continued during 2001 and are expected to be completed in early
2002. This will be supported by a Strategic Environmental Assessment.
•
The first phase of an expansion plan for the Cape Town International Airport has
begun. Future plans include a second runway, redevelopment of the terminus
buildings and the addition of internal and external transport links. Planning is
continuing under direction of a steering committee comprised of Airports
Company of South Africa (ACSA), Local Government and other key role players.
The CCT economic development function has initiated an Airport Economic
Development Strategy to inform the expansion plan and ensure that the full future
provision is made for appropriate economic activities surrounding the airport.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Transport
8.4 Road Traffic Safety
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The indicators in this section suggest increases in the number of fatalities despite a
decrease in number of accidents between 2000 and 2001.
Total number of accidents
A total of 73 788 accidents were recorded during 2001 calendar year, a slight
decrease from the previous year, but still significantly higher than the figures for 1997
– 1999 (Figure 8.6).
Figure 8.6 Total number of accidents in Cape Town
Total accidents
80000
75972
Total Accidents
75000
73788
70000
65000
62561
62528
62878
1997
1998
1999
60000
55000
50000
2000
2001
Y ear
Number of fatalities
The number of fatalities in Cape Town is indicative of a deteriorating road traffic
safety record. The trend indicates increasing fatalities in spite of decreasing road
traffic accidents (Figure 8.7).
Figure 8.7 Total number of fatalities in Cape Town.
Total fatalities
Total Fatalities
1200
955
1000
800
724
697
664
663
1997
1998
1999
2000
600
400
200
0
2001
Years
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
129
Transport
Percentage of casualties and fatalities involving pedestrians
The absolute number of pedestrian casualties decreased between 2000 and 2001 –
this in spite of a population increase of approximately 3.5% (Table 8.5 and Figure
8.7). Despite this trend the number and percentage of pedestrian fatalities remains
high and has increased significantly over the past year.
Table 8.5 Percentages of pedestrian casualties and fatalities in Cape Town
Year
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Pedestrian
3 890
3 554
3 786
5 168
4 718
Casualties
(32%)
(27%)
(29%)
(29%)
(29%)
Total Casualties
12 118
12 759
12 865
17 579
16 223
404 (55%)
379 (54%)
423 (55%)
321 (48%)
569 (59%)
724
697
767
663
955
Pedestrian Fatalities
Total Fatalities
Figure 8.7: Total number of Pedestrian Casualties in Cape Town
Pedestrian casualties
Pedestrian Casualties
5500
5168
4718
5000
4500
4000
3786
3890
3554
3500
3000
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
130
Transport
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The production of an annual accident audit report, by the CCT’s Transport,
Roads and Stormwater Directorate, serves to inform decision-makers and
planners of the magnitude and costs (in excess of R 2.2 billion per annum) of the
road traffic safety problem.
•
Support for the National Government’s Arrive Alive campaign continues.
•
A Road Safety Audit Policy for the City of Cape Town has been implemented –
this will attempt to ensure that the necessary safety features are incorporated in
new projects and added to safety deficient areas of the existing road network.
•
A Road Traffic Management Operations Plan for the City of Cape Town is being
developed – this will attempt to ensure optimum synergy between the four “E’s” of
traffic safety: Engineering, Enforcement, Education and Evaluation. The plan will
incorporate targets for improving the poor safety record of the City.
Reflections and Summary - Transport
The public transport sector experienced a difficult year with taxi wars over the
subsidisation of bus services in Cape Town. Despite rail transporting the majority of
the public transport passengers and providing the cleanest alternative to other forms
of public transport it is still fraught with over-crowding on some lines, under-utilisation
on others and crime.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Energy
9 Energy
Nuclear issues continued to receive significant attention in 2001, especially the
proposed Pebble Bed Modular Nuclear Reactor based at Koeberg Nuclear Power
Station. Wind generation has also been considered with the CSIR completing an EIA
for a wind farm for two alternative sites, including one near Blaauwberg.
The issues are:
9.1 Continued Use of Wood and Paraffin Fuels by a Large Sector of the Population
9.2 Location of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station within Cape Town
9.3 Demand for Energy
9.4 Mitigating Global Climate Change
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
Water and energy resources and utilisation will be optimally and efficiently managed
9.1 Continued Use of Wood and Paraffin Fuels by a Large Sector of the
Population
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Percentage of (un) electrified homes
The number of households receiving electricity in Cape Town appears to have
increased in recent years. Eskom’s SA Focus journal lists electrification of the
Western Cape at 94% for the year 2000. This corroborates the data received from
the October Household Survey (Figure 9.1).
Figure 9.1 Households receiving electricity in Cape Town
86%
88%
90%
1995
1996
1997
80%
88%
94%
95%
2000
2001
No Data Available
% households receiving
electricity
100%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1998
Year
1999
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
132
Energy
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The CCT is in the process of developing an Energy for Sustainable Development
Strategy as part of the IMEP process. This strategy will be developed by the
CCT together with Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA). This strategy will include a
situational analysis of all initiatives within Cape Town and an energy baseline
study, which will provide information on various fronts that will guide the process.
The aim of the strategy is to guide all other energy initiatives that are ongoing or
will be initiated in Cape Town (including the Energy Supply Industry bullet below).
The first phase will start in June 2002. For more information please refer to
Chapter 15 – Policies, Strategies and Targets.
•
The Restructuring of the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) has led to Cape Town
electricity and Eskom adopting a co-ordinated approach and made a start on a
holistic integrated energy plan for the Metro area of supply and delivery of
electricity by including alternative energy sources. This integrated energy plan
will take cognisance of environmental issues, the efficient domestic use of
electricity, the electrification of the informal settlements and the impact that this
will have on the use of conventional fuels such as paraffin and wood.
•
The Department of Mineral and Energy (DME) completed a consultative process
towards the development of a Strategy for the Implementation of Renewable
Energy in 2001. The finalised document will be available in 2002.
•
The DME continued to reform the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) and Electricity
Distribution Industry (EDI) in order to maximise potential for adequate, reliable
and low cost electricity. Cabinet has been requested to approve proposals for an
ESI reform strategy that will ensure modern and efficient supply services to all
South Africans.
•
A strategy informing the integrated National Electrification programme replaced
the RDP driven electrification programme.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Energy
9.2 Location of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station within the CCT
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
In December 2000 Eskom submitted a licence application to the National Nuclear
Regulator (NNR) for a demonstration Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) plant and
the use, manufacture and transportation of nuclear fuel.
It is proposed that the
PBMR project will run as a demonstration project. The EIA process for the 110Megawatt (electrical) class Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) proposed for the
Koeberg site continued during 2001. The EIA Consortium is finalising the necessary
studies and is in the process of compiling the Draft Environmental Impact Reports
(EIRs) for release in May 2002. This will be followed by a series of Public Meetings
to provide feedback on the Draft EIRs and conclusions of the studies.
Koeberg Nuclear Power Station (NPS) continues to supply the Western Cape with
electricity from two Pressurised Water Reactor units.
Safety rating
In 2001, Koeberg NPS was again awarded the ultimate safety rating by the National
Occupational Safety Association (NOSA), the NOSCAR Award.
Number of reported leakages of radioactive material per annum
There were no uncontrolled releases reported during 1999, and one uncontrolled
release reported in 2000 with no radioactive dose impact. There were two
uncontrolled releases reported by the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station during 2001:
■
An uncontrolled release from a gaseous waste collection and storage tank
(inside the controlled area of the plant), which occurred due to a valve not
sealing properly;
■
An uncontrolled release occurred via a flange on a gaseous waste treatment
compressor.
In both cases the release was monitored via the normal building ventilation system
monitors and the dose impact was reported to be small and within regulatory limits.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Energy
Amount of radioactive waste generated by Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
Radioactive spent nuclear fuel from Koeberg Nuclear Power Station is currently
stored on-site while low level and intermediate-level radioactive waste is transported
to a disposal site at Vaalputs in the Northern Cape. Both low-level and intermediate
level waste volumes increased significantly in 2001.
There was an expected
increase in the amount of low-level waste generated in 2001 due to the inspection
and repair activities to safety systems piping. There was a similarly large increase in
intermediate-level waste produced, due to scheduled refuelling outages on both
units, as well as the unplanned shut-downs for piping inspections and repairs, and
grid and transformer outages.
Nuclear waste generated
(drums/annum)
Figure 9.2 Amount of Radioactive Waste generated in drums/annum by Koeberg
Nuclear Power Station
Low level w aste
Intermediate level w aste
800
600
575
451
451
367
400
200
763
96
99
139
75
136
0
1997
1998
1999
Year
2000
2001
Proportion of electricity used that was supplied by Koeberg Nuclear Power
Station
The electricity generated at Koeberg Nuclear Power Station is sent to the national
grid for general distribution. Koeberg Nuclear Power Station, does however, generate
enough electricity for the Western Cape during the summer months - maximum
capacity of 1 800 Megawatts (MW). Peak demand in Cape Town reaches 4 000 MW
in winter. Generating locally avoids massive line losses and stabilised the national
grid.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Energy
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) drafted a radioactive waste
management policy for South Africa and released the draft in November 2000.
The DME also drafted a report on the status of radioactive waste in South Africa
during 2001. The DME is expected to release both documents for public review
later in 2002.
•
The Blaauwberg Spatial Development Plan draft document has been circulated to
Interested and Affected parties for comment during October 2001. The criteria
relating to the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station has recently been reviewed by the
NNR and the amended BSDP document now incorporates the amended criteria
which can be summarised as follows:
0 - 5 km zone:
No applications for further development rights within this area (either through
rezoning, subdivision, departure from land use or Council's consent, including
application for a guest house or second dwelling), which may result in an
increase in the population (either permanent resident population or transient
population), may be approved, unless such a development is truly place bound.
In circumstances where zoning or subdivision rights are entrenched in the
existing property rights, these rights may, however, be exercised.
0 - 16 km zone:
Further developments within this area are subject to evacuation time of 12 - 16
hours, from time of an evacuation order being given, of the entire population
within any 67.5 degree sector to be demonstrated by means of a traffic
(evacuation) model accepted by the relevant authorities. In order to take into
account voluntary evacuation by the public, in selecting the boundary for the
evacuation model, consideration should be given to boundaries (natural or
otherwise) separating urban areas.
The term "transient population" here refers to people who may be involved in
activities at the property arising from the additional development rights either as
residents, customers or staff.
The term "truly place bound" here refers to any development which forms an
integral part of, or support to, the process of generation of electricity through the
use of nuclear energy as carried out by Eskom on the Duynefontein site.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Energy
9.3 Demand for Energy
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Cost of electricity (in cents/kWh)
The domestic rates for Eskom customers during 2001 were: homepower – Basic
charges R41.53 and energy rates 22,58 c/kWh and homelight (prepaid) 20 amps:
33,12 c/kWh and 60 amps: 37,25 c/kWh. The tariffs for electricity supplied by the
CCT were between 26.39 and 38.67 c/KWh, depending on Administration. In 2002 a
uniform tariff will be introduced for all customers in the Unicity area of supply.
The total electricity consumption for Cape Town for the financial year 2000 to 2001
was 9 000 GWh.
The CCT’s consumption (including vehicle fleet, street lights,
buildings, waste, water and sewage services) was 206 GWh and the rest of the
industrial, commercial and private consumers were responsible for 8 794 GWh.
Type and quantity of fuel sold
This is one of the original indicators for which there is now data available. Total fuel
consumption for Cape Town (2000/1) was 1 682 020 kl (1 173 178 kl diesel and 508
842 kl petrol). The CCT’s consumption during this period was 29 060.68 kl (20
803.31 kl for diesel and 8 257.37 kl for petrol), approximately 2% of total fuel use in
Cape Town.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
137
Energy
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
Kudu Gas: Cape Power Project – This project was terminated after completion of
the feasibility studies during early 2002.
Additional responses underway:
•
The Department of Mineral and Energy (DME) completed a consultative process
towards the development of a Strategy for the Implementation of Renewable
Energy in 2001. The finalised document will be available in 2002.
•
The DME continued to reform the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) and Electricity
Distribution Industry (EDI) in order to maximise potential for adequate, reliable
and low cost electricity. Cabinet has been requested to approve proposals for an
ESI reform strategy that will ensure modern and efficient supply services to all
South Africans.
•
A strategy informing the integrated National Electrification programme replaced
the RDP drive electrification programme.
•
The following projects were undertaken by the Energy Development Group
(EDG) and Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA) for 2001:
Energy Development Group (EDG):
■
DBSA, National Electrification Programme Evaluation (DBSA/contracted
to EDRC): Project Management of the National electrification programme
evaluation undertaken by EDRC.
■
DMR, RED: Assessment of Silverton Renewable Energy Centre
Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA):
■
Sustainable Energy for Environment and Development Programme
(SEED): the HEAT programme gave rise to the Urban SEED Strategy.
SEA are implementing the Urban component of this extensive, multi-year
programme with DANCED funding. The overall aim is to promote the
integration of environmentally sustainable energy practices into urban low
cost housing projects in South Africa. One of the key activities is training,
placement and support of Energy and Environment Advisors in local
authorities and NGO’s in pilot areas (Cape Town, Durban and
Johannesburg).
Related national activities are publicity, information
dissemination, policy input and national training. The partner organisation
undertaking the rural project is the Energy and Development Research
Centre at the University of Cape Town. Client: DANCED (Danish CoCity of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
138
Energy
operation for Environment and Developed) and Danish Renewable
Energy Organisation (OVE).
■
Energy Audits: (1) Norvalis Institute (Wynberg), (2) City of Cape Town:
Tygerberg Administration.
•
The DME-DANCED Capacity Building project in energy efficiency and renewable
energy is a joint project between the South African Government and the Danish
Government.
This project was implemented in August 2001.
The overall
objective of the project is a more sustainable energy sector through an increased
use of renewable energy and greater energy efficiency on the demand side. The
immediate objective is that at the end of this four year project, the DME and other
relevant public sector bodies are resourced and capacitated to effectively and
efficiently implement well published and broadly accepted programmes promoting
energy efficiency at the demand side and renewable energy in both urban and
rural areas and to sustain the resource and capacity.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
139
Energy
9.4 Mitigating Global Climate Change
This is a new issue that has been added in light of the City of Cape Town’s
commitment to reducing its impact on global climate change through reducing
emissions of so-called greenhouse gas emissions (particularly carbon dioxide and
methane) from Council operations. During 2001 the CCT resolved to join the Cities
for Climate Protection (CCP) Campaign and the SouthSouthNorth (SSN) Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM). These are essentially two capacity building
initiatives to ascertain emissions levels and bring about some mitigatory action.
For responses to Global Climate Change please refer to Chapter 1 – Air Quality and
Atmosphere.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Energy
Reflections and Summary - Energy
Energy issues continued to be highlighted during 2001. The EIA process for the
proposed Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) advanced from Scoping into the final
stages of impact assessment. An Environmental Impact Report and a decision by
the National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) are expected
in 2002.
By joining the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) programme and the
SouthSouthNorth Clean Development Mechanism, energy and environment issues
will continue to be important for some years to come. Activities such as the energy
audit and climate change projects should also allow the selection and reporting of
improved energy indicators in future years.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
141
Waste
10 Waste
Illegal dumping and litter collection (street sweeping) result in annual clean up costs in
excess of R 163 million in 2001 as compared to R 135 million reported in the previous
year. These direct costs are borne by ratepayers and business levies whereas the
indirect costs are potentially even greater (e.g. impacts to human and natural systems
health, stormwater and river system impacts and a degraded living environment).
The issues are:
10.1 Need for an Integrated Waste Management Strategy for Cape Town
10.2 Licensing and Safe Operation of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities
10.3 The Safe Transport and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
10.4 The Safe Transport and Disposal of Medical Wastes
10.5 The Management and Reduction of Litter and Illegal Dumping
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
Waste management will be efficient, and recycling efforts will be supported and
sustained by the population.
10.1 Need for an Integrated Waste Management Strategy for Cape Town
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Despite encouraging initiatives that clearly demonstrate the feasibility of waste reduction
and recycling (as opposed to landfill), continued city-wide population growth and steadily
increasing consumption rates have resulted in increased solid waste volumes. Progress
has, however, been made with many capital works projects to Wastewater Treatment
Works.
The National White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management follows a
holistic approach to waste and pollution issues. Integrated waste management follows
the following hierarchy clearly prioritising the avoidance and minimisation of waste
(waste reduction) rather than the management of existing waste (re-use, recycling,
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
142
Waste
composting) or the treatment of waste (incineration, encapsulation, chemical stabilisation
etc) and landfilling:
Figure 10.1 Schematic diagram of Integrated Waste Management
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Physical
Chemical
Destruction
Landfill
Treatment
Disposal
Volume of waste received at the landfills (t/a)
A total of 1 596 000 tonnes of waste was received in landfill sites in Cape Town during
2001 compared to the 1 493 000 tonnes in 2000 and the 1 458 000 tonnes in the
previous year (Figure 10.1).
Figure 10.2 Annual amounts of solid waste received at landfills in Cape Town
Kilo tonnes waste received
1650
1596
1600
1550
1500
1493
1458
1450
1400
1350
1999
2000
2001
Year
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
143
Waste
This represents an increase of approximately 6%, well above population growth rates of
3.5% (refer section 6.1). Of the total amount of waste produced more than 90% is
landfilled by the City of Cape Town (Table 10.1). Waste disposal by private companies
and local residents makes up 10% of landfilled waste.
Table 10.1 Waste tonnes landfilled by the City of Cape Town between 1998 and 2001
Waste Site
1998
1999
2000
2001
Vissershok
328 000
145 000
269 000
273 000
Coastal Park
222 000
289 000
298 000
338 000
Swartklip
185 000
235 000
221 000
234 000
Bellville
329 000
392 000
290 000
309 000
Brackenfell
79 000
130 000
203 000
222 000
Faure
166 000
229 000
212 000
222 000
1 309 000
1 458 000
1 493 000
1 596 000
TOTAL
Percentage of waste recycled, re-used and composted
This information is not readily available at a metropolitan level, although there are a
number of initiatives underway (City owned and private). At the CCT disposal sites the
recovery rate of recyclables through contracted pickers is around 2-3 %. This number is
low since it is difficult to recover recyclables on-site in a mix of dry and wet waste
materials. The organic/wet waste fraction (comprising items such as food waste,
vegetable peels and garden waste) contaminates the dry waste materials such as paper,
glass, cardboard and plastics rendering them less valuable for recycling purposes.
Tygerberg Administration has two composting plants (Sacks Circle and Radnor in
Parow) where municipal solid waste is transformed to compost, thereby saving space at
landfills.
Capacity of wastewater treatment works (WWTW)
The total wastewater treatment capacity of the 20 wastewater treatment works and three
marine outfalls in Cape Town is approximately 564 Ml/d (reduced from 590 Ml/d in 2000
due to deteriorated equipment at Athlone Wastewater Treatment Works). The average
flow was 490 Ml/d for the period 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001 (Figure 10.2), representing
a increase of 0.5% as compared to 488 Ml/d in 2000 and 512 Ml/d in 1999.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
144
Waste
Average flow (ml/day)
Figure10.3 Average flow rate (Ml/d) for the wastewater treatment works in the CCT
520
512
505
489
490
490
488
475
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
Quantities, types and dilution ratios of industrial effluent entering sewage works and
ocean outflow
The total wastewater treatment capacity of the 20 wastewater treatment works within the
municipal area has reduced from approximately 590 Ml/d to 564 Ml/d due to deteriorated
infrastructure at Athlone Wastewater Treatment Works. Upgrading of the works is
underway and the capacity of the works will increase by 25Ml/d within the next 3 years.
During 2001/2002 approximately 12 000 Ml wastewater was disposed of via the three
long marine outfalls, which implies that there has been no change since 1998.
Current and future development in the Central Business District, including Convenco and
Culembourg, could see runoff into the harbour increasing in the future if appropriate
measures are not put in place.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
145
Waste
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were undertaken in 2001:
•
According to the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) Action plans the
prevention of waste at source should receive the main priority in terms of City
Council's integrated waste management planning. The CCT’s Waste Wise campaign
(see Section 10.4) is planning projects on all facets of the NWMS. Waste reduction
and recycling is being explored on the industrial/commercial level as well as on
residential/communal level. Groups specifically targeted include the youth, and the
objective of the educational program of Waste Wise is empower individuals to
practice waste reduction, re-use and recycling within the areas in which they live.
Special Waste Wise projects and waste reduction strategies have also been
implemented in institutions such as hospitals as well as for special events and
venues within the City.
•
The Waste Wise Campaign has initiated projects within the Industrial and
Commercial sectors to address the problem of waste at the source before it even
reaches the consumer. By assisting companies to increase their production and
operation efficiencies, less waste is produced resulting in a ‘win win’ scenario for the
business as well as the environment. (For more information on Waste Wise and the
programmes developed please refer to section 10.4).
•
The next level of an Integrated Waste Management Strategy is recycling – whatever
waste cannot be prevented or reduced should be reused or recycled. Good progress
has been made in commercial buildings such as in shopping centres. There is
progressive support for waste recovery and recycling initiatives as the example
below demonstrates:.
In July 2000, Canal Walk Shopping Centre agreed to an “In-house Waste Separation
and Collection System” and entered into a contract with a private waste contractor
who offers in-house recovery of all recyclables before the remaining waste is taken
to the landfill. The waste collection rates of recyclables have reached 80% in 2001,
which is an increase of 20% from 2000. 45 permanent jobs have been created and
each month the Canal Walk shopping centre saves regularly on disposal costs. Due
to the financial and environmental success of the system at Canal Walk many other
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
146
Waste
large shopping centres in Cape Town as well as hotels and office blocks have
embarked on similar initiatives reaping the benefits of reduced collection and
disposal cost for their wastes generated.
These examples clearly illustrate that for material recovery the emphasis must lie
directly with the waste generator such as households, commercial buildings,
industries and not at the landfill as the final place of disposal.
•
The Integrated Waste Exchange (IWEX): The IWEX is an on-line, internet service
offered by the City of Cape Town serving as an electronic platform for local/national
waste exchanges. The idea of exchanging waste resources comes from the
recognition that "one business' trash can often be the neighbour's business
treasure". The Integrated Waste Exchange facilitates the linkages between those
businesses who can utilise other’s waste material resources and regular waste
material providers, thereby reducing the volumes and the amount of materials that
would otherwise be landfilled. A socio-economic spin-off of the Waste Exchange
service has been seen by the increasing number of NGOs (such as Oasis, Shawco)
who run community upliftment programmes and regularly utilise the website to obtain
useful working materials and equipment for job creation projects. An increasing
number of listings are obtained on a national and even international scale. The
Waste Exchange programme has been officially endorsed by the Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism as a National Waste Management Strategy tool.
The
Website
for
the
Integrated
Waste
Exchange
can
be
found
at
www.capetown.gov.za/iwex and any listings of waste are free of charge.
•
City of Cape Town Environmental Management Systems (EMS) Programmes
Progress:
■
The EMS Pilot Projects at both the Vissershok Landfill and at the Macassar
Wastewater Treatment Works have progressed. Exercises of capacitating
site staff with environmental knowledge were undertaken. From this, sitebased EMS Teams were created, staffed by site-elected nominees. The
process of uncovering established work practices commenced and at the
Vissershok Landfill, the process has moved beyond this point, to the stage
where environmental issues and impacts are being gathered.
■
A First-Round Draft of an EMS Development and Implementation Guideline
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
147
Waste
was compiled to assist the managers of the various CCT operations and
facilities understand what EMSs are and what the advantages and
disadvantages are of such a system.
■
There was interaction with the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA)
who funded a major portion of EMS related consultant fees in their endeavour
to aid environmental capacity building within the CCT.
•
The 10th Principles of Solid Waste Management Planning Training Course took place
in October 2001, supported by all the City waste managers and co-ordinated by the
Fairest Cape Association. 210 participants have so far taken part. It is for decision
makers and practitioners in the integrated Solid Waste Management field to
understand aspect of minimisation, recycling, composting, incineration, landfilling as
well as the planning process.
•
The City of Cape Town’s 3rd High School Environmental Quiz involved 101 schools
being quizzed on integrated waste management, co-ordinated by the Fairest Cape
Association and assisted by the Institute of Waste Management members.
•
The Fairest Cape Association updated the Recycling Directory of commercial,
community, school depots and activities and distributed the information widely. The
Fairest Cape Association facilitated workshops on recycling with schools,
communities and industry. The Fairest Cape Association resource centre at the City
Hall provides information, poster and videos on any aspect on waste management
for the public and council.
•
The Fairest Cape Association were involved in the following initiatives in 2001
■
The Atlantis Waste Wise Educational programme was initiated by the
Blaauwberg Administration Waste Management Department and was coordinated by the Fairest Cape Association in 2001. This involved a review of
problems, workshops, cleanups, exhibitions and a teacher training pilot at
three Atlantis primary schools in November 2001.
■
continued community waste development programmes in Gugulethu and
Imizamo Yethu, Hout Bay.
■
co-ordinated the many cleanups of behalf of the National Cleanup Campaign
in September 2001.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Waste
■
facilitated workshops for trainers and learners for the Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism’s Marine and Coastal Management’s
Coastcare programme.
■
provided exhibition material for Special Events, e.g. sporting, cultural, Atlantis
Rapport Arts Festival in November, the Catchment Management exhibition in
November and the Western Cape Cleanup Launch in December.
•
An integrated waste management programme in Khayelitsha: With the completion of
funding, the programme’s stand-alone status has been evaluated and it has been
decided that the programme be integrated with the City’s Waste Wise Campaign
(formerly the Mess Action Campaign). Actions to date include:
Dumped areas have been cleaned by the City
Environmental Education campaigns in the form of roadshows and schools
activities continue.
Food gardens have been promulgated in schools
Partnerships have been forged with new stakeholders, for example, the City
is working with Shawco and Abalimi Bezekhaya in securing further wetland
areas that were previously littered.
•
Bellville South Landfill – Phase 1 – Progressive Remediation: The ongoing
remediation of Bellville South has covered a number of issues in the past 18 months.
Firstly there was the moving of the sludge from the disused sludge lagoons on the
western side of the landfill. Secondly there was the excavation of waste from Belhar
Drive Ext. road reserve that runs along the western boundary of the site. The third
main area of activity was the first phase of the landfill capping.
An area of
approximately four hectares was capped on the western and southern sideslopes
using both clay and a Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). The value of the work was just
under R7 million and a nine-month construction period will be completed in March
2002.
A pilot study was initiated to quantify the landfill gas being produced. Three gas
extractions, which consisted of perforated pipes within the landfills, were constructed
to a depth of 8m. The wells were subjected to a suction and the gas was expelled
adjacent to the odour control facility that was purchased as part of the capping
project.
•
Major wastewater projects were in progress during 2001 – refer to responses in
Chapter 2 (Inland Waters).
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Waste
10.2 Licensing and Safe Operation of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Available air space in existing landfill sites
Information on this indicator is discussed below (Table 10.2).
Percentage of waste disposal sites that are licensed
Council operates six disposal sites (Table 10.2 and Figure 10.3) and currently three of
these are licensed. This is up on the 33% licensed last year, when the Coastal Park
application was still underway. The status of the sites is as presented in Table 10.2. All
landfill sites within the CCT area will be registered, permitted and operated in
accordance with the minimum requirements by 2005.
Table: 10.2 Air space, life span and permits for solid waste sites in Cape Town
Waste Site
Airspace
3
Remaining life
Permit status
Permit type
(million m )
span (years)
Vissershok
7 291.69
7
Permitted
H-H, H-L, GLB+
Coastal Park
19 656.86
25
Permitted
GLB+
Brackenfell
235.32
1
Permitted
GMB+
Faure
480.39
2
Application
GLB+
proceeding
Bellville
2 937.57
5
Application
GLB+
proceeding
Swartklip
248.04
1
Application
GLB+
proceeding
Note - H-H: Landfill can take all four hazardous waste ratings,
GLB+: General waste, Large and Water balance + meaning that rainfall exceeds evaporation and is
therefore leachate producing
GMB+: General waste, medium size and leachate producing
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Waste
The City is running out of landfill air space with four landfills likely to close within the next
4-5 years. There is therefore an urgent need for a suitable site for a new / regional
landfill. This is a key motivation regional landfill EIA process.
Regional landfill site: Consultants were appointed during 2000 to identify a suitable
regional landfill site for the City of Cape Town / Western Cape. This involved a desktop
study and a ground-truthing exercise. From a total of eight potential sites, three preferred
sites
were
selected
and
three
public
meetings
were
held
during
2001.
Figure10.4 Location of solid waste landfill sites in Cape Town
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151
Waste
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
The Athlone Refuse Transfer Station is now a state of the art facility. This transfer
station has recently been upgraded to a containerised system. Between 600-800
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152
Waste
tons of waste is handled daily. The waste is unloaded onto a conveyor belt, and
compacted into containers. The containers are then taken by rail to the Vissershok
Landfill Site.
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10.3 The Safe Transport and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Space available in hazardous waste disposal facilities
About 50% of the airspace at Vissershok is currently used for the disposal of hazardous
waste (in co-disposal with domestic waste).
The space available is difficult to determine as it is based on the total waste generated
and whether the Bellville “Special Waste” site closes down or not. The ratio of waste:
special waste is 9:1 by weight. The Vissershok Special Waste site has a current lifespan
of 12 – 18 years depending on whether the Bellville “Special Waste” site closes down or
not.
Amount of radioactive waste generated by Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
Radioactive spent nuclear fuel from Koeberg Nuclear Power Station is currently stored
on-site while low level and intermediate-level radioactive waste is transported to a
disposal site at Vaalputs in the Northern Cape. Both low-level and intermediate level
waste volumes increased significantly in 2001. Refer to Chapter 9 (Energy) for further
information.
Hazardous waste generation compared to amount disposed through formal facilities
Approximately 458 601 tonnes of “Special Waste” were disposed at the Vissershok site
during 1999. The Vissershok private disposal site also disposes of hazardous waste.
There are no new data for 2000 or 2001.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
154
Waste
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
Links have been created with Peninsula Technikon Medical Health students and
lecturers, members of AIA (Anti Incineration Alliance), Legal Resource Centre, US
based “Healthcare without Harm” and the WasteWise Campaign team. Students
and lecturers will be developing a highly visual household hazardous fact sheet
including “alternative recipes to replace toxic chemicals” together with the CCT
Waste Management Department.
•
The City’s Waste Wise Campaign has commissioned a Hazardous Waste Project in
partnership with the University of Cape Town to find a viable recommendation for the
management and disposal of batteries and fluorescent tubes.
•
The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) drafted a radioactive waste
management policy for South Africa and released the draft in November 2000. The
DME also drafted a report on the status of radioactive waste in South Africa during
2001. The DME is expected to release both documents for public review later in
2002.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
155
Waste
10.4 The Safe Transport and Disposal of Medical Wastes
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Volume of waste received at the incineration facilities (tonnes/annum)
The total quantity of medical waste currently incinerated in Cape Town is estimated at 2
120 tonnes during 2001, compared to the 2 481 tonnes (verified) for 2000 (Figure 10.4).
This represents a 14% decrease of medical waste incinerated between 2000 and 2001.
Some of the difference can be ascribed to a change in system at one incineration facility.
There are two medical waste incinerators in Cape Town currently permitted by the
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, the Enviroserv incinerator at
Vissershok and a smaller facility at Delft operated by BCL Medical Waste Management
Services. These incineration facilities have a combined capacity to burn approximately
3 080 tonnes per annum and currently receive 2 120 tonnes per annum.
Figure 10.5 Medical waste incinerated (tonnes per annum) in Cape Town
Tonnes inicnerated
3000
2481
2500
2000
2230
2120
1700
1500
1000
500
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
156
Waste
Volume of medical waste received at the incinerators as a percentage of estimated
medical waste generated
Approximately 84% of all medical waste generated within Cape Town is incinerated. This
leaves an estimated 16% of medical waste generated that is not disposed of at the two
permitted medical waste incinerators.
Number of incidents associated with medical waste in Cape Town
There were approximately 10 reported medical waste incidents during 1999, with only
two reported for 2000. No data are available for 2001. This is due to unreliable reporting
mechanisms and is not necessarily a reflection that the situation has improved.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
The City has initiated a process to draft a new, single Environmental Health By-law
(refer to Chapter 4.2 - Health) that will include a section relating to medical waste
management.
The objective will be to define the role and responsibility of the
generators, transporters and disposers of medical waste and to regulate the safe
disposal of such waste.
•
The Waste Wise Campaign piloted an Integrated Waste Management (IWM) project
at the Red Cross Hospital to implement an IMW strategy within medical institutions.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
157
Waste
10.5 The Management and Reduction of Litter and Illegal Dumping
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Illegal dumping and litter collection (street sweeping) result in annual clean up costs in
excess of R 163 million, up from R 135 million from the previous year (Table 10.4). The
number of waste complaints and the costs of street sweeping give a clear indication of
the magnitude of this issue in Cape Town. During 2000 litter was identified by the public
as the most important environmental issue affecting the state of Cape Town’s
environment
(Household
Survey
on
Environment
and
Tourism,
2001
–
www.capetown.gov.za/soe).
Total number of waste complaints
Waste complaints increased significantly in Cape Town between 2000 and 2001. Slight
declines in the number of waste complaints received were evident for the other
administrations (Table 10.3).
Table 10.3 Waste related complaints by administrative area in the City of Cape Town
Administrative
Refuse1 complaints
area
Street sweeping and
Total number of waste
litter collection
complaints
complaints
1999
2000
2001
1999
2000
2001
1999
2000
2001
1 564
684
4 464
NA
968
503
4 840
1 652
4 967
NA
3 772
1 974
NA
2 347
3 556
1 748
6 119
5 530
97
600
509
124
420
330
221
1 020
839
Tygerberg
1 548
1 336
1 100
869
744
758
2 417
2 080
1 858
Helderberg
NA
NA
3 268
NA
NA
264
NA
3 650
3 432
Oostenberg
1 300
1 820
NA
1 300
2 600
NA
1 300
1 820
NA
Total
4 509
8 212
11 315
2 293
7 079
5 411
10 526
16 341
16 626
Cape Town
South
Peninsula
Blaauwberg
(Note: 1 - Domestic, trade and garden refuse)
(NA = Information not available at the time of the request)
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
158
Waste
Illegal dumping cleared per administrative area (tonnes/annum)
WasteWise has identified 2 272 sites within the City, at which illegal dumping occurs.
These sites have been assigned identification numbers and have been classified
according to volume of material on site, nature of dumped material and risk or hazard
posed by the site. 1 284 of the 2 272 identified or known illegal dumping sites have
been cleared and it is anticipated that the remaining 988 sites will be cleared by 30 June
2002.
Tonnage of illegal dumping
This information is presented in Table 10.4 below. It is interesting to note that the ratio of
reports to convictions has increased 20-fold over the previous year in the South
Peninsula Administrative area. It is hoped that this trend will lead to a cleaner, safer
environment.
Cost of remediation by each administrative area per annum for street sweeping and
litter collection (area cleansing)
The amount of money required for street sweeping and illegal dumping removal has
been put at approximately R 163 million for the year 2001, up from R 135 million the
year before (Table 10.4). At this rate the total costs are likely to double in 3 to 4 years
time (Table 10.4). The tonnage of illegal dumping that has been cleared is significant. In
most areas there has been a marked increase in cleared illegally dumped material,
largely due to increased effort. Greater efficiencies in this process have, however,
resulted from a concerted effort under the Waste Wise Campaign, initiated in December
2000.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
159
Waste
Table 10.4 Area cleansing in the City of Cape Town (Illegal dumping removal and street sweeping)
Administrative
Illegal dumping (t/yr)
area
Costs for street sweeping
Ratio between reports and
Schools, churches and
and litter collection (R/yr)
convictions
community groups
participating in litter
projects
1999
2000
2001
1999
2000
2001
1999
2000
2001
1999
2000
2001
Cape Town
5 000
Approx
60 000
NA
R 72
million
R 87
million
R125
million
NA
NA
NA
NA
108
16
South Peninsula
2 000
3 400
6 412
R 5.7
million
R 8.9
million
R 9.3
million
1:100
NA
20:100
16
51
19
100
3 000
NA
R 5.5
million
R 3.5
million
R 812
000
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
19
Tygerberg
5 691
5 371
18 500
R 23
million
R25,6
million
R24.3
million
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4
Helderberg
NA
Approx
16 800
9 504
R3
million
R 3.1
million
R3.3
million
NA
High
High
NA
4
8
Oostenberg
1 200
1 500
NA
R 5.2
million
R 7.1
million
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
NA
17
Total
13 991
90 071
34 416
R 114
Million
R 135
million
R 163
million
NA
NA
NA
26
173
83
Blaauwberg
(Note: NA – information was not available at the time of the request.)
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
160
Waste
Quantity and type of litter in seven catchment areas
A litter management project is being co-funded by the City of Cape Town and the
Water Research Commission. This project aims to quantify and identify sources of
litter and aid in the development of litter management plans. Litter traps were
installed in nine pilot catchments in 1999 and monitoring of litter is ongoing. The
project furthermore aims to measure the success of community-based litter
management strategies as implemented in Imizamo Yetho by the Fairest Cape
Association. It is anticipated that data collection will be completed by the end of 2001
and that the final WRC report would be completed by the middle of 2002.
Number of schools involved in litter projects
During 1999 the Fairest Cape Association held workshops at 26 schools on Wise-UpOn-Waste in Cape Town.
With better information available during 2000 and
increased efforts from organisations like the Fairest Cape Association the number of
schools and other community organisations participating in litter projects reached
173, thus a significant increase in participation. During 2001, however, the number
of schools participating has decreased to 83.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
157
Waste
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
As part of the City’s Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) one of
the sectoral strategies for development was the litter and illegal dumping
strategy. Litter and illegal dumping has been recognised as a priority by the
initiation of the Waste Wise (WW) Campaign. The campaign has been launched
in the first year of the 21st century aiming to mobilise communities into
sustainable management and development of their environment. The aims and
objectives of Waste Wise are in line with the guidelines of the United Nations
Local Agenda 21 (a global action plan for sustainable development, which was
established at the UN’s Earth Summit in June 1992). The vision of Waste Wise is
as follows:
Supporting the vision of the City Council that a clean city is a safe city (preventing
that grime breeds crime) thereby attracting investors and visitors who ensure a
vibrant growing economy, Waste Wise was developed as a holistic and
integrated anti-litter / anti-dumping campaign, in an attempt to halt the disturbing
trend of escalating costs for clean ups. Waste Wise was developed as a Strategic
Framework to "CLEAN UP THE CITY OF CAPE TOWN AND KEEP IT CLEAN".
With growing service areas and tightening budgets, the City is hard pressed to
keep up controlling the illegal dumping in addition to it's constitutional obligation
to provide standard refuse and street cleansing services. The cost of retrieving
and disposing of loose litter and waste is between four and seven times more
than the cost of disposal within the regular systems. Whilst numerous "Clean Up"
campaigns had been run in the past, these provided only short term benefits
An area assessment identified over two thousand illegal dumpsites. The
complexities of litter and dumping issues and required changes needed in public
perception called for a long-term strategy of intense intervention for at least five
years. Thereafter a programme of sustained maintenance was to follow.
The fundamental difference between Waste Wise and previous clean up projects
is that Waste Wise actively encourages communities to take ownership of their
environment and to work in partnership with the local authority to clean up and
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
158
Waste
keep their environment clean (in line with the recognised United Nations Local
Agenda 21 framework).
The project is run by a Steering Committee which oversees the work of the task
teams established to cover the following disciplines:
•
■
Education and Publicity
■
Legal and Enforcement
■
Operations
Waste Wise Education and Publicity: The aim of the educational component is to
shift perceptions towards litter and dumping and to foster a sense of ownership
and responsibility within the citizens of Cape Town for the areas in which they
live. Long term goals including raising awareness and developing capacity to
achieve better waste management strategies such as reduce, reuse, recycle. The
educational components of the Campaign are long-term strategies and are all
outcomes based- people learn by doing and participating: "Tell them, they forget.
Show them, they remember. Let them do it and they understand."
Perceptions of waste and resulting habits linked to those perceptions are to be
challenged. People ultimately need to be sensitised to the cost of illegal waste
disposal (littering and dumping) in terms of health, finance and safety and to the
benefits associated with proper and responsible waste management.
Educational components are being developed and implemented for the following
sectors:
■
Schools
■
Communities
■
Industry and Commerce
■
Institutions
■
Special Events
■
City of Cape Town
A media and publicity campaign has also been initiated to compliment the
activities of the teams.
•
Waste Wise Legal and Enforcement: Seventy two temporary law enforcement
officers, funded by the WasteWise Campaign, have been appointed by the law
enforcement agencies in the six administration areas. These personnel spent the
first two months of operation (October – November 2001) in training and
orientation courses as well as joint patrol work of a generic nature with
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
159
Waste
experienced law enforcement officers. They were fully deployed in December
2001. All personnel are mobile and in radio contact with a control centre within
their respective administrations. A single reporting number (021-424 7715) has
been established through the 107 emergency call centre and calls from anywhere
in the City are automatically diverted from this number to the appropriate agency
for action.
The Waste Wise legal component is focused on providing legislation with regards
to the prevention of littering and illegal dumping. Therefore the existing by-laws
for littering and dumping have been revised in 2001 resulting in significant higher
fines and punishment for offenders.
•
Waste Wise Operations: In 2001 over 2272 illegal dumpsites were identified in
Cape Town. The sites were prioritised according to size and frequency.
Accordingly to their size they have been rated and prioritised for cleanups. The
Operational team comprises of all branches of the City having a responsibility to
manage City-owned land including Solid Waste, Roads, Stormwater, Parks &
Forests, Environmental branches etc.
•
Festive Season Clean up: The joint Waste Wise / WECCO (Western Cape Cleanup Organisation) festive season clean-up programme began in November 2001.
This program will continue through to 15 January 2002 and is focussed on
cleaning major tourist and holiday routes, beaches and places of interest in and
around Cape Town. The programme was officially launched by the then Premier
of the Western Cape, Peter Marais, and was attended by media and City
Representatives.
This activity was supported by the South African National
Roads Agency who ensured the cleaning of National Roads.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
160
Waste
Reflections and Summary - Waste
Waste to landfill is increasing at an alarming rate of 6% per annum. There is an
urgent need for a regional landfill as a result of near term closures. There is an
urgent need for waste reduction and recycling. Littering and illegal dumping continue
to be the number one priority in this section as a result of clean up costs, currently in
excess of R 163 million per annum and increasing at a rate higher than both
population growth and waste to landfill. The Waste Wise Campaign, initiated in
response to these urgent issues, needs to be sustained if any success is to be
achieved.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
161
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Education
12 Education
The Western Cape Education Department (WCED) completed a major process of
restructuring in July 2001 when it introduced new Education Management and
Development Centres (EMDCs) in seven new education districts in the Western
Cape. The WCED has decentralised important decision-making and support
functions to the EMDCs, to bring service and development support closer to schools
in all areas. The long-term aim of the EMDCs is to help schools become wellfunctioning, self-governing centres of teaching and learning.
The issue is:
12.1 The Need to Improve Access to Education Opportunities to Ensure Appropriate
Skills Development
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
The city of Cape Town population will be environmentally educated, aware and
conscious. Equitable environmental education will have ensured that people care for
and respect their environment.
2.1 The Need to Improve Access to Education Opportunities to Ensure
Appropriate Skills Development
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Features of the EMDCs include bases for multi-functional teams, representing
specialists in a variety of disciplines, who work together to provide support where it is
most needed, especially in disadvantaged communities’ schools.
The WCED and the province have invested about R54-million on information and
communication technology in schools over the past three years. More than 1 000
Western Cape schools are now connected to the internet. Almost every remaining
school – about 400 altogether – will be connected by the middle of 2002.
The Khanya Technology in Education Project provided computer systems and
training to more than 100 schools in 2001, and introduced 15 pilot projects to test the
likely impact of large-scale computerising of schools.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
180
Education
The WCED’s widening range of computer-based communications includes a highly
flexible e-mailing system to reach all possible audiences. Its new website, WCED
Online, was launched in October 2001.
Very late in the year the national Department of Education announced a change in
the regulations governing the age of entry into Grade 1, and as 2001 ended the
WCED was hard at work ensuring that schools and parents would suffer no
disruptions because of this change when the 2002 school year began.
Adult literacy rate (%).
The adult literacy rate is 83% for adults over 20 years of age and more than 6 years
of schooling. In the Year One (1998) SoE Report the Western Cape Province had an
adult literacy rate of 95%. Contrasting data sources make this a difficult indicator to
measure in terms of development. No more recent data are available.
Pupil:Teacher Ratios.
According to the latest available information there are 590 692 learners and 19 216
teachers (Table 12.1), hence a ratio of 31 pupils to 1 teacher. This ratio unfortunately
hides the disparities across the City where some teachers have classes of 60 or
more pupils.
Table 12.1 Number of Educators within each Type of School.
Type
Combined
Educators
708
Intermediate
1 015
Primary
9 901
Secondary
6 653
LSEN
939
Total
19 216
Number of schools per 1000 people.
According to the latest information available there are only 816 schools within the
City of Cape Town area (Table 12.2), and not the 1 061 schools reported in earlier
SoE documents. From a population of 3 154 216 people (refer Urbanisation, Urban
Form and Housing – section 6) it works out to 0.26 schools per 1 000 Cape Town
residents.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
181
Education
Enrolment rates for primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions.
See Table 12.2 for enrolments during 2001.There are no data available for the
tertiary institutions.
Table 12.2 Enrolment Numbers at Schools during 2001 in the City of Cape Town area
Schools
Type
Public
Private
Combined
3
Intermediate
Learners
Public
Private
23
4 004
9 105
48
1
35 564
58
Primary
458
21
32 7471
5 777
Secondary
189
10
196 238
1 978
LSEN
Total
LSEN
63
698
55
63
LSEN
10 497
563 277
16 918
10 497
Note: LSEN = Learners for Special Education Needs
Learner enrolment and educator data regarding these selected schools was supplied
by the EMIS Sub-Directorate based on 2001 Annual Survey data.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
182
Education
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The WCED completed a vital survey of school needs in 2001, to provide the data
needed to improve the quality of education in the province. The “Blue Audit”
Report gives a comprehensive picture of teaching and learning conditions in
schools across the province and will play a major role in data-driven strategic
planning on all levels, and in providing support for schools where it is needed
most, especially in poor areas.
•
In 2001 the WCED fine-tuned its approach to allocating funding for textbooks,
maintenance and routine expenditure, in terms of national norms and standards,
to ensure that as many poor schools as possible benefit from these allocations.
The use of a carefully calculated curve (rather than the straight line used in other
provinces) ensures that many more poor schools are included in the net for
special support. About 60% of schools in the Western Cape are poor.
•
Thanks to savings achieved via efficient financial management, the WCED was
able in 2001 to allocate an additional R28-million in redress funding to buy
textbooks for disadvantaged schools. To ensure better management of
textbooks, the department also launched a special Textbook Project to train
schools in choosing, ordering, storing and distributing textbooks.
•
Progress continued to be made in ensuring that all schools have toilets and
running water. About 99% of Western Cape schools now have these basic
facilities.
•
During 2001 the WCED restructured its learner transport scheme, the only one of
its kind in the country, to stamp out corruption and ensure efficient and effective
running. The scheme, which costs R65 million a year, ensures easier access to
schooling in poor communities, especially in rural areas.
•
The WCED completed a major new plan to improve the quality of education in
rural areas. The plan includes allocating additional posts to rural schools, so that
high schools can teach at least six matric subjects, and reducing the number of
multigrade classes where possible. The plan will ensure that there is at least one
high school in every town. It also includes fine-tuning the learner transport and
hostel systems to make it easier for poor communities to have access to
schooling.
•
The Safe Schools Programme forged ahead during 2001. About 700 schools
have by now joined the programme and are reporting remarkable results in
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
183
Education
reducing levels of vandalism and burglary. The Safe Schools Programme works
closely with learners, teachers, local communities, the police and other agencies.
Special services include a Safe Schools Call Centre for learners needing help in
dealing with abuse.
•
The launch, in May 2001, of "Abuse No More", a policy and guidelines on dealing
effectively with child abuse, was an important moment in the Western Cape’s
fight against this evil. “Abuse No More” was produced by WCED officials in
consultation with other departments, organisations and specialists, and is the
only guide of its kind in the country.
•
To promote reading and literacy, the WCED launched a major Reading Schools
campaign in January 2001, with a compulsory daily 30-minute reading period for
all primary schools. The campaign has been well supported by schools, the
public and the media, and is being expanded in 2002.
•
To improve mathematics performance, especially in schools serving poor
communities, the WCED has introduced or is co-operating with other bodies on a
range of initiatives so wide that in a short digest like this there is simply not space
to itemise them all. They include a range of training programmes for mathematics
and science teachers, involving both pre-service and in-service courses. All ran
strongly during 2001.
•
As the year drew on the WCED once again conducted a major “Enrol Early”
publicity campaign to prevent schools from being hampered by late arrivals at the
start of the 2002 school year.
•
The City’s IMEP identifies environmental education as a strategy to achieve the
20/20 vision, and as a tool for all other environmental strategies.
The
development of an Environmental Education Strategy for the City is thus a policy
requirement of Cape Town’s local government. The strategy process was
initiated in October 2001. The Strategy aims to
■
Guide decision-making regarding environmental education & training in
the CCT
■
Ensure that the achievements and quality of current best practice is
maintained
■
Address current concerns regarding environmental education and
training, and
■
Link the City’s programmes to broader national initiatives.
For more information on the Environmental Education strategy please refer to
Chapter 15 – Policies, Strategies and Targets.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
184
Education
•
The City of Cape Town sponsored the Edutrain for the second time in 2001 with
R 50 000 to co-ordinate ten days of environmental education programmes for
under-privileged children on board the train.
•
The City, together with Old Mutual and WWF-SA, sponsored the development of
the Western Cape version of the Schools environmental policy and management
plan as well as the development of environmental learning programmes.
•
Youth Environmental School (YES 2001) – The City’s Youth Environmental
Schools (YES) programme has developed into a major event in the
Environmental Education (EE) calendar.
It is the largest programme of EE-
related activities, workshops and presentations in the City of Cape Town and is
heavily attended by schools from every corner of the area. YES 2001 catered for
up to 10 000 children (2 000 a day over 5 days) on close to 60 different activities
presented by about 50 presenters including NGO’s, CBO’s Private and Business
Sector, Local, Provincial and National Government Departments.
•
The Cheetah’s Challenge: The City of Cape Town hosted its 3rd Cheetah’s
Challenge in 2001 with a 10km Fun Run and 5km Walk.
The aim of the
Cheetah’s Challenge is to raise awareness around the issue of endangered
species. 500 runners finished the 10km Fun Run and 350 walkers finished the
5km Walk.
•
The City’s Nature Conservation Branch managed to interact with 20 860 children
during 2001/2002, up from 11 936 in 2000/1 and 7 684 in 1999/2000 (refer to the
Biodiversity and soils chapter – section 5.4).
•
The City’s Catchment, Stormwater and River Management service currently
provided within the municipal area, involves the management of urban
catchments in respect of their hydrological functioning for drainage, flood control,
ecological and social needs and acts as an important urban water resource.
Progress with relationship management and education during 2001 included:
Completed
•
Integrated Urban Catchment
Initiated
•
Management Short Course
Schools Water Action Project
(SWAP) partnership
•
World Wetlands Day
•
Water Week
•
CSRM Website
•
MTN Science Centre partnership
•
Moddergatspruit Education Project
•
Zeekoevlei Environmental Education
•
Water and Waste Interactive Display
with Two Oceans Aquarium
partnership
•
Bokramspruit Education Project
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
185
Education
•
Cape Flats Flora Treasures – Teachers’ Guide to Active Learning in Cape Town
Schools. The City of Cape Town has supported the Botanical Society
Conservation of Cape Flats Flora project since 1998 and has taken an active role
in ensuring the protection and management of these sites. An essential
component in furthering these objectives has been creating awareness of the
unique indigenous plants growing naturally in Cape Town and to encourage
people, particularly at schools to conserve these plants in their habitats.
In order to give effect to the awareness campaign an Outcomes Based Education
(OBE) (learning by doing) workbook and related poster supporting the core sites
has been produced. This material is unique to the City of Cape Town where
these plants can be conserved.
The aims of the educational materials are to:
■
Create awareness of these unique floral treasures in the urban area
■
To engender custodianship of these incredible treasures
■
To promote the use of the core sites and other natural areas as outdoor
classrooms and community resources
■
To protect these areas.
Developing a schools’ project focusing on core sites of conservation interest in
the City of Cape Town has provided a number of opportunities for teachers and
learners. The project has promoted links between projects and organisations
already working on the Cape flats. The project has acknowledged and promoted
resources that already exist, while extending and consolidating the existing
resource base. A consultative, inclusive and developmental approach to develop
the poster and workbook were used.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
186
Education
Reflections and Summary - Education
The most effective indicators in the education theme are the number of schools and
pupil:teacher ratios. Unfortunately poor data from previous years precludes
comparison and any meaningful trend analysis. There are, however, many ongoing
initiatives that will have immeasurable benefits for the younger generation.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
187
Safety and Security
13 Safety and Security
Safety and security remains one of the four key priorities for the City of Cape Town
(CCT), the others being AIDS, tourism and free lifeline services. The latest data
suggest that crime in the CCT area has decreased over the past year, although the
overall situation (1996-2001) continues to deteriorate. More success is expected
through the City Improvement District(s), Urban Renewal projects and the
introduction of the Cape Town City Police to priority areas in the metropole.
The issue is:
13.1 Incidence of Crime
13.1 Incidence of Crime
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The crime rate in the CCT has decreased slightly in the past year with respect to
property-related crime, vehicle theft and social fabric crime (Figure 13.1).
Incidence of violent crime (murder, attempted murder and robbery with
aggravating circumstances).
Violent crime is slightly up on the figures for 2000. More importantly, the data for
violent crime show the highest rates of increase for all crime categories listed. Violent
crime increased by 64% between 1996 and 1998.
Incidence of property related crime (all forms of burglary and theft, including stock
theft and car theft).
Property-related crime has steadily increased since 1996, sometimes as high as 13%
per annum (1998-1999). The most recent data suggest, however, that the situation
has stabilised with property-related crime decreasing slightly between 2000 and
2001.
Incidence of social fabric crimes (rape, assault causing grievous bodily harm and
common assault)
The trend for social fabric crimes remains stable with the latest data (2001)
suggesting levels below those experienced in 1996.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
188
Safety and Security
Vehicle theft (including car-jacking)
The vehicle theft rate has remained stable over the last few years, with the data for
2001 indicating that the situation has returned to lower levels as experienced in 1998.
Figure 13.1 Crime rates (per 100 000 of population) in the CCT area.
No. of crimes per 100 000 pop.
6000
Violent crime
Property related crime
Social fabric crime
Vehicle theft
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
328
335
404
538
481
498
Property related crime
4012
4357
4781
4764
5387
5245
Social fabric crime
1417
1391
1321
1408
1525
1397
287
298
349
325
359
329
Violent crime
Vehicle theft
Table 13.1 Distribution of SAPS personnel in City of Cape Town in 2001
Uniform
Detectives
Intelligence
Civilians
Total
Western Metropole
1 737
528
50
468
2 783
Eastern Metropole
1 527
410
47
363
2 347
City of Cape Town
3 264
938
97
831
5 130
Although a new programmes of redistribution of resources has been implemented
recently, the current personnel complement is fairly equally distributed according to
the crime priorities. The Western Metropole are has 24% and of the Eastern
Metropole area has 20% of the total personnel of the Western Cape (Table 13.1).
The Western Metropole and the Eastern Metropole together make up the City of
Cape Town area.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
189
Safety and Security
Number of convictions as a percentage of total number of arrests
The number of convictions for the West Metropole, during 1999, amounted to 4 611.
East Metropole convictions amounted to 3 981. Data for the number of arrests and
for the years 2000 and 2001 were not readily available.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses underway:
•
The Cape Town City Police: This Service was deployed from 1 December 2001.
The Cape Town City Police model proposed a force of 3 000 people structured
according to seven ranks. The members were deployed in the eight zones/areas
that have been created for the Municipal Police Services across the metro. The
first 400 recruits underwent a 24 training course before being deployed. Groups
of 400 recruits are planned to be trained at six-month intervals over the next three
years.
•
The 107 Public Emergency Communications Centre: provides a world class
emergency call-taking service to the entire city community thereby enabling
citizens to access all emergency service providers (Police, Ambulance, Fire and
Traffic) by dialling 107 from a land line and (021) 480 7700 from a cell phone.
The centres area of operation include:
“107” Single Emergency Number: Operation of the single emergency
number facility which receives calls from within the entire City of Cape
Town area which encompasses 2 751 km2 and has a population of
approximately 3,5 million.
Emergency Call Points (“Panic Points”): This concept was introduced with
the installation of 100 emergency call-points in informal areas within the
City where no or minimal infrastructure exists for summoning emergency
services.
SOS Roadside System: The centre monitors, at the request of the south
African National Roads Agency (SANRA), the SOS Emergency phones
installed on the main routes within the area.
Hazardous Material Plan (HAZMAT): The centre is the primary reporting
centre for hazardous material spills/incidents on the main routes within the
Western Cape Province. Such reports are then referred to the applicable
local authority for response.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
190
Safety and Security
Regional Plan Co-ordination: This includes the activation/implementation
of procedures for the Koeberg Nuclear Emergency Plan, the Metro-Rail
Plan, Aircraft Disaster Plan, the Oil Spill Contingency Plan and various
Mutual Aid Agreements.
Monitoring of Alarms: The centre monitors various systems such as
fire/temperature and telemetry alarms at installations of the City Council.
Notifiable Diseases: Assistance is provided to the various medical
institutions wishing to communicate with the Health Departments of Local
Authorities.
General Communication: The centre assists various local authority
services with radio communication paging facilities and information coordination and dissemination during normal operations as well as disaster
situations.
•
107 Public Emergency Communication Centre: Extensive public education and
awareness programs, supported by a range of promotional materials, are
presented at schools, libraries, shopping malls and community events to promote
the correct use of the service. These programs are conducted not only to create
awareness of the number, but also in an effort to curtail the abuse of emergency
numbers and services. Currently only 12% of the calls processed each month
constitute actual emergency incidents.
•
The South African Police Service has a number of initiatives currently underway,
aimed at addressing various forms of crime, these include:
Operation Lancer/Slasher was initiated in 2000 in an effort to combat
urban terrorism in the Western Cape.
Operation Neptune II and Operation Ariel: These operations were
conducted to combat the illegal harvesting of marine resources in the
Western and Eastern Cape. 26 arrests were made and ± 47 300 abalone
were confiscated in 2001.
A number of strategies were drafted by the Social Crime Prevention unit
which included a Victim Empowerment Strategy and commitment from all
Areas Commissioners for a Victim Empowerment Programme, an Escape
Prevention Strategy and a Police Safety Strategic Plan which was
adopted by all the Provincial Heads and Police Unions.
A Safer Streets Project was launched in which Community Policing
Forums were informed of their role in crime prevention. The Community
Policing Forums and police stations participated in the Stamp Out Crime
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
191
Safety and Security
Campaign, which was launched in co-operation with the Department of
Community Safety.
A Crime intelligence capacity was established in the Eastern Metropole
and at stations such as Kuils River, Mitchells Plain and Khayelitsha.
Operation Slasher was implemented to address gang-related crime.
Reflections and Summary - Safety and Security
Most crime categories experienced a slight reduction between 2000 and 2001,
except for violent crime, which increased slightly. The crime situation continues to
deteriorate over the longer term. The crime indicators remain relevant and but don’t
give a clear representation on the crime situation on a geographical basis.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
192
Environmental Governance
14 Environmental Governance
In terms of the legislation (Constitution (Act 108 of 1996), Local Government
Transition Act (209 of 1993)) the environmental management function is a concurrent
legislative responsibility of national and provincial government and an executive or
delegated responsibility to local government. Cape Town’s environment is currently
influenced by all three spheres of government, with differing degrees of
effectiveness, given capacity and financial resource constraints. Capacity and
effectiveness, at a local level, deteriorated in 2001, largely due to local government
restructuring.
The issue is:
14.1
The Effectiveness of the Environmental Management Function in Local
Government
IMEP’s Vision for Cape Town (2020):
There will be a high expectation from the people, of the authorities in respect of
environmental management, monitoring, auditing, as well as accountability.
Environmental issues will be dealt with in a structured and efficient way, and impact
studies will have ensured a better aesthetic and ecologically balanced City of Cape
Town.
There will be a positive relationship between local government and civil society,
collective responsibility for the environment, and an ethic of partnership building.
14.2
The Effectiveness of the Environmental Management Function in Local
Government
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Environmental management is a concurrent legislative responsibility of national and
provincial government and an executive or delegated responsibility to local
government. Council's Powers and Duties, in terms of the Constitution and other
national and provincial legislation, require that Council manage its environment in a
sustainable manner. The trends over the past year indicate a decrease in capacity
and funding in environmental management in the CCT.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
193
Environmental Governance
Number
of
people
committed
by
local
government
to
environmental
management:
During 1998 a total of 23 people were employed in local government in the former
Cape Metropolitan Area to promote environmental management. The environmental
management function in the CCT had grown to a permanent staff complement of 41
during 2000 (Figure 14.1) but was slightly reduced during 2001.
Figure 14.1 Environmental Management staff in the CCT
Permanent Staff
50
30
41
38
40
37
23
20
10
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
Environmental management and its corresponding legal obligations are the
responsibility of different Service Delivery Units within the City and includes the
following components:
■
Integrated Environmental Management (IEM), Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) and EIA Screening Procedures, Environmental Management Plans (EMP),
Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and Environmental Auditing.
■
Developing and implementing environmental awareness programmes at all levels
of local government.
■
Continuing the research and development of new tools for integrated
environmental management such as developing a generic EMP for private
development projects within the City.
■
Implementing sound planning and development of policy and guidelines.
■
Undertaking monitoring and assessment of development projects.
Environmental management in local government involves a number of major
components but excludes nature conservation management per se because it is
managed as part of a separate line function.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
194
Environmental Governance
During 2000 the City’s Nature Conservation branch had a total permanent staff
complement of 57 people, of which seven were qualified Nature Conservators. The
operational budget for the protected areas was less than R10 million, compared with
an operational budget for the Horticultural Division that was approximately R288
million. The situation for 2001 remains largely unchanged with the Nature
Conservation Staff complement currently standing at 54, of which seven are qualified
Nature Conservators. The current budget for Nature Conservation is approximately
R11 million. The situation regarding Biodiversity conservation (see section 5.4) is
unlikely to improve given the current personnel and budgets for on-the-ground
management.
Number of EIA applications (scoping reports) per annum:
The Province’s Directorate: Environmental Management of the Department of
Environment, Cultural Affairs and Sport (DECAS) received 250 scoping reports
during 2001. Improved capacity during 2000 has reflected favourably on the ability to
process more scoping reports.
Figure 14.2 Annual number of scoping reports processed by Provincial government
Scoping Reports
No. of scoping reports
300
268
250
250
196
200
150
112
100
50
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
195
Environmental Governance
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses were underway in 2001:
•
In October 2001, the City of Cape Town adopted the Integrated Metropolitan
Environmental Policy (IMEP) for the City of Cape Town. Thereby, the CCT made
a commitment to adopting and implementing the principles and underlying
approaches for sustainable development of the CCT, and to ensuring the
integration of environmental issues into local government decision-making at all
levels. A number of IMEP sectoral strategies were initiated and developed during
2001. Progress with this work is reported in section 6 – Policies, Strategies and
Targets.
•
The Environmental Significance Mapping Database was restructured and the
aquatic, marine and terrestrial information was updated in 2001. Version 2 of the
database was released in June 2001.
The visual, geophysical and heritage
layers are currently being updated for the next release in 2002.
The
Environmental Significance Mapping will form the basis of a new Environmental
Resources Database that will include spatial and non-spatial environmental
information in support of the priority IMEP strategies and other statutory
environmental functions.
•
The Metropolitan Open Space Value Study was completed in October 2001. The
study tested Environmental Resources Economics tools for environmental
management in the Cape Town. The study showed that the City’s open spaces
and environmental resources have significant economic value. The City benefits
from millions of rands of “free” services by open space every year. The study
showed that crime and grime detracts from the value of open space while
investment and maintenance of open space could increase open space and
property value.
•
One of the tools recognised for the implementation of IMEP is Integrated
Environmental Management (IEM).
An IEM strategy is underway, which
concerns the implementation of IEM in regard to Council’s own capital
investments and infrastructure such as for water supply, wastewater, transport
and housing. IEM is the statutory procedure for assessment and implementation
of development. IEM consists of three main phases: an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA), an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and an
Environmental
Management
System
(EMS).
Integrated
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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196
Environmental Governance
Management (IEM) guidelines and screening guidelines for the City’s projects
exists and will be adapted to be applicable city-wide.
•
Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) – The generic EMP for Civil
Engineering Construction Activities was updated so that it could be used
throughout the CCT. The EMP is currently incorporated into all civil contracts by
the Water Department and the Wastewater Department.
An awareness
campaign promoting the benefits of incorporating the generic EMP into
construction contracts was conducted for the City’s engineers. A new initiative is
to develop a generic EMP to be used by the CCT in its involvement in the
approval, monitoring and responsible environmental governance of private
development projects.
•
Strategic projects moved forward in implementation, including Macassar Dunes
Management Plan, Nooiensfontein Vlei Management Plan and the Blaauwberg
Conservation Area (specifically controlling vehicular access to the beach and
coastal dunes and signage in the coastal section), Cape Flats Flora Programme,
Mainstreaming Biodiversity on the Cape Flats – Sustainable Management for
three pilot sites (Refer section 5.4 - Biodiversity and soils – for more detail on
these strategic projects).
•
Work continued on the development of two pilot Environmental Management
System (EMS) projects that had been initiated during 2000:
■
The EMS Pilot Projects at both the Vissershok Landfill and at the Macassar
Wastewater Treatment Works have progressed. Exercises of capacitating site
staff with environmental knowledge were undertaken. From this, site-based
EMS Teams were created, staffed by site-elected nominees. The process of
uncovering established work practices commenced and at the Vissershok
Landfill, the process has moved beyond this point, to the stage where
environmental issues and impacts are being gathered.
■
A First-Round Draft of an EMS Development and Implementation Guideline
was compiled to assist the managers of the various CCT operations and
facilities understand what EMSs are and what the advantages and
disadvantages are of such a system.
■
There was interaction with the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA)
who funded a major portion of EMS related consultant fees in their endeavour
to aid environmental capacity building within the CCT.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Environmental Governance
•
Youth Environmental School (YES 2001) – The City’s Youth Environmental
Schools (YES) programme has developed into a major event in the
Environmental Education (EE) calendar.
It is the largest programme of EE-
related activities, workshops and presentations in the City of Cape Town and is
heavily attended by schools from every corner of the area. YES 2001 catered for
up to 10 000 children (2 000 a day over 5 days) on close to 60 different activities
presented by about 50 presenters including NGO’s, CBO’s Private and Business
Sector, Local, Provincial and National Government Departments.
•
The Cheetah’s Challenge: The City of Cape Town hosted its 3rd Cheetah’s
Challenge in 2001 with a 10km Fun Run and 5km Walk.
The aim of the
Cheetah’s Challenge is to raise awareness around the issue of endangered
species. 500 runners finished the 10km Fun Run and 350 walkers finished the
5km Walk.
•
School’s State of Environment Competition – During 2001 the City successfully
hosted the first Schools SoE competition with 15 high schools taking part. In 2002
the CCT will host the second School’s SoE competition to raise awareness of
SoE amongst high school learners. It is anticipated that more high schools will be
involved in the 2002 Schools SoE competition (www.capetown.gov.za/soe).
•
The City’s IMEP identifies environmental education as a strategy to achieve the
20/20 vision, and as a tool for all other environmental strategies.
The
development of an Environmental Education Strategy for the City is thus a policy
requirement of Cape Town’s local government. The strategy process was
initiated in October 2001.
The Strategy aims to
■
guide decision-making regarding environmental education and training in
the CCT
■
ensure that the achievements and quality of current best practice are
maintained
■
address current concerns regarding environmental education and training,
and
■
link the City’s programmes to broader national initiatives.
For more information on the Environmental Education strategy please refer to
Chapter 15 – Policies, Strategies and Targets.
•
Local Agenda 21 – Progress during 2001 included:
■
The City of Cape Town participated in the national LA21 Review as
preparation for the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD).
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Environmental Governance
■
The City of Cape Town is working on a LA21 Strategy, but due to political
changes and departmental uncertainties this has not been finalised.
■
The LA21 Partnership with the City of Aachen is still growing strong,
although it is acknowledged that partnership need to grow over time. The
Steering Committee (consisting of NGO and CBO representatives, as well
as officials) meets monthly and assists with the strategic issues related to
the partnership.
■
An independent monitor was appointed to provide independent evaluation
about the effectiveness of the LA21 Partnership with Aachen. The funding
for the monitor was provided by Misereor and is being done
simultaneously in Aachen.
This has been a strategic element of the
growth of the Partnership.
■
The Aachen Greening Award was initiated through the LA21 Partnership
with Aachen. This award aims at promoting greening initiatives within the
city in disadvantaged areas. The first award was given to the Sosabenze
Youth Group in Masipumelele for a community nursery.
■
Two Partnership Forum Events were hosted (May and October 2001) to
provide a better understanding of LA21 and to promote networking and
interaction between projects. Invitations were sent out to over a hundred
NGO and CBO organisations and attendance was good. Although the
initial focus was on Tygerberg, it is proposed that this initiative be
developed citywide.
■
Various training opportunities were made available to six Capetonians
through the partnership with Aachen and Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft
(international
training
organisation),
such
as
Waste
and
Water
Management (1 year training in Germany) and Technical Exchange
Programme (1 ½ years training in Germany).
■
A Youth Workshop was held in Cape Town in July 2001 with the
assistance of Masifundisane Youth Group.
The aim of this weekend
workshop was to provide capacity building to youngsters around LA21
and sustainable development issues.
■
A study was done to assist with the implementation of the 21 Households
Project in Cape Town. This project aims to implement Agenda 21 at a
household level and to provide a better understanding about the issues
relating to sustainable development, with practical examples.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Environmental Governance
■
Although the need for an LA21 Integrated Working Group was
established, it was not realised during 2001 due to a lack of staff and
change in the organisational structure.
Reflections and Summary - Environmental Governance
The Environmental Management function in the CCT has deteriorated in terms of
capacity and effectiveness during 2001, in part due to local government restructuring.
However, many projects and initiatives continued with implementation. Since
environmental management is a cross-cutting, integrating function of the City, its
effectiveness depends on both sufficient capacity in-house and the commitment of
other line functions and service delivery units. Although in-house capacity has
decreased, the development of detailed strategies for issues such as biodiversity, the
coastal zone and environmental education, indicates a growing commitment from
Directorates such as Open Space and Nature Conservation, Community Facilities
and Sports and Recreation.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
15 Policies, Strategies and Targets
As much of the information in previous SoE’s has focussed on historical information, a
new section has been added to provide a more forward looking / proactive approach to
City environmental management. In time, targets will be established and will act as a
performance management system to assess progress.
During 2001 many of the service delivery units of the City of Cape Town were involved
with developing policies, strategies and, where possible, targets to assess progress with
regards implementation and the goals of sustainable development. The reasons for this
and reporting this information in a separate chapter are many.
Firstly, the local
government restructuring has provided the City with an opportunity to move into a more
strategic phase to determine direction and investigate future alternative scenarios.
Secondly, the City is developing and refining an Integrated Development Plan – a future
based development plan linked to budget cycles. Thirdly, in order for the City to achieve
world class status there is a stronger than ever need to integrate across service delivery
units and form partnerships at all levels.
One of the broader policies, affecting a number of service delivery units, is the Integrated
Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) adopted by Council in October 2001.
A
number of other policies / strategies have also been developed and these include
Catchment Management and River Management, Water Demand Management,
Wastewater and Economic Development.
15.1
Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP)
An Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) for the CCT has been
developed as the first step to developing and implementing an Integrated Metropolitan
Environmental Management Strategy. The City of Cape Town approved IMEP and its
implementation strategy in October 2001 following extensive public comment and
stakeholder review.
IMEP Priority Strategies (2001 – 2003)
■
Air Pollution
■
Biodiversity
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
■
Coastal Zone
■
Litter and Illegal Dumping
■
Quality Open Space Especially in Disadvantaged Areas
■
Noise Pollution
Four of these priority strategies (Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Coastal Zone and Litter and
Illegal Dumping) were initiated in 2001. Progress on each of these is reported below.
The remaining two, Quality Open Space and Noise Pollution, will be initiated in 2002.
Two other IMEP strategies initiated during 2001 were the Sustainable Energy and
Environmental Education strategies.
In section 15.2 a summary of other relevant
strategies is presented, including the Catchment, Stormwater and River Management
Strategy, the Water Demand Strategy, the Wastewater Policy, the Economic
Development Strategy.
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
15.1.1 IMEP Air Pollution Strategy
An IMEP Air Pollution Strategy was initiated during 2001 as one of the six priority
sectoral strategies for the implementation of IMEP. The Air Pollution Strategy aims to
make dramatic improvements in the current state of air quality in Cape Town. The
strategy will identify key sources of air pollution, monitor the state of air quality and air
pollution events, measure emissions and put in place integrated plans, programmes and
actions to reduce, minimise and combat air pollution in the CCT.
Three line functions within the CCT joined forces to initiate the development of the Air
Pollution Strategy.
These are Air Pollution Monitoring, Air Pollution Control and
Environmental Management. These three line functions have been working together to
ensure the success of the strategy and have committed themselves to the process
through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by the relevant Directors.
Other line functions and stakeholders will be involved as the process unfolds, including
Housing, Transport, Economic Development, business and industry.
The Air Pollution Strategy intends to develop and implement an Air Quality Management
Plan (AQMP) for the City of Cape Town by October 2003. A Situation Assessment of Air
Pollution in the CCT has been completed and this will form the foundation for the
development of the AQMP.
The Air Quality Situation Assessment report included a baseline assessment of priority
air quality pollutants and their impact, such as on health. Current and future legislation,
including the draft Air Pollution By-law for the CCT were reviewed, as well as existing
and future institutional and organisational requirements for air pollution control and
monitoring. The report makes a number of recommendations for the way forward and
these recommendations are currently being reviewed by the relevant departments and
officials.
In the next phase, relevant line functions and stakeholders, such as Housing and
Transportation, will be involved in the development of the strategy and identification of
air quality management programmes. A further study of the causes of brown haze in
Cape Town is also being initiated.
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
15.1.2 IMEP Coastal Zone Strategy
One of the priority strategies for the implementation of IMEP is coastal zone
management. This process will be informed by a State of the Coast report and by the
mapping and definition of the coastal zone for management purposes.
The aim of the Coastal Zone Strategy is to ensure that the CCT recognises the coastal
zone as a unique and specific asset in the City. Management of this resource in an
innovative and integrated manner will ensure the sustainable functioning of the natural
systems while optimising the economic and social benefit.
In November 2001, a Coastal Zone Technical Coordinating Committee was established.
This committee has representatives from the following functions and departments:
•
Environmental Management
•
Spatial Planning
•
Law Enforcement
•
Disaster Management
•
Health
•
Community Facilities
•
Open Space and Nature Conservation
•
Catchment Management
During 2001, the Coastal Zone area has been defined and mapped by a technical task
team representing the relevant line functions of the CCT.
The coastal zone area
includes a number of coastal management units, such as those located on rocky and
sandy shores, as well as coastal structures such as ports and launching areas. Defining
and mapping a coastal management area will assist by ensuring the unique features of
the coast are recognised.
Following the identification of the coastal zone as a specific area, a State of the Coast
Report was completed in November 2001. The information in this State of the Coast
Report will form the basis for the development of a Coastal Zone Management
Framework in 2002. This next phase will involve the presentation and discussion of the
draft coastal zone map and State of the Coast report to the relevant committees of
Council, the public and other stakeholders.
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
15.1.3 IMEP Biodiversity Strategy
The aim of the IMEP Biodiversity Strategy is to ensure that the unique biodiversity in
Cape Town is protected and enhanced for the benefit of current and future generations.
The strategy will aim to do this through primary biodiversity conservation areas (nature
reserves and protected areas), secondary biodiversity sources (open space, road verges
etc.), by combating the spread of alien invasive species, through partnerships and
through education and awareness.
A Biodiversity Strategy Committee was established in 2001 and includes representatives
of the key line functions involved in biodiversity management in the CCT (including Open
Space and Nature Conservation, Environmental Management and Spatial Planning).
The Steering Committee is guiding the development of the Biodiversity Strategy. Public
and Stakeholder participation in the Biodiversity Strategy will in initiated in 2002.
A first Draft Biodiversity Strategy Framework has been produced and will be put to all
relevant Directors for comment prior to being presented to the Executive Management
Board, relevant Portfolio Committees and Council for adoption and support. The Draft
Framework identifies a number of key elements within biodiversity protection and
enhancement including:
•
The identification of a nature conservation network that will protect a representative
and functional sample of our unique biodiversity.
•
Compliance with and the implementation of the Conservation of Agricultural
Resources Act regulations (CARA Regulations)
•
The role of secondary biodiversity sources such as road reserves, open space and
corridors/linkages protected as part of the Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS)
•
The development of a Municipal by-law around biodiversity within the framework of
the soon to be released national Biodiversity Bill.
•
The role of partnerships, environmental education and awareness around
biodiversity issues
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205
Policies, Strategies and Targets
15.1.4 IMEP Litter and Illegal Dumping Strategy
As part of the City’s Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) one of the
sectoral strategies for development was the litter and illegal dumping strategy. Litter and
illegal dumping has been recognised as a priority by the initiation of the WasteWise
Campaign (formerly Mess Action Campaign). The significance of the WasteWise
Campaign is threefold. The campaign is being launched in the first year of the 21st
century. Furthermore it is envisaged that the campaign should mature into a non profit
or section 21 company. Finally, the campaign is in line with the guidelines of the United
Nations Local Agenda 21, a global action plan for sustainable development, which was
established at the UN’s Earth Summit in June 1992, and which aims to mobilise
communities into sustainable management and development of their environment.
The Waste Wise Campaign has ten objectives:
•
To secure full control over illegal dumping, littering and environmental degradation by
providing an effective level of enforcement based on zero tolerance, rapid
enforcement intervention and a high level of prosecution.
•
To run a sustained and effective publicity and education campaign that reaches all
levels of society
•
To provide the necessarily effective legislative framework and laws to enable the
enforcement arm of the Unicity to effectively control all illegal dumping, littering and
environmental degradation and to ensure the successful prosecution of and provision
of sanction against offenders.
•
To provide efficient and adequate resources to clean up effectively all sites where
illegal dumping, littering and environmental degradation has taken place
•
To ensure that the campaign as a whole delivers an overall effective product that is
clearly linked to the Unicity priority of CATS (Crime, Aids, Tourism and Services).
•
To establish effective relationships between all types of communities and
stakeholders including business, community forums, sub councils, other government
agencies, funding sources, and the Unicity administration
•
To attract and secure sustained funding for the campaign
•
To set up effective and accountable administrative systems for the campaign
•
To set up a section 21 Company with board of directors and MD and establish a
franchise arrangement throughout the Unicity in which local communities, in
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
association with and / or through sub councils, readily access the resources and
products of WasteWise to effectively maintain a clean environment.
•
To be a role model for how similar campaigns can be run in other areas of the
country.
The programme is coordinated by a Steering Committee and includes a number of task
Teams. During 2001 each of the three main activities of WasteWise (Education, Cleanup in Priority areas and Enforcement) made considerable progress.
Educational Component: the aim of the educational component is to shift perceptions
towards litter and dumping and to foster a sense of ownership and responsibility within
the citizens of Cape Town for the areas in which they live. Long term goals including
raising awareness and developing capacity to achieve better waste management
strategies such as reduce, reuse, recycle.
The educational components of the
Campaign are long-term strategies and are all outcomes based. People ultimately need
to be sensitised to the cost of illegal waste disposal in terms of health, finance and safety
and to the benefits associated with proper and responsible waste management.
Community Programmes: The Fairest Cape Association facilitates the WasteWise
community programmes. In all areas where WasteWise work is being conducted, a
local, focussed door to door programme has been implemented to raise the level of
awareness of the communities residing at, or in proximity to illegal dumping sites. The
Fairest Cape Association facilitates the WasteWise Campaign Schools Programme.
Enforcement Component: Seventy two temporary law enforcement officers, funded by
the WasteWise Campaign, have been appointed by the law enforcement agencies in the
six administration areas.
These personnel spent the first two months of operation
(October – November 2001) in training and orientation courses as well as joint patrol
work of a generic nature with experienced law enforcement officers. They were fully
deployed in December 2001. All personnel are mobile and in radio contact with a control
centre within their respective administrations. A single reporting number (424 7715) has
been established through the 107 emergency call centre and calls from anywhere in the
City are automatically diverted from this number to the appropriate agency for action.
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
15.1.5 Other IMEP Strategies:
Sustainable Energy Strategy
The City of Cape Town established an Energy for Sustainable Development working
group in October 2001 to:
•
Improve co-ordination of existing sustainable energy initiatives.
•
Establish short and long term strategies for energy for sustainable development
initiatives in Cape Town.
The City of Cape Town and its stakeholders are already involved in the following
initiatives with various partners ranging from non-governmental organizations, the
business sector, community organizations to implement initiatives related to energy for
sustainable development. Programmes and projects relate to sustainable energy,
climate change mitigation as well as general energy related issues. These initiatives will
form part of the Energy for Sustainable Development Strategy. The key existing
initiatives include:
•
Sustainable Energy, Environment and Development Programme (SEED) in
partnership with Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA)
•
Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) with the International Council for Local
Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI)
•
South-South-North Project where the City is working with the South-South-North
Trust on establishing two Cleaner Development Mechanism projects in the City
•
Build Well - Live Well Safe and Joe Slovo Informal Settlement Programme aims to
improve
energy
efficiency,
environmental
sustainability,
improved
disaster
management processes through improved planning and capacity building of
communities in low income areas and informal settlements.
•
Investigation of cleaner electricity production such as wave action, wind and solar
power alternatives
•
Community energy initiatives for sustainable development - for example, the
Gugulethu Development Corporation's Energy plans.
•
WasteWise Campaign's Waste minimization clubs
•
Partner institutions work in support of the City are also being considered for inclusion
in the Energy for Sustainable Development Plan. These include projects and
programmes with the Energy Research Institute (ERI) and the Energy Development
Research Centre (EDRC) at the University of Cape Town (UCT).
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
During 2002, the City will further develop an Energy for Sustainable Development
Strategy, with the following elements:
•
Formation of an project working group with both internal and external stakeholders of
the City to guide the strategy process
•
Undertaking of a situational analysis/review of all existing City of Cape Town and
other key stakeholder initiatives within greater Cape Town to identify current
situation.
Environmental Education Strategy
IMEP identifies environmental education as a strategy to achieve the 20/20 vision, and
as a tool for all other environmental strategies. The development of an Environmental
Education (EE) Strategy for the City is thus a policy requirement of the CCT. The
strategy process was initiated in October 2001.
The EE Strategy aims to
•
guide decision-making regarding environmental education & training in the CCT
•
ensure that the achievements and quality of current best practice is maintained
•
address current concerns regarding environmental education and training, and
•
link the City’s programmes to broader national initiatives.
The motivation for environmental education and training in the CCT includes:
•
National policy and legal requirements
•
IMEP’s sectoral environmental strategies, which require education and training
•
The supportive role of environmental education in core local government functions
such as planning, service provision and regulation
The need to share environmental management responsibilities between local
government and environmentally educated residents.
Strategic goals and objectives were formulated to achieve the IMEP vision, maximise the
CCT’s assets and strengths, and address current concerns and potential issues.
The goals (intended outputs) are that:
•
The citizens of Cape Town are environmentally aware and conscious
•
CCT staff are competent in environmental matters pertaining to their responsibilities.
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
The following Strategic Objectives had been proposed:
1. Develop relevant performance criteria for environmental education and training
2. Provide adequate systems & resources for environmental education and training
3. Include environmental awareness in induction and refresher programmes
4. Help Council & senior managers understand the City’s environmental responsibilities
5. Provide customised environmental training to workers and managers
6. Seek NQF accreditation and utilise the Skills Levy for staff training.
7. Develop and resource the education and training implications of IMEP
8. Develop and resource the CCT nature reserves as key implementation sites for
environmental education and, where relevant, training.
9. Provide accessible, high quality environmental (management) information
10. Align school programmes with Curriculum 2005.
11. Ensure a high quality in all the CCT’s EE&T programmes
12. Improve efficiency and effectiveness of the CCT’s EE&T programmes
13. Set up channels for the sharing of resources, lessons learnt and ‘best practice’
A Strategic Approach was proposed, consisting of:
•
Focussed, goal directed programmes
•
Influence on and provision of information to other agencies
•
Partnerships (internally and externally).
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210
Policies, Strategies and Targets
15.2
Other Strategies and Policies relevant to IMEP and Sustainable
Development
15.2.1 Catchment Stormwater and River Management Strategy (2002 – 2007)
During 2001 the first Catchment Stormwater and River Management Strategy for the
City of Cape Town was initiated and developed. The vision and mission defined as
follows.
Vision –
Effective stormwater drainage with safe and healthy rivers, wetlands, vleis
and coastal bathing areas
Mission –
Minimise flooding of property and improve the water quality and health of
our rivers, wetlands, vleis and coastal bathing areas through integrated
catchment management for the benefit of the people of Cape Town.
Strategy and Policy progress during 2001
Completed
•
•
Initiated
Protocols for GIS capture of sewers •
Catchment
and stormwater
management Strategy (2002 – 2007)
Practioners Manual for Urban River •
Stormwater By-law
•
Maintenance
•
Development Control Guidelines for
•
Investigations
manage
into
dumping,
legislation
infilling
to
and
River
Water Quality Improvement Strategy
for the City of Cape Town
•
floodprone areas (Phase 1)
Stormwater
Stormwater Land Identification Project
(SLIP)
and
excavation in flood prone areas
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
15.2.2 Water Demand Policy and Strategy (2001 – 2010)
A Water Demand Management (WDM) Policy and Strategy was accepted by Council in
the second half of 2001. The main objective of the Strategy is to reduce the projected
demand for water by at least 20% by the year 2010. Specific indicators and targets are
as follows:
Water demand per annum (in m3).
Bulk Water Supply Target of 340 000 Mm3 by 2005
TARGET (2005):
Percentage of full supply capacity of the dams supplying the CCT with raw water for
treatment.
TARGETS (2005):
100% at end of October 2005
(Target is weather and water demand dependent)
This target was achieved for the first time in 2001 (refer: Inland Waters Chapter, section
2.2)
15.2.3 Waste Water Policy
The policy of Wastewater Department is to promote the reuse of effluent wherever
possible.
TARGET:
The City has undertaken to aim for zero effluent
discharge in summer months as a longer-term
objective.
15.2.4 Waste
TARGET:
All landfill sites within the CCT area will be
registered, permitted and operated in accordance
with the minimum requirements by 2005.
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Policies, Strategies and Targets
15.2.5 Economic Development Strategy (2001 – 2006)
During 2001 the Economic and Tourism Directorate published four core documents to
refine the City’s ongoing Economic Development Strategy:
•
Cape Town’s Economy: Current Trends and Future Prospects – 2001 (March 2001)
(see www.capetown.gov.za/econstats) which outlines the main current and future
trends impacting on Cape Town’s economy;
•
Towards an Economic Development Strategy for the City of Cape Town: a
Discussion Document: (March 2001) (www.capetown.gov.za/econstats) which
outlines a 5 year vision and outcomes using the balanced score-card approach; and
•
Proposed Programme for the Transformation of Economic Development Institutions:
(April 2001) (www.capetown.gov.za/econstats) which outlines a process refine and
align the City’s marketing strategies and special purpose vehicles.
•
Joint Marketing Initiative Marketing Strategies for Tourism Promotion, Foreign Trade
Promotion, Investment Promotion, Major Events, and Filming. The Joint Marketing
Initiative (see www.jmi.co.za) was launched in April 2001 (together with the Western
Cape Government) to improve the City’s marketing with respect to tourism, trade,
investment, film, and major events and to develop a new brand for the City and
broader region.
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Concluding Remarks
16 Concluding Remarks
This is the fourth annual State of Environment Report for the City of Cape Town.
Overall the State of Cape Town’s environment has remained much the same as the
previous year. The results are mixed with no clear pattern discernible out of most of
the themes. There are, however, some highlights with regard to progress in Air
Quality and Atmosphere as well as Infrastructure. Some of the lowlights include
Transport and Health, which remain challenging multi-sectoral themes suffering from
a lack of integration with other development aspects of the City.
In an attempt to make the SoE report more pro-active and future-based concerted
efforts were made to encourage line functions in the City to commit to quantifiable
targets or milestones as well as attempts to develop indices (out of a suite of
indicators – e.g. Water Quality Index) for themes or key thematic indicators (e.g.
Infant Mortality Rate for the Health theme). In most cases these attempts failed, but
perhaps serve to provide a basis for future dialogue.
Looking Ahead
4 There is a need to rationalise the current indicator set of approximately 150
4 There is a need to focus on developing sustainability versus environmental
indicators
4 There needs to be greater emphasis on implementation, targets and
measurement thereof
4 There needs to be an investigation into understanding how much of the big
picture (‘truth’) within each theme the indicators are telling
4 There needs to be closer links to City priorities, reporting processes, other
indicator work, performance management, Balanced Score Card and Integrated
Development Plan.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
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Concluding Remarks
17 References
Greenhouse Gas Inventory for the City of Cape Town (2002) – Unpublished report.
Research conducted by Sustainable Energy Africa (Noordhoek) in partnership with
City of Cape Town Environmental Management as part of the ICLEI Cities for
Climate Protection Campaign.
Cameron, J.W.M. 1997 Transportation Assessment, Strategic Environmental
assessment, Cape Town Olympic Bid.
Cape Metropolitan Council, 1997/8 Moving Ahead: Interim Metropolitan Transport
Plan.
Cape Metropolitan Council, 1999a Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan, Part 2: Public
transport – Strategic Component, 1st Draft, 4 May 1999, Directorate of Transport.
City of Cape Town 2001 Summary of Current Public Transport Record (CPTR)
2000/2001 – Public Transport in Cape Town.
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
215
Appendix 1: Indicators and institutional sources
Appendix 1: Indicators and institutional sources – summary table
Theme
Air Quality and
Atmosphere
Inland Waters
(Key: Annual: indicator data are readily available, No information available: no information was available for 2001)
Indicators
Data Availability
Monitored by
Annual average levels for key atmospheric pollutants -SO2, NO2,
PM10, O3 and Pb
Exceedances of WHO and UK guidelines for SO2, NO2, PM10 and
O3.
Number of complaints registered.
Number of notices served.
Number of successful prosecutions.
Number and intensity of air pollution days per annum.
Number of air pollution events
Levels of PM10 (visibility measurement).
Tonnage of emissions in the CCT.
Ecological Status Class of selected rivers and wetlands
Algae Blooms in Unicity Vleis
Proportion of treated effluent re-used
Water Quality summary statistics for key parameters (total
nitrogen, total phosphorus, Chlorophyll – a and faecal coliforms)
Water demand per annum (in m3)
Percentage of full supply capacity of the dams supplying the CCT
with raw water for treatment
Household water source
Percentage population served with safe and adequate water
supply
Health of selected rivers based on (i) South African scoring
systems (SASS4) for monitoring invertebrates
Total water inflow as a proportion of total storage capacity
Rate of infrastructure development (meters and monitoring)
Water balance determinations
General Water quality of inland aquatic ecosystems
Assessment of the Fitness for use of inland aquatic ecosystems
Bacteriological status of rivers and vleis in the CCT
Capacity of wastewater treatment works
Qualities, types and dilution ratios of industrial effluent entering
sewage works and ocean outflows
Sludge and by-product management
Annual
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC Admin
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Directorate: Protection, Health and
Trading, CMC Admin
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC Admin
Annual
Annual
No information available
Annual
Annual
No information available
No information available
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
216
Appendix 1: Indicators and institutional sources
Coastal Waters
Environmental
Health
Water Use by Sector
Annual demand as proportion of available resources
Volume of effluent as a proportion of total flow
No information available
No information available
No information available
Area of coastline conserved (% of total)
Contaminant levels of heavy metals in mussels (at 35 sampling
points)
Exceedances of DWAF guidelines for faecal coliform counts in
coastal waters (at 47 sampling sites)
Area of dune or other coastal habitats disturbed or lost each year
Annual
Annual
DEAT: Marine and Coastal
Management
Annual
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC Admin
No information available
Percentage of population with safe and accessible drinking water
Percentage of population served with safe and adequate sanitation
Percentage of population with adequate sanitation
Tobacco Smoke – Complaints, notices and Prosecutions
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Noise Pollution
Annual
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1 000 births)
Meningoccal meningitis rate
Tuberculosis rate
HIV/AIDS
Teenage Births
Environmental Pollution
Food Safety (with particular reference to chemical sampling)
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Exceedances of WHO guidelines for Pb, SO2, NO2 and UK
guidelines for PM10
Exceedances of WHO guidelines for E.coli.
Number of toxic algal blooms
Exceedances of the bacteriological standards as specified in the
Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants (1972) for packaged milk
and milk sold in bulk tanks
Percentage of population living with adequate housing
Percentage of the population with access to public health care
facilities
Number of reported respiratory problems due to air pollution
Industrial health rating (formal and informal sector)
Awareness campaign measurements
Bacteriological monitoring of prepared foods
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Directorate: Corporate Services,
CMC Admin
Community Services, Tygerberg
Admin
Health Services: Cape Town
Admin
Health: South Peninsula Admin
Community Development: Cape
Town Admin
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC Admin
Directorate: Protection, Health and
Trading, CMC Admin
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
Annual
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
217
Appendix 1: Indicators and institutional sources
Biodiversity and
Soil
Urbanisation,
Urban Form and
Housing
Infrastructure
Area of land within the CCT having formal conservation status
Annual
Number of conservation areas proclaimed vs number of
conservation areas managed
Loss of habitat and biodiversity
Number of species extinct
Number of children exposed to environmental education through
nature areas
Number of hectares cleared of alien vegetation by the City’s Open
Space and Nature Conservation branches
Current status and number of Red Data Book species
Area remaining for each habitat and/or vegetation type
Presence and change of selected indicator species
Loss of arable land (ha/annum)
Soil loss through development 9ha/annum)
Area of mining activities in a given area (ha/annum)
Cumulative area mined (ha/annum)
Annual
Percentage population without housing
Urban housing type profile
Average travel distance for all commuter trips
Total person trips in km per day per head of the population
Public housing availability (proportion eligible who are not in public
housing)
Annual population growth (absolute number and percentage0
Number of amendments beyond the urban edge – change of land
use from open space, agricultural rural to other)
Expansion of urban edge (in km2)
Number of constructions completed
Average distance per capita to key amenities and facilities
Number of mixed-use rezoning approvals
Percent of non-urban land in the CCT
Green area per capita (ha/person)
Area of CCT that has formal status as MOSS
Households receiving refuse removal services
Sanitation availability (type)
Water availability by source
Telephone availability (as a %)
Directorate: Planning, Environment
and Health, CMC Admin
Open Space and Nature
Conservation
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
Annual
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
Directorate: Planning, Environment
and Health, CMC Admin
Annual
Annual
No information available
Annual
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
Directorate: Corporate Services,
CMC Admin
218
Appendix 1: Indicators and institutional sources
Transportation
Energy
Number of dwellings that do no have access to drinking water
within 50m of the dwelling
Vehicles per 1 000 population
Number of private motor vehicles entering the Cape Town CBD
Modal split percentages (public versus private transport)
Modal split percentages (road- versus rail-based transport and
public versus private transport
Passenger kilometres travelled divided by seat-kilometre per mode
Transport to/from work by mode
Public subsidies for public transport for all modes
Safety and security on public transport
Total number of accidents
Number of fatalities
Percentage of casualties and fatalities involving pedestrians
Total tonnage cargo moved per annum (in t/a)
Number of containers (TEUs) moved a s a proportion of capacity
Number of international flights arriving per annum
Million passengers per annum (mppa)
Public transport seats per 1 000 population
Percentage income spent on public transport
Number of commuters using public transport to schools
Inadequacy of public transport network (using demand and supply
ratio)
Commuters by public transport for private purposes
Average Daily Traffic (ADT) volumes per selected point
Time-Volume of private vehicles proportional to capacity at
selected points on the road
Air traffic movement per annum as a proportion of capacity
Total passengers per annum as a proportion of capacity
No information available
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
Percentage of (un) electrified homes
Annual
Cost of electricity (in cents/kWh)
Safety rating for Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
Number of reported leakages of radioactive material per annum
Type and quantity of fuel sold
Proportion of electricity used that was supplied by Koeberg
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Directorate: Traffic and
Transportation, CMC Admin
Portnet, Port of Cape Town
Airports Company South Africa,
Cape Town International Airport
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
Directorate: Corporate Services,
CMC Admin
Eskom
Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
219
Appendix 1: Indicators and institutional sources
Waste
Economy
Amount of radioactive waste generated by Koeberg Nuclear Power
Station
Volume of waste received at the landfills (t/a)
Available air space in existing landfill sites
Space available in hazardous waste disposal facilities
Percentage of waste recycled and re-used
Amount of nuclear waste generated by Koeberg
Volume of waste received at the incineration facilities (t/a)
Volume of medical waste received at the incinerators as a
percentage of estimated medical waste generated
Capacity of wastewater treatment works
Quantities, types and dilution ratios of industrial effluent entering
sewage works and ocean outflow
Percentage of sewage sludge re-used
Number of complaints from a known sample of residents in an
area
Total number of waste complaints
Hazardous waste generation compared to amount being disposed
through formal facilities
Number of incidents associated with medical waste
Illegal dumping cleared per Administrative area
Tonnage of illegal dumping
Illegal dumping cleared per Administrative area (t/pa)
Ratio between reports and convictions
Cost of remediation by each Administrative area per annum for
street sweeping and litter collection (R/pa)
Social surveys to find out litter problems
Quantity and type of litter in seven catchment area
Number of schools involved in litter projects
Total output as Gross Geographic Product (GGP) by sector
Annual growth in real output by sector
Percentage of labour force that are professional, skilled, semiskilled and/or low skilled
Percentage of labour force that is unemployed, formally employed
or in the informal sector
Total number/percentage of people unemployed
Percentage of the population in poverty (household subsistence
level)
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC Admin
Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
Directorate: Protection, Health and
Trading, CMC Admin
Annual
Annual
No information available
No information available
Annual
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
Annual
Annual
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Directorate: Economic and Social
Development, CMC Admin
No information available
Annual
Annual
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
Directorate: Corporate Services,
CMC Admin
220
Appendix 1: Indicators and institutional sources
Education
Safety and
Security
Environmental
Governance
(un) Employment in formal and informal sectors (number and
percentage)
Number of new registered businesses
Number of international tourists visiting the CCT
Vulnerability index (composite of individual indicators relating to
infrastructure, poverty, welfare, jobs, space and livelihoods) or
levels of living per suburbs
Average per capita income in the CCT
Total value of imported and exported good (trade balance)
Number of micro-, small and medium sized businesses
Number of schools per 1 000
Pupil:Teacher Ratios
Literacy rates
Expenditure on infrastructure and instructual personnel per student
Enrolment rates for primary, secondary and tertiary educational
institutions
Incidence of violent crime (murder, attempted murder and robbery
with aggravating circumstances)
Incidence of property related crime (all forms of burglary and theft,
including stock theft and car theft)
Incidence of social fabric crimes (rape, assault causing grievous
bodily harm and common assault)
Vehicle theft (including car-jacking)
Number of EIA applications (scoping reports) per year
Number of reports up to full EIAs per year
Number of people committed by local government to
environmental management
Amount allocated by local government to environmental
awareness raising (R/annum)
Percentage of Council’s budget allocated to environmental
management
Total number of people committed (employed) for environmental
management purposes
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
Airports Company of South Africa
(ACSA), Cape Town International
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
Annual
Western Cape Education
Department
Annual
South African Police Services
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
Annual
Department of Environmental
Affairs and Development Planning
No information available
Directorate: Planning, Environment
and Housing, CMC Admin
No information available
No information available
City of Cape Town State of Environment Report Year 4 (2001)
221